HIGH-EFFICIENCY CULTIVATION METHOD FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY DRIP IRRIGATION, WATER SAVING, SEEDLING SURVIVAL AND STRENGTHENING, AND YIELD INCREASE OF COTTON FIELDS IN SALINE-ALKALI SOIL

Abstract

A high-efficiency cultivation method for high-frequency drip irrigation, water saving, seedling survival and strengthening, and yield increase of cotton fields in saline-alkali soil is provided, belonging to the field of agricultural planting technologies. It mainly includes performing land preparation; setting a planting mode; laying tubes; performing a high frequency drip irrigation; fertilizing with water; performing intertillage; performing chemical control; and performing green prevention and control. The method effectively solves many defects in the existing methods, improves the quality of cotton field preparation and seeding in saline-alkali soil, saves irrigation water, increases the emergence rate and seedling survival rate, improves the saline-alkali resistance of cotton seedlings, increases the yield, and achieves the goal of water-saving, high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation of cotton seedlings in saline-alkali soil.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for high-frequency drip irrigation, water saving, seedling survival and strengthening, and yield increasing of cotton fields in saline-alkali soil, comprising the following steps: (1) performing land preparation, comprising: plowing the soil with a plow depth being greater than 28 cm per year, and performing subsoiling with a subsoiling depth being required to be in a range of 35-50 centimeters (cm) and a subsoiling frequency of once every 3-5 years; (2) setting a planting mode comprising 6 seed rows per film, one seed per hole; spacing configuration with a wide row spacing 63 cm and a narrow row spacing 13 cm, or a wide row spacing 64 cm and a narrow row spacing 12 cm; and 9.5-10 cm of a hole spacing within each of the seed rows; (3) laying drip irrigation capillary tubes, comprising: laying the drip irrigation capillary tubes under the film with three drip irrigation capillary tubes per film, and each of the drip irrigation capillary tubes being laid in a middle of two rows of the seed rows; wherein when a dripper of the drip irrigation capillary tube is disposed on one side of the drip irrigation capillary tube, the dripper faces downward and faces an outer row of the two rows of the seed rows; and when the dripper is disposed at a middle of the drip irrigation capillary tube, the dripper faces upward, or the drip irrigation capillary tube is laid beside to an inner row of the two rows of the seed rows and the dripper faces downward and faces an outer row of the two rows of the seed rows with a distance from the inner row of 7 cm and within 20 cm from the outer row; (4) performing a high frequency drip irrigation mode, comprising: dripping water for seedling emergence once within 48 hours after sowing under a condition of avoiding rainy weather with no irrigation and no ridges of field before sowing, wherein a water volume is in a range of 10-15 m.sup.3/mu and there is water in each seed hole, stopping drip irrigation immediately when the water in the two adjacent seed holes is just communicated; dripping the water for seedling emergence again when saline-alkali return occurs in the seed holes after 5-6 days of the dripping water for seedling emergence once within 48 hours after sowing, with a water volume of 10-20 m.sup.3/mu, and waiting for seedling emergence; dripping water for seedling survival once 5-7 days after the seedling emergence with a water volume of 10-15 m.sup.3/mu; dripping the water for seedling survival again after another 5-7 days with a water volume of 10-15 m.sup.3/mu, wherein the water volume is increased and times of the dripping is increased 1-2 times according to specific situations, until water irrigation is prepared in early June; (5) fertilizing with water, comprising: adding a saline-alkali soil amendment every time when dripping the water for seedling emergence, adding 3-5 kg/mu of the saline-alkali soil amendment for a first time of dripping the water for seedling survival with adding 0.5-2 kg/mu of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 100-200 g/mu of zinc fertilizer, and adding 3-5 kg/mu of the saline-alkali soil amendment every time after the first time of dripping the water for seedling survival; and (6) performing intertillage, comprising: performing the intertillage once after seedling rows are presented, and performing the intertillage timely after rain and at low temperature, wherein 3-4 times of the intertillage are performed after the sowing and before budding, with a depth of 10-22 cm, and an anti-pressure arched steel plate is carried with an intertillage vehicle to prevent damaging the drip irrigation capillary tubes.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the planting mode specifically comprises: a width of the film is 2.05 meter (m), six rows of seeds are sown, an average row spacing of the seed rows is 38 cm, a cotton hole spacing is in a range of 9.5-10 cm, precision seeding is performed with one seed per hole, and one seedling per hole.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the saline-alkali soil amendment is at least one of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer, humic acid soil amendment, and Feidigai compound fertilizer.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: performing a first chemical control after cotton seedlings are exposed and the soil is sealed by spraying 0.5-1 g/mu of mepiquat chloride according to variety characteristics and weather; performing a second chemical control at a three-leaf stage of the cotton seedlings by spraying 1-2 g/mu of mepiquat chloride; and performing a third chemical control according to a growth condition of the cotton seedlings after the cotton seedlings entered a bud stage by spraying 3-5 g/mu of mepiquat chloride.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein green prevention and control before the water irrigation is a main task, and specific operations of the green prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds are as follows: blocking timely an edge of field before sowing, drying and coating seeds, spraying the soil with herbicides to protect predatory natural enemies, hanging yellow sticky cards, blue sticky cards, insecticidal lamps, and syrup bottles, and pulling weeds manually to preliminarily control the diseases, the pests and the weeds.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein specific operations of the intertillage comprises: a tillage depth of a first intertillage is in a range of 10-12 cm, and a seedling protection zone is 10 cm; after the first intertillage, the tillage depth is increased by 3-5 cm each time until the tillage depth is increased to 22 cm, the seedling protection zone is kept at 8 cm; and 4-5 times of the intertillage are carried out.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0029] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the disclosure clearer, the technical solutions of the disclosure will be described clearly and completely below. Apparently, the described embodiments are some of the embodiments of the disclosure rather than all embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the disclosure, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative work fall within the scope of protection of the disclosure.

[0030] The disclosure provides a high-efficiency cultivation method suitable for high-frequency drip irrigation, water saving, seedling strengthening and yield increase of cotton fields in saline-alkali soil, which realizes the cultivation process of saving water, high emergence rate, high survival rate of seedlings (also referred to as seedling protection rate), high seedling strengthen rate and high yield of cotton planting in saline-alkali soil. The specific cultivation method is as follows.

[0031] (1) Soil Selection

[0032] Light and moderate saline-alkali soil (also referred to as saline-alkali land) is selected, the saline-alkali content is less than or equal to 5‰, the organic matter is more than or equal to 1‰, and the soil texture type is not limited.

[0033] (2) Land Preparation

[0034] Before plowing or sowing, base fertilizer is deeply applied per mu (fifteen mu is equal to one hectare): 15 kilograms (kg) of diamine, 10-12 kg of calcium triple superphosphate, and 1 kg of zinc fertilizer as micronutrient fertilizer per three years. A plow depth is greater than 28 centimeters (cm) every year, harrowing and grinding are carried out at proper time after plowing, and land leveling is carried out using frame leveling machine. In addition to meeting the standard of “flat, broken, clean and neat”, the quality of land preparation shall also highlight the standard of “solid” to prevent the cotton seeds from being misplaced and waiting for sowing when the soil is too loose. A depth of subsoiling requires 35-50 cm, once every 3-5 years.

[0035] (3) Variety Selection

[0036] An excellent variety with strong (resistance) saline-alkali resistance is selected, and it is required that the variety has good stress resistance, blight resistance and verticillium wilt resistance, good quality and high yield. The germination rate of seeds is more than 90%, and the cleanliness and purity meet the international or national seed quality standards. The growth period should meet the local climate requirements, and the seeds should be dried and coated before sowing.

[0037] (4) Spraying Herbicide before Sowing

[0038] Before sowing, the herbicide is sprayed to control weeds with 33% pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate (abbreviated as pendimethalin EC, also referred to as pendimethalin oil) 150-200 g/mu. After application, the soil is mixed by shallow harrowing for 3 cm, and the soil is sealed with films.

[0039] (5) Rational Early Sowing

[0040] When the soil temperature of 5 cm under the film is stable above 12 Celsius degree (° C.) for more than 3 days, the sowing shall be started, and the suitable best sowing period is selected according to the local climate conditions.

[0041] (6) Sowing Method

[0042] The cotton mulching and sowing all-in-one machine is used to complete operations such as drip irrigation capillary tube laying, mulching (also referred to as film laying), sowing, soil covering and the like at one time. The hole seeder of the machine in the shape of a cross with a small-pointed mouth. The mulch film with the thickness of 0.01 millimeter (mm) and the width of 2.05 meter (m) is selected, and precision seeding (one seed per hole) is performed on the film with 1.5 and 2 kg of seeds per mu. The sowing depth is in a range of 1.5-2.0 cm. Planting mode includes: 6 rows per film, one plant per hole, spacing configuration with a wide row spacing 63 cm and a narrow row spacing 13 cm, or a wide row spacing 64 cm and a narrow row spacing 12 cm, and 9.5-10 cm of a hole spacing within each row. Tube laying method is as follows: drip irrigation capillary tubes are laid under the film with three drip irrigation capillary tubes per film, and the quality of drip irrigation capillary tubes and enough water are ensured. Each drip irrigation capillary tube should be laid in the middle of two rows of seed rows, and the dripper of the drip irrigation capillary tube directly faces the center. If the dripper is disposed on one side, the dripper faces downward and faces the outer row, if the dripper is in the middle, the dripper faces upward, or the drip irrigation capillary tube is laid beside the inner row of two rows of seed rows and the dripper faces downward and faces the outer row with a distance of 7 cm from the inner row and within 20 cm from the outer row. The soil covering mode can be selected as front sealing soil or side sealing soil. The thickness of the front sealing soil of the seedling row on the film is 1-1.5 cm, and the width is 3-5 cm. The height of the side sealing soil is 5 cm, when the height of the seedling is about 5 cm, the soil is sealed again manually or mechanically. It is required to seal the soil directly against the seedlings within one day, the thickness of the seedling sealing soil on the film is 1-1.5 cm, and the width is 3-5 cm.

[0043] (7) High-Frequency Drip Irrigation with Water for Seedling Emergence

[0044] After harvesting and before sowing of seeds, there is no irrigation. The water for seedling emergence is dripped once within 48 hours after sowing, rainy weather is avoided, and the water volume is 10-20 m.sup.3/mu. There is water in each seed hole, and the water in two adjacent seed holes is just communicated, and the water is stopped immediately. If there is saline-alkali return phenomenon in the seed hole after 5-6 days of the drip irrigation, the water for seedling emergence is dripped again with the water volume of 10-20 m.sup.3/mu, and the seedlings are to be emerged.

[0045] (8) High-Frequency Drip Irrigation for Survival of Seedlings

[0046] 5-7 days after the emergence of seedlings, the water for the survival of seedlings is dripped once with the water volume of 10-15 m.sup.3/mu. After another 5-7 days, the water is dripped again with the water volume of 10-15 m.sup.3/mu. The water volume can be increased and drip irrigation times can be increased 1-2 times according to the specific situation, until the water irrigation is prepared in early June.

[0047] (9) Fertilization with Water

[0048] 3-5 kg/mu of saline-alkali soil amendment (also referred to as saline-alkali improver) is added when the water for seedling emergence is dripped for 1-2 times. 3-5 kg/mu of the saline-alkali soil amendment is added each time when the water for survival of seedlings is dripped for 2-3 times, 0.5-2 kg/mu of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 100-200 g/mu of zinc fertilizer are added for the first time of dripping the water for survival of seedlings. Specifically, the saline-alkali soil amendment is at least one of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer, humic acid soil amendment, and Feidigai compound fertilizer.

[0049] (10) Intertillage

[0050] The intertillage is carried out after the seedling rows are presented, and the intertillage is also carried out timely after rain and at low temperature. The intertillage is carried out 3-4 times after sowing and before budding, with a depth of 10-22 cm. In order to prevent damaging the straight drip irrigation tubes, the anti-pressure arched steel plate can be carried with the machine. The first tillage depth is 10-12 cm, and the seedling protection zone is 10 cm. After that, the tillage depth is increased by 3-5 cm each time, and when it is increased to 22 cm, it is not increased any more. The seedling protection zone is kept at about 8 cm. Generally, 4-5 times of intertillage should be carried out.

[0051] (11) Chemical Control

[0052] The first chemical control is carried out after the cotton seedlings are exposed and the soil is sealed, so as to prevent high seedlings. According to the variety characteristics and weather, 0.5-1 g/mu of mepiquat chloride is sprayed. The second chemical control is carried out at the three-leaf stage of the cotton seedlings by spraying 1-2 g/mu of mepiquat chloride. The third chemical control is carried out according to the growth condition of cotton seedlings after the cotton seedlings entered the bud stage by spraying 3-5 g/mu of mepiquat chloride.

[0053] (12) Green Prevention and Control of Diseases, Pests and Weeds

[0054] The diseases, pests and weeds are preliminarily prevented and controlled in a green prevention and control mode such as timely blocking the edge of the field before sowing, drying and coating seeds, spraying the soil with herbicides to fully protect predatory natural enemies, hanging yellow sticky cards, blue sticky cards, insecticidal lamps, and syrup bottles, and pulling weeds manually and other green prevention and control methods.

[0055] At the beginning of June, cotton is carried out water irrigation after budding. The water irrigation and subsequent management measures are managed according to conventional high-yield cultivation techniques.

[0056] Through the method described in the disclosure, planting early-middle maturity upland cotton varieties in saline-alkali cotton regions of Xinjiang can save water by more than 10%, improve the seedling emergence rate by 10-15%, and improve the seedling survival rate by more than 13%. After the management of conventional high-yield cultivation techniques in the middle and late stages, the number of harvested plants reaches 12-13000, the number of bolls per plant reaches 6-8, the single boll weight is 5-5.5 g, and the yield of seed cotton reaches 310-480 kg/mu.

[0057] The humic acid soil amendment used in the disclosure is fulvic acid potassium, for example.

[0058] The Jiandifeng compound fertilizer used in the following embodiments is purchased from Xinjiang Jukang Kuitun Fertilizer Co., Ltd.

[0059] The irrigation fertilizer used in the following embodiments is purchased from Xinjiang Century Zhongke Agriculture Co., Ltd.

Embodiment 1

[0060] In 2021, it was carried out in the eastern wasteland of Ninth Company of the Forty-fourth Regiment of the Third Division of the Xinjiang Construction Corps, China, covering an area of 200 mu. The fore crops were cotton, the soil texture was sandy saline-alkali soil, no irrigation before sowing, and 15 kg of diamine and 10 kg of calcium triple superphosphate per mu. The plow depth was 28 cm, harrowing and grinding are carried out at proper time after plowing, and land leveling was carried out using frame leveling machine, so as to achieve the quality of “flat, broken, clean, neat and solid”. The subsoiling was carried out in the previous year with the depth of 40 cm. The cotton variety was Xinluzhong 87 (Chinese Library Classification No. S562), and the seeds were dried for half an hour and then coated. Before sowing, 200 g of 33% pendimethalin EC are used per mu. After application, the soil is mixed by shallow harrowing for 3 cm. Sowing was carried out on Apr. 10, 2021, the cotton mulching and sowing all-in-one machine is used to complete operations such as drip irrigation capillary tube laying, mulching, sowing, soil covering and the like at one time. The hole seeder of the machine in the shape of a cross with a small-pointed mouth. The mulch film had the thickness of 0.012 mm and the width of 2.05 m, and the precision seeding (one seed per hole) was performed on the film with 1.8 kg of cotton seeds per mu. The sowing depth is 1.5 cm. One film had 6 rows, spacing configuration with a wide row spacing 64 cm and a narrow row spacing 12 cm, and 9.5 cm of a hole spacing within each row. Drip irrigation capillary tubes were laid under the film with three drip irrigation capillary tubes per film. Each drip irrigation capillary tube was laid in the middle of two rows of seed rows, and the dripper of the drip irrigation capillary tube directly faces the center. The soil was sealed by front sealing soil with a thickness of 1.5 cm. On Apr. 12, 2021, 15 m.sup.3/mu of water for seedling emergence was dripped, and 5 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On Apr. 18, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for seedling emergence was dripped, and 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On Apr. 28, 2021, 15 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added, 1 kg/mu of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added, and 100 g/mu of zinc fertilizer was added. On May 10, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, and 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On May 18, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, and 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On May 28, 2021, water irrigation was carried out, and the seedling survival rate was 86%, the drip water volume was 25 m.sup.3/mu, the drip urea was 1.7 kg/mu, and the drip irrigation fertilizer was 1.0 kg/mu. After that, water was dripped every 8 days, and 2.5-5 kg/mu of urea and 1.5-2 kg/mu of drip irrigation fertilizer were dripped in each watering. The total water consumption is 395 m.sup.3/mu. On Apr. 20, 2021, the first time of intertillage was carried out after the seedling rows were presented, with a tillage depth of 12 cm and a seedling protection zone of 10 cm. On May 10, 2021, two times of intertillage were carried out with a tillage depth of 15 cm and a seedling protection zone of 8 cm. On May 20, 2021, three times of intertillage were carried out with a tillage depth of 18 cm and a seedling protection zone of 8 cm. On Apr. 20, 2021, the first chemical control was carried out after the cotton seedlings were exposed and the soil was sealed, and 0.5 g/mu of mepiquat chloride was sprayed. The second chemical control was carried out at the three-leaf stage of the cotton seedlings by spraying 1.5 g/mu of mepiquat chloride. The third chemical control was carried out after the cotton seedlings entered the bud stage by spraying 5 g/mu of mepiquat chloride. On Jul. 10, 2021, at the time of 8-9 fruit branches, artificial detopping was carried out. On Sep. 12, 2021, defoliant was sprayed by the machine with 70 g/mu of 40% ethrel and 20 g/mu of 80% ruituolong®. On Oct. 30, 2021, machine picking was carried out. After harvest, the yield of seed cotton per mu is 467 kg. Compared with the conventional management mode of the same land, the water consumption of the control cotton field was 550 m.sup.3/mu, the seedling survival rate was 71%, and the yield of seed cotton is 325 kg/mu. The method of the disclosure saved 155 m.sup.3/mu of water for cotton plantation, increased the seedling survival rate by 15%, and increased the yield of seed cotton by 142 kg/mu.

Embodiment 2

[0061] In 2021, it was carried out in the Kunagayi strip field of 19.sup.th Company of the 51st Regiment of the Third Division of Xinjiang Construction Corps, China. The difference of the demonstration field was as follows.

[0062] It covered an area of 100 mu, Sowing was carried out on Apr. 18, 2021, the soil was sealed by side sealing soil, the soil texture was silty clay loam. On Apr. 20, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for seedling emergence was dripped, and 5 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On Apr. 25, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for seedling emergence was dripped. On May 2, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added, 1 kg/mu of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added, and 200 g/mu of zinc fertilizer was added. On May 10, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, and 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On May 18, 2021, 10 m.sup.3/mu of water for survival of seedlings was dripped, and 3 kg/mu of Jiandifeng compound fertilizer was added. On Jun. 8, 2021, water irrigation was carried out, the seedling survival rate was 78%, the drip water volume was 25 m.sup.3/mu, the drip urea was 2 kg/mu, and the drip irrigation fertilizer was 1.0 kg/mu. The total water consumption is 380 m.sup.3/mu. On May 16, 2021, the soil was mechanically sealed. The first time of intertillage was carried out on May 5, 2021, the second time of intertillage was carried out on May 15, 2021, and the third time of intertillage was carried out on May 23, 2021. The chemical control of cotton seedlings was carried out at the three-leaf stage of the cotton seedlings by spraying 1.2 g/mu of mepiquat chloride, and the chemical control after budding was carried out by spraying 6 g/mu of paraquat. On Jul. 15, 2021, at the time of 8-9 fruit branches, artificial detopping was carried out. On Sep. 18, 2021, defoliant was sprayed by the machine. On Nov. 18, 2021, machine picking was carried out. After harvest, the yield of seed cotton per mu is 312 kg. Compared with the conventional management mode of the same land, the water consumption of the control cotton field is 530 m.sup.3/mu, the seedling survival rate is 65%, and the yield of seed cotton is 283 kg/mu. The method of the disclosure saved 150 m.sup.3/mu of water for cotton plantation, increased the seedling survival rate by 13%, and increases the yield of seed cotton by 29 kg/mu.

[0063] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the disclosure, not to limit it. Although the disclosure has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments can still be modified, or some of the technical features thereof can be equivalently replaced. However, these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the disclosure.