SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LITHIUM

Abstract

A decoupled plating system is provided for producing lithium. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a feed tank configured to supply a lithium-rich aqueous electrolyte stream, a plating tank that is configured to receive an organic electrolyte and plate out lithium metal from that organic electrolyte, and one or more lithium replenishment cells configured to receive both electrolytes, keep them separated, and selectively move lithium ions from the aqueous electrolyte into the spent organic electrolyte stream. The present system and process can advantageously reduce operating costs and/or improve energy efficiency in production of lithium metal and associated products.

Claims

1. A lithium producing system comprising: a plating tank configured to receive an organic electrolyte; an anode provided within the plating tank; a substrate spaced apart from the anode and provided within the plating tank, wherein the anode and the substrate are configured to apply a potential to the substrate, whereupon lithium is plated onto the substrate from the organic electrolyte, and a spent electrolyte stream is discharged; and one or more lithium replenishment cells configured to receive the spent electrolyte stream and to form one or more regenerate electrolyte streams.

2. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises a substantially planar mesh structure.

3. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a substantially planar body portion.

4. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the plating tank includes one or more sidewalls, and the anode and the substrate are coupled to the one or more sidewalls.

5. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the substrate measures approximately 12.7 cm or greater in the longest dimension.

6. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the organic electrolyte comprises a DMC-LiPF6 mix.

7. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more lithium replenishment cells are configured to receive both an aqueous and an organic electrolyte in separate streams, and wherein the one or more lithium replenishment cells comprise a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic that separates the organic electrolyte from the aqueous electrolyte.

8. The lithium producing system of claim 7, wherein the aqueous electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate dissolved in sulfuric acid.

9. The lithium producing system of claim 7, wherein the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition in mol percent: P.sub.2O.sub.5 26-55%; SiO.sub.2 0-15%; GeO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 25-50%; in which GeO.sub.2 0-50%; TiO.sub.2 0-50%; ZrO.sub.2 0-10%; M.sub.2O.sub.3 0-10%; Al.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Li.sub.2O.sub.3-25% and containing a predominant crystalline phase comprising Li.sub.1+x(M, Al, Ga).sub.x(Ge.sub.1−yTi.sub.y).sub.2−x(PO.sub.4).sub.3 where X≤0.8 and 0≤Y≤1 and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, and/or Li.sub.1+x+yQ.sub.xTi.sub.2−xSi.sub.3P.sub.3−yO.sub.12 where 0<X≤0.4 and 0<Y≤0.6, and where Q is Al or Ga.

10. The lithium producing system of claim 7, wherein the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic measures approximately 7.6 cm or less in the longest dimension.

11. The lithium producing system of claim 1 comprising a plurality of the lithium replenishment cells and/or plating tanks.

12. The lithium producing system of claim 1, wherein the organic electrolyte is continuously provided to the plating tank, and the spent electrolyte is continuously regenerated at the one or more lithium replenishment cells and returned to the plating tank.

13. A process for producing lithium, the process comprising: forwarding an organic electrolyte to a plating tank, wherein an anode and a substrate are provided within the plating tank; applying a potential to the substrate, thereby plating lithium onto the substrate from the organic electrolyte and forming a spent electrolyte stream; and regenerating the spent electrolyte stream within one or more lithium replenishment cells.

14. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the anode comprises a substantially planar mesh structure.

15. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises a substantially planar body portion.

16. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the plating tank includes one or more sidewalls, and the anode and the substrate are coupled to the one or more sidewalls.

17. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the organic electrolyte comprises a DMC-LiPF6 mix.

18. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the one or more lithium replenishment cells are configured to receive both an aqueous and an organic electrolyte in separate streams, and wherein the one or more lithium replenishment cells comprise a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic that separates the organic electrolyte from the aqueous electrolyte.

19. The process for producing lithium of claim 18, wherein the aqueous electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate dissolved in sulfuric acid.

20. The process for producing lithium of claim 18, wherein the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition in mol percent: P.sub.2O.sub.5 26-55%; SiO.sub.2 0-15%; GeO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 25-50%; in which GeO.sub.2 0-50%; TiO.sub.2 0-50%; ZrO.sub.2 0-10%; M.sub.2O.sub.3 0-10%; Al.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Li.sub.2O.sub.3-25% and containing a predominant crystalline phase comprising Li.sub.1+x(M, Al, Ga).sub.x(Ge.sub.1−yTi.sub.y).sub.2−x(PO.sub.4).sub.3 where X≤0.8 and 0≤Y≤1 and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, and/or Li.sub.1+x+yQ.sub.xTi.sub.2−xSi.sub.3P.sub.3−yO.sub.12 where 0<X≤0.4 and 0<Y≤0.6, and where Q is Al or Ga.

21. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the spent electrolyte stream is regenerated within a plurality of the lithium replenishment cells.

22. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the organic electrolyte is continuously provided to the plating tank, and the spent electrolyte is continuously regenerated at the one or more lithium replenishment cells.

23. The process for producing lithium of claim 13, wherein the replenishment cell and the plating system are operated at different potentials to control a replenishment rate and a plating rate independently.

24. A lithium producing system comprising: a plating tank configured to receive an organic electrolyte; an anode provided within the plating tank; a substrate spaced apart from the anode and provided within the plating tank; and one or more lithium replenishment cells configured to receive the organic electrolyte stream from the plating tank, wherein the one or more lithium replenishment cells comprise a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic, and wherein the substrate is larger than the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0024] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a lithium producing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial view of the plating tank used in the lithium producing system of FIG. 1.

[0026] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the lithium producing cell used in the lithium producing system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “and” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0028] For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number therebetween with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the numbers 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

[0029] The present disclosure generally relates to a decoupled plating system comprising a plating tank configured to receive an organic electrolyte, and one or more lithium replenishment cells configured to regenerate a spent electrolyte stream. Additionally the present disclosure also relates to processes for plating lithium onto a substrate from the organic electrolyte and regenerating the spent electrolyte stream.

[0030] Referring initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, the illustrated embodiment of the system 100 for producing lithium includes a plating tank 110 configured to receive an organic electrolyte, an anode 120 provided within the plating tank 110, a substrate or plating cathode 130 spaced apart from the anode 120 and provided within the plating tank 110, and one or more lithium replenishment cells 140. In a non-limiting embodiment, the organic electrolyte comprises a DMC-LiPF6 mix or an equivalent electrolyte compatible with lithium ions, including standard electrolytes used in lithium ion and lithium metal batteries. The lithium producing systems and processes described herein are not limited in this regard. The anode 120 and the substrate 130 are configured to apply a potential to the substrate 130, whereupon lithium is plated onto the substrate 130 from the organic electrolyte, and a spent electrolyte stream is discharged. The one or more lithium replenishment cells 140 are configured to receive the spent electrolyte stream and to form one or more regenerate electrolyte streams.

[0031] Also referring to FIG. 3, the lithium replenishment cell 140 is configured to receive an aqueous electrolyte. The cell body can be made of a suitably rigid material such as polypropylene. The lithium producing systems and processes described herein are not limited in this regard. Although FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the system 100 with one lithium replenishment cell 140, it is to be appreciated that other embodiments may utilize a plurality of lithium replenishment cells 140. In a scaled up production system this would allow multiple replenishment cells 140 to be operating in the loop with replenishment rate matched to the plating rate in the plating tank 110. If there is an issue with one of the replenishment cells 140, it could be taken offline without affecting the plating operation.

[0032] In the illustrated embodiment, the lithium replenishment cell 140 comprises a lithium ion conductive glass ceramic 150 that separates the organic electrolyte from the aqueous electrolyte, and an electrode 152 made from titanium or niobium coated with platinum, gold, or ruthenium. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic 150 is an ion conductive glass-ceramic having the following composition in mol percent: P.sub.2O.sub.5 26-55%; SiO.sub.2 0-15%; GeO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 25-50%; in which GeO.sub.2 0-50%; TiO.sub.2 0-50%; ZrO.sub.2 0-10%; M.sub.2O.sub.3 0-10%; Al.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 0-15%; Li.sub.2O.sub.3-25% and containing a predominant crystalline phase comprising Li.sub.1+x(M, Al, Ga)).sub.x(Ge.sub.1−yTi.sub.y).sub.2−x(PO.sub.4).sub.3 where X≤0.8 and 0≤Y≤1 and where M is an element selected from the group consisting of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, and/or Li.sub.1+x+yQ.sub.xTi.sub.2−xSi.sub.3P.sub.3−yO.sub.12 where 0<X≤0.4 and 0<Y≤0.6, and where Q is Al or Ga. Other examples include 11Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Na.sub.2O.11Al.sub.2O.sub.3, (Na, Li).sub.1+xTi.sub.2−xAl.sub.x(PO.sub.4).sub.3 (0.6≤x≤0.9) and crystallographically related structures, Na.sub.3Zr.sub.2Si.sub.2PO.sub.12, Li.sub.3Zr.sub.2Si.sub.2PO.sub.4, Na.sub.5ZrP.sub.3O.sub.12, Na.sub.5TiP.sub.3O.sub.12, Na.sub.3Fe.sub.2P.sub.3O.sub.12, Na.sub.4NbP.sub.3O.sub.12, Li.sub.5ZrP.sub.3O.sub.12, Li.sub.5TiP.sub.3O.sub.12, Li.sub.5Fe.sub.2P.sub.3O.sub.12 and Li.sub.4NbP.sub.3O.sub.12 and combinations thereof, optionally sintered or melted. Suitable material with similarly high lithium metal ion conductivity and environmental/chemical resistance are manufactured by Ohara, Inc. (Kanagawa, JP) and others.

[0033] Suitable ceramic ion active metal ion conductors include, for example, LIC-GC™ from Ohara, LISICON (Lithium-ion Superionic Conductor) membrane material from Ampcera, and Li.sub.2O—Al.sub.2O.sub.3—SiO.sub.2—P.sub.2O.sub.5—TiO.sub.2 (LATP). LISICON uses the lithium aluminum germanium phosphate Li.sub.1.5Al.sub.0.5Ge.sub.1.5P.sub.3O.sub.12 or Li.sub.1.5Al.sub.0.5Ge.sub.1.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3 as the main crystalline phase. Small amount of dopants can be present. The lithium producing systems and processes described herein are not limited in this regard.

[0034] In certain non-limiting embodiments, the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic 150 measures approximately 7.6 cm or less in the longest dimension. Depending on the usage requirements or preferences for the particular system 100, lithium cells with Ohara LiC-GC™ plates measuring approximately 7.6 cm in the longest dimension can be retrofitted as the lithium replenishment cell 140. Plating does not occur in this replenishment cell 140, but in a separate plating tank 110 through which the organic electrolyte also circulates in the organic electrolyte loop. Stated slightly differently, the plating tank 110 is decoupled from the replenishment cell 140, as further explained below.

[0035] In certain non-limiting embodiments, both the aqueous and organic electrolytes are circulated in their own closed loops. In some embodiments, one or more pumps 142 and/or feed tanks 144 may be employed to produce or circulate a desired flow regime. When a potential is applied across the replenishment cell 140, lithium ions migrate from the aqueous electrolyte, through the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic 150, into the circulating organic electrolyte. In some embodiments, the cell 140 essentially works as a lithium ion pump moving lithium ions from the circulating aqueous electrolyte loop 160 into the circulating organic electrolyte loop 170.

[0036] According to certain non-limiting embodiments, the plating tank 110 is in the circulating organic electrolyte loop 170. In some embodiments, the anode 120 comprises a substantially planar mesh structure, e.g., a wire mesh measuring approximately 15.2 cm by approximately 12.7 cm. In other embodiments, however, the anode 120 may assume any other suitable geometric form. In some embodiments, the anode 120 can be made from titanium or niobium coated with platinum, gold, or ruthenium. In certain other non-limiting embodiments, the anode 120 can be made from any material that is compatible with the anolyte. In some embodiments, the plating tank 110 includes one or more sidewalls 180, and the anode 120 is coupled to one or more of the sidewalls 180. The anode 120 may be fixedly or removably attached to the sidewalls 180 of the plating tank 110. For example, the anode 120 may be formed integrally as one piece with the plating tank 110, or it may be separately formed and attached to the sidewalls 180. In another example, anode 120 and the sidewalls 180 may include mating threads to enable a screw-type connection 190. In other embodiments, the anode 120 may be attached to the sidewalls 180 via glue or friction. In other embodiments the anode 120 may be hung freely in the anolyte, not touching the plating tank sidewalls 180.

[0037] According to certain non-limiting embodiments, the substrate 130 to be plated with lithium is submerged in the plating tank 110 spaced apart from the anode 120. In some embodiments, the substrate 130 comprises a substantially planar body portion. In other embodiments, however, the substrate 130 may assume any other suitable geometric form. In some embodiments, the substrate 130 is coupled to one or more of the sidewalls 180. Like the anode 120, the substrate 130 may be fixedly or removably attached to the sidewalls 180 of the plating tank 110. For example, the substrate 130 may be formed integrally as one piece with the plating tank 110, or it may be separately formed and attached to the sidewalls 180. In another example, substrate 130 and the sidewalls 180 may include mating threads to enable a screw-type connection. In other embodiments, the substrate 130 may be attached to the sidewalls 180 via glue or friction. In other embodiments the substrate 130 may be hung freely in the anolyte, not touching the plating tank sidewalls 180, as long as space is maintained between the anode 120 and the substrate 130.

[0038] In some embodiments, a potential is applied to the substrate 130, and lithium plates onto the substrate 130 from the circulating organic electrolyte. A spent electrolyte stream is formed in the plating tank 110, and the spent electrolyte stream flows back through the lithium replenishment cell 140 for regeneration. In a non-limiting embodiment, the organic electrolyte is continuously fed or provided into the plating tank 110, lithium metal is continuously plated onto the substrate 130, and the spent electrolyte is continuously regenerated at one or more lithium replenishment cells 140.

[0039] The main benefits of the decoupled plating system 100 for producing lithium are that (1) the size of the substrate 130 to be plated is no longer limited to the size of the lithium ion conductive glass ceramic 150 (they are independent, allowing much larger substrates to be plated), (2) operating costs are reduced, (3) energy efficiency is improved in production of lithium, and (4) the replenishment cell 140 and the plating system 120/130 can be operated independently at different potentials to match lithium replenishment rates to lithium plating rates. In certain non-limiting embodiment, the substrate 130 to be plated can measure approximately 12.7 cm or greater in the longest dimension. In other embodiments, the size of the substrate and is only limited by the size of the plating tank and the capacity of the replenishment cells(s) 140 incorporated into the system.

[0040] It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.