Membrane-lined wall

Abstract

A method for forming a trench and a membrane-lined wall in the trench for levee reinforcement or leak prevention, prevention of water migration, and pollution control of impoundments. The membrane-lined wall generally includes a cementitious or concrete wall formed within an excavated trench. The concrete may be internally reinforced, and the wall may also comprise a double-layer of impermeable geomembrane liner that forms a barrier between the concrete and the sides and bottom of the trench. The membrane or liner reduces water migration, prevents levee leakage, and prevents the escape of contaminants in impoundments.

Claims

1. A method of forming a membrane-lined trench, comprising: positioning a roll of a liner above a trench, wherein the trench has two sides, a bottom, a length and an interior portion, wherein an axis of the roll is oriented along the length of the trench; passing the liner over a positioning roller that is positioned above the trench and oriented along the length of the trench; positioning and clamping an edge of the liner above the trench such that the edge is oriented along the length of the trench; and forcing a portion of the liner between the edge and the positioning roller into the trench such that the liner is supplied from the roll and passes over the positioning roller and downward into the trench, such that the liner extends into the trench to form a continuous, seamless barrier between the two sides and the bottom of the trench and an interior portion of the liner.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting a sensor within the interior portion of the trench.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the sensor is a moisture detector.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forcing the portion of the liner into the trench comprises lowering a weight suspended above the trench, wherein the weight is elongated and oriented along the length of the trench.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising installing a reinforcement mat within the interior portion of the liner.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reinforcement mat has a length aligned with the length of the trench.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner comprises an inner layer adjacent to the interior portion of the liner, and an outer layer adjacent to the two sides and the bottom of the trench.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the inner layer of the liner comprises multiple sections, wherein each section forms an overlap with an adjacent section along a first edge.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising adding an adhesive layer between each adjacent section of the inner layer of the liner.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the outer layer of the liner comprises multiple sections, wherein each section of the outer layer forms an overlap with an adjacent section of the outer layer along a second edge.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer are each comprised of a low-permeability membrane.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the liner is comprised of a low-permeability membrane.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein forcing the portion of the liner between the edge and the roll into the trench comprises lowering a lengthwise weight into the trench along the length of the trench.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising filling at least part of the interior portion of the trench with a cementitious material, wherein a weight of the cementitious material forces the liner into contact with the sides of the trench.

15. A method of forming a membrane-lined trench, comprising: positioning a liner installation sled above a trench, wherein the trench has two sides, a bottom, a length, and an interior portion, the liner installation sled comprising two side frame members adapted so that each side frame member can be placed on a side of the trench opposite the other side frame member; positioning a roll of a liner above a trench, wherein an axis of the roll is oriented along the length of the trench and mounted on the liner installation sled; positioning and clamping an edge of the liner above the trench such that the edge is oriented along the length of the trench; forcing a portion of the liner between the edge and the roll into the trench such that the liner is supplied from the roll and extends into the trench to form a continuous, seamless barrier between the two sides and the bottom of the trench and an interior portion of the liner; installing a reinforcement mat within the interior portion of the liner; and filling at least part of the interior portion of the trench with a cementitious material, wherein a weight of the cementitious material forces the liner into contact with the sides of the trench.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising passing the liner over a positioning roller that is positioned above the trench and oriented along the length of the trench.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the liner comprises an inner layer adjacent to the interior portion of the liner, and an outer layer adjacent to the two sides and the bottom of the trench.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the liner is comprised of a low-permeability membrane.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein forcing the portion of the liner between the edge and the roll into the trench comprises lowering a lengthwise weight into the trench along the length of the trench.

20. A method of forming a membrane-lined trench, comprising: positioning a liner installation sled above a trench, wherein the trench has two sides, a bottom, a length, and an interior portion, the liner installation sled comprising two side frame members adapted so that each side frame member can be placed on a side of the trench opposite the other side frame member; positioning a roll of a liner above a trench, wherein an axis of the roll is oriented along the length of the trench and mounted on the liner installation sled, wherein the liner comprises an inner layer adjacent to the interior portion of the liner and an outer layer adjacent to the two sides and the bottom of the trench, and wherein the inner layer and the outer layer are each comprised of a low-permeability membrane; passing the liner over a positioning roller that is positioned above the trench and oriented along the length of the trench; positioning and clamping an edge of the liner above the trench such that the edge is oriented along the length of the trench; lowering an elongated, suspended weight to force a portion of the liner between the edge and the positioning roller into the trench such that the liner is supplied from the roll and passes over the positioning roller and downward into the trench, such that the liner extends into the trench to form a continuous, seamless barrier between the two sides and the bottom of the trench and an interior portion of the liner; installing a reinforcement mat within the interior portion of the liner; and filling at least part of the interior portion of the trench with a cementitious material, wherein a weight of the cementitious material forces the liner into contact with the sides of the trench.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Example embodiments will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference characters, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limitative of the example embodiments herein.

(2) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a site where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(3) FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a site being excavated where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(4) FIG. 3 is another sectional view of a site being excavated where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(5) FIG. 4 is a perspective, sectional view of an excavated site where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective, sectional view of a membrane-lined wall installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(7) FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a liner being installed in an excavated trench where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(8) FIG. 7 is a sectional view of two layers of liner material being installed in an excavated trench where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(9) FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an excavated trench where a membrane-lined wall is to be installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(10) FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an excavated trench with a reinforced membrane-lined wall being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(11) FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a reinforced membrane-lined wall in accordance with an example embodiment.

(12) FIG. 11 is a top view of an inner liner layer for use with a reinforced membrane-lined wall in accordance with an example embodiment.

(13) FIG. 12 is a top view showing two overlapping liner layers for use with a reinforced membrane-lined wall in accordance with an example embodiment.

(14) FIG. 13 is a top view showing two joined reinforcing mat sections for use with a reinforced membrane-lined wall in accordance with an example embodiment.

(15) FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing two interlocking ramp sections for use in making a reinforced membrane-lined wall system in accordance with an example embodiment.

(16) FIG. 15 is a perspective, sectional view of an excavated site with a force-applying apparatus in place in accordance with an example embodiment.

(17) FIG. 16 is another perspective, sectional view of an excavated site with a force-applying apparatus in place in accordance with an example embodiment.

(18) FIG. 17 is another perspective, sectional view of an excavated site with a force-applying apparatus in place in accordance with an example embodiment.

(19) FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a trench being excavated and a reinforced membrane-lined wall being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(20) FIG. 19 is a sectional view of a trench with a force-applying apparatus in place and a reinforced membrane-lined wall being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(21) FIG. 20 is another sectional view of a trench with a force-applying apparatus in place and a reinforced membrane-lined wall being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(22) FIG. 21 is a sectional view of a trench being excavated and a weighted membrane-lined wall being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

(23) FIG. 22 is a sectional view of an excavated trench with a reinforced membrane-lined wall and a moisture sensor being installed in accordance with an example embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(24) A. Overview.

(25) An example membrane-lined wall generally comprises a reinforced, protected concrete wall 80 that is formed in place in a trench excavated in the desired location in the earth 10, such as the berm of a levee or the perimeter of a waste disposal site, as just two examples. The wall 80 can be formed anywhere it is needed, such as at the top, generally level portion of a levee berm, or it can be formed on a sloped portion of the berm, to strengthen, reinforce, or prevent leakage in a levee or other site in localized areas, as needed. Further, the methods described herein can be used anywhere a reinforced, waterproof in-ground wall is needed—not just for levees.

(26) To form the wall 80 where it is needed, a location for trench 14 is first determined. This determination will include the location on the levee, waste disposal site, etc., as well as the needed depth and width. The trench, once formed, will comprise sidewalls 18 and bottom 16, and may be substantially rectangular, with a bottom 16 being horizontal or substantially horizontal, and the sidewalls 18 being vertical, or substantially vertical.

(27) Wall 80 may generally comprise cementitious material 82, such as concrete. The wall 80 may also include a reinforcing mat or layer 84, which may be substantially parallel to the sides 18 of the trench 14. The reinforcing mat 84 may be, for example, made of galvanized steel. Further, multiple sections or pieces of reinforcing mat 84 may be installed in the trench 14 and held within the concrete or cementitious material 82, especially where the depth or length of the trench requires. For example, if the trench 14 is too deep or too long for a single piece of reinforcing material, multiple sections or pieces of reinforcing mat 84 will be needed. Such multiple sections may be joined together for added strength, either in multiple horizontal sections, multiple vertical sections (one section atop another), or both horizontal and vertical sections.

(28) The wall 80 may be protected by, for example, one or two layers of a low-permeability liner 62, such as HDPE geomembrane. Such liners are anti-aging, UV resistant, and are impermeable. Accordingly, by installing liners 62 in a trench before concrete or other cementitious material 82 is added, the liners will not only make the wall 80 substantially impermeable (which will make it last longer and be a more effective barrier against erosion, etc.), but the liner 62 will prevent soil, and any substances in the soil, from contaminating the concrete or cementitious material during curing. This will result in a better concrete wall 80.

(29) B. Trench Excavation.

(30) As shown in FIG. 1, the first step in forming the reinforced membrane-lined wall requires that a determination be made regarding location. Typically, the membrane-lined wall 80 will be formed along the top of a levee wall, as best shown in FIG. 5, although the wall can also be formed on the slope of a levee's berm, as shown in FIG. 3. Further, as stated previously, the membrane-lined wall can be used in other applications and locations, such as for containment ponds, slurry impoundments, etc. Once the desired location is determined, the trench 14 may be excavated from the surface 12 of earth 10 using an excavator 20, which may be a long-boom excavator, for example. For deeper trenches, other machines and techniques may be used as well.

(31) The trench, once excavated, will typically have sidewalls 18 and a bottom 16, as shown generally in the figures. As mentioned, the trench may be excavated on a slope, as shown in FIG. 3. If so, one or more interlocking leveling ramps 30 may be used to keep the excavator 20 substantially level during the excavation procedure. The interlocking leveling ramps 30 are also shown in FIG. 14. Since they are made in interlocking sections, ramps 30 can be disconnected from each other and continuously moved by workers as the trench excavation progresses, so that the trench can be made as long as needed, with each ramp section being moved successively to expose new sections of earth 10 to be excavated.

(32) In an example embodiment, the trench 14 may be dug deep enough to extend into undisturbed, native soil 19, as shown in FIG. 5. Walls 80 extending to such depth and into native soil will typically have very good resistance to erosion by water action on the soil of earth 10 in the area to be reinforced.

(33) If the soil to be excavated is not sufficiently firm, techniques and apparatus may be used to hold or press the sidewalls of the trench in place, such as air bladders or plates forced apart by hydraulic cylinders, for example.

(34) One such method and apparatus is best illustrated in FIGS. 15-19 and 21. As shown in FIG. 15, an air bladder 100, such as an air-lift cushion (which may be custom made to a size and shape appropriate for this application) may be installed in the excavated trench 14 to a first excavated depth of the trench. Then, the air-lift cushion 100 may be inflated with compressor 102 and hoses 104 to apply compression force (indicated by the arrows) to the side walls of the narrow trench, thereby preventing trench collapse. This allows the trench to be kept open without filling it with a Bentonite/water slurry, or other materials that could change the makeup of the material to be used for the wall. As discussed herein, the use of membrane 62 prevents soil or undesirable materials from the excavated ground from entering the trench 14, which results in a better wall and concrete/cementitious material of known and consistent composition and strength. Using the air bladders 100 or hydraulic cylinders 108 (see below) further aids that process by allowing trenches to be formed without using slurries or other materials to prevent collapse. As a result, the process described herein improves over walls that are a mixture of slurry, side-wall soils, and water (other than desired water within the cementitious mixture used to produce the wall).

(35) If necessary (e.g., depending on soil conditions or other factors), rigid plates 106 may be used in addition to air bladders to compress the soil. Further, instead of air bladders, hydraulic cylinders 108 may be used to apply force to plates 106, as shown in FIG. 17, using hydraulic fluid under pressure supplied via hydraulic hoses 109. If cylinders 108 are used, they may be driven by a hydraulic pump 107. In any of these embodiments, compression force, as indicated by the arrows in FIGS. 15-17, may be applied to the sides of the trench 14 to prevent collapse.

(36) In creating a deeper trench, the trench may first be excavated to a given depth, for example, the depth shown in FIGS. 15-17. Next, a long boom/stick extension on an excavator 20 may be used to continue digging the trench deeper below a row of air-lift cushions 100 (or plates 106 used with air bladders or hydraulic cylinders), as shown in FIGS. 18 and 21. Leaving the cushions 100 or plates 106 in place during further, deeper excavation may or may not be necessary, depending on soil conditions. Further, air-lift cushions 100 or plates 106 may also be needed at a deeper level of the trench, as shown in FIG. 19. If it is necessary to leave the apparatus in place, that may be done at any or all levels as excavation continues. For example, as shown in FIGS. 18-20, once the trench 14 is excavated to the depth of two rows of air-lift cushions 100, the topmost row (FIG. 18) may be deflated, dropped down one level (FIG. 19), reinflated, and replaced with another row above it (FIG. 20). As mentioned above, replacing the row of cushions/plates that is moved down may not always be necessary, depending on soil conditions. This procedure may also be accomplished using the hydraulic cylinder embodiment discussed above.

(37) Once the desired depth has been reached, the air-lift cushions 100 may be deflated and pulled out of the trench, so that the liner 62 and reinforcement layer 84 can be installed into the open trench as described herein. Notably, and again depending on soil conditions as observed during excavation/compression, it may not be necessary to immediately install the liner 62 and pour concrete for the wall, because it is possible that, once compressed, the sides of the trench may not quickly collapse even after the bladders 100 or plates 106 and cylinders 108 are removed.

(38) FIGS. 18-20 illustrate the sequential process of excavating a trench and building a lined wall. For example, the figures shown cementitious material 82 being poured in a partially completed trench 14 after the trench has been excavated, the membrane or liner 62 (not shown) has been installed, and the reinforcement layer 84 has been installed. FIG. 21 illustrates the use of drainage rock 83 instead of cement for used with filter fabric for a different type of wall.

(39) After the trench 14 has been excavated, one or more sensors 110 may be installed at various locations within the interior portion 64 of the trench or liner 62, as shown in FIG. 22. Such sensors 110 can create smart walls that allow for remote monitoring of moisture leakage, vibration from tunneling, etc. Accordingly, sensor 110 may be a moisture sensor, a vibration sensor, or any other type of sensor usable to detect conditions within the lined wall. As also shown, the sensor 110 may be communicatively coupled to a control unit 112, which may be or comprise a radio or cellular device (similar to those used in remotely monitored alarm systems). The sensor 110 may be wired or wireless, and the control unit 112 may also use wired or wireless communications to monitor and report or provide the sensor status to a remote user.

(40) For greater efficiency, it is possible to place or embed multiple sensors, of different types if desired, within the liner 62 or reinforcement layer 84. Further, the sensors 110 may be placed at different locations within the interior portion 64 of the trench or liner 62. For example, for moisture or vibration sensors 110, placement at or near the bottom of the trench 14 may be desirable, although any location in the trench/wall is possible. The placement of sensors 110 within the wall is possible and improved by the controlled, “dry” process of forming walls described herein.

(41) C. Liner.

(42) As best shown in FIGS. 8-10, the sides and bottom of the trench, and also the resulting wall, may be lined with one, and more preferably two, liner layers 62, to make the wall impermeable to water and other substances in the surrounding soil. As mentioned above, the liner 62 may be an impermeable HDPE geomembrane. This membrane may be a smooth HDPE liner, a textured HDPE liner, a composite liner (e.g., a combination of nonwoven or woven geotextiles with HDPE geomembranes), or other materials.

(43) In addition to making the finished wall 80 more resistant to water flow and increased mitigation of internal water migration, the liner 62 also serves to prevent soil contamination in the concrete pour, ensuring competent concrete core integrity. In addition, the weight of the concrete tends to force the liner into close contact with the sides 18 of the trench, resulting in a tight seal to the sides 18 of the trench 14.

(44) As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the liner 62 may be made from multiple pieces of whatever liner material is used. This may be necessary, for example, for a wall 80 that is longer than the maximum available width of liner material. In that case, the liner may be overlapped at the edges. As an example, as shown in FIG. 11, the edges may have an overlap so that the innermost layer extends past the edge of the outer layer in the direction that cementitious material will flow when poured into the interior portion 64 of the liner. Because of this, weight of the material, such as concrete, will force the layers together before reaching the end of the first layer, so that the flow of material will not have a tendency to peel the layers apart, and will not tend to flow into the overlap area and out of the liner. Thus, the liner will tend to form a continuous barrier between the concrete and the sides 18 and bottom 16 of the trench 14. Moreover, because each section of liner 62 is pushed or forced into the trench 14 from a roll on one side of the trench and a fixed edge on the other, the liner forms a continuous, seamless barrier which isolated the interior portion of the trench along part of the length of the trench (e.g., a length equal or about equal to the width of the membrane material being used).

(45) In addition, if desired, an adhesive layer 66 may be added to further seal the layers of liner 62 together. In addition to an inner layer, the liner 62 may also comprise a second, outer layer, as shown in FIG. 12. The outer layer may be installed in the trench with each layer being parallel, one atop of the other. This would be the result of using the installation technique and equipment best shown in FIG. 7. However, the outermost layer could also have its edges, which also have an overlap, spaced away from the edges of the inner layer, which may further inhibit any water flow or seepage between the layers that, together, form the overall liner 62 of the wall 80.

(46) Installed as shown in FIG. 12, this layer placement can ensure a long, or maximum length, path for any water to reach the interior of the wall from the earth 10 outside of the liner 62. Together, as well as individually, the layers of the liner material form a substantially continuous and impermeable barrier, having a “U” shape (viewed in cross section), between the reinforced concrete portion of the wall, and the sides 18 and the bottom 16 of the trench. The inside of this barrier forms an interior portion 64 of the liner 62 and the trench 14.

(47) D. Reinforcement Mat.

(48) As best shown in FIGS. 8-10, a reinforcement layer 84, such as a galvanized steel reinforcement mat, may be installed in the trench after the liner 62 is in place. The reinforcement layer or mat 84 provides increased strength to the wall, and also increases the wall's resistance to seismic forces. If the wall 80 is to be larger, in any dimension, than the available sizes of the reinforcing mat material or other type of reinforcement, multiple pieces or sections of reinforcing mat may be used. For added strength, such sections or pieces can be joined together with a connector 86 before concrete is poured into the trench and liner. Any connection type may be used, and may include hog rings, bolts, wires, welding, etc. For fast joining, the sections may be joined together using a hog ring gun, which may result in the joined sections as shown in FIG. 13, which illustrates reinforcing mat 84 joined together with a hog ring or other connector 86.

(49) E. Liner Installation Sled.

(50) As best shown in FIGS. 6-7, a specialized liner installation sled 40 may be used to quickly place or install the liner membrane into the trench 14. As shown, the sled 40 has side frame members 46 to support the sled and associated elements. The sled 40 also includes top frame members 48. For use on the sloping berm of a levee (or other sloping surface where a wall is needed), the side frame members 46 may be made with adjustable lengths, so that the upper portion of the sled 40 remains level even though the bottom skids are not.

(51) As also shown, the sled 40 may have provision for mounting one or more large rolls 60 of geomembrane liner material, in position above and to one side of the trench 14. As shown in FIG. 7, the sled may accommodate two rolls 60 of geomembrane, one above the other. The rolls are supported vertically, but are allowed to rotate, so that with little force, the membrane material can unroll from the sled 40. With this sled, two layers of liner material 62 may be installed at the same time. The sled 40 also includes a positioning roller 42, a liner end clamp 44, a winch 50, and a winch cable 52.

(52) As shown, the liner installation sled 40 is designed to hold one or more layers of liner 62 in position over the trench. Initially, the liner 62 extends over the trench 14 between the positioning roller 42 and the liner end clamp 44. Once so positioned, a user may activate winch 50 (which may be a power winch or a manual winch) to lower a weight 54, such as a lead pipe weight 54, into the trench. Lowering the weight will cause the liner roll 60, or both the upper and lower liner rolls 60 (FIG. 7) to unroll, so that the liner 62 drops into the trench 14 in the shape of a “U” or “V”, creating an interior portion 64 or pocket, as shown, to create a continuous barrier between the interior portion 64 and the sides 18 and bottom 16 of the trench 14.

(53) F. Operation of Preferred Embodiment.

(54) In use, the desired location of a trench 14 may be determined, where a wall can best reinforce or prevent leakage in a levee, or wherever such a wall is needed to prevent water migration, contain pollution, etc. In just one example use, a membrane-lined wall 80 can be formed along the top of a levee, as best shown in FIG. 5, although the wall can also be formed on the slope of a levee's berm, as shown in FIG. 3. Once the desired location is determined, the trench 14 may be excavated from the surface 12 of earth 10 using an excavator 20, which may be a long-boom excavator, for example. For deeper trenches, other machines and techniques may be used as well. As discussed above, one or more interlocking leveling ramps 30 may be used to keep the excavator 20 substantially level while a trench is being dug. The interlocking leveling ramps 30 can be disconnected and continuously moved by workers as the trench excavation progresses, with each ramp section being moved successively to expose new sections of earth 10 to be excavated.

(55) Once the trench has been dug, the liner installation sled 40 is used to hold the layer or layers of liner 62 in position over the trench and the sled and winch 50 are used as discussed above to lower a weight 54 into the trench, causing the liner roll or rolls 60 to unroll and the liner 62 to drop into the trench 14, creating an interior portion 64 or pocket, as shown, to create an impermeable barrier between the interior portion 64 and the sides 18 and bottom 16 of the trench 14.

(56) In an example embodiment, the trench 14 may be deep enough to extend into undisturbed, native soil 19, as shown in FIG. 5. Walls 80 extending to such depth and into native soil will typically have very good resistance to erosion by water action on the soil of earth 10 in the area to be reinforced.

(57) The liner 62 may, in an example embodiment, be lowered into trench 14 in a predetermined way, so that any overlapping portions of liner will resemble the overlap patterns shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. As shown in FIG. 12, the overlaps can be arranged and spaced so that the overlaps of the outer layer of liner 62 is at a maximum distance in either direction from the overlaps of the inner layer. This arrangement ensures that any water that might seep in between the layers of the outer layer will have to travel a maximum distance to reach the edge of an inner layer. The weight of the concrete when it is poured will tend to force the liner into close contact with the walls 18 and bottom 16 of the trench 14, so that a tight seal between the liner 62 and the sides and bottom of the trench is ensured, which can minimize or eliminate water entry into the wall system.

(58) Once the liner 62 is in place within the trench, reinforcement mat 84 is installed within the interior portion 64 created by the liner. Typically, the reinforcement mat 84 will have a length aligned with the length of the trench, and a height aligned with the two sides of the trench. The mat will typically be positioned within the trench in the position shown in FIG. 8, and will eventually be surrounded by the cementitious material 82 of wall 80.

(59) Next, concrete or other cementitious material 82 can be poured into the trench 14. For example, the material 82 can be poured from one end of the trench and allowed to flow into the trench in one direction, indicated by the arrows in FIGS. 11 and 12. With the flow in the direction shown, the flow of heavy cementitious material 82 will tend to close the overlapping edge of the inner layer, since it will already be exerting outward pressure against both layers (see, e.g., FIG. 11) by the time it reaches the overlapped edge of the innermost liner layer. Thus, the material 82 will not tend to flow between the two overlapping layers, as it might if allowed to flow in the opposite direction.

(60) After the concrete or other material 82 is poured, but before it cures, an internal vibrator 90 may be used to effect a good cure, by removing or minimizing air within the concrete mixture. As is known, typically an internal vibrator may be repeatedly inserted (as shown in position in FIG. 9) into the concrete and then withdrawn at a controlled rate, which allows and causes the air in the concrete mixture to rise to the surface, rather than being held within the mix while the concrete hardens, creating “honeycombs.” The vibrator 90, or multiple such vibrators 90 can be repeatedly inserted and withdrawn at various points along the length of the wall, after the concrete is poured, to reduce or eliminate trapped air. Thus, using the vibrator 90 causes the concrete to have greater strength and integrity. In addition to the separate vibrator 90 shown in FIG. 9, it would also be possible to vibrate the reinforcement mat 84 to achieve the same effect.

(61) Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the membrane-lined wall, suitable methods and materials are described above. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent allowed by applicable law and regulations. The membrane-lined wall may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and it is therefore desired that the present embodiment be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Any headings utilized within the description are for convenience only and have no legal or limiting effect.