HALOALLYLAMINE SULFONE DERIVATIVE INHIBITORS OF LYSYL OXIDASES AND USES THEREOF
20210353571 · 2021-11-18
Inventors
- Alison Dorothy Findlay (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Craig Ivan Turner (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Mandar Deodhar (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Jonathan Stuart Foot (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Wolfgang Jarolimek (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Wenbin ZHOU (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Alberto BUSON (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, AU)
- Angelique Elsa GRECO (Cammeray, New South Wales, AU)
Cpc classification
C07D277/64
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07C311/29
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K45/06
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07C317/28
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61P17/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07D209/10
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07C317/44
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K31/4409
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07C317/32
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07B2200/05
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D209/08
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
A61K31/145
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P19/04
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P35/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A61K31/145
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K31/4409
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P17/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P19/04
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61P35/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
C07C311/29
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07C317/32
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D209/08
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
The present invention relates to novel compounds which are capable of inhibiting certain amine oxidase enzymes. These compounds are useful for treatment of a variety of indications, e.g., fibrosis, cancer and/or angiogenesis in human subjects as well as in pets and livestock. In addition, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, as well as various uses thereof.
Claims
1. A compound of Formula I: ##STR00186## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorphic form, solvate, hydrate or tautomeric form thereof; wherein: A is aryl or heteroaryl; each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of X—R.sup.2, halogen, deuterium, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3; X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7; R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3; or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O) OR.sup.3, —C(O) NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH; R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF or R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, benzothiazolyl and indolyl.
3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00187##
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is heteroaryl.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of ##STR00188## R.sup.1 is methyl or isopropyl; and n is 0 or 1.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is ##STR00189## and n is 0.
7. The compound according to claim 1, of Formula Ia: ##STR00190## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorphic form, solvate, hydrate or tautomeric form thereof; wherein: each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3; X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7; R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.2-7cycloalkyl; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH; R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF; or R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
8. The compound according to claim 7, wherein n is 0.
9. The compound according to claim 7, wherein each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6 alkyl, aryl, and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more halogen; R.sup.6 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and n is 1 or 2.
10. The compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of TABLE-US-00009 1
11. The compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of ##STR00244## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
12. The compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of ##STR00245## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
14. A method of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4 in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.
15. A method of treating a condition associated with any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4 protein, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of fibrosis, cancer and angiogenesis.
16. (canceled)
17. The method of claim 15, wherein in a case that the condition is fibrosis, the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's Disease, keloid, systemic sclerosis, arthrofibrosis, Dupuytren's contracture, adhesive capsulitis, fibrosis of the pancreas, fibrosis of the intestine, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, fibrostenosis, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, radiation-induced fibrosis, Peyronie's disease and scleroderma or is associated with respiratory disease, abnormal wound healing and repair, scarring, hypertrophic scarring/keloids, scarring post surgery, cardiac arrest and all conditions where excess or aberrant deposition of fibrous material is associated with disease, injury, implants or surgery; preferably the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of myelofibrosis, systemic sclerosis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis and radiation induced fibrosis; and wherein in a case that the condition is cancer, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer; breast cancer; colorectal cancer; anal cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; ovarian carcinoma; liver and bile duct carcinoma; esophageal carcinoma; mesothelioma; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; bladder carcinoma; carcinoma of the uterus; glioma, glioblastoma, medullablastoma, and other tumours of the brain; myelofibrosis, kidney cancer; cancer of the head and neck; cancer of the stomach; multiple myeloma; testicular cancer; germ cell tumour; neuroendocrine tumour; cervical cancer; oral cancer, carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and other organs; signet ring cell carcinoma; mesenchymal tumours including sarcomas, fibrosarcomas, haemangioma, angiomatosis, haemangiopericytoma, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, myofibroblastoma, fibromatosis, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, lipoma, angiolipoma, granular cell tumour, neurofibroma, schwannoma, angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, leiomyoma or a leiomysarcoma.
18. The method according to claim 15, further comprising administering a second therapeutic agent.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-cancer agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-hypertensive agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an immunosuppressive agent and a metabolic agent.
20. (canceled)
21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0101]
[0102]
[0103]
[0104]
[0105]
[0106]
[0107]
[0108]
[0109]
[0110]
[0111]
[0112]
[0113]
[0114]
[0115]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0116] The present invention relates to substituted fluoroallylamine derivatives which may inhibit lysyl oxidase (LOX), lysyl oxidase-like2 (LOXL2) and other lysyl oxidase isoenzymes. In particular the present invention relates to substituted fluoroallylamine derivatives with a sulfone linker.
[0117] In particular the present invention relates to compounds of Formula I:
##STR00003##
[0118] or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorphic form, solvate, hydrate or tautomeric form thereof; wherein:
[0119] A is aryl or heteroaryl;
[0120] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of X—R.sup.2, halogen, deuterium, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0121] X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO;
[0122] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7;
[0123] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0124] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0125] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0126] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0127] R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH;
[0128] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0129] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0130] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0131] and
[0132] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
[0133] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, A is selected from aryl and heteroaryl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, A is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, benzothiazolyl and indolyl. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, A is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00004##
In a still further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, A is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00005##
In a further embodiment, A is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00006##
In a still further embodiment, A is
##STR00007##
In another embodiment, A is phenyl. In a further embodiment, A is heteroaryl.
[0134] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of X—R.sup.2, halogen, deuterium, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of —X—R.sup.2, C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6haloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6haloalkyl, and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6. In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, at least one of R.sup.1 is X—R.sup.2. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, one of R.sup.1 is X—R.sup.2.
[0135] In one embodiment of compounds of present invention, X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CONH and NHCO. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is selected from the group consisting of O, OCH.sub.2 and CONH. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2 and OCH.sub.2. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is selected from the group consisting of CONH and NHCO. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is O. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is OCH.sub.2. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, X is CONH.
[0136] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl where each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and cycloalkyl where each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is cycloalkyl where each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is aryl optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is phenyl substituted by one R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is adamantyl or phenyl where each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7. In another embodiment, R.sup.2 is adamantyl or phenyl optionally substituted by —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5. In a further embodiment R.sup.2 is adamantyl. In another embodiment, R.sup.2 is phenyl optionally substituted by —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5.
[0137] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is substituted by one R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is substituted by two R.sup.7. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is substituted by three R.sup.7. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.2 is substituted by four or five R.sup.7.
[0138] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is hydrogen. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-6alkyl or C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl. In a still further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-6alkyl. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.
[0139] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-6alkyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are hydrogen. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are C.sub.1-6alkyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are both methyl. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are both isopropyl. In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 is hydrogen and R.sup.5 is isopropyl. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 is hydrogen and R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-6alkyl. In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 is hydrogen and R.sup.5 is methyl. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 is hydrogen and R.sup.5 is C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl.
[0140] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members. In a further embodiment, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having 1 additional heteroatom as ring members. In another embodiment, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having 0 additional heteroatoms as ring members.
[0141] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3. In another embodiment, R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R.sup.6 is C.sub.1-6alkyl. In a further embodiment, R.sup.6 is C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl.
[0142] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.7 is —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.7 is —S(O).sub.2N(CH.sub.3).sub.2.
[0143] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.8 hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.8 is hydrogen. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.8 is hydrogen or methyl.
[0144] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3. In another embodiment, R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R.sup.9 is C.sub.1-6alkyl. In a further embodiment, R.sup.9 is C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl.
[0145] In one embodiment of compounds of the present invention, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members. In a further embodiment, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having 1 additional heteroatom as ring members. In another embodiment, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having 0 additional heteroatoms as ring members.
[0146] In one of embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 0. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 0, 1 or 2. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 1, 2 or 3. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention n is 1 or 2. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 1. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 2. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 3. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 4. In a further embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 5. In another embodiment of compounds of the present invention, n is 6.
[0147] In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Ia:
##STR00008##
[0148] or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorphic form, solvate, hydrate or tautomeric form thereof; wherein:
[0149] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of X—R.sup.2, halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0150] X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO;
[0151] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7;
[0152] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0153] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0154] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0155] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0156] R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH;
[0157] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0158] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0159] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0160] and
[0161] n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0162] In one embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Ib:
##STR00009##
[0163] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0164] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0165] X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO;
[0166] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7;
[0167] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0168] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0169] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0170] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl
[0171] R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH;
[0172] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0173] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0174] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0175] and
[0176] n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0177] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula Ib of the invention, X is selected from the group consisting of 0, OCH.sub.2 and CONH; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of adamantyl and phenyl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5; and n is 0.
[0178] In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Ic:
##STR00010##
[0179] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0180] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0181] X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, CH.sub.2S(O).sub.2, CONH and NHCO;
[0182] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7;
[0183] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0184] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0185] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0186] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0187] R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH;
[0188] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0189] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0190] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0191] and
[0192] n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0193] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula Ic of the invention, X is selected from the group consisting of OCH.sub.2 and CONH; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of adamantyl and phenyl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5; and n is 0.
[0194] In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Id:
##STR00011##
[0195] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0196] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0197] X is selected from the group consisting of O, CH.sub.2, OCH.sub.2, CONH and NHCO;
[0198] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7;
[0199] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0200] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0201] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0202] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0203] R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and —OH;
[0204] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0205] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0206] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0207] and
[0208] n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0209] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula Id of the invention, X is selected from the group consisting of OCH.sub.2 and CONH; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of adamantyl and phenyl; wherein each R.sup.2 is optionally substituted by one or more R.sup.7; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-6alkyl; R.sup.7 is —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5; and n is 0.
[0210] In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Ie:
##STR00012##
[0211] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0212] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0213] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0214] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0215] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0216] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0217] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0218] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0219] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0220] and
[0221] n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0222] In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula If:
##STR00013##
[0223] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0224] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0225] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0226] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0227] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0228] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0229] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0230] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0231] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0232] and
[0233] n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0234] In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to compounds of Formula Ig:
##STR00014##
[0235] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein:
[0236] each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, O—C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6, —NR.sup.8C(O)R.sup.9, and —NR.sup.8S(O).sub.2R.sup.9; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 and —O—CF.sub.3;
[0237] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0238] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or
[0239] R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0240] R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl;
[0241] R.sup.8 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6alkyl;
[0242] R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; wherein each C.sub.1-6alkyl and C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —C.sub.1-4alkyl, —O—C.sub.1-4alkyl, —CF.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, and —O—CF.sub.3; or
[0243] R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are combined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members;
[0244] and
[0245] n is 0, 1 or 2:
[0246] In another embodiment of compounds of Formula Ie, If and Ig of the invention, each R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-6alkyl and n is 0 or 1.
[0247] In another embodiment of compounds of Formula I of the invention, each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6haloalkyl, C.sub.1-6alkyloxy, C.sub.1-6haloalkoxy, —CN, —C(O)OR.sup.3, —C(O)NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4C(O)R.sup.6, —S(O).sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.5, —NR.sup.4S(O).sub.2R.sup.6 and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl and optionally substituted C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl and optionally substituted C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl; or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 when attached to the same nitrogen atom are combined to form a 4- to 7-membered ring having from 0 to 1 additional heteroatoms as ring members; R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C.sub.1-6alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.3-7cycloalkyl and optionally substituted C.sub.1-6haloalkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0248] In another embodiment of compounds of Formula I of the invention, each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.1-6haloalkyl, and —S(O).sub.2R.sup.6; R.sup.6 is C.sub.1-6alkyl; and n is 0, 1 or 2.
[0249] In another embodiment of compounds of Formula I of the invention, each R.sup.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, methyl, isopropyl, OCH.sub.3, phenyl and SO.sub.2CH.sub.3; and n is 1 or 2.
[0250] In a further embodiment of compounds of Formula I of the invention, A is
##STR00015##
and n is O.
[0251] In the context of the present disclosure, any one or more aspect(s) or embodiment(s) may be combined with any other aspect(s) or embodiment(s).
[0252] Exemplary compounds according to the present invention include the compounds set forth in Table 2:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 1
[0253] In one embodiment, the compound of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00069##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment, the compound of the present invention is
##STR00070##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In a further embodiment, the compound of the present invention is
##STR00071##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
[0254] In one embodiment, the compound of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00072##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment, the compound of the present invention is
##STR00073##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In a further embodiment, the compound of the present invention is
##STR00074##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
Preparation of Compounds of Formula I
[0255] Compounds of Formula I can be readily prepared by those skilled in the art using methods and materials known in the art and with reference to standard textbooks, such as “Advanced Organic Chemistry” by Jerry March (third edition, 1985, John Wiley and Sons) or “Comprehensive Organic Transformations” by Richard C. Larock (1989, VCH Publishers).
[0256] Compounds of Formula I may be synthesised as described below. The following schemes provide an overview of representative non-limiting embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that analogues of Formula I, including different isomeric forms, may also be prepared from the analogous starting materials.
Scheme 1:
[0257] The preparation of compounds described by Formula Ib wherein X is —OCH.sub.2— is described in Scheme 1 below. A person skilled in the art will recognise that compounds described by Formulae Ic, Id, Ie, If and Ig can be prepared by employing analogous synthetic methodologies with suitable starting materials.
##STR00075##
[0258] P.sup.1 is a functional group used to protect a nitrogen functionality. Examples of P.sup.1 are carbamate forming groups such as the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), the 9-fluorenylmethyloxy-carbonyl (FMOC), and the benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ) groups.
[0259] In general Scheme 1 the R.sup.1-substituted hydroxythiophenol starting material described by Formula II can be obtained from commercial sources or can be prepared by many methods well known in the art. Whilst there are many ways to achieve the reaction described by Method A, one convenient protocol involves reaction of compounds described by Formulae II and III with a base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for several hours. Following standard extraction and purification methods the product described by Formula IV can be obtained in good yield and purity.
[0260] Whilst there are many ways to achieve the reaction described by Method B, one convenient protocol involves reaction of compounds described by Formulae IV and V (in which Y is an appropriate leaving group, such as Br, I, OTs and OMs) with a base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for several hours. The product described by Formula VI can be recovered by standard work up procedures.
[0261] One convenient protocol for the conversion of compounds described by Formula VI to those described by Formula VII is Method C which involves treatment of a solution of a compound described by Formula VI and a base such as sodium hydrogen carbonate in a solvent such as dichloromethane with an oxidising agent such as mCPBA (3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid) at temperatures between 0° C. and ambient for several hours. The product described by Formula VII can be recovered by standard work-up procedures.
[0262] There are many, well established, chemical procedures for the deprotection of the compounds described by Formula VII to the compounds described by Formula Ib (Method D). For example if P.sup.1 is a BOC protecting group, compounds described by Formula VII can be treated with an acidic substance such as dry hydrogen chloride in a solvent such as diethyl ether to furnish the compounds described by Formula Ib as the hydrochloride salts. In general, the free amino compounds are converted to acid addition salts for ease of handling and for improved chemical stability. Examples of acid addition salts include but are not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and methanesulfonate salts.
Scheme 2:
[0263] The preparation of compounds described by Formula Ib wherein X is —CONH— is described in Scheme 2 below. A person skilled in the art will recognise that compounds described by Formulae Ic, Id, Ie, If and Ig can be prepared by employing analogous synthetic methodologies with suitable starting materials.
##STR00076##
[0264] In general Scheme 2 the R.sup.1-substituted mercaptobenzoic acid starting material can be obtained from commercial sources or can be prepared by many methods well known in the art.
[0265] Compounds described by Formula XI can be prepared by the reaction of an appropriately substituted benzoic acid fragment (described by Formula IX) with an amine fragment (Formula X) in the presence of a suitable coupling reagent (such as HATU) and a base (such as triethylamine) in as solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for several hours (Method E). The product described by Formula XI can be recovered by standard work-up procedures.
Scheme 3:
[0266] The preparation of compounds described by Formula Ib wherein X is —O— is described in Scheme 3 below. A person skilled in the art will recognise that compounds described by Formulae Ic, Id, Ie, If and Ig can be prepared by employing analogous synthetic methodologies with suitable starting materials.
##STR00077##
[0267] In general Scheme 3 the R.sup.1-substituted hydroxythiophenol starting material can be obtained from commercial sources or can be prepared by many methods well known in the art.
[0268] A modification of the copper-catalysed Ullmann reaction can be employed to couple the compounds described by Formulae IV and XIII (Method F). There are numerous variants of this type of reaction described in the literature, with one example being the Chan-Evans-Lam modification. Compounds described by Formulae IV and XIII, in the presence of pyridine, can be dissolved in a solvent such as dichloromethane and then treated with copper (II) acetate at ambient temperature for several hours. Following standard extraction and purification methods, the coupled product described by Formula XIV can be obtained in good yield and purity.
Scheme 4:
[0269] The preparation of compounds described by Formula Ia is described in Scheme 4 below.
##STR00078##
[0270] In general Scheme 4 the R.sup.1-substituted thiol starting material can be obtained from commercial sources or can be prepared by many methods well known to persons skilled in the art.
Scheme 5:
[0271] The preparation of compounds described by Formula Ia is described in Scheme 5 below.
##STR00079##
[0272] In general Scheme 5 the R.sup.1-substituted aryl sulfinate starting material described by formula XVIII can be obtained from commercial sources or can be prepared by many methods well known to persons skilled in the art. One convenient protocol for achieving the conversion described by Method E involves reaction of compounds described by Formulae XVIII and III with a base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide at ambient temperature for several hours. Following standard extraction and purification methods the product described by Formula XVII can be obtained in good yield and purity
[0273] A person skilled in the art will appreciate that compounds of Formula I where A is a heteroaryl can be prepared by procedures analogous to those described above.
[0274] Cis/trans (E/Z) isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallisation.
Therapeutic Uses and Formulations
[0275] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or adjuvant.
[0276] The present invention also relates to use of the compounds of Formula I in therapy, in particular to inhibit members of the lysyl oxidase family members, LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4. In one embodiment, the invention provides for the selective inhibition of specific lysyl oxidase isoenzymes. In another embodiment, the invention provides for the simultaneous inhibition of 2, 3 or 4 LOX isoenzymes. The relative inhibitory potencies of the compounds can be determined by the amount needed to inhibit the amine oxidase activity of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4 in a variety of ways, e.g., in an in vitro assay with recombinant or purified human protein or with recombinant or purified non-human enzyme, in cellular assays expressing normal rodent enzyme, in cellular assays which have been transfected with human protein, in in vivo tests in rodent and other mammalian species, and the like.
[0277] In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are long lasting inhibitors of the lysyl oxidase family members LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are long lasting inhibitors of the LOX or LOXL1-4 enzymes if the inhibition continues to be greater than 50% of the LOX or LOXL1-4 enzymes' activity after the compound concentration has been reduced below the IC50. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention show sustained inhibition of the LOX or LOXL1-4 enzymes over a period of 24 hours. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are irreversible inhibitors of the lysyl oxidase family members LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4.
[0278] Accordingly, a further aspect of the invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4 in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0279] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of LOXL2. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed towards inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of LOX and LOXL2. In a further embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of LOX.
[0280] As discussed previously, LOX and LOXL1-4 enzymes are members of a large family of flavin-dependent and copper-dependent amine oxidases, which includes SSAO/VAP-1, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) and diamine oxidase (DAO). In one embodiment, compounds of the present invention selectively inhibit members of the lysyl oxidase isoenzyme family with respect to SSAO/VAP-1, MAO-B, DAO and other members of the amine oxidase family.
[0281] The present invention also discloses methods to use the compounds described by Formula I to inhibit one or more lysyl oxidase isoenzymes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4) in patients suffering from a fibrotic disease, and methods to treat fibrotic diseases. Furthermore, the present invention discloses methods to use the compounds described by Formula I to inhibit one or more lysyl oxidase isoenzymes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4) in patients suffering from cancer, including metastatic cancer, and methods to treat cancer and metastatic cancer.
[0282] In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating a condition associated with any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4 protein, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0283] In another aspect there is a provided a method of treating a condition modulated by any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0284] In one embodiment, of the methods of the present invention, the condition is selected from the group consisting of fibrosis, cancer and angiogenesis.
[0285] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for decreasing extracellular matrix formation by treating human subjects, pets and livestock with fluoroallylamine inhibitors of lysyl oxidase isoenzyme family of Formula I as described herein.
[0286] The above-described methods are applicable wherein the condition is fibrosis. As employed here “fibrosis” includes such diseases as cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, scleroderma, radiation-induced fibrosis, Peyronie's disease, scarring and other diseases where excessive fibrosis contributes to disease pathology.
[0287] In one embodiment, the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's Disease, keloid, systemic sclerosis, arthrofibrosis, Dupuytren's contracture, adhesive capsulitis, fibrosis of the pancreas, fibrosis of the intestine, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, fibrostenosis, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, radiation-induced fibrosis, Peyronie's disease and scleroderma or is associated with respiratory disease, abnormal wound healing and repair, scarring, hypertrophic scarring/keloids, scarring post surgery, cardiac arrest and all conditions where excess or aberrant deposition of fibrous material is associated with disease, injury, implants or surgery. In another embodiment, the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, scarring and scleroderma. In a further embodiment the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of myelofibrosis, systemic sclerosis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis and radiation induced fibrosis.
[0288] In one embodiment, kidney fibrosis includes, but is not limited to, diabetic nephropathy, vesicoureteral reflux, tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis, glomerulonephritis or glomerular nephritis, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy and mesangiocapillary glomerular nephritis. In one embodiment, liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, and includes associated conditions such as chronic viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis.
[0289] In one embodiment, the fibrosis is selected from keloid, scarring, ocular scarring, hypertrophic scarring, scleroderma, Dupuytren's contracture and Peyronie's disease. In one embodiment, the hypertrophic scarring results from a burn. In one embodiment, the hypertrophic scarring is caused by external injuries. In another embodiment, the hypertrophic scarring is caused by surgical procedures. In one embodiment, the keloid is caused by external injuries. In another embodiment, the keloid is caused by surgical procedures. In a further embodiment, the keloid is a result of a skin injury caused by acne, burns, chicken pox, ear piercing, scratches, surgical cuts or vaccination sites.
[0290] The above-described methods are also applicable wherein the condition is a proliferative disease for example cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer; breast cancer; colorectal cancer; anal cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; ovarian carcinoma; liver and bile duct carcinoma; esophageal carcinoma; mesothelioma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; bladder carcinoma; carcinoma of the uterus; glioma, glioblastoma, medullablastoma, and other tumours of the brain; myelofibrosis, kidney cancer; cancer of the head and neck; cancer of the stomach; multiple myeloma; testicular cancer; germ cell tumour; neuroendocrine tumour; cervical cancer; oral cancer, carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, and other organs; signet ring cell carcinoma; mesenchymal tumours including sarcomas, fibrosarcomas, haemangioma, angiomatosis, haemangiopericytoma, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, myofibroblastoma, fibromatosis, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, lipoma, angiolipoma, granular cell tumour, neurofibroma, schwannoma, angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, leiomyoma or a leiomyosarcoma.
[0291] In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, brain cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer, cervical cancer and tumour metastasis.
[0292] In one embodiment, lung cancer includes lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, non-small-cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and mesothelioma. In one embodiment, breast cancer includes ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma. In one embodiment, colorectal cancer includes colon cancer and rectal cancer. In one embodiment, pancreatic cancer includes pancreatic adenocarcinoma, islet cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours.
[0293] In one embodiment, ovarian carcinoma includes ovarian epithelial carcinoma or surface epithelial-stromal tumour including serous tumour, endometrioid tumour and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and sex-cord-stromal tumour. In one embodiment liver and bile duct carcinoma includes hepatocelluar carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and hemangioma. In one embodiment, esophageal carcinoma includes esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In one embodiment, carcinoma of the uterus includes endometrial adenocarcinoma, uterine papillary serous carcinoma, uterine clear-cell carcinoma, uterine sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas and mixed mullerian tumours. In one embodiment, kidney cancer includes renal cell carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and Wilm's tumour. In one embodiment, cancer of the head and neck includes squamous cell carcinomas. In one embodiment, cancer of the stomach includes stomach adenocarcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour.
[0294] In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colon cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, esophageal carcinoma, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, myelofibrosis and mesothelioma.
[0295] In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be for use in the treatment of a non-metastatic cancer. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be for use in the treatment of metastatic cancer. In a further embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be for use in the prevention or treatment of tumour metastasis.
[0296] The above-described methods are applicable wherein the condition is angiogenesis.
[0297] In one embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the subject is selected from the group consisting of humans, pets and livestock. In another embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the subject is a human.
[0298] A further aspect of the invention provides for use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a condition associated with any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4 protein.
[0299] Another aspect of the invention provides for use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a condition modulated by any one of LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 or LOXL4.
Pharmaceutical and/or Therapeutic Formulations
[0300] In another embodiment of the present invention, there are provided compositions comprising a compound having Formula I and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent thereof. The compound(s) of Formula I may also be present as suitable salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
[0301] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any carrier known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration. In addition, the compounds may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active ingredients.
[0302] The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to any salt preparation that is appropriate for use in a pharmaceutical application. By pharmaceutically acceptable salt it is meant those salts which, within the scope of sound medical judgement, are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art and include acid addition and base salts. Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include amine salts of mineral acids (e.g., hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, and the like); and amine salts of organic acids (e.g., formates, acetates, lactates, malates, tartrates, citrates, ascorbates, succinates, maleates, butyrates, valerates, fumarates, and the like).
[0303] For compounds of formula (I) having a basic site, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be acid addition salts. For example, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds may be prepared by mixing a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, or citric acid with the compounds of the invention.
[0304] S. M. Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66:1-19. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, asparate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate, hexanoate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Suitable base salts are formed from bases that form non-toxic salts. Examples include the arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, triethanolamine and the like.
[0305] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula I may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, including for example:
(i) by reacting the compound of formula I with the desired acid or base;
(ii) by removing an acid- or base-labile protecting group from a suitable precursor of the compound of formula I or by ring-opening a suitable cyclic precursor, for example, a lactone or lactam, using the desired acid or base; or
(iii) by converting one salt of the compound of formula I to another by reaction with an appropriate acid or base or by means of a suitable ion exchange column.
[0306] The above reactions (i)-(iii) are typically carried out in solution. The resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. The degree of ionisation in the resulting salt may vary from completely ionised to almost non-ionised.
[0307] Thus, for instance, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds according to the present invention may be prepared by mixing a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, or citric acid with the compounds of the invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention therefore include acid addition salts.
[0308] The compounds of the invention may exist in both unsolvated and solvated forms. The term ‘solvate’ is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising the compound of the invention and a stoichiometric amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol. The term ‘hydrate’ is employed when the solvent is water.
[0309] In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula I may be administered in the form of a “prodrug”. The phrase “prodrug” refers to a compound that, upon in vivo administration, is metabolized by one or more steps or processes or otherwise converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to a compound described herein. For example, prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, or carbohydrate group is bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, can be cleaved to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, or free carboxylic acid group, respectively. Representative prodrugs include, for example, amides, esters, enol ethers, enol esters, acetates, formates, benzoate derivatives, and the like of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention. The prodrug form can be selected from such functional groups as —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)cycloalkyl, —C(O)aryl, —C(O)-arylalkyl, C(O)heteroaryl, —C(O)-heteroarylalkyl, or the like. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, those of skill in this art, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, can design prodrugs of the compound (see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392).
[0310] Compositions herein comprise one or more compounds provided herein. The compounds are, in one embodiment, formulated into suitable pharmaceutical preparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, creams, gels, dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensions for parenteral administration, as well as transdermal patch preparation and dry powder inhalers. In one embodiment, the compounds described above are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Edition 1985, 126).
[0311] In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof is (are) mixed with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The compounds may be derivatized as the corresponding salts, esters, enol ethers or esters, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases, solvates, hydrates or prodrugs prior to formulation, as described above. The concentrations of the compounds in the compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, upon administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates one or more of the symptoms of diseases or disorders to be treated.
[0312] In one embodiment, the compositions are formulated for single dosage administration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of compound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a selected carrier at an effective concentration such that the treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms are ameliorated.
[0313] The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effect in the absence of undesirable side effects on the patient treated. The therapeutically effective concentration may be determined empirically by testing the compounds in in vitro and in vivo systems described herein and then extrapolated from there for dosages for humans.
[0314] The concentration of active compound in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on absorption, distribution, inactivation and elimination rates of the active compound, the physicochemical characteristics of the compound, the dosage schedule, and amount administered as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art.
[0315] In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage should produce a serum concentration of active ingredient of from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 50-100 μg/mL. The pharmaceutical compositions, in another embodiment, should provide a dosage of from about 0.001 mg to about 2000 mg of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. Pharmaceutical dosage unit forms are prepared to provide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or 2000 mg, and in one embodiment from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient or a combination of essential ingredients per dosage unit form.
[0316] Dosing may occur at intervals of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years or continuously over any one of these periods. Suitable dosages lie within the range of about 0.1 ng per kg of body weight to 0.1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. The dosage is preferably in the range of 10 μg to 0.1 g per kg of body weight per dosage, such as is in the range of 0.1 mg to 0.01 g per kg of body weight per dosage. Suitably, the dosage is in the range of 10 μg to 50 mg per kg of body weight per dosage, such as 10 μg to 20 mg per kg of body weight per dosage, or 10 μg to 10 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. Other suitable dosages may be in the range of 0.1 mg to 25 mg per kg of body weight, including 0.1 mg to 10, 20, 50 or 100 mg per kg of body weight per dosage.
[0317] Alternatively, an effective dosage may be up to about 10 mg/cm.sup.2, or it may be up to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 0.5 mg/cm.sup.2, about 0.2 mg/cm.sup.2, about 0.1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 0.05 mg/cm.sup.2, about 0.02 mg/cm.sup.2, or about 0.01 mg/cm.sup.2. It may be, for example, in the range from about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 0.1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 0.01 mg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 500 μg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 200 μg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 100 μg/cm.sup.2, about 10 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 50 μg/cm.sup.2, about 20 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 50 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 100 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 200 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 500 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 1 mg/cm.sup.2, about 50 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 500 μg/cm.sup.2, about 50 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 200 μg/cm.sup.2, about 100 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 500 μg/cm.sup.2, or about 200 μg/cm.sup.2 to about 500 μg/cm.sup.2.
[0318] Suitable dosage amounts and dosing regimens can be determined by the attending physician and may depend on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, as well as the general health, age and weight of the subject.
[0319] In instances in which the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility, methods for solubilizing compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those of skill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, using cosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such as TWEEN®, dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate, formulating the compounds of interest as nanoparticles, and the like. Derivatives of the compounds, such as prodrugs of the compounds may also be used in formulating effective pharmaceutical compositions.
[0320] Upon mixing or addition of the compound(s), the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition treated and may be empirically determined.
[0321] The pharmaceutical compositions are provided for administration to humans and animals in unit dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, and oral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containing suitable quantities of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof. The pharmaceutically therapeutically active compounds and derivatives thereof are, in one embodiment, formulated and administered in unit-dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms. The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time. Unit-dose forms as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the therapeutically active compound sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier, vehicle or diluent. Examples of unit-dose forms include ampoles and syringes and individually packaged tablets or capsules. Unit-dose forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dose form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dose form. Examples of multiple-dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules or bottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multiple dose form is a multiple of unit-doses which are not segregated in packaging.
[0322] Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15th Edition, 1975.
[0323] Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.005% to 100% (wt %) with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier may be prepared. Methods for preparation of these compositions are known to those skilled in the art. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%-100% (wt %) active ingredient, in one embodiment 0.1-95% (wt %), in another embodiment 75-85% (wt %).
Modes of Administration
[0324] Convenient modes of administration include injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.), oral administration, inhalation, transdermal application, topical creams or gels or powders, vaginal or rectal administration. Depending on the route of administration, the formulation and/or compound may be coated with a material to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which may inactivate the therapeutic activity of the compound. The compound may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.
Compositions for Oral Administration
[0325] Oral pharmaceutical dosage forms are either solid, gel or liquid. The solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. Types of oral tablets include compressed, chewable lozenges and tablets which may be enteric-coated, sugar-coated or film-coated. Capsules may be hard or soft gelatin capsules, while granules and powders may be provided in non-effervescent or effervescent form with the combination of other ingredients known to those skilled in the art.
Solid Compositions for Oral Administration
[0326] In certain embodiments, the formulations are solid dosage forms, in one embodiment, capsules or tablets. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; a flavoring agent; a wetting agent; an emetic coating; and a film coating. Examples of binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polvinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones, sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc, starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid. Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example, any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number of spray dried flavors. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether. Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.
[0327] The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, could be provided in a composition that protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach. For example, the composition can be formulated in an enteric coating that maintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the active compound in the intestine. The composition may also be formulated in combination with an antacid or other such ingredient.
[0328] When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar and other enteric agents. The compounds can also be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
[0329] The active materials can also be mixed with other active materials which do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics. The active ingredient is a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof as described herein. Higher concentrations, up to about 98% by weight of the active ingredient may be included.
[0330] In all embodiments, tablets and capsules formulations may be coated as known by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution of the active ingredient. Thus, for example, they may be coated with a conventional enterically digestible coating, such as phenylsalicylate, waxes and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Liquid Compositions for Oral Administration
[0331] Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Aqueous solutions include, for example, elixirs and syrups. Emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.
[0332] Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.
[0333] Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in elixirs include solvents. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may contain a preservative. An emulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in emulsions are non-aqueous liquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Suspensions use pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents and preservatives. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in non-effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include diluents, sweeteners and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide. Coloring and flavoring agents are used in all of the above dosage forms.
[0334] Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup. Examples of preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate and ethanol. Examples of non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Examples of emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Suspending agents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegum and acacia. Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Organic acids include citric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Coloring agents include any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation.
[0335] For a solid dosage form, the solution or suspension, in for example propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is in one embodiment encapsulated in a gelatin capsule. For a liquid dosage form, the solution, e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol, may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be easily measured for administration.
[0336] Alternatively, liquid or semi-solid oral formulations may be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils, glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters (e.g., propylene carbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions or suspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells. Other useful formulations include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE28,819 and 4,358,603. Briefly, such formulations include, but are not limited to, those containing a compound provided herein, a dialkylated mono- or poly-alkylene glycol, including, but not limited to, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether wherein 350, 550 and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol, and one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.
[0337] Other formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous alcoholic solutions including a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal. Alcohols used in these formulations are any pharmaceutically acceptable water-miscible solvents having one or more hydroxyl groups, including, but not limited to, propylene glycol and ethanol. Acetals include, but are not limited to, di(lower alkyl) acetals of lower alkyl aldehydes such as acetaldehyde diethyl acetal.
Injectables, Solutions and Emulsions
[0338] Parenteral administration, in one embodiment characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously is also contemplated herein. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.
[0339] Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained is also contemplated herein. Briefly, a compound provided herein is dispersed in a solid inner matrix, e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids. The compound diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a release rate controlling step. The percentage of active compound contained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject.
[0340] Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations. Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterile emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.
[0341] If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
[0342] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.
[0343] Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringers Injection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection, Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles include fixed oils of vegetable origin, olive oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations must be added to parenteral preparations packaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants include sodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifying agents include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN® 80). A sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions include EDTA. Pharmaceutical carriers also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles; and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.
[0344] The concentration of the pharmaceutically active compound is adjusted so that an injection provides an effective amount to produce the desired pharmacological effect. The exact dose depends on the age, weight and condition of the patient or animal as is known in the art.
[0345] The unit-dose parenteral preparations are packaged in an ampule, a vial or a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteral administration must be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.
[0346] Illustratively, intravenous or intraarterial infusion of a sterile aqueous solution containing an active compound is an effective mode of administration. Another embodiment is a sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspension containing an active material injected as necessary to produce the desired pharmacological effect.
[0347] Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.1% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more, in certain embodiments more than 1% w/w of the active compound to the treated tissue(s).
[0348] The compound may be suspended in micronized or other suitable form or may be derivatized to produce a more soluble active product or to produce a prodrug. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the condition and may be empirically determined.
Lyophilized Powders
[0349] Of interest herein are also lyophilized powders, which can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and other mixtures. They may also be reconstituted and formulated as solids or gels.
[0350] The sterile, lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in a suitable solvent. The solvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but are not limited to, dextrose, sorbital, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose or other suitable agent. The solvent may also contain a buffer, such as citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those of skill in the art at, in one embodiment, about neutral pH. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. In one embodiment, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the compound. The lyophilized powder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4° C. to room temperature.
[0351] Reconstitution of this lyophilized powder with water for injection provides a formulation for use in parenteral administration. For reconstitution, the lyophilized powder is added to sterile water or other suitable carrier. The precise amount depends upon the selected compound. Such amount can be empirically determined.
Topical Administration
[0352] Topical mixtures are prepared as described for the local and systemic administration. The resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsions or the like and are formulated as creams, gels, ointments, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.
[0353] The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may be formulated as aerosols for topical application, such as by inhalation. These formulations for administration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, the particles of the formulation will, in one embodiment, have diameters of less than 50 microns, in one embodiment less than 10 microns.
[0354] The compounds may be formulated for local or topical application, such as for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application to the eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application. Topical administration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also for administration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies. Nasal solutions of the active compound alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can also be administered.
[0355] These solutions, particularly those intended for ophthalmic use, may be formulated as 0.01%-10% (vol %) isotonic solutions, pH about 5-7, with appropriate salts.
Compositions for Other Routes of Administration
[0356] Other routes of administration, such as transdermal patches, including iontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, vaginal and rectal administration, are also contemplated herein.
[0357] Transdermal patches, including iontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, pharmaceutical dosage forms for rectal administration are rectal suppositories, capsules and tablets for systemic effect. Rectal suppositories are used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into the rectum which melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or more pharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances utilized in rectal suppositories are bases or vehicles and agents to raise the melting point. Examples of bases include cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol) and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids. Combinations of the various bases may be used. Agents to raise the melting point of suppositories include spermaceti and wax. Rectal suppositories may be prepared either by the compressed method or by molding. The weight of a rectal suppository, in one embodiment, is about 2 to 3 gm.
[0358] Tablets and capsules for rectal administration are manufactured using the same pharmaceutically acceptable substance and by the same methods as for formulations for oral administration.
Targeted Formulations
[0359] The compounds provided herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may also be formulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject to be treated. Many such targeting methods are well known to those of skill in the art. All such targeting methods are contemplated herein for use in the instant compositions.
[0360] In one embodiment, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targeted liposomes, such as tumor-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, liposome formulations may be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811. Briefly, liposomes such as multilamellar vesicles (MLV's) may be formed by drying down egg phosphatidyl choline and brain phosphatidyl serine (7:3 molar ratio) on the inside of a flask. A solution of a compound provided herein in phosphate buffered saline lacking divalent cations (PBS) is added and the flask shaken until the lipid film is dispersed. The resulting vesicles are washed to remove unencapsulated compound, pelleted by centrifugation, and then resuspended in PBS.
Co-Administration with Other Drugs
[0361] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, it is contemplated that compounds of Formula I as described herein may be administered to a subject in need thereof in combination with medication considered by those of skill in the art to be current standard of care for the condition of interest. Such combinations provide one or more advantages to the subject, e.g., requiring reduced dosages to achieve similar benefit, obtaining the desired palliative effect in less time, and the like.
[0362] Compounds in accordance with the present invention may be administered as part of a therapeutic regimen with other drugs. It may desirable to administer a combination of active compounds, for example, for the purpose of treating a particular disease or condition. Accordingly, it is within the scope of the present invention that two or more pharmaceutical compositions, at least one of which contains a compound of Formula (I) according to the present invention, may be combined in the form of a kit suitable for co-administration of the compositions.
[0363] In one embodiment of the methods of the present inventions a compound of Formula I may be administered with a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment the second therapeutic agent may be selected from one or more of the following categories: [0364] (i) Anti-cancer agents such as cis-platin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, uracil mustard, bendamustin, melphalan, chlorambucil, chlormethine, busulphan, temozolomide, nitrosoureas, ifosamide, pipobroman, triethylene-melamine, triethylene thiophosphoramine, carmustine, lomustine, stroptozocin and dacarbazine, gemcitabine, fosgemcitabine palabenamide, 5-fluorouracil, tegafur, raltitrexed, methotrexate, pemetrexed, leucovorin, cytosine arabinoside, floxuridine, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, pentostatine, hydroxyurea, trifluridine, trifluracil, adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C, dactinomycin, mithramycin, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine and vinorelbine, taxol, taxotere, eribulin, carfilzomib, bortezomib, etoposide, teniposide, amsacrine, topotecan, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, camptothecin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, aldoxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, ara-C, paclitaxel (Taxol™), nabpaclitaxel, docetaxel, deoxycoformycin, L-asparaginase, IFN-alpha, azacitidine, decitabine, vorinostat, MS-275, panobinostat, romidepsin, valproic acid, mocetinostat, pracinostat, belinostat, irabectedin, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene, iodoxyfene, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, cyproterone acetate, goserelin, leuprorelin, buserelin, progestogens, megestrol acetate, anastrozole, letrozole, vorazole, exemestane, finasteride, navelbene, capecitabine, and droloxafine; and abiraterone, enzalutamide, lanreotide, dasatinib, bosutinib, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, panitumumab, cetuximab, gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, vandetanib, osimertinib, rociletinib, lapatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, sorafenib, tipifarnib and lonafarnib, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib, cobimetinib, ponatinib, palbociclib, everolimus, ruxolitinib, pacritinib, jaktinib, imetelstat, plitidepsin, pevonedistat, ibrutinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, ectinib, cabozantirsib, vismodegib, sonidegib, regorafenib, vandetanib, vatalanib, sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib, lenvatinib, talimogene laherparepvec, denosumab, obinuluzumab, blinatomumab, dinutuximab, idarucizumab, daratumumab, necitumumab, elotuzumab, olaratumab, alemtuzumab, rituximab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, ofatumumab, peginterferon alpha-2b, aldesleukin, Gardasil, Cervarix, Oncophage, Sipuleucel-T, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, indoximod, nivolumab, ipilumumab, brentuximab vedotin, irastuzumab emtansine, fludaribine, cladribine, pentostatin, idelalisib, perifosine, birinapant, bortezomib, ixazomib, carfilzomib, marizomib, olaparib, rucaparib, venetoclax, navitoclax, obatoclax, glasdegib, pacrinostat, buparlisib, momelotinib, itacitinib, umbralisib, gusacitinib, tagraxofusp, ribociclib, abemaciclib, niraparib, trabectedin, pofimer, vinflunine, napabucasin, lurbinectedin, tazemetostat, acalabrutinib, levatinib, neratinib, pamiparib, epacadostat, enzastaurin, selinexor, masitinib, evofosfamide, glufosfamide, roxadustat, streptozocin, devimistat, galunisertib, binimetinib, veliparib, entinostat, pexidartinib, talazoparib, entrectinib. [0365] (ii) Anti-inflammatory agents such as meloxicam, feoprofen, oxaprozin, salsalate, etoricoxib, tenoxicam, aspirin, nabumetone, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, phenylbutazone, lornoxicam, indomethacin, etodolac, diflunisal, ketoprofen, valdecoxib, tolfenamic acid, piroxicam, sulindac, tolmetin, ketorolac, loxoprofen, acetaminophen, bromfenac, diclofenac, ibuprofen, meclofenamate, nabumetone, naproxen, nepafenac, celecoxib, triamcinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, methylprednisolone, aclomethasone dipropionate, emricasan, BI 1467335, namodenoson, GLPG-1690, terguride. [0366] (iii) Anti-hypertensive agent such as hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, furosemide, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride, benazepril, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, fosinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, trandolapril, losartan, candesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, clonidine, methyldopa, propranolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, labetolol, metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol, betaxolol, carvedilol, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, felodipine, amlodipine, nimodipine, diazoxide, minoxidil, pinacidil, nicorandil, hydralazine, sodium nitroprusside, bosentan, epoprostenol, iloprost, beraprost, esuberaprost, ralinepag, macitentan, sitaxentan, ambrisentan, riociguat, treprostinil, ubenimex, selexipag, levosimendan, udenafil, tadalafil and sildenafil. [0367] (iv) Anti-fibrotic agent such as pirfenidone, nintedanib, cenicriviroc, selonsertib, lanifibranor, nimacimab, nitrazoxanide, NGM282, apararenone, tipelukast, Actimmune, ponatinib, lenvatinib, dovitinib, lucitanib, danusertinib, brivatinib, erdafitinib, belapectin, PD173074, PD166866, AZD4547, BGJ398, LY2874455, TAS-120, ARQ087, BLU9931, FGF401, BAY-1163877, ENMD-2076, IMCA1, FGF401, DEBI01347, FIIN-2, GP-369, PRO-001, H3B-6527, BAY1187982, MFGR1877S, FP-1039, BLU554, PRN1371, S49076, SU6668, SU5416, PBI-4050, KD-025. [0368] (v) Anti-angiogenesis agent such as axitinib, bevacizumab, cabozantinib, lenalidomide, lenvatinib, pazopanib, ramucirumab, vandetanib, vatalanib, sunitinib, ziv-aflibercept, thalidomide, pomalidomide, lenalidomide. [0369] (vi) Immunosuppressive agent such as prednisone, budesonide, prednisolone, tofacitinib, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, azathioprine, leflunomide, mycophenolate, abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, ixekizumab, natalizumab, rituximab, secukinumab, tocilizumab, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, basiliximab, daclizumab, dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolate mofetil. [0370] (vii) Metabolic agent such as obeticholic acid, elafibranor, aramchol, seladelpar, MGL-3196, tropifexor, MSDC-0602K, BMS-986036, semaglutide, EDP-305, gemcabene, PF-05221304, PF-06865571, PF-06835919, LIK066, LMB763, vitamin E, acarbose, miglitol, pramlintide, alogliptan, linagliptan, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, insulin, nateglinide, repaglinide. Metformin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, atorvastatin, amlodipine, simvastatin, ezetimibe, lovastatin, sitagliptin, cholestyramine, colesevelam, colestipol, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, fenofibric acid, niacin, icosapent, mipomersen, lomitapide, evolocumab, alirocumab, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, cerivastatin, allopurinol, lesinurad, pegloticase, febuxostat, rasburicase, ivacaftor, velaglucerase alfa, imiglucerase, alglucosidase alfa, laronidase, cerliponase alfa, alglucerase, idursulfase, taliglucerase alfa, agalsidase beta, sebelipase alfa, vestronidase alfa, galsulfase, elosulfase alfa, eliglustat, burosumab, migalastat, sapropterin, metreleptin, nitisinone, pegvaliase, asfotase alfa, inotersen, miglustat, orlistat, sodium phenylbutyrate, glycerol phenylbutyrate.
[0371] In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with other therapeutic treatments. For example, the compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with one or more additional anti-tumour agent and/or radiotherapy for the treatment of a cancer.
[0372] When two or more active ingredients are co-administered, the active ingredients may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I is co-administered simultaneously with a second therapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the compound of Formula I and the second therapeutic agent are administered sequentially. In a further embodiment, the compound of Formula I and the second therapeutic agent are administered separately.
[0373] The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of illustration only, with reference to the following non-limiting examples. The examples are intended to serve to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting the generality of the disclosure of the description throughout this specification.
Experimental: General Methods
[0374] Commercially available solvents and reagents were used as received. Where appropriate, reactions were carried out under an argon atmosphere. Reactions were monitored by either analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or by analytical liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) recorded on either a Shimadzu LCMS 2020 instrument or an Agilent LC/MSD 1200 instrument using reverse-phase conditions. Purification of intermediates and final compounds was conducted, where necessary, using column chromatography or preparative HPLC. Normal-phase column chromatography was conducted under medium pressure either on silica gel or on prepacked silica gel cartridges using a flash chromatography system (CombiFlash Rf200, Teledyne Isco systems, USA). Reverse-phase column chromatography was conducted under low pressure on prepacked C18 cartridges using a flash chromatography system (Reveleris® X2). Eluents were monitored by UV light (λ=254/280 nm). .sup.1H-NMR and .sup.19F-NMR spectra were recorded using either a Bruker 300 MHz NMR spectrometer, a Bruker Avance III plus 400 MHz NMR spectrometer or a Varian III plus 300 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported as parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS; internal standard). The following abbreviations are used for multiplicities: s=singlet; br s=broad singlet; d=doublet; t=triplet; q=quartet; m=multiplet; and br m=broad multiplet. Low resolution mass spectra (MS) were obtained as electrospray—atmospheric pressure ionization (ES-API) mass spectra, which were recorded on either a Shimadzu LCMS 2020 instrument or an Agilent LC/MSD 1200 instrument using reverse-phase conditions. All animal experiments performed were conducted in compliance with institutional guidelines and approval from local ethics committees.
Example 1
Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0375] ##STR00080##
Procedure A: Preparation of tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate
[0376] ##STR00081##
[0377] To a stirring solution of 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (20.0 g, 0.22 mol) in water (200 mL) at 0-5° C. was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (55.5 mL, 0.24 mol). After adjusting the alkalinity of the solution to pH-9 by addition of aq. NaOH (6 N), the mixture was left to stir at room temperature (rt) for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. and then acidified to pH-6 before the addition of sodium metaperiodate (56.3 g, 0.26 mol). The resulting suspension was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was filtered to remove all solids and the filtrate was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL). Sodium chloride was added to the aqueous layer until a saturated solution was obtained. The aqueous layer was then extracted further with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The combined organics were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and then concentrated in vacuo to give crude tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate (45.7 g) as a yellow gum. The crude material was used in the subsequent step without purification.
Procedure B: Preparation of (E)-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate and (Z)-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate
[0378] ##STR00082##
[0379] To a stirring suspension of crude tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate (43.7 g, 0.22 mol) and magnesium sulfate (32.0 g) in acetonitrile (200 mL) at 0° C. under N.sub.2 was added sequentially ethyl 2-fluorophosphonoacetate (55.7 mL, 0.27 mol) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (32.8 mL, 0.22 mol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirring was continued for 3 h. After removing the solvent under reduced pressure the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and then transferred to a separatory funnel. The organics were washed successively with aq. HCl (2 M; 100 mL×2), aq. NaOH (2 M; 100 mL×2) and brine (100 mL). After drying over MgSO.sub.4, the organics were concentrated in vacuo to give the crude, desired product as a mixture of E/Z isomers (2:3; 57.0 g). This crude material was progressed to the next step without purification.
Procedure C: Preparation of (E)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate and (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate
[0380] ##STR00083##
[0381] To a stirring solution of crude E/Z-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate (18.0 g, 72.8 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at 0° C. under N2 was added diisobutylaluminum hydride (1 M in toluene, 182 mL, 182 mmol) dropwise over 45 min. After complete addition, the mixture was left to stir at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and added dropwise to a stirring mixture of ice (100 g) and aq. NaOH (2 M; 200 mL). Following addition the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The quenched reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (100 mL×2) and the combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL). After drying over MgSO.sub.4 the organics were concentrated in vacuo to give the crude alcohol as a mixture of E/Z isomers. This mixture was purified over silica gel (135 g), eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in n-hexane to give (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (6.20 g, 30% over three steps) and (E)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (1.85 g, 8.9% over three steps). (E)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate: .sup.1H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.43 (9H, s), 3.72 (2H, dd, J 7.5, 5.4 Hz), 4.25 (2H, d, J 21.5 Hz), 4.85 (1H, br. s), 5.18 (1H, dt, J 19.2, 8.5 Hz). (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate: .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.46 (9H, s), 3.84 (2H, dd, J 6.2, 6.2 Hz), 4.13 (2H, d, J 13.9 Hz), 4.68 (1H, br. s), 5.03 (1H, dt, J 36.0, 7.1 Hz).
Procedure D: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-enylcarbamate
[0382] ##STR00084##
[0383] To a stirring solution of (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (6.20 g, 30.2 mmol) and triethylamine (6.32 mL, 45.3 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) at 0° C. was added methanesulfonyl chloride (2.81 mL, 36.3 mmol) dropwise. After complete addition the mixture was left to stir at 0° C. for 30 min. After this time, lithium bromide (13.1 g, 0.15 mol) was added portion-wise and the resulting suspension was stirred for a further 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove all solids and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between water (50 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with further CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL×2). The combined organics were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified over silica gel (100 g) eluting with n-hexane followed by 25% ethyl acetate in n-hexane to afford (Z)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-enylcarbamate (7.00 g, 86%) as a colourless solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.46 (9H, s), 3.85 (2H, dd, J 6.2, 6.2 Hz), 3.93 (2H, d, J 19.5 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br. s), 5.16 (1H, dt, J 34.0, 6.5 Hz).
Example 2
[0384] The following compound was prepared according to procedures E, F, G, H and I.
Preparation of (Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 11)
[0385] ##STR00085##
Procedure E: Preparation of 4-(bromomethyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide
[0386] ##STR00086##
[0387] To a stirring solution of 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride (500 mg, 1.86 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) at 0° C. was added diisopropylamine (0.65 mL, 4.63 mmol) drop-wise. Following addition the resulting mixture was left to stir at this temperature for 30 min before allowing to warm to rt and stirring for a further 48 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between aq. HCl (1 M, 20 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with aq. HCl (1 M; 20 mL) and water (20 mL), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (yellow oil, 190 mg) as a mixture with 4-(chloromethyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide, which was used as such in the next step.
Procedure F: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((2-hydroxyphenyl)thio)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0388] ##STR00087##
[0389] To a solution of 2-mercaptophenol (235 mg, 1.86 mmol) and (Z)-tert-butyl (4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (500 mg, 1.86 mmol) in acetone (3 mL) at rt was added potassium carbonate (387 mg, 2.70 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2) and the organic phases then combined and washed (brine; 20 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((2-hydroxyphenyl)thio)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (580 mg, 99%) as a light yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.45 (9H, s), 3.31 (2H, d, J=19.7 Hz), 3.69 (2H, app. t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.47 (1H, dt, J=34.6, 7.2 Hz), 4.49 (1H, br. s), 6.67 (1H, s), 6.90 (1H, ddd, J=7.6, 7.6 1.3 Hz), 7.02 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.2 Hz), 7.31 (1H, ddd, J=8.2, 7.3, 1.6 Hz), 7.45 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 1.7 Hz).
Procedure G: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0390] ##STR00088##
[0391] To a stirring solution of (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((2-hydroxyphenyl)thio)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) and 4-(bromomethyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide (107 mg, 0.32 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) at rt was added potassium carbonate (66 mg, 0.48 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL) and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×2) and the organic phases then combined and washed (sat. aq. NH.sub.4Cl then brine), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (180 mg, 99%) as a yellow gum that was used in the subsequent step without purification.
Procedure H: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0392] ##STR00089##
[0393] To a stirring suspension of (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (180 mg, 0.32 mmol) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (133 mg, 1.59 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) and water (2 mL) at 0° C. was added 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (178 mg, 0.79 mmol) in three portions over 5 min. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours before being diluted with sat. aq. NaHCO.sub.3 (15 ml) and extracting with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL). The aqueous phase was further extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL×2) and the organic phases combined, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 40% EtOAc/hexane then 2% MeOH in 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (160 mg, 84%) as a white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.29 (12H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 1.43 (9H, s), 3.67-3.80 (3H, m), 4.15 (2H, d, J=18.9 Hz), 4.52 (1H, br. s), 4.93 (1H, dt, J=34.4, 6.9 Hz), 5.33 (2H, s), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.18 (1H, ddd, J=8.3, 7.8, 0.8 Hz), 7.63 (1H, ddd, J=8.4, 7.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.66 (2H, d, J=8.4), 7.93 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.99 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz). As a modification of this procedure for the preparation of further compounds, the oxidation was effected by slowly adding an aqueous solution of OXONE® (4 eq. in 1.2 mL H.sub.2O per mmol OXONE®) to a solution of the sulfanyl ether starting material in MeOH:THF (1:1, ca. 3 mL each per mmol sulfanyl ether) at rt and allowed to react until LC-MS control indicated a high degree of conversion to the desired sulfone product. The mixture was then partitioned between excess saturated aqueous sodium metabisulfite solution and EtOAc, washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography.
Procedure I: Preparation of (Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 11)
[0394] ##STR00090##
[0395] To a stirring solution of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (160 mg, 0.27 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) at rt was added ethereal HCl (2 M; 4.00 mL, 8.00 mmol) and the resulting mixture was left to stir for 1 h. After this time a white solid precipitated which was collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum to give (Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-diisopropylbenzene-sulfonamide hydrochloride (79 mg, 55%). White solid; m.p. 222-224° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 1.27 (12H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 3.59 (2H, dd, J=7.4, 1.8 Hz), 3.79 (2H, hept, J=6.8 Hz), 4.45 (2H, d, J=19.2 Hz), 5.16 (1H, dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz), 5.46 (2H, s), 7.23 (1H, ddd, J=7.4, 7.4, 0.9 Hz), 7.38 (1H, d J=7.9 Hz), 7.74 (1H, ddd, J=8.5, 7.5, 1.7 Hz), 7.79 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.91-7.95 (3H, m).
Example 3
[0396] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures E-I using the appropriately functionalised thiol starting material.
(Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 5)
[0397] ##STR00091##
[0398] White solid; m.p. 235-236° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 2.72 (6H, s), 3.60 (2H, dd, J=7.4, 1.7 Hz), 4.47 (2H, d, J=19.2 Hz), 5.18 (1H, dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz), 5.49 (2H, s), 7.24 (1H, ddd, J=7.9, 7.9, 0.9 Hz), 7.39 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 0.7 Hz), 7.76 (1H, ddd, J=8.4, 7.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.86 (4H, br. s), 7.95 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.8 Hz).
(Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)benzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 8)
[0399] ##STR00092##
[0400] Off-white solid; m.p. 233-235° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 3.59 (2H, dd, J=7.4, 1.6 Hz), 4.44 (2H, d, J=19.2 Hz), 5.14 (1H, dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz), 5.45 (2H, s), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=7.3, 7.3 Hz), 7.38 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.74 (1H, ddd, J=8.6, 8.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.78 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.94 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 1.6 Hz), 7.97 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz).
(Z)-4-((3-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 9)
[0401] ##STR00093##
[0402] White solid; m.p. 211-213° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 2.63 (6H, s), 3.48 (2H, br. s), 4.65 (2H, d, J=19.6 Hz), 5.17 (1H, dt, J=34.6, 7.2 Hz), 5.36 (2H, s), 7.45 (1H, ddd, J=8.1, 2.5, 1.0 Hz), 7.52-7.57 (2H, m), 7.63 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 8.1 Hz), 7.75 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.81 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.11 (3H, br. s).
(Z)-4-((4-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 10)
[0403] ##STR00094##
[0404] White solid; m.p. 216-218° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 2.63 (6H, s), 3.48 (2H, br. s), 4.55 (2H, d, J=19.7 Hz), 5.12 (1H, dt, J=34.8, 7.1 Hz), 5.38 (2H, s), 7.29 (2H, dd, J=9.0, 1.9 Hz), 7.74 (2H, dd, J=8.5, 1.8 Hz), 7.81 (2H, dd, J=8.5, 1.9 Hz), 7.88 (2H, dd, J=8.9, 2.0 Hz), 8.03 (3H, br. s).
(Z)-4-((2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)methyl)-N-isopropylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 14)
[0405] ##STR00095##
[0406] White solid; m.p. 248-250° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 1.05 (6H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.40 (1H, hept, J=6.6 Hz), 3.59 (2H, app. d, J=7.3 Hz), 4.45 (2H, d, J=19.1 Hz), 5.16 (1H, dt, J=33.0, 7.4 Hz), 5.46 (2H, s), 7.23 (1H, ddd, J=8.0, 8.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.38 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.74 (1H, ddd, J=8.4, 7.4, 1.8 Hz), 7.80 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.91-7.95 (3H, m).
Example 4
[0407] The following compound was prepared according to procedures F-I using the appropriate thiol starting material.
(Z)-4-((2-(benzyloxy)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 7)
[0408] ##STR00096##
[0409] White solid; m.p. 205-207° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 3.57 (2H, app. d, J=7.0 Hz), 4.44 (2H, d, J=19.1 Hz), 5.14 (1H, dt, J=32.8, 7.3 Hz), 5.36 (2H, s), 7.20 (1H, dd, J=7.4, 0.9 Hz), 7.35-7.46 (4H, m), 7.55-7.60 (2H, m), 7.73 (1H, ddd, J=8.5, 7.4, 1.7 Hz), 7.92 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz).
Example 5
[0410] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures F, H and I using the appropriately functionalised thiol starting material.
(Z)-4-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 2)
[0411] ##STR00097##
[0412] White solid; m.p. 217-220° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 3.48 (2H. app. d, J=7.1 Hz), 4.96 (2H, d, J=19.6 Hz), 5.19 (1H, dt, J=34.8, 7.2 Hz), 8.10 (3H, br. s), 8.55 (2H, s), 8.67 (1H, s).
(Z)-4-(biphenyl-2-ylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 20)
[0413] ##STR00098##
[0414] White solid; m.p. 170° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.18 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (td, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (td, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.44 (m, 6H), 5.03 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=18.9 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-isopropylphenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 21)
[0415] ##STR00099##
[0416] White solid; m.p. 205-215° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.00-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 1H), 5.25 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (hept, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=7.5, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 22)
[0417] ##STR00100##
[0418] White solid; m.p. 228-221° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.89 (dd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (ddd, J=8.4, 7.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (td, J=7.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 0H), 4.48 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.61 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 23)
[0419] ##STR00101##
[0420] White solid; m.p. 230-240° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.76 (ddd, J=8.7, 1.2, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (ddd, J=8.2, 1.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (ddd, J=8.6, 6.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (td, J=8.0, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 5.13 (dt, J=32.7, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 24)
[0421] ##STR00102##
[0422] White solid; m.p. 215-220° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.60 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.18-8.11 (m, 2H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=8.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.68 (m, 2H), 5.19 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (dt, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-4-(2,4-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 25)
[0423] ##STR00103##
[0424] White solid; m.p. 220° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.10 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (ddd, J=7.4, 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-4-(3-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 26)
[0425] ##STR00104##
[0426] White solid; m.p. 225-235° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.00 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H)
(Z)-4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 27)
[0427] ##STR00105##
[0428] White solid; m.p. 240° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.96 (dt, J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dt, J=8.3, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 28)
[0429] ##STR00106##
[0430] White solid; m.p. 250° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.97 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dt, J=33.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (dd, J=7.4, 2.0 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 29)
[0431] ##STR00107##
[0432] White solid; m.p. 162-164° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.07 (dd, J=4.9, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 8.22 (dd, J=4.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 5.31 (dt, J=33.1, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H)
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 32)
[0433] ##STR00108##
[0434] White solid; m.p. 203-205° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, d6 DMSO) δ ppm: 8.82 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.29-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.12-7.93 (m, 3H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 1H), 5.26 (dt, J=34.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=19.6 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (s, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 33)
[0435] ##STR00109##
[0436] White solid; m.p. 150-153° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.18 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.70 (dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99-7.68 (m, 2H), 5.22 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=19.4 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H); LCMS: for C.sub.13H.sub.13FN.sub.2O.sub.2S calculated 280.1, found 281.1 [M+1].sup.+.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-fluorophenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 37)
[0437] ##STR00110##
[0438] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.01-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.89-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.39 (m, 2H), 5.29 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(3-fluorophenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 38)
[0439] ##STR00111##
[0440] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.83 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.56 (tdd, J=8.4, 2.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 39)
[0441] ##STR00112##
[0442] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.13-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.34 (m, 2H), 5.19 (dt, J=32.8, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (ddt, J=7.4, 1.9, 0.6 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(o-tolylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 40)
[0443] ##STR00113##
[0444] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.99 (dd, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.39 (m, 2H), 5.22 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=19.3, 0.5 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (ddt, J=7.4, 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(m-tolylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 41)
[0445] ##STR00114##
[0446] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.84-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.49 (m, 2H), 5.44-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.35 (dq, J=19.1, 0.5 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (ddt, J=7.4, 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56-2.38 (m, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(p-tolylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 42)
[0447] ##STR00115##
[0448] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.88-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.45 (m, 2H), 5.17 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=19.2, 0.5 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (ddt, J=7.4, 2.0, 0.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H)
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-((3-fluoroquinolin-8-yl)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 51)
[0449] ##STR00116##
[0450] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.09 (dd, J=2.9, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (ddd, J=7.4, 1.4, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (ddd, J=8.3, 1.4, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (ddd, J=8.3, 7.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H).
Example 6
[0451] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures F, J, H and I using the appropriately functionalised thiol starting material.
Procedure J: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0452] ##STR00117##
[0453] To a stirring suspension of (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((4-(methylthio)phenyl)thio)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (120 mg, 0.35 mmol) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (150 mg, 1.79 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (4 mL) and water (2 mL) at 0° C. was added 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (378 mg, 2.19 mmol) in three portions over 5 min. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours before being diluted with aq. NaOH (2 M; 1 ml), water (10 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. The phases were then separated and the aqueous phase extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL×2). The organic phases were combined, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 30% EtOAc/hexane to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (17 mg, 12%) as a white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 1.37 (9H, s), 3.33 (3H, s), 3.54 (2H, app. t, J=5.6 Hz), 4.62 (2H, d, J=19.4 Hz), 4.93 (1H, dt, J=36.4, 6.8 Hz), 7.05 (1H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 8.15 (2H, dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz), 8.21 (2H, dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz).
(Z)-4-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine trifluoroacetate (Compound 3)
[0454] ##STR00118##
[0455] White solid; m.p. 155-157° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 3.35 (3H, s), 3.50 (2H, app. d, J=6.7 Hz), 4.80 (2H, d, J=19.7 Hz), 5.12 (1H, dt, J=34.7, 7.3 Hz), 7.88 (3H, br. s), 8.19 (2H, dd, J=8.8, 2.5 Hz), 8.24 (2H, dd, J=8.9, 2.4 Hz).
Example 7
[0456] The following compound was prepared according to procedures K, L and M then F, N, H and I.
Preparation of (Z)-4-(2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzene-sulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 6)
[0457] ##STR00119##
Procedure K: Preparation of 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide
[0458] ##STR00120##
[0459] To a stirring solution of dimethylamine (12 mL, 40% w/w aqueous solution) in THF (20 mL) at 5° C. was added a solution of 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (5.00 g, 19.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) over 5 min. Following addition, the mixture was left to stir at rt for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue partitioned between water (25 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL) and the aqueous layer extracted with further CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL×2). The combined organics were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo to afford 4-bromo-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (4.83 g, 93%) as a white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 2.74 (6H, s), 7.64-7.73 (4H, m).
Procedure L: Preparation of N,N-dimethyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide
[0460] ##STR00121##
[0461] A stirring suspension of 4-bromo-N,N-dimethyl-benzenesulfonamide (1.00 g, 3.79 mmol) 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (1.15 g, 4.54 mmol) and potassium acetate (1.11 g, 11.4 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) was flushed with nitrogen for 15 min before the addition of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride dichloromethane complex (155 mg, 0.19 mmol). The resulting suspension was heated at 80° C. under nitrogen for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to rt, partitioned between EtOAc (40 mL) and water (30 mL) and filtered through Celite. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with further EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organics were then washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford N,N-dimethyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (1.60 g, 68%) as a grey solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.38 (12H, s), 2.71 (6H, s), 7.77 (2H, dd, J=8.4, 1.0 Hz), 7.98 (2H, dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz).
Procedure M: Preparation of (4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid
[0462] ##STR00122##
[0463] To a stirring solution of N,N-dimethyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (1.00 g, 2.25 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and water (5 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium periodate (2.06 g, 9.64 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 5 min at this temperature and then allowed to warm to rt and stirred for a further 30 min. Aqueous HCl (1 M; 1.57 mL, 1.57 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture stirred at rt for a further 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The organic layers were then combined and washed (brine), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 50% EtOAc/hexane followed by 10% MeOH in 50% EtOAc/hexane to afford (4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid (470 mg, 91%) as a brown solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 2.69 (6H, s), 7.75 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.88-7.98 (2H, m).
Procedure N: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenoxy)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0464] ##STR00123##
[0465] To a stirring solution of (Z)-tert-butyl (3-fluoro-4-((2-hydroxyphenyl)thio)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (150 mg, 0.48 mmol), (4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid (219 mg, 0.96 mmol) and pyridine (0.19 mL, 2.39 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (6 mL) at rt was added copper (II) acetate (87 mg, 0.48 mmol) in one lot. The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 16 h. After this time the reaction was diluted by the addition of CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (30 mL), filtered through Celite and washed with aq. HCl (1 M; 20 mL) followed by sat. aq. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was then dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 25% EtOAc/hexane to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenoxy)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (80 mg, 34%) as a yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.45 (9H, s), 2.73 (6H, s), 3.55 (2H, d, J=17.1 Hz), 3.73 (2H, app. t, J=5.6 Hz), 4.46 (1H, br. s), 4.80 (1H, dt, J=34.8, 6.8 Hz), 7.02 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.06 (1H, dd, J=8.2, 1.0 Hz), 7.24 (1H, ddd, J=7.5, 7.5, 1.1 Hz), 7.35 (1H, ddd, J=7.6, 7.6, 1.6 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz), 7.75 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz).
(Z)-4-(2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 6)
[0466] ##STR00124##
[0467] White solid; m.p. 153-156° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 2.73 (6H, s), 3.64 (2H, app. d, J=6.9 Hz), 4.57 (2H, d, J=19.1 Hz), 5.30 (1H, dt, J=32.8, 7.3 Hz), 7.25 (1H, dd, J=8.3, 0.7 Hz), 7.30 (2H, dd, J=8.9, 2.0 Hz), 7.49 (1H, ddd, J=7.9, 7.9, 1.0 Hz), 7.81 (1H, ddd, J=7.8, 8.3, 1.7 Hz), 7.86 (2H, dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz), 8.07 (1H, dd, J=7.9, 1.6 Hz).
Example 8
[0468] The following compound was prepared according to procedures K, L, M, N, H and I.
(Z)-4-(3-(4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-enylsulfonyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 16)
[0469] ##STR00125##
[0470] White solid; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.89-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.76 (td, J=8.0, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (t, J=2.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 5.28 (dt, J=33.2, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 6H), 4.43 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-(3-(4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-enylsulfonyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 17)
[0471] ##STR00126##
[0472] White solid; m.p. 220° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 7.81 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.50 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 5.24 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 6H), 4.41 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-(2-(4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-enylsulfonyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (Compound 18)
[0473] ##STR00127##
[0474] White solid; m.p. 205° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.06 (ddd, J=7.9, 1.7, 0.3 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=7.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dt, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.20 (dd, J=8.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dt, J=33.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 6H), 4.60 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H).
Example 9
[0475] The following compound was prepared according to procedures O and P then F, Q, H and I.
Preparation of (Z)-2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)-N-(4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)-phenyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Compound 15)
[0476] ##STR00128##
Procedure O: Preparation of N,N-diisopropyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide
[0477] ##STR00129##
[0478] To a stirring solution of diisopropylamine (3.16 mL, 22.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0-5° C. was added a solution of 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2.00 g, 9.02 mmol) in THF (5 mL) over 5 min. Following addition, the mixture was left to stir at rt for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was partitioned between water (25 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with further CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mL×2). The combined organics were then dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to afford N,N-diisopropyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (285 mg, 11% yield) as a yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.30 (12H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.79 (1H, hept, J=6.9 Hz), 8.07 (2H, dd, J=9.2, 2.2 Hz), 8.35 (2H, dd, J=8.9, 1.9 Hz).
Procedure P: Preparation of 4-amino-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide
[0479] ##STR00130##
[0480] To a stirring solution of N,N-diisopropyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (260 mg, 0.91 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) at rt was added a slurry of palladium on carbon (10% w/w; 50 mg) in water (50 μL) under a nitrogen blanket. The resulting mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 3 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated in vacuo to afford 4-amino-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide (200 mg, 86%) as a brown solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.27 (12H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 3.66 (2H, hept, J=6.8 Hz), 4.04 (2H, br. s), 6.67 (2H, dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz), 7.65 (2H, dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz).
Procedure Q: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-carbamoyl)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0481] ##STR00131##
[0482] To a stirring solution of (Z)-2-((4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)thio)benzoic acid (180 mg, 0.53 mmol), 4-amino-N,N-diisopropylbenzenesulfonamide (203 mg, 0.79 mmol) and triethylamine (0.26 mL, 1.85 mmol) in DMF (0.8 mL) at rt was added HATU (301 mg, 0.79 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between water (10 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL) and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted again with EtOAc and the organic phases were combined and washed with HCl (1 M; 20 mL) followed by water (20 mL×3) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash column, eluting with 50-100% EtOAc/hexane to afford (Z)-tert-butyl (4-((2-((4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (93 mg, 30%) as a pale lilac oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.31 (12H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 1.44 (9H, s), 3.57 (2H, d, J=18.5 Hz), 3.63 (2H, app. t, J=5.6 Hz), 3.74 (2H, hept, J=6.7 Hz), 4.40 (1H, dt, J=34.8, 6.9 Hz), 4.75 (1H, br. s), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=7.1, 7.1 Hz), 7.47 (1H, ddd, J=7.8, 7.8, 1.8 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=7.3 Hz), 7.88 (4H, br. s).
(Z)-2-((4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)-N-(4-(N,N-diisopropylsulfamoyl)phenyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Compound 15)
[0483] ##STR00132##
[0484] White solid; m.p. 248-250° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 1.29 (12H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.64 (2H, dd, J=7.4, 1.5 Hz), 3.78 (2H, hept, J=6.7 Hz), 4.69 (2H, d, J=19.2 Hz), 5.23 (1H, dt, J=32.4, 7.4 Hz), 7.76-7.82 (2H, m), 7.85-7.93 (5H, m), 8.10-8.13 (1H, m).
Example 10
[0485] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures Q, H and I using the appropriate thiol and amine starting materials.
N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-(((Z)-4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Compound 4)
[0486] ##STR00133##
[0487] Off-white solid; m.p. 231-233° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 1.67 (6H, br. s), 2.08 (9H, br. s), 3.46 (2H, br. s), 4.67 (2H, d, J=19.7 Hz), 5.10 (1H, dt, J=34.6, 7.1 Hz), 7.97 (2H, dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz), 8.00 (2H, dd, J=8.8, 1.4 Hz), 8.06 (3H, br. s).
N-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(((Z)-4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Compound 12)
[0488] ##STR00134##
[0489] White solid; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 1.77-1.80 (6H, m), 2.09-2.15 (3H, m), 2.16-2.21 (6H, m), 3.61 (2H, app. d, J=7.2 Hz), 4.62 (2H, d, J=19.5 Hz), 5.16 (1H, dt, J=32.6, 7.4 Hz), 7.56 (1H, dd, J=7.5, 1.0 Hz), 7.67 (1H, ddd, J=7.7, 7.7, 1.2 Hz), 7.78 (1H, ddd, J=7.5, 7.5, 1.1 Hz), 8.01 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz).
N-(adamantan-1-yl)-3-(((Z)-4-amino-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)sulfonyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Compound 13)
[0490] ##STR00135##
[0491] White solid; m.p. 230-232° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 1.68 (6H, br. s), 2.05-2.12 (9H, m), 3.49 (2H, br. s), 4.68 (2H, d, J 19.8 Hz), 5.12 (1H, dt, J 34.7, 7.0 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dd, J 7.7, 7.7 Hz), 7.98 (3H, br. s), 8.03 (1H, ddd, J 7.8, 1.7, 0.9 Hz), 8.16 (1H, ddd, J 7.8, 1.4, 1.0 Hz), 8.28 (1H, dd, J 1.6, 1.1 Hz).
Example 11
[0492] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures R and I.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 1)
[0493] ##STR00136##
Procedure R: Preparation of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0494] ##STR00137##
[0495] To a stirring solution of tert-butyl (Z)-(4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (60.0 g, 224 mmol) in DMF (300 mL) was added sodium benzenesulfinate (44.1 g, 269 mmol) portion wise at rt over 15 mins. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (2.7 L) and stirring was continued at rt for a further 15 mins. The resulting, precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water (50 mL×2) and then dried in oven at 60° C. to afford tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (74.0 g, 100%) as a white solid which was used as such in the next step. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 7.98-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.61 (ddt, J=8.3, 6.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.94 (dt, J=34.3, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 3.94 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 1)
[0496] ##STR00138##
[0497] Off-white solid; m.p. 209-211° C.; .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 3.64 (2H, dd, J=7.3, 1.2 Hz), 4.36 (2H, d, J=19.1 Hz), 5.18 (1H, dt, J=32.7, 7.4 Hz), 7.65-7.71 (2H, m), 7.79 (1H, tt, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz), 7.96-8.00 (2H, m); LCMS: for C.sub.10H.sub.12FNO.sub.2S calculated 229.1, found 230.1 [M+1].sup.+.
Example 12
[0498] The following compounds were prepared according to procedures R and I.
(Z)-4-(2-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 19)
[0499] ##STR00139##
[0500] White solid; m.p. 205-207° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.13 (ddd, J=7.9, 1.5, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.62 (ddd, J=7.9, 6.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H); LCMS: for C.sub.10H.sub.11ClFNO.sub.2S calculated 263.0, found 264.0 [M+1].sup.+.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 30)
[0501] ##STR00140##
[0502] White solid; m.p. 153-155° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.88-8.73 (m, 1H), 8.25-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.77 (ddd, J=6.8, 4.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (dd, J=7.3, 1.8 Hz, 2H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 31)
[0503] ##STR00141##
[0504] White solid; m.p. 168-170° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.23 (dd, J=2.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.04 (dd, J=5.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dt, J=8.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (ddd, J=8.2, 5.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dt, J=33.1, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H).
Example 13
[0505] The following compound was prepared according to the procedures S, F, H and I.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 43)
[0506] ##STR00142##
Procedure S: Preparation of 3-methylpyridine-2-thiol
[0507] ##STR00143##
[0508] 2-Chloro-3-methylpyridine (500 mg, 3.93 mmol) and sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (2.21 g, 39.36 mmol) were taken in DMF (2.0 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 120° C. for 12 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (20 mL), acidified (pH=5) with adding acetic acid and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The combined organic extract was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-methylpyridine-2-thiol (1.50 g, 50.5%). .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, d.sub.6 DMSO) δ ppm: 13.5-13.3 (m, 1H), 7.6-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H). 2.21 (s, 3H)
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 43)
[0509] ##STR00144##
[0510] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.53 (dd, J=4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=7.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dt, J=32.9, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H).
Example 14
[0511] The following compounds were prepared according to the procedures S, F, H and I.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 44)
[0512] ##STR00145##
[0513] Pale yellow solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 9.00 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (dt, J=33.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=18.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (s, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(5-isopropylpyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 34)
[0514] ##STR00146##
[0515] White glassy solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.70 (t, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.12-7.94 (m, 2H), 5.28 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (dd, J=7.6, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (hept, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 35)
[0516] ##STR00147##
[0517] White solid; m.p. 155-157° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, d.sub.6 DMSO) δ 8.67 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 3H), 7.98 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (dt, J=34.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=19.6 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(6-methylpyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 36)
[0518] ##STR00148##
[0519] Pale yellow solid; m.p. 174-176° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, d.sub.6 DMSO) δ 8.18 (s, 3H), 8.06 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dt, J=34.8, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=19.6 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H).
Example 15
[0520] The following compound was prepared according to procedures T, U and V then F, H and I
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(6-isopropylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 49)
[0521] ##STR00149##
Procedure T: Preparation of methyl 3-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate
[0522] ##STR00150##
[0523] In a 50 mL re-sealable reaction tube, 2-chloro-5-iodopyridine (2.50 g, 10.5 mmol) was dissolved in degassed 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) at rt, under nitrogen atmosphere. Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (100 mg, 0.11 mmol), Xantphos (125 mg, 0.22 mmol), methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate (1.25 g, 10.5 mmol) and DIPEA (2.50 mL, 14.4 mmol) were sequentially added under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was degassed by purging nitrogen gas for 15 min, and then gradually heated to 70° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 6 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with cold water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine solution and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified by silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography, eluting with 10% EtOAc-hexanes to give methyl 3-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate (2.40 g, 99%) as an off-white solid. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 8.36 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.17 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).
Procedure U: Preparation of methyl 3-((6-isopropylpyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate
[0524] ##STR00151##
[0525] In a 1000 mL round bottom flask, methyl 3-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate (5.00 g, 21.6 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (200 mL) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (25 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was cooled to −55° C., and a solution of iron (III) acetylacetonate (1.70 g, 4.80 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added whilst maintaining a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at −55° C. for 15 min at which time a solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (2 M, 50 mL) was added dropwise at −55° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −40° C. for further 1 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution (50 mL), and the product extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×3). The combined organics were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified over silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc-hexanes to afford methyl 3-((6-isopropylpyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate (2.60 g, 50%) as a pale yellow liquid.
Procedure V: Preparation of 6-isopropylpyridine-3-thiol
[0526] ##STR00152##
[0527] In a 100 mL round bottom flask, methyl 3-((6-isopropylpyridin-3-yl)thio)propanoate (860 mg, 3.59 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL) and solution was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of potassium tertbutoxide in THF (1.0 M, 3.5 mL, 3.59 mmol) was added to the above mixture under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was warmed to rt and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was washed with n-hexane to afford 6-isopropylpyridine-3-thiol (655 mg) as a light brown solid. The compound was used in next step without further purification.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(6-isopropylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 49)
[0528] ##STR00153##
[0529] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.29 (dd, J=2.1, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (ddd, J=8.6, 3.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (dd, J=8.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.55 (dq, J=7.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (dd, J=7.0, 0.8 Hz, 6H).
Example 16
[0530] The following compound was prepared according to procedures T, U and V then F, H and I.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-isopropylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 45)
[0531] ##STR00154##
[0532] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.95 (dd, J=5.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (dd, J=8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=8.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dt, J=33.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (p, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.62 (m, 2H), 1.45 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H).
Example 17
[0533] The following compound was prepared according to procedures T and V then F, H and I.
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 46)
[0534] ##STR00155##
[0535] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.17 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dt, J=33.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.75-3.63 (m, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 47)
[0536] ##STR00156##
[0537] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.00 (dd, J=5.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (dd, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dt, J=33.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-(4-methylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 48)
[0538] ##STR00157##
[0539] Off-white solid; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.25 (s, 1H), 8.97 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dt, J=33.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H).
(Z)-3-fluoro-4-((2-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-4-yl)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 50)
[0540] ##STR00158##
[0541] Pale yellow solid; m.p. 243-245° C.; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 8.37 (dd, J=8.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (s, 3H).
Example 18
[0542] The following compound was prepared according to procedures W, X, Y, Z then H and I
(Z)-4-((2,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 52)
[0543] ##STR00159##
Procedure W: Preparation of (2-iodophenyl)hydrazine
[0544] ##STR00160##
[0545] In a 1 L round bottom flask, solution of 2-iodoaniline (40.0 g, 0.182 mmol) in conc. HCl (250 mL) was treated with a solution of NaNO.sub.2 (15.1 g, 0.22 mmol) in water (40 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and treated with SnCl.sub.2 (86.6 g, 0.46 mmol) slowly at 0° C. The reaction temperature was gradually raised to rt and stirred for further 6 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was filtered and washed with n-pentane (50 mL) and diethyl ether (50 mL) to yield the title compound (42 g, 98.26%). .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 10.2 (br. s, 2H), 7.79-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.7-7.45 (br, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H).
Procedure X: Preparation of 7-iodo-2,3-dimethyl-1H-indole
[0546] ##STR00161##
[0547] In a 250 mL round bottom flask, a solution of (2-iodophenyl)hydrazine (10 g, 42.73 mmol) in acetic acid (80 mL) was gradually heated to 60° C. and stirred for 1 h. 2-Butanone (6.18 g, 85.36 mmol) was slowly added at 60° C. The resulting reaction mixture was then heated at 80° C. for 5 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was diluted with cold water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL×2). The combined organic extract was washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified over silica gel eluting with 10% EtOAc-hexanes to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (2.00 g, 18%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 10.54 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.73 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H).
Procedure Y: Preparation of methyl 3-((2,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)thio)propanoate
[0548] ##STR00162##
[0549] In a 50 mL re-sealable reaction tube, a solution of 7-iodo-2,3-dimethyl-1H-indole (1.60 g, 10.5 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was degassed under nitrogen atmosphere. Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (50.0 mg, 0.06 mmol), xantphos (100 mg, 0.18 mmol), methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate (0.70 g, 5.90 mmol) and DIPEA (2.00 mL, 11.80 mmol) were added sequentially under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was degassed by purging argon gas for 15 min, gradually heated to 110° C. and stirred at this temperature for 12 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with cold water, and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified over silica gel eluting with 10% EtOAc-hexanes to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.50 g, 96%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 8.6 (br, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.08 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H).
Procedure Z: Preparation of tert-butyl (Z)-(4-((2,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)thio)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0550] ##STR00163##
[0551] In a 100 mL round bottom flask, cesium carbonate (1.49 g, 4.56 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of methyl 3-((2,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)thio)propanoate (0.40 g 1.52 mmol) and tert-butyl (Z)-(4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (0.41 g, 1.53 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h. Upon completion of reaction (TLC), the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of ice cold water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL×3). The combined organic extract was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified over silica gel, eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the title compound as a pale-yellow liquid (350 mg, 63%). .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, d.sub.6-DMSO) δ ppm: 10.65 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.83 (m, 2H), 4.66 (dt, J=36.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (d, J=19.5 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 9H).
(Z)-4-((2,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 52)
[0552] ##STR00164##
[0553] .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 10.25 (s, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J=7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (dt, J=32.7, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (dd, J=7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.39 (m, 3H), 2.26 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H).
Example 19
Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl (4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0554] ##STR00165##
Procedure AA: Preparation of tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate
[0555] ##STR00166##
[0556] A vessel charged with 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (50.0 kg, 549 mol) and ethyl acetate (150 L) was cooled to 0-5° C. To this was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (120 kg, 550 mol) in portions. The resulting mixture was stirred at 20-25° C. for 12 h. After cooling the reaction mixture to 0-5° C., sodium periodate (120 kg, 561 mol) was added in portions. The suspension was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered, and the filter “cake” was washed with ethyl acetate (180 L). The combined filtrate was washed with aqueous NaCl (10% w/w, 300 L), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and then concentrated in vacuo to afford crude tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate (70.0 kg, 80%). The crude material was used in the subsequent step without purification.
Procedure AB: Preparation of (E)-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate
[0557] ##STR00167##
[0558] A vessel charged with ethyl 2-fluorophosphonoacetate (46.0 kg, 190 mol), acetonitrile (250 L) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (38.0 kg, 250 mol) was cooled to 0-10° C. To this was added tert-butyl 2-oxoethylcarbamate (68.0 kg, 427 mol) drop-wise and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0-10° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with tert-butyl methyl ether (500 L) and water (500 L), and stirring was continued for 30 min. After standing for a further 30 min, the aqueous layer was removed. The Organic layer was washed with water (250 L) and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (56 L) and petroleum ether (240 L) and purified over silica gel (40 kg, mesh size: 100-200), eluting with ethyl acetate in petroleum ether (1:10) to afford crude (E)-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate (90 kg). The crude material was used in the subsequent step without further purification.
Procedure AC: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate
[0559] ##STR00168##
[0560] To a reaction vessel charged with crude (E)-ethyl 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorobut-2-enoate (90.0 kg, 364 mol), THF (314 L) and methanol (36 L) at 0-10° C. was added sodium borohydride (16.6 kg, 439 mol) portion-wise over 4 h. After complete addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0-10° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of aqueous HCl (0.5 N, 900 L). The product was then extracted with ethyl acetate (720 L×2). The combined organics were washed with water (450 L), and concentrated in vacuo. Residual water was removed by co-evaporation with THF (200 L×3) to afford crude (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (85 kg). This material was progressed to the next step without further purification.
Procedure AD: Preparation of (Z)-4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate
[0561] ##STR00169##
[0562] To a reaction vessel charged with crude (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (170 kg, 828 mol), THF (765 L) and triethylamine (174 L, 1245 mol) at 0-20° C. was added 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride (190 kg, 824 mol) in portions. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-20° C. for 2 h and then diluted with water (850 L) and ethyl acetate (1700 L). The aqueous layer was removed and the organics were washed with aqueous Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (10% w/w, 850 L×2) and then water (850 L). After concentrating in vacuo (to approximately 190 L), ethyl acetate (245 L) was added. The mixture was stirred at 55° C. until a clear solution was obtained. The mixture was cooled to 10-20° C., n-heptane (730 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for 6 h. The solid thus formed was isolated by filtration and washed with n-heptane/ethyl acetate (4:1, 170 L). HPLC analysis indicated an E-isomer content of 30%. The E-isomer content was reduced to 4.3% by a process of precipitation as follows. The solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (570 L). To this was added n-heptane and the resulting slurry was stirred at 20-30° C. for 4-6 h. The solid was isolated by filtration and the filter “cake” was washed with n-heptane/ethyl acetate (4:1). This process was repeated once more to afford (Z)-4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (84 kg as a wet “cake”). This material was progressed to the next step.
Procedure AE: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate
[0563] ##STR00170##
[0564] A reaction vessel charged with (Z)-4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (84 kg, 210 mol), THF (187 L) and aqueous NaOH (1.00 M, 420 L) was stirred at 15-25° C. for 2-5 h. The reaction progress was monitored by tic. The reaction mixture was diluted with isopropyl acetate (966 L) and stirring was continued for 10-30 min. After standing for 10-30 min and subsequent separation of the layers, the aqueous layer was extracted with further isopropyl acetate (483 L). The combined organics were washed with aqueous Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (10% w/w, 420 L×2), aqueous NaCl (10% w/w, 420 L) and then concentrated to approximately 84 L. Residual water was removed by co-evaporation with THF (468 L) to afford (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (29.0 kg, 67%). HPLC analysis indicated the E-isomer content to be 3.8%.
Procedure AF: Preparation of (Z)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-enylcarbamate
[0565] ##STR00171##
[0566] A reaction vessel charged with (Z)-tert-butyl 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybut-2-enylcarbamate (29.0 kg, 141 mol) THF (290 L) and diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (74.0 L, 425 mol) was cooled to 0-10° C. To this was added a solution of methanesulfonic anhydride (50.0 kg, 287 mol) in THF (145 L) dropwise. After complete addition, lithium bromide (74.0 kg, 852 mol) was added in portions while maintaining the temperature between 0-10° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0−10° C. for 4 h. Tlc after this time indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (290 L) and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (290 L+145 L). The combined organics were washed with water (150 L) and then concentrated to dryness. The crude residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (67 L) and n-heptane (440 L) and purification was performed over silica gel (40 kg; mesh size 100-200), eluting with ethyl acetate/n-heptane (1:5). All fractions containing the desired product were concentrated to dryness. Ethyl acetate (56 L) was added and stirring at 40-50° C. was continued until a clear solution was obtained. To this was added n-heptane (280 L) drop-wise. The mixture was cooled to 10-15° C. and stirred for 8 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration. HPLC analysis indicated the E-isomer content to be 0.9%. To further reduce the E-isomer content the process of precipitation was repeated as follows. Ethyl acetate (33 L) was added and stirring at 40-50° C. was continued until a clear solution was obtained. To this was added n-heptane (164 L) drop-wise. The mixture was cooled to 10-15° C. and stirred for 8 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried to afford (Z)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-enylcarbamate (29.5 kg, 68%). HPLC analysis indicated the E-isomer content to be 0.1%. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm: 1.46 (9H, s), 3.85 (2H, dd, J 6.2, 6.2 Hz), 3.93 (2H, d, J 19.5 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br. s), 5.16 (1H, dt, J=34.0, 6.5 Hz).
Example 20
[0567] The following compound was prepared according to procedures AG and AH.
Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 1)
[0568] ##STR00172##
Procedure AG: Preparation of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0569] ##STR00173##
[0570] A vessel charged with tert-butyl (Z)-(4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (2.40 kg, 8.95 mol) and DMF (12.0 L) was cooled to between 15-20° C. To this was added sodium benzenesulfinate (2.20 kg, 13.4 mol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 15-20° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (12.0 L) and stirring was continued at rt for a further 1 h. The solid thus formed was isolated by filtration, and the filter “cake” was washed with further water (6.0 L). The solid was then dried under vacuum at 50-55° C. for 20 h to give tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (2.70 kg, 92%). Retention time (RT)=13.75 min; Method—Agilent LC/MSD 1200 Series; column: ZORBAX SB-C18, ODS 2000 (50×4.6 mm, 5 μm) operating in ES (+) or (−) ionization mode; flow rate 1.5 mL/min; Temperature (T)=30° C.; detection wavelength: 214 nm; mobile phase: from 5% acetonitrile (containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) and 95% water (containing 0.05% TFA) to 90% acetonitrile and 10% water, over 24 min.
Procedure AH: Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 1)
[0571] ##STR00174##
[0572] To a vessel charged with HCl (4.00 M in ethyl acetate; 13.5 L, 54.0 mol) and cooled to between 10-20° C. was added a filtered solution (hyflo) of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (2.70 kg, 8.20 mol) in ethyl acetate (27.0 L). The reaction mixture was stirred at 10-20° C. for 6 h. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, and the filter “cake” was washed with ethyl acetate (8.0 L). The solid was then dried under vacuum at 50-55° C. for 40 h to afford (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine hydrochloride (Compound 1) (2.10 kg; 96%). .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz; CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 3.64 (2H, dd, J=7.3, 1.2 Hz), 4.36 (2H, d, J=19.1 Hz), 5.18 (1H, dt, J=32.7, 7.4 Hz), 7.65-7.71 (2H, m), 7.79 (1H, tt, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz), 7.96-8.00 (2H, m); LCMS: for C.sub.10H.sub.12FNO.sub.2S calculated 229.1, found 230.1 [M+1].sup.+.
Example 21
[0573] The following compound was prepared according to procedures AI, AJ and AK.
Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride monohydrate (Compound 33)
[0574] ##STR00175##
Procedure AI: Preparation of sodium quinoline-8-sulfinate
[0575] ##STR00176##
[0576] A vessel charged with Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (6.70 kg, 53.2 mol) and water (21.0 L) was stirred at rt for 20 min. To the vessel was added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (5.50 kg, 51.9 mol) and stirring was continued at rt for 20 min. Quinoline-8-sulfonyl chloride (6.00 kg, 26.4 mol) was then added portion-wise while maintaining the temperature below 40° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter “cake” was washed with methanol (7.0 L). The filtrate was concentrated to dryness in vacuo, and to the resulting residue was added methanol (7.0 L). After stirring at rt for 1 h, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated to dryness. In a second, and final, washing cycle the residue was taken up in methanol (10.0 L) and stirring was continued at rt for 1 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford sodium quinoline-8-sulfinate (4.10 kg, 72%).
Procedure AJ: Preparation of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0577] ##STR00177##
[0578] A vessel charged with tert-butyl (Z)-(4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (3.50 kg, 13.1 mol), sodium quinoline-8-sulfinate (4.20 kg, 19.5 mol) and DMF (17.5 L) was cooled to 15-20° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 20 h. The mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (35.0 L) and water (35.0 L), and stirring was continued for a further 10 min. The organic layer was then separated and washed with water (20.0 L×2). After concentrating the organic layer to approximately 20 L, n-heptane (42.0 L) was added drop-wise. The resulting suspension was stirred at 20-30° C. for 20 h. The solid was isolated by filtration, washed with n-heptane and then dried under vacuum at 50−55° C. for 20 h to afford tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (3.80 kg, 77%). RT=12.97 min; Method—Agilent LC/MSD 1200 Series; column: ZORBAX SB-C18, ODS 2000 (50×4.6 mm, 5 μm) operating in ES (+) or (−) ionization mode; flow rate 1.5 mL/min; Temperature (T)=30° C.; detection wavelength: 214 nm; mobile phase: from 5% acetonitrile (containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) and 95% water (containing 0.05% TFA) to 90% acetonitrile and 10% water, over 24 min.
Procedure AK: Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride monohydrate (Compound 33)
[0579] ##STR00178##
[0580] To a vessel charged with HCl (1.5 M in ethyl acetate; 53 L) at 10-20° C. was added tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (5.3 kg, 14 mol). The mixture was stirred at 15° C. for 4 h. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration and washed with ethyl acetate (20 L). To a flask containing the solid was added ethyl acetate (53 L). The suspension was then stirred at 10-20° C. for 2 h. The solid was isolated by filtration and washed with ethyl acetate (20 L). The solid was dissolved in methanol (53 L) and the solution was filtered. To this was then added water (500 mL) and tert-butyl methyl ether (53 L) drop-wise and stirring was continued at 15° C. for a further 20 h. The solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at 55-60° C. to afford (Z)-3-fluoro-4-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride monohydrate (Compound 33) (4.4 kg, 90%). .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 9.18 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.70 (dd, J=8.4, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99-7.68 (m, 2H), 5.22 (dt, J=32.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=19.4 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H); LCMS: for C.sub.13H.sub.13FN.sub.2O.sub.2S calculated 280.1, found 281.1 [M+1].sup.+.
Example 22
[0581] The following compound was prepared according to procedures AL and AM.
Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.SUB.6.)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 53)
[0582] ##STR00179##
Procedure AL: Preparation of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.SUB.6.)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate
[0583] ##STR00180##
[0584] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (Z)-(4-bromo-3-fluorobut-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (606 mg, 2.26 mmol) in DMF (4.0 mL) was added sodium 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexadeuterioquinoline-8-sulfinate (500 mg, 2.26 mmol) in one lot. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water (40 mL), and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with sat. aq. NH.sub.4Cl (20 mL×3) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by normal-phase chromatography (Reveleris), eluting with 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.sub.6)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (470 mg, 53%) as an off-white solid.
Procedure AM: Preparation of (Z)-3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.SUB.6.)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (Compound 53)
[0585] ##STR00181##
[0586] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (Z)-(3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.sub.6)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-yl)carbamate (450 mg, 1.22 mmol) in methanol (1.0 mL) at rt was added HCl (2.0 M in diethyl ether; 4.0 mL, 8.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h during which time a solid precipitated. The reaction mixture was transferred to a vial and spun-down in a centrifuge (4000 rpm, 4 min). The supernatant was carefully decanted, and the remaining solid “cake” was dried under high vacuum to afford (Z)-3-fluoro-4-((quinolin-8-yl-d.sub.6)sulfonyl)but-2-en-1-amine dihydrochloride (355 mg, 81%) as a white solid. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ ppm: 5.20 (dt, J=32.8, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08-4.96 (m, 2H), 3.59 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H).
Example 23
[0587] Method to Determine the Ability of Compounds of the Invention to Inhibit LOX and LOXL1-4 from Different Sources
[0588] Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular copper dependent enzyme which oxidizes peptidyl lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and lysine residues in elastin to produce peptidyl alpha-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehydes. This catalytic reaction can be irreversibly inhibited by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) that binds to the active site of LOX (Tang S. S., Trackman P C and Kagan H. M., Reaction of aortic lysyl oxidase with beta-aminoproprionitrile. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4331-4338). There are five LOX family members; these are LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4. LOX and LOXL family members can be acquired as recombinant active proteins from commercial sources, or extracted from animal tissues like bovine aorta, tendons, pig skin; or prepared from cell cultures. The inhibitory effects of the compounds of the present invention were tested against the given LOX-LOXL preparation using a method based on the detection of hydrogen peroxide with an Amplex Red oxidation assay (Zhou et al. A stable nonfluorescent derivative of resorufin for the fluorometric determination of trace hydrogen peroxide: applications in detecting the activity of phagocyte NADPH oxidase and other oxidases. Anal. Biochem. 1997; 253, 162-168). The assay was developed using either 384 or 96 well format. Briefly, in a standard black, clear bottom 384 well plate assay 25 μL of a dilution of any of the isoenzymes and orthologues in 1.2 M urea, 50 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 8.2) were added into each well in the presence of 1 μM mofegiline and 0.5 mM pargyline (to inhibit SSAO and MAO-B and MAO-A, respectively; not necessary if the enzyme is from a recombinant or purified form). Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO and tested in a Concentration Response Curve (CRC) with 11 data points, typically in the micromolar or nanomolar range after incubation with the enzyme for 30 min at 37° C. Twenty five μL of a reaction mixture containing twice the KM concentration of putrescine (Sigma Aldrich, e.g. 20 mM for LOX, or 10 mM for LOXL2 and LOXL3), 120 μM Amplex Red (Sigma Aldrich) and 1.5 U/mL horseradish peroxidase (Sigma Aldrich) prepared in 1.2 M urea, 50 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 8.2) were then added to the corresponding wells. The above volumes were doubled in the case of 96 wells plate. The fluorescence (RFU) was read every 2.5 min for 30 min at a range of temperatures from 37° C., excitation 565 nm and emission 590 (Optima; BMG labtech). The slope of the kinetics for each well was calculated using MARS data analysis software (BMG labtech) and this value was used to deduce the IC.sub.50 value (Dotmatics). The ability of the inventive compounds to inhibit the amine oxidase activity LOX and other family members is shown in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 LOX and LOXL2 inhibitory activities of examples of compounds of the invention Bovine LOX Human LOXL2 Activity IC.sub.50 Activity IC.sub.50 Compound (micromolar) (micromolar) BAPN <10 <1 1 <10 <10 2 <10 <10 3 <10 <10 4 <10 <10 5 <1 <1 6 <10 <1 7 <10 <1 8 <1 <1 9 <1 <1 10 <10 <10 11 <1 <1 12 <10 <1 13 <10 <10 14 <1 <1 15 <10 <1 16 <1 <1 17 <10 <1 18 <1 <1 19 <10 <1 20 <10 <1 21 <10 <1 22 <10 <1 23 <10 <1 24 <10 <1 25 <10 <1 26 <10 <1 27 <10 <1 28 <10 <1 29 <10 <1 30 <10 <1 31 <10 <1 32 <10 <1 33 <10 <1 34 <10 <1 35 <10 <1 36 <10 <1 37 <10 <1 38 <10 <1 39 <10 <1 40 <10 <1 41 <10 <1 42 <10 <1 43 <10 <1 44 <10 <1 45 <10 <1 46 <10 <1 47 <10 <1 48 <10 <1 49 <10 <1 50 <10 <1 51 <10 <1 52 <10 <1
Example 24
Compounds of the Current Invention Exhibit Sustained Inhibition of LOXL1 and LOXL2
[0589] For meaningful pharmacological effect in the presence of high substrate concentration, compounds that exert sustained, long lasting inhibition of LOX and LOXL1-4 present a strong advantage over competitive inhibitors as the pharmacological effect outlasts the presence of the unbound inhibitor. In a preferred embodiment compounds in the current invention exhibit sustained inhibition of LOX and LOXL1-4.
Method of Determining Sustained Inhibition of LOX and LOXL1-4 by Compounds of the Invention
[0590] Jump Dilution experiment: The assay was developed using a 96 well format and the starting enzyme concentration was set 100 times higher than for the inhibition studies. The enzyme was incubated for 40 minutes at 37° C. in presence of 10× or (where needed to ascertain inhibitor concentration exceeding enzyme concentration) 30× IC.sub.50 concentrations of the test inhibitor. After the incubation, the mixture was diluted 50× in assay buffer, followed by a further 2× dilution in Amplex Red-horseradish peroxidase-putrescine reaction mix (same as per the inhibition studies) prior to the fluorescent measurement. Results were expressed in % recovery of the signal after a specified time by comparison with non-inhibited controls. The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Measure of the sustained inhibition of LOXL1 and LOXL2 by compounds of the invention LOXL1 - Recovery LOXL2 - Recovery Compound of activity. (%) of activity. (%) Reversible standard 80.9 96.8 (control) 1 2.4 9.5 4 16.7 21.2 5 3.6 10.0 6 2.5 10.4 7 3.0 8 35.1 9 4.4 15.1 10 15.2 11 10.2 12 2.6 9.3 13 3.5 8.9 14 1.9 15 26.1 16 14.4 17 5.3 18 6.9 19 7.8 7.9 29 8.6 30 1.9 31 8.2 33 4.5 6.9 38 1.6 45 6.6 46 1.0
Example 25
In Vivo Pharmacokinetics
[0591] Test compounds (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg in PBS, p.o. n=3) were administered to 7-9 weeks old male Wistar rats. Test compound blood samples were collected at time points from 0.25 h-8.00 h (Compound 1); 0.5 h-8.00 h (Compound 33) post administration, from tail vein.
[0592] Sample preparation: 20 μL of calibration samples (in single), QC samples (in duplicate) and rat plasma samples were mixed with 60 μL acetonitrile containing internal standard (IS; 200 ng/mL of tolbutamide and 50 ng/mL propanolol) in Eppendorf tubes. The mixture was vortexed for 1 min, then centrifuged for 10 min, 50 μL of supernatant was transferred to a 96 well-plate with 100 μL water. After shaking for 10 min, 10 μL was injected into the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system for analysis.
LC Method (Compound 1)
HPLC: Agilent 1100; Mass Spectrometer: API 4000
Column: Phenomenex Gemini C18 5 μm 50×4.6 mm
[0593] Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water, 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile
LC Method (Compound 33)
HPLC: Shimadzu LC30AD; Mass Spectrometer: API 4000
Column: Agilent SB C18 1.8 μm 50×2.1 mm
[0594] Mobile phase: 0.1% formic acid in water, 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile
[0595] For dilution samples: 10 μL sample was added to 90 μL blank rat plasma. The mixture was precipitated with 300 μL acetonitrile containing IS in Eppendorf tubes. The mixture was vortexed for 1 min, then centrifuged for 10 min, 50 μL supernatant was transferred to a 96 well-plate with 100 μL water. After shaking for 10 min, 10 μL was injected into the LC-MS/MS system for analysis. Determined, mean plasma concentrations for Compounds 1 and 33 are shown in Table 5 and Table 6 respectively.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Mean plasma concentration of Compound 1 following p.o. dosing of 10 and 30 mg/kg Compound 1 Dose p.o. (mg/kg) 10 30 Mean plasma Mean plasma Time concentration concentration (hours) (ng/mL) Std. Dev. (ng/mL) Std. Dev 0.25 379.0 201.0 1057.3 9.4 0.50 736.2 127.5 2088.0 180.9 1.00 449.6 0.7 1202.9 186.7 2.00 133.6 38.5 657.4 60.8 3.00 66.4 18.0 238.5 14.2 5.00 27.2 11.8 41.3 20.6 8.00 6.4 2.7 13.5 NA
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Mean plasma concentration of Compound 33 following p.o. dosing of 10 and 30 mg/kg Compound 33 Dose p.o. (mg/kg) 10 30 Mean plasma Mean plasma Time concentration concentration (hours) (ng/mL) Std. Dev. (ng/mL) Std. Dev 0.50 771.3 465.4 3714.2 352.1 1.00 548.3 243.4 3013.6 309.2 2.00 246.0 100.2 1474.8 187.1 4.00 56.4 49.4 184.7 23.0 8.00 8.4 5.2 13.7 0.7
Example 26
Target Engagement
[0596] A single dose of a mechanism-based inhibitor may be sufficient to block enzymatic activity in vivo for a prolonged period.
Measurement of Lysyl Oxidase Activity—Ear Slice Assay
[0597] The ears, collected right after sacrifice of the rats (treated or untreated with a LOX inhibitor), were snap frozen in dry ice for −80° C. storage. For the assay, 5×5 mm samples were cut (still half-thawed), embedded in agarose gel and cut in cross sections 200 μM thick (vibratome). The thin sections were collected in ice cold PBS containing protease inhibitors, and allowed to rest in the bath for 2-3 hours, to allow soluble contaminants to diffuse away prior to the assay. For a 96 well plate format: three thin slices were collected, gently blotted dry on Kimwipe, and transferred to each well containing 100 μl of assay buffer (1.2 M urea, 50 mM sodium borate buffer, pH 8.2), for a 30 minute pre-incubation at 37° C. in presence of 1 μM mofegiline and 500 μM pargyline. BAPN (500 μM) had been added to all the “low control” wells. A minimum of three replicas were performed for each condition.
[0598] After pre-incubation, 100 μl of Amplex Red-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mix (120 μM Amplex Red, 1.5 U/mL HRP, 20 mM putrescine) were added to all wells, and the plate was read at 37° C. every 2.5 minutes for 13 times, (544 nm excitation and 590 nm emission, on a BMG Clariostar, in orbital, top reading mode). The slope of the kinetic curves, subtracted by the values obtained in the low controls (in presence of BAPN), was considered a measure of the specific lysyl oxidase activity in the sample.
Example 27
Measurement of Lysyl Oxidase Activity in the Aorta
[0599] Sample preparation: All preparation activities were performed on ice, with buffers in presence of proteases inhibitors (PMSF: Sigma P7626, 0.25 mM, Aprotinin: Sigma A6279, 1 μL per mL) (Methods in Cell Biology, 2018; 143: 147-156). The surrounding adventitia and muscle/fat from the frozen aorta sample was removed in ice-cold Wash Buffer (0.15 M NaCl, 50 mM sodium borate, pH=8.0, with protease inhibitors) using fine forceps, under a dissecting microscope. The aorta was blotted on a Kimwipe and weighed in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube and left on ice. After snap-freezing the aorta in liquid nitrogen, a mortar and the pestle (stored at −80° C.) was used to pulverize the tissue. The pulverized tissue was transferred to a designated tube containing metal beads, 10× v/w Wash Buffer+protease inhibitors. The tissues was homogenized for 5 seconds using a bead-mill. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. and the supernatant was discarded. Homogenization and washing steps were repeated twice more. The resulting pellet was re-suspended in 3× v/w of 6 M Urea Buffer (50 mM sodium borate, 6 M urea, pH=8.2)+protease inhibitors, and then vortexed. The sample was then left at 4° C. on a roller for 3 hours extraction. After extraction, the sample was centrifuged (10,000×g at 4° C. for 20 min.) and the supernatant was retained. An equal volume from all samples was transferred into a fresh tube for diluting (minimum required is 33 μL). The samples were diluted to 2.4 M urea (sample at this stage is ˜4.5 M urea) with Na Borate buffer (50 mM sodium borate, pH 8.2)+protease inhibitors, and used in the subsequent assay.
[0600] Assay: Pargyline (final concentration 0.5 mM) and mofegiline (final concentration 1 μM) were added to the samples. Duplicate wells were set up in black 384 plate, 25 tit per well. To one duplicate was added 0.5 μL of 30 mM BAPN (pan-lox inhibitor); providing the background value (low control). Samples were then incubate for 30 minutes at 37° C. Reaction Mix (25 μL) was added to each well (concentrations were shown as 2× the final in the assay: 120 μM Amplex red, 1.5 U/mL HRP, 20 mM putrescine). Plate fluorescence was then measured every 2.5 min (Ex: 544 nm/Em: 590 nm/gain: 1260; 37° C.) on Fluostar™.
[0601] Young male Wistar rats were given a single oral dose (10 or 30 mg/kg) of Compounds 1 or 33 (Table 5 and 6 respectively) and the enzymatic activity was measured in tissues with a high basal activity at this age, in the ear (
[0602] Compound 1 described herein exerts long lasting inhibition of LOX. While plasma concentrations of Compound 1 are far below the IC.sub.50 after 8 hours (Table 5) in the plasma of rats, dose dependent, sustained reduction in LOX activity is measureable 24 hours after a single oral dose (
[0603] A single high (30 mg/kg) dose of Compound 33 was found to completely abolish lysyl oxidase activity. While plasma concentrations of Compound 33 are far below the IC.sub.50 after 8 hours (Table 6), the half-life of recovery is between 2-3 days (ear) and 24 hours (aorta) (
Example 28
Method to Determine the Ability of Compounds of Formula I to Inhibit Human Recombinant SSAO/VAP-1
[0604] Human recombinant SSAO/VAP-1 amine oxidase activity was determined using the coupled colorimetric method as described for monoamine oxidase, copper-containing amine oxidases and related enzymes (Holt A. and Palcic M., A peroxidase-coupled continuous absorbance plate-reader assay for flavin monoamine oxidases, copper-containing amine oxidases and related enzymes. Nat Protoc 2006; 1: 2498-2505). Briefly, a cloned cDNA template corresponding to residues 34-763 of human SSAO/VAP-1, and incorporating a mouse Ig kappa (κ) signal sequence, N-terminal flag epitope tag and tobacco etch virus (TEV) cleavage site, was assembled in a mammalian expression vector (pLO-CMV) by Geneart AG. This vector containing human SSAO/VAP-1 residues was transfected into CHO-Kl glycosylation mutant cell line, Lec 8. A clone stably expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 was isolated and cultured in large scale. Active human SSAO/VAP-1 was purified and recovered using immunoaffinity chromatography. This was used as the source for SSAO/VAP-1 activity. A high-throughput colorimetric assay was developed using either 96 or 384 well format. Briefly, in a standard 96 well plate assay 50 μL of purified human SSAO/VAP-1 (0.25 μg/mL) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added into each well. Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO and tested in a Concentration Response Curve (CRC) with 4-11 data points, typically in the micromolar or nanomolar range after incubation with human SSAO/VAP-1 for 30 min at 37° C. After 30 min incubation, 50 μL of the reaction mixture containing 600 μM benzylamine (Sigma Aldrich), 120 μM Amplex Red (Sigma Aldrich) and 1.5 U/mL horseradish peroxidase (Sigma Aldrich) prepared in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were added to the corresponding well. The fluorescence unit (RFU) was read every 2.5 min for 30 min at 37° C. excitation 565 nm and emission 590 (Optima; BMG labtech). The slope of the kinetics for each well was calculated using MARS data analysis software (BMG labtech) and this value was used to deduce the IC.sub.50 value (Dotmatics). The ability of the compounds of Formula I to inhibit SSAO/VAP-1 is shown in Table 7
Example 29
Method to Determine the Ability of Compounds of Formula I to Inhibit Human Recombinant MAO-B
[0605] The specificity of the compounds of this invention was tested by determining their ability to inhibit MAO-B activities in vitro. Recombinant human MAO-B (0.06 mg/mL; Sigma Aldrich) was used as source of MAO-B enzyme activities. The assay was performed in a similar way as for human SSAO/VAP-1 (Example 28) except, the substrate benzylamine was used at 100 μM. The ability of compounds of Formula I to inhibit MAO-B is shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Selectivity of Compounds of Formula I for LOX and LOXL2 compared to SSAO/VAP-1 and MAO-B SSAO/VAP-1 MAO-B Activity IC.sub.50 Activity IC.sub.50 Compound (micromolar) (micromolar) BAPN >30 >30 1 >30 >30 2 >30 >30 3 >30 >30 4 >30 <10 5 >30 >30 6 >30 >30 7 >30 >30 8 >30 >30 9 >30 <10 10 >30 >30 11 >30 >30 12 >30 >30 13 >30 <10 14 >30 >30 15 >30 >30 19 >30 >30 23 >30 — 28 >30 — 31 >30 — 32 >30 33 >10 >30 45 >30 50 >30 51 >10 >30 53 >30
[0606] LOX and LOXL1-4 enzymes are members of a large family of flavin-dependent and copper-dependent amine oxidases, which includes SSAO/VAP-1 and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). Compounds of the present invention selectively inhibit members of the LOX family of enzymes with respect to SSAO/VAP-1, MAO-B and other family member amine oxidases. Examples of the magnitude of selectivity can be seen in Table 7.
Example 30
Rodent Injury Model
[0607] Mice received injury by excision of dermal tissue. In the treatment group, 1% Compound 1 solution was applied topically from 24 hours post injury to 1 week post injury. Wounds were then left to heal for an additional week. Mice were euthanized at 14 days post injury and the tissue was analyzed for collagen I content, and changes in gross morphology and histology.
[0608] Collagen I quantity (measured using LCMS and normalized for protein content) was reduced in treated tissue compared to control (
Example 31
Porcine Burn Injury Model
[0609] Pigs received 4×25 cm.sup.2 deep dermal burn injuries, 2 on each flank. From the time of re-epithelialisation, on each pig, 2 wounds were treated with 3% Compound 1 cream daily for 4 weeks and 2 received control cream. Pigs were euthanized and tissue was processed for analysis.
[0610] LOX activity was significantly reduced in treated tissue (
Example 32
Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
[0611] Female athymic nude mice (4-5 weeks old) received inoculation of MiaPaca-2luc (Human Pancreatic cell line) directly into the pancreas. Measured bioluminescent signal intensity and body weight were utilised to stratify tumours into treatment groups on day 14 after initial inoculation. Treatment groups included 1. Vehicle, i.p. 3 times a week. 2. Abraxane (10 mg/kg, i.p. 2 times a week) and gemcitabine (initial dose 100 mg/kg i.p., for the second dose this was reduced to 60 mg/kg i.p. due to acute toxicity and given twice a week). 3. Abraxane (dosed as described above) and gemcitabine (dosed as described above) and Compound 33 (10 mg/kg i.p. 3 times a week) (See
Example 33
Mouse Model of Sclerosis
[0612] Subcutaneous bleomycin was administered every second day (for 20 days total) to female C57BL/6 to induced skin fibrosis as a model of sclerosis. The lesions were treated with either Vehicle, 0.5%, 1% or 3% Compound 1. Histology was completed after 21 days. The histological analysis is shown in
Example 34
Mouse Model of Primary Myelofibrosis
[0613] Fifteen to sixteen week old GATA1low male and female mice were intra-peritoneal injected with either vehicle (olive oil), or Compound 19 at a dose of 15 mg/kg, four times a week for 10 weeks. The mice were then sacrificed and the spleens and femurs were harvested for histology and analysis (
[0614] Mice treated with Compound 19 had significantly lower spleen weights adjusted to body weight compared to vehicle group (242.25±18 mg vs 305.11±22.4 mg, p<0.05). There was no difference in pre-treatment hematologic parameters, however, mice in the treatment group had significantly lower platelet count compared to vehicle mice post-treatment (77.5±4.4 K/uL vs 106±12, p<0.05). Bone marrow (BM) and splenic fibrosis was significantly decreased in mice in the treatment group compared to vehicle. Morphologic BM megakaryocytes (MKs) on H&E stain were counted and were decreased in mice in the treatment group compared to vehicle (24.65±0.6 per 20× field vs 32.91±0.71, p<0.001).
Example 35
Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) Model
[0615] A 14-day unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) model of acute kidney fibrosis in mice was conducted to mimic the different stages of obstructive nephropathy leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis in an accelerated manner UUO surgery was performed by ligation of the left ureter and induced decrease of left kidney thickness and atrophy (indicated by a significant decrease in kidney weight and ratio of kidney/body weight when compared to the contralateral side) as well as a significant increase in kidney fibrosis. Treatment groups received Compound 33 (10 mg/kg daily) orally for the duration of the study. Compound 33 increased kidney weight and thickness and reduced the area of fibrosis as measured by Picrosirius Red (
Example 36
Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model
[0616] C57Bl/6 mice were given 1.5 U/kg amounts of generic clinical Bleomycin (Blenoxane) via oropharyngeal administration. Compound 33 was dosed daily via oral gavage for 21 days, after which time, tissues were harvested and analyzed. As shown in
Example 37
Compound 33 Reduces Fibrosis Associated Metastasis
[0617] Growing evidence suggests that for cancer metastasis to occur, a pre-metastatic niche needs to be established to aid extravasation and metastatic colonisation. A fibrotic microenvironment is thought to potentiate tumor invasion and the metastasis.
[0618] Hepatic fibrosis was induced by treated of BALB/c mice twice weekly with 1 mg/kg carbon tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4) for a period of 8 wks. In parallel, treatment with Compound 33 (20 mg/kg daily ip) was provided, which significantly reduced liver fibrosis (
Example 38
[0619] Compounds of the Current Invention have Reduced Substrate Activity at SSAO Compared to the E-Alkene, Isomeric Counterparts
[0620] Minimizing off-target activity is a key consideration in the design and development of compounds destined for therapeutic application. Compounds including E-1 have been exemplified as inhibitors of semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) [WO2009/066152]. It has been reported that molecules of this type can also be turned over as substrates for SSAO, generating potentially toxic metabolites (Foot et. al., 2012). In a preferred embodiment compounds of the current invention are neither inhibitors nor substrates of SSAO.
Measurement of Substrate Turnover by SSAO
[0621] In brief, the assay employed determines the substrate propensity of a compound relative to background (dimethyl sulfoxide only). Compound oxidation by rhSSAO was measured by fluorometric assay (Holt and Palcic, 2006). Briefly, rhSSAO was incubated for 2 hours at 37° C. in HEPES buffer before the addition of an equal volume of Amplex Red (20 mM), horseradish peroxidase (4 U/ml), and Compound (2.5 mM) in the same buffer. The kinetics of the formation of resorufin was measured immediately using Optima reader (BMG Labtech GmbH, Ortenburg, Germany), at 37° C. Representative results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Recombinant human SSAO (rhSSAO) Substrate activity for Structure Compound inhibition (IC.sub.50) rhSSAO