Helmet for reducing concussive forces during collision and facilitating rapid facemask removal

Abstract

An improved design for a helmet to reduce injuries caused by helmet-to-helmet collisions. Certain embodiments include novel quick release features that permit the detachment of a facemask from a helmet in 30 seconds or less so as to attend to an injured player in a rapid fashion. Other aspects relate to impact energy absorbing constructions employing an inner layer, an outer layer spaced apart from the inner padding layer, at least one layer that includes an array of polygonal structures, and at least one layer having a shock-absorbing elastomer, a visco-elastic polymer, an impact dispersing gel, or shape memory material. Still other embodiments include a wireless device with a sensor module coupled to the football helmet generating sensor data in response to an impact to the football helmet.

Claims

1. A football helmet comprising, an outer shell; an inner shell that is more rigid than the outer shell, said outer shell being more flexible than the inner shell; said football helmet having at least one layer that includes an array of impact absorbing polygonal structures proximate to the outer shell and proximate to the inner shell, and at least one layer providing resistance to an impact force, said at least one layer comprising one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic polyurethane, an impact absorbing silicone, an energy-absorbing foam, a polymer gel, a shock-absorbing elastomer, a visco-elastic polymer, an impact dispersing gel, and shape memory material, and a facemask having a facemask bar portion connected to the football helmet by at least two quick release facemask connecting structures positioned on at least a left side and a right side of the football helmet, wherein said at least two quick release facemask connecting structures include a coupler mechanism receiving said facemask bar portion to secure the facemask bar portion to the helmet, said coupler mechanism having a contoured plastic exterior with a metal post movably retained in an interior of said coupler mechanism by a magnetically actionable locking assembly including a retaining part, said magnetically actionable locking assembly adapted to move from a first locked position to a second unlocked position when a magnetic force is applied to the contoured plastic exterior in a manner that causes the metal post to move from a retained position to a non-retained position, wherein the non-retained position allows for detachment of the facemask bar portion from a helmet, and wherein a retaining part of the magnetically actionable locking assembly is adapted to be attracted to a magnetic force that pulls the retaining part from the first locked position to move the post.

2. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein said magnetically actionable locking assembly is adapted to move from said first locked position to said second unlocked position when the retaining part is attracted to the magnetic force, by employing magnets selected from the group consisting of a NdFeB magnet, a hard ferrite magnet, a SmCo magnet, and an AlNiCo magnet.

3. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises two different elastomer materials, each having different densities to reduce single direction compressive shock forces.

4. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the array of polygonal structures comprises a hexagonal structure.

5. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the football helmet further comprises a wireless device comprising a sensor module, coupled to the football helmet, said sensor module adapted to generate sensor data in response to an impact to the football helmet.

6. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the polygonal structures comprise groups of hexagons.

7. The football helmet as set forth in claim 6, wherein said at least one layer comprises a shock-absorbing elastomer is adapted to withstand the shock of an impact force without permanent deformation.

8. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the magnetically actionable locking assembly has no rotating parts.

9. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer that includes the array of polygonal structures is flexible.

10. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises a thermoplastic polyurethane material.

11. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises impact absorbing silicone.

12. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises an energy absorbing foam.

13. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises a visco-elastic polymer.

14. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises an impact dispersing gel.

15. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises a polymer gel.

16. The football helmet of claim 1, wherein the at least one layer comprises a shape memory material.

17. A football helmet comprising an outer shell; an inner shell that is more rigid than the outer shell, said outer shell being more flexible than the inner shell; said football helmet having at least one layer that includes an array of impact absorbing polygonal structures proximate to the outer shell and proximate to the inner shell, and at least one layer providing resistance to an impact force, said at least one layer comprising one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic polyurethane, an impact absorbing silicone, an energy-absorbing foam, a polymer gel, a shock-absorbing elastomer, a visco-elastic polymer, an impact dispersing gel, and shape memory material, and a facemask having a facemask bar portion connected to the football helmet by at least two quick release facemask connecting structures positioned on at least a left side and a right side of the football helmet, said at least two quick release facemask connecting structures including a coupler mechanism adapted to receive said facemask bar portion to secure the facemask bar portion to the helmet, said coupler mechanism having a plastic exterior with a metal post movably retained in an interior of said coupler mechanism by a magnetically actionable locking assembly including a retaining part, said magnetically actionable locking assembly adapted to move from a first locked position to a second unlocked position when a magnetic force is applied to the plastic exterior in a manner that causes the metal post to move from a retained position to a non-retained position, wherein the non-retained position allows for detachment of the facemask bar portion from a helmet, and wherein a retaining part of the magnetically actionable locking assembly is adapted to be attracted to a magnetic force that pulls the retaining part from the first locked position to move the post.

18. A football helmet comprising an outer shell; an inner shell that is more rigid than the outer shell, said outer shell being more flexible than the inner shell; said football helmet having at least one layer that includes an array of impact absorbing polygonal structures proximate to the outer shell and proximate to the inner shell, and at least one layer providing resistance to an impact force, said at least one layer comprising one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic polyurethane, an impact absorbing silicone, an energy-absorbing foam, a polymer gel, a shock-absorbing elastomer, a visco-elastic polymer, an impact dispersing gel, and shape memory material, and a facemask having a facemask bar portion connected to the football helmet by at least two quick release facemask connecting structures positioned on at least a left side and a right side of the football helmet, said at least two quick release facemask connecting structures including a coupler mechanism adapted to receive said facemask bar portion to secure the facemask bar portion to the helmet, said coupler mechanism having a contoured plastic exterior with a metal post movably retained in an interior of said coupler mechanism by a magnetically actionable locking assembly including a retaining part, said magnetically actionable locking assembly adapted to move from a first locked position to a second unlocked position when a magnetic force is applied to the contoured plastic exterior in a manner that causes the metal post to move from a retained position to a non-retained position, wherein the non-retained position allows for detachment of the facemask bar portion from the helmet, said magnetically actionable locking assembly including a metallic spring adapted to be attracted to a magnetic force that pulls the metallic spring away from a first position to move the post.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of one embodiment where a plurality of rotating facemask securing assemblies are shown.

(2) FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of another embodiment where rotating facemask securing assemblies are connected to various different portions of a helmet to secure a facemask in a quick release fashion.

(3) FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of a helmet showing a quick release assembly in exploded view.

(4) FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a forehead connection element that can be employed in concert with other quick release assemblies of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of an embodiment where a quick release assembly is shown in a detached from the helmet position, with the forehead connection element pivotally retaining the facemask.

(6) FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of a facemask and helmet design where a quick release lever is shown in exploded view, with an exterior pivoting lever connectable to an interior assembly of connection elements.

(7) FIG. 7 is a partial close-up view of one embodiment of a facemask shock absorbing assembly associated with a quick release assembly.

(8) FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a player's helmet with a detailed magnified quick release assembly shown, as well as the positions of several rotating facemask securing mechanisms.

(9) FIG. 9 is a perspective view of another embodiment where a different styled helmet and facemask design is shown associated with a quick release element in combination with a particular quick release forehead facemask connector.

(10) FIG. 10 is a side view of yet another helmet and facemask design where a shock absorbing assembly and a quick release assembly are shown.

(11) FIG. 11 is a partial side view of another helmet and facemask design, showing a quick release element to reversibly secure a facemask without direct connection to a facemask bar.

(12) FIG. 12 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a quick release assembly without a helmet associated therewith.

(13) FIG. 13 is a side view of a helmet having shock absorbing assemblies, a quick release forehead element, a quick release assembly associated with a shock absorber assembly, and different styles of rotating facemask securing mechanisms.

(14) FIG. 14 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a helmet and facemask construction with an enlarged detail of a magnetic securement assembly having a loop feature to encircle a facemask portion.

(15) FIG. 15 is another view of a similar magnetic securement assembly as shown in FIG. 14.

(16) FIG. 16 is an explosive view of a magnetic securement assembly that reverses the orientation of the magnetic assembly as shown in FIG. 14.

(17) FIG. 17 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a helmet and facemask construction with an enlarged detail of a magnetic securement assembly where two separate portions of a facemask are secured via one magnetic construct feature.

(18) FIG. 18 is an illustration of various magnetic securement mechanisms that can be associated with a helmet/facemask, as well as a partial view of a magnetic removal tool that can be employed to achieve a quick (reversible) release operation of a facemask and a helmet.

(19) FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a helmet/facemask with an enlarged detail of an armadillo-type structure of at least one layer of the helmet.

(20) FIG. 20 is a graph that illustrates the time delay effect of impulse/shock responses of selected materials, including the Sorbothane material employed in various preferred embodiments.

(21) FIG. 21 shows an inner shell and an outer shell, with one or more layers of internal padding or pads connected to the inner shell to provide impact absorption.

(22) FIG. 22 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

(23) FIG. 23 is a side view of an exemplary magnetically actionable locking assembly constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

(24) In certain embodiments, one can select the materials employed to address desired impact forces encountered in a given sport activity. Thus, in addition to one or more springs of certain and predetermined strengths, plastic and rubber materials of particular construction, composition and amount can be used to provide the desired shock absorption abilities desired. In several embodiments, it is preferred not to employ springs as the shock absorbing elements 20, but to instead rely upon an elastomer to accomplish such function, as the reduction in weight, the avoidance of metal parts, etc. is sometimes desired. A combination of these reversibly compressible materials and elements can be employed to address impact and collision events such that damage to a person's head and brain are minimized.

(25) Certain embodiments employ an integral surface of a helmet 10 that comprises an elastomeric cellular, foam material having an integral inner skin and an integral outer skin with physical characteristics which cause it to absorb energy from impact with another object, and rapidly and fully recover to absorb energy from the next impact, thereby reducing the potential for injury to the wearer of the helmet. In certain embodiments, padding of the helmet 10 comprises expanded polypropylene (EPP), which may comprise a lightweight amalgam of foamed poly propylene beads, molded into a semi-rigid structure. Impact energy may also be diffused by employing a closed cell foam material.

(26) In certain embodiments, the face mask attachment is shock absorbing 20 and absorbs directional forces to collapse partially to reduce collision impact. Suitable shock absorption assemblies can employ a variety of shock absorption materials, including air, liquid, springs, telescoping constructs, etc. which can be used alone or in combination to function to cushion blows.

(27) Certain embodiments include sensors to monitor translational movement of a player's head to assess whether certain impact collisions warrant injury and concussion concerns. While electronic sensors can be used, they tend to increase the cost and complexity of helmets, which is undesirable at least for little league and high school sports programs. Thus, in one embodiment, a color change agent is employed such that the facemask or helmet, particularly the interface of the two, includes such an agent to reveal whether that portion of the helmet has experienced severe impact, and thus, may be too weak to withstand additional impacts, and/or if a particular predetermined level of impact has occurred. This assists coaches in determining whether a player has been hit or impacted by a force of greater than a certain amount, thus aiding in determining whether the player should cease play at that moment. In other embodiments the securing mechanism that attaches the face mask to the helmet is comprised of PEEK and is fashioned in a structural manner such that it will stretch, bend or otherwise conform upon being hit.

(28) In one embodiment, the frame of the face mask is provided with at least two telescoping sections, preferably positioned such that a frontal force to the face mask will cause the face mask telescoping portions to compress, such that the telescoping elements will slide within each other in a nesting arrangement. Preferably a cushioning element is employed that returns the face mask structure to its prior to impact position. Such an element can be, for example, rubber, plastic having desired rebound capabilities, foam, an air cylinder, a liquid filled reservoir (e.g. one that when impacted, can then squirt out an amount of liquid to permit the face mask structure to partially collapse upon an impact to the face mask.

(29) When the connections between the face mask and helmet shell are rigid, stresses on the facemask 12 are transferred directly to the helmet shell 40 and can deform or crack the helmet shell 40 which again can result in an injury to the athlete wearing the helmet 10. Thus, in several embodiments a shock absorbing mount 20 is employed for the facemask 12 comprising a first attaching element 121 adapted for mounting on a helmet shell, a second attaching element 122 adapted for mounting on a helmet 10 a face mask 12 and having an extension portion movably engaged with the first attaching element 121 for plunger-like reciprocation relative thereto, and a shock absorbing resilient element 123 held between opposing surfaces of the first 121 and second 122 attaching elements.

(30) To reduce the need to provide extensive disclosure in this application, but to provide adequate written description of the various devices and methods encompassed by the numerous embodiments of the present invention, various patents and patent publications are incorporated herein in their entireties by this reference. Several of such patents are directed to shock absorbing systems that can be employed; others to rotating securing assemblies, still others to quick release assemblies and further ones to various helmet, padding and facemask designs. With the guidance provided herein, one of skill in the art will appreciate the vast scope of different combinations that can be achieved and that are intended to be encompassed by the various embodiments of the present invention. These include: 2012/0297525 to Bain; U.S. Pat. No. 8,766,798 to Howard; CA 2288309 and 6292954 to Conchur; U.S. Pat. No. 8,756,719 to Veazie; 2014/0201890 to Kelly; 2014/0090155 to Johnston; 20130298316 to Jacob; U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,897 to Dunning; U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,759 to Zide; U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,988 to McGuine et al.; Shih, US Patent publication 2007/0151003; US patent publication 2008/0163410 to Udelhofen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,759 to Zide; 2014/0101829 to Witcher; U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,743 to Christensen; 2007/0151003 to Shih; U.S. Pat. No. 7,607,179 to Shih; U.S. Pat. No. 8,146,178 to Maddux, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,079,610 to Winefordner; 2006/0127167 to Wu-Hong; 2013/0247285 to Bartsch; 2009/0031479 to Rush, III; 2004/0074283 to Withnall et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,879,932 to Baudou et al.; 2013/0086733 to Szalkowski; 2014/0081601 to Zhang 2014/0133932 to Davies; U.S. Pat. No. 8,636,439 to Jaouen; 2015/0164174 to West; 2015/0173666 to Smith; U.S. Pat. No. 7,254,843 to Talluri; 2011/0203024 to Morgan; 2012/0017358 to Princip; 2014/0215693 to O'Gara; U.S. Pat. No. 9,032,558 to Leon; 2015/0101899 to Russo; U.S. Pat. No. 8,046,845 to Garcia; U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,196 to Vallion; 2011/0056004 to Landi; U.S. Pat. No. 8,938,818 to Ide; 2014/0208486 to Krueger; 2014/0068843 to Wegener; 2014/0196198 to Cohen; 2015/0107005 to Schneider; U.S. Pat. No. 8,844,066 to Whitcomb; and 2013/0025037 to Turner.

(31) One embodiment is directed to a shock absorbing facemask attachment assembly for a helmet comprising a facemask, at least one compressive, shock absorbing assembly 20, such assembly having a longitudinal axis extending from the outer surface of the helmet 10, with at least one of the compressive elements comprising the shock absorbing assembly 20 maintained within a housing and in contact with the facemask, with the housing reversibly attachable to the helmet 10 by a quick release mechanism 16, such mechanism selected from the group consisting of i) a quick release skewer having a rotatable, pivoting lever, on one end of a shaft, and a threaded end on its other end 18, the threaded end being adapted to receive a helmet contacting nut, such that the nut is shaped so that it has a non-abrasive surface on an interior helmet-wearer side; and ii) a rotational retaining mechanism 16 having two opposing bar-like structures 164 rotatable to reversibly secure a facemask bar 13 associated with a facemask 12. Certain embodiments (see FIG. 22) also include a device for use in a system for monitoring protective headgear, preferably using a wireless device 120 employing a sensor module coupled to the protective headgear 10 that generates sensor data 17 in response to an impact to the protective headgear device 10 when the device interface is coupled to the monitoring device 110.

(32) Certain embodiments also include a device for use in a system for monitoring protective headgear, preferably using a wireless device employing a sensor module coupled to the protective headgear that generates sensor data in response to an impact to the protective headgear device when the device interface is coupled to the monitoring device.

(33) PEEK is a semicrystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties that are retained to high temperatures. Because of its robustness, PEEK is used to fabricate items used in demanding applications, and displays certain shape memory behaviors when mechanically activated. In one embodiment, lighter high-tech materials, such as PEEK, are used to construct both helmets—as well as the face mask. In addition to material composition, in certain embodiments, design and overall shape and dimensions of the helmet/facemask assembly is important to ensure player protection form brain injury. Thus, the ratio of the face mask and helmet dimensions is important to consider when evaluating the overall shape and function of the football helmet in terms of how it can be designed to reduce the incidence of injury.

(34) In certain preferred embodiments, the features included on a helmet 10 would include: A shock absorbing system that comprises at least two shock absorption assemblies 20 on either side of a player's helmet 10 that permit substantially horizontal movement of the facemask 12 when a significant force is apple thereto; A face mask 12 constructed primarily of a lightweight plastic material, preferably comprising PEEK, that has certain memory shape characteristics and that can withstand the rigors involved in collision sports, such as football, hockey, lacrosse, etc. A quick release system that employs at least one, and preferably at least two reversibly detachable elements 16 that secure a facemask to a helmet 10. The quick release system preferably comprises quick release mechanisms 16 similar to those employed in bicycle components, such as those that are used to adjust seat heights and to secure a bike wheel to the frame. In contrast to other system that purport to be “quick release”, the present system is devoid of the need for a separate tool, such as a screwdriver, to enable operation of a quick release operation. Indeed, the confusion as to what tool may be required and who has sufficient training to use a particular tool for the myriad of different helmets used by players, often results in the use of cutting tools to attempt to sever the tough plastic facemask connectors used on helmets to secure facemasks. This cutting procedure not only has shown to take almost three times as long as a screwdriver removal process, but also is believed to cause more trauma to the injured player due to movements of the head and neck in the cutting process, as well as delaying desired medical activities to proceed. While certain preferred quick release mechanisms are set forth herein, one of skill in the art will appreciate the many various ways to make and use manually twist-and-turn mechanisms that have a first locking, secure position (where the facemask is held in place); and a second facemask removal position where the facemask is free to be detached from the helmet 10. One such rotational retaining mechanism 16 is found, for example, in Dupray, U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,818, where two opposing bar-like structures 164 are rotated to reversibly secure a straight length of the facemask portion 13. In the context of a facemask being secured to a helmet, such a reversibly locking, rotating configuration 16 can be employed to reversibly secure the facemask 12 to the helmet 10 in one or more connection points, preferably at least two points, in other configurations in at least three points and in others, four or more points. The increase in number of rotating connection points 16 serves to ensure that one malfunctioning or unintentionally rotated unit 16 will not cause the facemask 12 to detach. But the inclusion of additional hardware of this sort does increase the cost, complexity and weight of the helmet 10. A facemask configuration that limits the lever-like attributes of the facemask in relation to the helmet 10, such that when damaging facemask collisions occur, there is less of a likelihood of damage to a player due to the reduced length of the face mask 12 as measured from its exterior distance away from the face.

(35) The combined use of these aspects presents a helmet 10 that is lightweight, force-absorbing head protective device that is less prone to causing injuries to a player due to a reduced side profile (e.g. less leverage due to a confined side aspect), and thus presents a helmet having superior safety characteristics as compared to any existing helmet on the market. In terms of addressing contact forces encountered in contact sports, such as football, not only is the claimed helmet 10 designed so as to reduce the chances that injuries will occur, but when injuries do happen, the quick release features of the helmet design permit far more rapid medical attention to a player.

(36) With respect to the quick release features described herein, the release lever can be accessed by either the player themselves, or an attendant coach, so as to have the facemask 12 completely removed within 30 seconds of first attempting such a removal operation. In comparison, the best average times for removal of facemasks using Riddell's so-called “quick release” system is 33 seconds. Preferably, using the present invention quick release design, the facemask 12 can be entirely removed from the helmet 10 in less than 25 seconds, even more preferably in less than 20 seconds, more preferably still in less than about 15 seconds, and most preferably in less than about 10 seconds. This reduction in time to remove a helmet 10—especially without the necessity of any separate tool, such as a screwdriver, etc. is critically important when it comes to administering care to an injured player and in assessing how best to address his/her injuries.

(37) The disclosure herein has been describes preferred embodiments of the invention claimed hereinbelow; however, other changes and modifications to the claimed invention may be made which are still contemplated within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

(38) The foregoing disclosure has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. This disclosure is not intended to limit the invention claimed herein below, and various embodiments thereof. Variations, embodiments and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

(39) Particular embodiments employ a quick release facemask bracket device 16 that is similar in many respects to devices employed in the bicycle field, often referred to as a quick release skewer. In the context of helmets, however, the skewer portion is substantially shortened so that it spans the distance between the interior and the exterior of a player's helmet 10. The shorter quick release skewer 18 is run through a pre-made aperture in the helmet 10 in a position where most conventional helmets also have an aperture for the connection point between the helmet 10 and the facemask on either side of the helmet 10. The exterior of the quick release skewer 18 has a pivotable lever that pivots about a cammed surface such that closure of such member to be in a position substantially flush with the helmet 10 exterior, effectively locks the quick release skewer 18 in a secure position, with the lever not only being pivotable, but rotatable around a threaded portion of the quick release skewer 18 such that the threaded distance between each end of the quick release skewer 18 and the pivoting lever is shortened, thus tightening the unit to the helmet 10. Pivoting of the pivotable lever of the quick release skewer 18 after desired rotations are made is achieved via moving the lever from a position where the lever is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the helmet 10 side, to a position where the lever is pivoted flat against the side of the helmet 10. In certain embodiments, the helmet 10 has a slight cavity into which the pivotable lever of the quick release skewer 18 can reside, thus lessening the chances that such lever would be inadvertently pivoted outward due to collision with a third object.

(40) A significant advantage afforded due to use of the above-described quick release pivotable lever of the quick release skewer 18 is that no additional tools are required to reversibly engage and disengage a player's facemask 12 from the helmet 10. As one of the major concerns at the present time is that necessary tools are available by the coach, emergency responsive teams, etc. when a player suffers an injury due to a helmet collision, the avoidance of a requirement for any such tools represents a considerable advance in the art. To remove the face mask 12 of a downed, injured player in a time period that compares well with present day removal schemes—which require some tool to perform such an operation (e.g. a screw driver, a cutting tool, a pin that is specially adapted for insertion into a quick-release holed structure—such as in the Riddell QR helmet)—one need only to flip the pivotable lever of the quick release skewer 18 from its flush-to-the-helmet position, outward so that the lever can be manipulated. In some embodiments, the rotation of the lever of the quick release skewer 18 about the axis of the screw structure associated therewith is sufficient to cause the loosening of the connection between the helmet 10 and the facemask 12, with particular embodiments having the unthreading of the lever from the quick release skewer 18 proceed until the lever and attached screw structure 15 is disassociated with the nut element 17 residing on the inside of the helmet 10. Such an operation of flipping the lever, rotation of the lever several times and disassociation of the connection point that connects the helmet 10 and the facemask 12 can preferably be achieved in literally less than 5 seconds, but even to the novice caregiver of such player, can be performed in less than 30 seconds (which is faster than the average fastest detachment time achieved using prior art so-called “quick release” devices. One can certainly perform the lever release and rotation operation using both hands such that both sides of a player's helmet 10 can be addressed simultaneously and without the need for any separate tool to achieve disengagement.

(41) Incorporated herein by reference are the multitude of quick release mechanisms that have been employed in the bicycle field to achieve a similar goal of securing fastening various components of a bicycle together, such as adjustment mechanisms for the seat height, the connection of a wheel to the forks, etc. One of skill in the art, with the guidance provided by this disclosure, can readily adopt such structures to serve the purposes of reversibly and securely connecting the portions of a facemask 12 to a player's helmet 10 using such quick release bracket devices 16. For purposes of illustration, the present inventors incorporate by reference U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2013-0334871 to Chang directed to a quick release lever for this purpose. A quick-release skewer and a quick release seat post clamp modified to be used for a helmet 10 connector, comprises a shaft having threaded ends, a nut on one end, and a camming mechanism on the other end. Still other embodiments include the use of a second lever having a cam surface and an opening on one end and a lever portion on an opposite end, wherein the opening of the second lever engages a second portion of the pin.

(42) In certain embodiments employing the described quick release lever mechanism, it may be desirable to further include a means for retaining the lever in a position that is close to the helmet exterior, such that the lever does not inadvertently pop open and away from the helmet during contact of the helmet with another object, such as an opponent's helmet. Various securement mechanisms can be employed for this purpose, including but not limited to magnetic attraction between the lever and another metallic or magnetic component fixed to the helmet region that is adjacent to the lever when in its closed position. A small elastic member, such a rubber or plastic loop, can also be used, which is fixed to the helmet and that is adapted to encircle the end point of the lever of the quick release skewer to hold it in a closed position, nearly flush with the helmet. The forces required to loop the lever in the elastic member is minimal, as it must merely pull the lever or hold the lever in the closed position, and thus, collisions will only cause the lever to possibly attempt to flip upwards, only to encounter the countervailing elastic forces that retain the lever in the flush helmet position.

(43) Other embodiments of the invention relate to the combination of a quick release bracket feature 16 on at least one, preferably two and most preferably three or more facemask connection points on the helmet 10, together with a shock absorption assembly 20. For example, a shock absorbing assembly 20 similar to that described by U.S. Patent publication No. 20080163410 to Udelhofen; (European Pat. No. EP 2223619); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,607,179 to Shih, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by this reference, is used on each side of a helmet 10 to reduce the impact of collisions. Such assemblies 20 are operably associated with a quick release bracket assembly 16 such that a player can mount his/her facemask 12 to their helmet 10 in a quick fashion and enjoy the benefits of having a shock absorbing facemask assembly 20, in addition to having the ability of having such a facemask 12 removed and detached via the quick release bracket features 16 described herein. The prior art is devoid of such a combination of features, with shock absorbing structures described as being securely connected to the helmet 10 in a fashion such that traditional removal techniques are required, e.g. screws what required a screwdriver; cutting tools, etc., to detach such facemasks from the helmet. One of skill in the art, however, will appreciate that various other shock absorbing structures and assemblies can be used together with the multitude of quick release features that exist, such that a player is afforded, for the first time, a helmet 10 that not only absorbs impacts (e.g. through a variety of shock absorbing structures 20 and components) that would otherwise be communicated and experienced by the player's brain, and also a facemask connection system that provides for the removal of the facemask in a time shorter than the best currently available times for facemask removal, i.e. an average of 33 seconds or more.

(44) In a particular embodiment, the forehead region of the facemask connection 14 to the helmet 10 comprises a facemask retaining structure 20 that does not involve any moving parts, but rather, relies upon the simple manipulation of the facemask (e.g. once released from its connection points on either side of the helmet 10) to disengage the facemask entirely from the helmet 10. Such a device is depicted and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,146,178 to Maddux, which is hereby incorporated by this reference. One will appreciate that in other embodiments, a quick release bracket assembly 16 as described herein can be used for the forehead helmet connection 14 for particular facemasks 12, as well as in combination with a shock absorbing structure 20 affiliated therewith 6,

(45) In other embodiments of a quick release assembly, a rotating assembly 162 that has a first open position (e.g. for receiving a facemask bar 13 structure in a slot 160 of the assembly) and a closed position (e.g. whereby the rotation of the quick release assembly mechanism 16 entraps the facemask bar 13 within the assembly, effectively providing a rotating top via which the facemask 12 is held within the slot 160. Incorporated herein by this reference is U.S. Pat. No. 8,678,818 to Dupray, et al. which, while directed to an orthodontic self-ligating bracket, has structural and functional components that the present inventors appreciated, for the first time, could be employed to achieve the quick release functions, desired in the disparate area of sports helmets, such as football helmets 10. In certain embodiments, it is possible to mix-and-match various quick release assemblies 16 as described herein so as to achieve desired structural and functional designs. Thus, for example, a quick release assembly 16 similar to the structure described by Dupray et al., may be employed for the forehead region 14 of a helmet 10, while the quick release assemblies 16 that are more similar to bicycle quick release skewers 18 may be employed for the side connection points of a facemask 12 to helmet 10. It is also possible to employ the static facemask device as described in Maddux, U.S. Pat. No. 8,146,178, on the side of a helmet 10, rather than as envisioned by Maddux as solely for use on the forehead 14 of a helmet 10, such that a player may simply connect his facemask 12 first to one side of the helmet via the Maduxx assembly, rotate the facemask 12 so that it is in engaging position with either the opposite side of the helmet 10—which may employ one or more of the quick release assemblies 16 as described herein, or alternatively, another of the quick release assemblies 16 may be provided in the forehead region 14 of the helmet 10. As there is a desire for lighter weight helmets 10, the ability to provide for at least quick release of facemask functions while maintaining the weight and complexity of structures for such purpose, is an important objective. Thus, as the connection device described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,146,178 to Maddux has no moving parts and affords detachment of a facemask 12 once the opposite side of the helmet 10 is freed from engagement (e.g. via the sight twisting of the facemask 12 out of engagement with the upward and downward turned engagement sections of the Maddux device, one preferred embodiment of the present invention, especially when just two (rather than three or more) connections points between the helmet 10 and the facemask 12 are involved, is to provide just one quick release skewer 18 on one side of the helmet 10, thus reducing weight, providing for even faster detachments of a helmet 10, and also avoiding possible inadvertent release of the quick release assemblies 16 during impact of the helmet 10 with a third object. One objective in removing a facemask 12 is to create as little or no movement of the player's head and to finish the facemask removal procedure in as short a time as possible. This is made possible by employing one or more of the features as described herein.

(46) In other embodiments, more than one of the rotating enclosure assemblies 16 (e.g. larger in size than the Dupray, et. al constructions and sized to accept a face mask bar 12 portion so that the two cover elements that are rotated between an open and closed configuration, act to entrap the facemask bar portion 13, locking the facemask bar portions 13 in engagement, thus reducing the prospect that unintentional disengagement would occur due to the redundancy of the rotating entrapment facemask bracket assembles 16. In a preferred embodiment, at least two of such facemask bracket assemblies 16 are employed, and in still other embodiments, three or more.

(47) It will be understood that the quick release assemblies 16, including but not limited to the quick release skewer 18 and the large version of the orthodontic self-ligating devices described herein, can be and preferably are constructed of a relatively light weight plastic so that the weight of the helmet 10 is kept to a minimum. Of course, such elements can be constructed of metal materials to the extent such weight concerns are not paramount.

(48) In a particular embodiment, where a facemask 12 has three connection points to a helmet 10, the forehead connection point 14 comprises a bracket that has no moveable parts, such as the Maddux device described herein. The opposing sides of the helmet 10 have a quick release assembly 16 selected from the group consisting of a rotatable element 162 that accepts the facemask bar portion 13 such that once the facemask bar portion 13 is fitted into the slot 160, the slot cover members 164 are rotated into a closed position, whereby the facemask bar 13 is entrapped by the slot cover members 164, thus restraining the facemask bar portion 13 to the helmet 10. The slot cover members 164 can be comprised of steel or hardened plastic, but are sufficiently robust so that the facemask 12 is held firmly in place to the helmet 10, and yet the facemask 12 can be readily removed from the helmet 10 in the event of an injury to the player wearing such helmet/facemask.

(49) In other embodiments, PEEK is employed as the material that comprises a substantial majority of at least the facemask portion of a helmet construction. PEEK is well known in the medical device industry as a reliable, sturdy, durable material that is biocompatible and resilient, such that many orthopedic implants are constructed of PEEK due to its resilience and ability to absorb shocks without adversely affecting its integrity. Thus, while any suitable plastic having the desired strength, durability and impact resistance may be employed in various embodiments of the present invention, PEEK is believed to be particularly preferred due to its long history of excellent physical and functional capabilities.

(50) Still other embodiments employ a magnetic clamping system 19 to reversibly secure a facemask to a helmet 10. Such connection systems have been employed in other fields, for example, in anti-theft devices, but have not previously been used to secure facemasks 12 to helmets 10. Magnetic detatchers 21 can thus be employed as they are readily available and relatively inexpensive as they are ubiquitous in many retail establishments and are used to attach to clothing. The strong magnetic field from the magnetic detachers 21, often caused by a rare earth permanent magnet that is used to attract a spring piece in a magnetic locker, can reach to about 4000-6000 Gauss. One of skill in the art will appreciate the various ways in which a magnetic securement assembly 19 can be positioned on a helmet 10 so as to enable a detach mechanism to be used to quickly achieve detachment of the magnetic securement/connection system so as to release a facemask 12 from a helmet 10.

(51) As illustrated on the sectional view in FIG. 14, the attachment part includes a body 230 in which is placed a locking system 205 adapted to retain the stem post 241. The locking system 205, the technical details of which are not described here because they are of a type known in itself, includes a receiving recess 250 in a shape that is capable of receiving the stem 241. The body 230 is attached to the fastening part 202. The stem post 241 is connected to a post head 240. The body 230 is molded around the locking system 205 and the fastening part 202 includes the tab 221 which could be made integral with the body 230 at its base 223. The entry of the recess 250 of the body 230, is designed to be crossed by the stem post 241 for inserting it in the recess 250. In various embodiments, an attaching mechanism for the facemask to a helmet is releasable by applying a magnetic detacher 21 to magnetically pull up a metallic spring and release a locking pin. In certain embodiments, applying a magnetic force pulls a metallic spring away from a first position to detach a pin from a second locking position. Preferably, the pin used for attaching and locking has a smooth surface without a groove (although grooved pins, cylinders, posts, etc. may be employed)—and preferably the post used is thicker (e.g. has a greater diameter) than the posts employed in retail stores, where pins having relatively sharp points are employed. The strength of attachment can be conveniently adjusted by simply changing to a spring having a different pressing force. In a preferred embodiment, the attaching-detaching mechanism includes a locking mechanism for locking to an attachment pin or cylinder. The locking mechanism is pressed by a pressing spring for tightening the locking mechanism to lock the attachment pin. The pressing spring is releasable by a magnetic pulling force to release the locking mechanism to detach the attachment pin from the locking mechanism. Several of the patents incorporated herein by reference in their entireties are directed to the myriad of ways one can construct suitable magnetic locking systems and assemblies 19 that can be used in various embodiments with a magnetic detacher 21 to achieve desired reversibly secured facemasks to a helmet.

(52) In certain embodiments, the facemask (or device securing the facemask to the helmet) is removed by means of a magnetic detacher 21. In one embodiment, a locking system is applied which comprises a retaining part made of magnetic material that is adapted to be moved and associated with a spring. By positioning the device bearing the locking system on the magnet, the creation of a magnetic field around the magnetic retaining part that is sensitive to the field leads to the retaining part being attracted; the movement of the part releases the stem of the post/cylinder, which is then pushed back elastically by the spring. The two parts, including the locking system and the post, can then be separated from each other. The spring makes it possible to open the fastening element very speedily out of its recess, giving it a guaranteed spring effect for ejection, thus making the handling of the device speedier. A suitable magnetic detacher 21, such as those available from Unitoptek (under the Sensormatic trade name) removes the pin/post from a connector, thus releasing the facemask connection assembly. There preferably is no need for any batteries and/or an electrical power source, but certain embodiments may employ powered hand held systems, preferably operated by batteries, such as rechargeable batteries, especially those that can be powered by a hand or manual wind up system to generate power for the hand-held device. To comply with written description and enablement requirements, incorporated by reference in their entireties are the following: U.S. Pat. No. 8,125,338 to Li; U.S. Pat. No. 7,073,236 to Xue, et. al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,528,118 and 7,146,652 to Ide (assigned to Riddell); U.S. Pat. No. 8,573,011 to Thoonsen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,453 to Yokoyama; U.S. Pat. No. 8,242,910 to Skjellerup; U.S. Pat. No. 6,700,489 to Easter; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,729,200 and 6,181,245; 8,746,580 to Li; US patent publication 20140223646 and 20140173810 to Suddaby; 20110010829 to Norman and 20140223646 and 20140223644 to Bologna; 2017/0303622 to Stone; 2017/0196295 to Glover; 2017/0196294 to Fischer; 2017/0196292 to Reinhall; 2017/0196291 to Glover; 2016/0255900 to Browd and 20160278470 to Posner et al.

(53) As explained in greater detail herein, the impact attenuation systems and assemblies described herein may comprise at least one impact attenuation member. The impact attenuation member is purposely engineered to change how the front portion responds to an impact force applied substantially normal to the front portion as compared to how other portions of the shell respond to that impact force. In one version of the helmet 10, the impact attenuation member is configured to resemble, either structurally and/or functionally, a three ringed Brazilian armadillo shell, with the important caveat that the material between 50 the hard portions 40, 30 (further described below) are comprised of a highly-damped, visco-elastic, polymeric solid, such as a polyether based polyurethane. In preferred embodiments, Sorbothane® is employed because it “flows” like a liquid under load and is a thermoset, polyether based polyurethane that combines high energy absorption with near faultless memory. Sorbothane® is considered a “super soft” polyurethane that can simultaneously absorb shock and vibration energy which makes it preferable to one dimensional materials like rubber and other polyurethanes.

(54) In preferred embodiments, the helmet 10 has at least one layer that includes an array of polygonal structures 23, most preferably including hexagonal patterns that are prevalent in nature due to their efficiency and strength. In a hexagonal construct, each line is as short as it can possibly be if a large area is to be filled with the fewest number of hexagons. Thus, honeycombs are efficiently constructed to minimize the use of wax and gain lots of strength under compression. Groups of hexagons can form a regular tessellate with 3 hexagons around every vertex, providing superior structural strength, such as seen in the crystalline structure of graphene, e.g. a hexagonal grid. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a helmet 10 employs a myriad of hexagonal structures 23 that reassemble—both structurally and functionally—the shell of an armadillo.

(55) Thus, one embodiment is inspired by the three-banded armadillo, which became the mascot of the 2020 FIFA World Cup hosted by Brazil. The armor defense system of the Brazilian three-banded armadillo makes it safe from the majority of predators as it is composed of ossified dermal scutes covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales, which are connected by flexible bands of skin. Armadillo shells are tough but relatively flexible. In certain embodiments, a helmet 10 incorporates such structural and functional features of an armadillo shell and is composed of a tough material such as a plastic (polycarbonate) for an array of polygonal (preferably hexagonal-shaped) sections 23, while using a softer material between the hexagons 23 (e.g. a highly-damped, visco-elastic, polymeric solid, such as a polyether based polyurethane) so that the helmet 10 is flexible and durable. The material between the harder (as compared to the material between the hexagons 23) may be, for example, an elastomeric material. Other embodiments can be comprised of any suitable material that provides the desirable characteristics and response to impact. For example, the padding layer of the helmet 10 can comprise one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic polyurethane (available, for example, from Skydex Technologies), military-grade materials, impact absorbing silicone, D30® impact absorbing material, impact gel, wovens, non-wovens, cotton, elastomers, IMPAXX® energy-absorbing foam (available from Dow Automotive), DEFLEXION shock absorbing material (available from Dow Corning), styrofoam, polymer gels, general shock absorbing elastometers, visco-elastic polymers, PORON® XRD impact protection (available from Rogers Corporation), Neoprene (available from DuPont), Ethyl Vinyl Acetate, impact-dispersing gels, foams, rubbers, and so forth. The padding layer can further be breathable and/or generally porous to provide ventilation. In some embodiments, the padding layer is a mesh material that aids in the breathability.

(56) FIG. 21 shows an inner shell 30 and an outer shell 40, with one or more layers of internal padding or pads 24 connected to the inner shell 30 to provide impact absorption. An external energy absorbing layer 50 is positioned between at least a portion of the outer surface of the inner shell 30 and the outer shell 40. The helmet is designed to dampen the energy of a jarring impact to the outer shell assembly 40 before reaching the hard inner shell 30. Such an arrangement directs and dampens all of the impact energy into the external padding system 50 outside of the inner shell 30.

(57) In certain embodiments, a rigid inner shell defines a space where one or more compartmentalized sealed elastomer energy absorbing cells are located so that the helmet comprises a flexible outer shell and an inner shell, with the inner shell being more rigid than the outer shell, and with an intervening space containing one or more diffusion cells. In some embodiments, the dual shell isolates a primary energy absorbing mechanism (diffusion cell(s)) between the flexible outer shell 40 and a more rigid inner shell 30.

(58) FIG. 22 presents a pictorial representation of a system for monitoring protective headgear in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, a handheld communication device 110, such as a smart phone, digital book, netbook, personal computer with wireless data communication or other wireless communication device includes a wireless transceiver for communicating over a long range wireless network such as a cellular, PCS, CDMA, GPRS, GSM, iDEN or other wireless communications network and/or a short-range wireless network such as an IEEE 802.11 compatible network, a Wimax network, another wireless local area network connection or other communications link. Handheld communication device 110 is capable of engaging in wireless communications such as sending and receiving telephone calls and/or wireless data in conjunction with text messages such as emails, short message service (SMS) messages, pages and other data messages that may include multimedia attachments, documents, audio files, video files, images and other graphics. Handheld communication device 110 includes one or more processing devices for executing other applications and a user interface that includes, for example, buttons, a display screen such as a touch screen, a speaker, a microphone, a camera for capturing still and/or video images and/or other user interface devices.

(59) A wireless device 120 is mounted in or otherwise coupled to a piece of protective headgear 10. The wireless device 120 includes a sensor module that generates sensor data in response to an impact to the protective headgear 10. Wireless device 120 further includes a short-range wireless transmitter that transmits a wireless signal, such as a radio frequency (RF) signal, magnetic signal, infrared (IR) signal or other wireless signal that includes data, such as event data 17 or other data that indicates, for example, data pertaining to an impact on the protective headgear. The short-range wireless transmitter can be part of a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, an RF identification (RFID), IR Data Association (IrDA), Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol.

(60) While protective headgear 10 is styled as a football helmet, the present invention can be implemented in conjunction with other protective headgear including a hat, headband, mouth guard or other headgear used in sports, a hard hat or other industrial protection gear, other headgear and helmets worn by public safety or military personnel or other headgear or helmets. In addition, protective headgear can include a face mask, face guard, skull cap, chin strap, an ear piece such as ear plugs, a hearing aide, an ear mounted transceiver, an ear piece in contact with the bony area of the skull behind the ear or other ear piece or other gear that is either a separate component or is integrated with other headgear or other gear. In particular, protective headgear includes, but is not limited to, gear that is used to reduce vibration, dissipate impact energy from an impact event, control the rate of energy dissipation in response to an impact event and/or to provide real-time or non-real-time monitoring and analysis of impact events to the region of the head and neck of a wearer of the protective gear.

(61) Adjunct device 100 includes a housing that is coupleable to the handheld communication device 110 via a communication port of the handheld communication device 110. The adjunct device 100 includes a short-range wireless receiver that receives a wireless signal from the wireless device 120 that includes data, such as event data 17. The short-range wireless receiver of adjunct 100 can also be part of a transceiver that operates in conjunction with a communication standard such as 802.11, Bluetooth, 802.15.4 standard running a ZigBee or other protocol stack, ultra-wideband, Wimax or other standard short or medium range communication protocol, or other protocol. In particular, the short-range wireless receiver of adjunct device 100 is configured to receive the event data 17 or other data generated by wireless device 120.

(62) Adjunct device includes its own user interface having push buttons 60, sound emitter 62 and light emitter 64 that optionally can emit audio and/or visual alert signals in response to the event data 17. As with the user interface of wireless device 120, the user interface of adjunct device 100 can similarly include other devices such as a touch screen or other display screen, a thumb wheel, trackball, and/or other input or output devices. While shown as a plug-in module, the adjunct device 100 can be implemented as either a wireless gateway or bridge device or a case or other housing that encloses or partially encloses the handheld communication device 100.

(63) FIG. 23 shows one embodiment of an attachment element 112 as a pin. Magnetic clamping system 19 includes the attachment element 112 to secure helmet 10 to the facemask 12. Attachment element 112 need not be a pin but can be any type of attachment device, such as a lanyard, a plunger or a plastic strap. Magnetic clamping system 19 includes a housing 111, and also includes a retaining part 114 situated within a clamping region 113 in housing 111. Retaining part 114 may be made of a magnetic material such as carbon steel or can be made of a non-magnetic material. Retaining part 114 acts as a magnetic clutch and secures attachment element 112 within an attachment region 124, thus preventing the unauthorized separation of the facemask 12 from the helmet 10. Retaining part 114 includes a locking region 116, a magnet location region 118, and a magnetic element 120. Spring 121 biases retaining part 114 to allow retention of attachment element 112 and to allow return of retaining part 114 to the locked position once the magnetic clamping system 19 has been unlocked. Although spring 121 is shown above retaining part 114 so that operation of retaining part 114 causes compression of spring 121, the invention is not limited to such. For example, it is contemplated that spring 121 can be placed below retaining part 114 such that operation of retaining part 114 causes an expansion of spring 121.

(64) Locking region 116 and magnet location region 118 pivot about a pivot point 122, which allows locking region 116 to move between a first position and a second position. When in the first position, locking region 116 engages a circumferential détente 125 in attachment element 112, thus locking attachment element 112 in place within attachment region 124. When locking region 116 is in the first position, attachment element 112, in this instance a pin, prevents unauthorized separation of the facemask 12 from the helmet 10. When magnet location region 118 moves in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 23, locking region 116 moves to a second position in the direction of the arrow and disengages with attachment element 112 thus allowing attachment element 112 to be withdrawn from attachment region 124 and the facemask 12 separated from the helmet 10. Magnetic element 120 includes at least one hard magnet affixed to one side of magnet location region 118 as shown in FIG. 23.

(65) FIG. 23 also shows a magnetic detacher 21 used to detach a facemask 12 from a helmet 10. Magnetic detacher 21 includes one or more magnets 129 and 131 such that when magnetic detacher 21 is placed proximate to the magnetic clamping system 19, magnets 129 and 131 are aligned with the magnets of magnetic element 120 of magnetic clamping system 19. Due to the repelling force between magnets having identical outwards-facing poles, body 118 is forced in the direction of the arrow which in turn forces locking region 116 to pivot about pivot point 122. This disengages locking region 116 from within circumferential détente 125, which allows attachment element 112 to be detached. Thus, magnetic element 120 of the magnetic clamping system 19 has a magnetic arrangement forming a “key”. Magnetic detacher 21 must include magnets having the corresponding magnetic “key” in order to detach attachment element 112 from the magnetic clamping system 19. A repelling force is generated upon magnets 126 and 128, which forces body 118 of clamp 114 upwards, as shown in FIG. 23.

(66) In operation, event data 17 is generated by wireless device 120 in response to an impact to the protective headgear 10. The event data 17 is transmitted to the adjunct device 100 that transfers the event data 17 to the handheld communication device 110 either wirelessly or via the communication port of the handheld communication device 110. The handheld communication device 110 executes an application to further process the event data 17 to, for example, display a simulation of the head and/or brain of the wearer of the protective headgear 10 as a result of the impact.

(67) While specific embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise configuration and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of the present invention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention to instruct and encourage the avoidance of impacts to players where concussions and potential brain injuries may be encountered. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including any such equivalent construction insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.