INSTRUMENTS FOR NAVIGATED ORTHOPEDIC SURGERIES

Abstract

Devices, systems, and methods for computer-assisted navigation and/or robot-assisted surgery. Navigable instrumentation, which are capable of being navigated by a surgeon using the surgical robot system, allow for the navigated movement of instruments or other surgical devices. The instruments may be suitable for procedures involving navigated and/or robotic total knee arthroplasty, for example.

Claims

1. A system for computer-assisted navigation during surgery, the system comprising: a robotic navigation system including a computer, a display, and a camera configured to detect tracking markers; a first dynamic reference base including a first reference array with a plurality of tracking markers, the first dynamic reference base configured to attach to and track a first bone; a second dynamic reference base including a second reference array with a plurality of tracking markers, the second dynamic reference base configured to attach to and track a second bone; and a navigable stylus including a third reference array with a plurality of tracking markers and a universal quick-connect attachment tip configured to quickly attach the stylus to a plurality of surgical instruments, wherein the robotic navigation system is adapted to determine a position of the surgical instrument attached to the stylus.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more instruments configured to connect to the stylus includes a posterior tibial wall hook.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the posterior tibial wall hook includes a collar and a hook, wherein the collar includes a longitudinal opening configured to receive the universal tip, and the hook is configured to localize a tibial wall during a total knee arthroplasty.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more instruments configured to connect to the stylus includes a plane checker.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the plane checker includes a collar and a foot, wherein the collar includes a longitudinal opening configured to receive the universal tip, and the foot includes a U-shaped plate with a flat bottom surface configured to be placed on a resection plane to return an angulation and/or cut depth to the robotic navigation system.

6. The system of claim 4, wherein the plane checker is free to rotate relative to a longitudinal axis of the stylus, thereby allowing quick reorientation of the third reference array.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the stylus is configured for landmark localization and point acquisition.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein once the stylus is on a landmark or point of interest, rotation of the stylus by a threshold rotation is captured by the robotic navigation system, thereby capturing the landmark or point of interest by the robotic navigation system.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the threshold rotation is at least 30°.

10. The system of claim 7, wherein one tracking marker associated with the reference array is physically movable relative to the other tracking markers, and once the stylus is on a landmark or point of interest, the robotic navigation system detects movement of the one tracking marker relative to the other tracking markers and captures the landmark or point of interest.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the first bone is a femur and the second bone is a tibia.

12. A system for computer-assisted navigation during surgery, the system comprising: a robotic navigation system including a computer, a display, and a camera configured to detect tracking markers; a first dynamic reference base including a first reference array with a plurality of tracking markers, the first dynamic reference base configured to attach to and track a femur; a second dynamic reference base including a second reference array with a plurality of tracking markers, the second dynamic reference base configured to attach to and track a tibia; and a tensor including a body with a pair of independent superior distraction paddles, an inferior distraction paddle, a shaft connected to a knob configured to move the superior distraction paddles relative to the inferior distraction paddle, and a spring positioned around the shaft between the body and the knob.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the tensor is configured to provide a distraction force between the tibia and the femur and the computer is adapted to automatically determine a gap information based on positions of the tracking markers of the first and second reference arrays as seen by the camera.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein rotation of the distraction knob translates the superior distraction paddles outwardly and away from the inferior distraction paddle, thereby providing a gap between the superior and inferior distraction paddles.

15. The system of claim 12, wherein the tensor includes a pivotable ligament balance indicator positioned on the body of the tensor, wherein the first superior distraction paddle is connected to a first end of the ligament balance indicator with a first rod, and the second superior distraction paddle is connected to the opposite end of the ligament balance indicator with a second rod.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein when distracted, a distraction force F.sub.DISTRACTION is applied against the inferior distraction paddle, a force F.sub.LCL is applied against the first superior distraction paddle, and a force F.sub.MCL is applied against the second superior distraction paddle, and wherein if the ligaments are in balance where F.sub.LCL=F.sub.MCL, the ligament balance indicator indicates the balance, or if the ligaments are not in balance where F.sub.LCL<F.sub.MCL or F.sub.LCL>F.sub.MCL, then the ligament balance indicator indicates the imbalance.

17. A system for computer-assisted navigation during surgery, the system comprising: a robotic navigation system including a computer, a display, and a camera configured to detect one or more tracking markers; and a modular dynamic reference base including a reference array with a plurality of tracking markers, an integrated bridge and pin guide, and first and second fasteners, wherein each of the plurality of tracking markers are positioned within a protective shield configured to prevent loss of navigation, wherein the bridge includes a first opening aligned with a first pin guide and a second opening aligned with a second pin guide, and wherein the first and second fasteners are configured to be received through the bridge and pin guides for securing the dynamic reference base to bone.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the reference array includes a rectangular frame with a cross brace, and a tracking marker is placed at each corner of the rectangular frame within each respective shield.

19. The system of claim 17, wherein the reference array is configured to rotate about two axes, wherein the reference array is able to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the bridge, and the array is able to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the bridge, and wherein after adjustment along one or both of the axes, the reference array is locked into position with one or more locking screws.

20. The system of claim 17, wherein the bridge is configured to temporarily attach to a removable handle, and wherein the handle is configured to install the modular dynamic reference base.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0018] FIG. 1 shows a femur and tibia with a dynamic reference base attached to each bone and a stylus with a universal reference element according to one embodiment;

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates a surgical robotic and/or navigation system in accordance with one embodiment;

[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates a medical operation in which the surgical robot and camera system are positioned around a patient;

[0021] FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate embodiments of a stylus with a universal reference element, a plane checker instrument attached to the stylus, and a posterior tibial wall hook attached to the stylus;

[0022] FIGS. 5A-5B show uses for the stylus with the tibia wall hook and plane checker attachment, respectively;

[0023] FIG. 6 shows a resected femur and resected tibia and a stylus according to one embodiment;

[0024] FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate embodiments of one or more surveillance markers that may be used to maintain navigation integrity;

[0025] FIG. 8 is an example of a landmark check using the surveillance marker and a stylus;

[0026] FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate embodiments of one or more virtual landmarks using a stylus;

[0027] FIG. 10 is an embodiment of a dynamic reference base with an integrated surveillance marker;

[0028] FIGS. 11A-11B show an embodiment of a plane checker;

[0029] FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate embodiments of the stylus that allow for landmark and/or point capture without the need for depressing the foot pedal of the robot during the operation;

[0030] FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of a tensor instrument for use during flexion of the femur and tibia;

[0031] FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of the tensor instrument;

[0032] FIG. 15 illustrates the tensor for use during extension of the femur and tibia;

[0033] FIG. 16 is an example of the tensor with ligament balance;

[0034] FIG. 17 is an illustration of a femur and tibia with a dynamic reference base attached to each bone;

[0035] FIGS. 18A-18B show an embodiment of a modular dynamic reference base with a removeable handle for installing the dynamic reference base;

[0036] FIGS. 19A-19C depict inserting an integrated bridge and pin guide of the dynamic reference base with the attached handle, driving pins through the bridge and pin guide, and locking the pins to the bridge with a locking element;

[0037] FIGS. 20A-20C depict the dynamic reference base with the handle removed, attaching the reference array, adjusting the position and/or orientation of the reference array, and locking the final position of the reference array;

[0038] FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of the dynamic reference base with an extension arm between the bridge and the reference array; and

[0039] FIGS. 22A-22B show an embodiment of the bone pin which may be used to fixate the dynamic reference base to the bone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] During a knee replacement, knee arthroplasty, or total knee arthroplasty (TKA), one or more implants may be used to cap the ends of the femur and/or tibia that form the knee joint. The knee includes the femur or thighbone of the upper leg, the tibia or shin bone of the lower leg, and the patella or knee cap. A TKA may be desirable when osteoarthritis cause breakdown of joint cartilage and/or one or more bones in the knee, rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation of the synovial membrane, or trauma causes damage to the bone and/or cartilage of the knee. Although a TKA is exemplified herein, it will be appreciated that other orthopedic or other surgical procedures may utilize the devices and systems described herein. In order to improve surgical outcomes, a surgical navigation and/or robotic system may be used to navigate one or more instruments and/or assist the surgeon with one or more surgical procedures.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 1, a system or procedure for conducting one or more steps in a knee arthroplasty is shown. The femur 4 and tibia 6 are shown with a patient tracking device or dynamic reference base 26 attached to each bone. The dynamic reference base 26 tracks the patient's anatomy throughout the course of the operation. The dynamic reference base 26 may be configured to be tracked by a surgical robot and/or navigation system 10, for example, as shown in FIG. 2. The surgical robot and/or navigation system 10 may include, for example, a surgical robot 12, one or more robot arms 14, a base 16 including a computer platform, a display or monitor 20 (and/or optional wireless tablet, headset, etc.), an end-effector 22, and one or more tracking markers 18. The end effector 22 may be configured to secure a guide tube, access instrument, or other tool suitable for performing one or more steps in the orthopedic procedure. In one embodiment shown in FIG. 2, an access instrument 34 (e.g., a retractor) is attached to the end-effector 22 with an articulating arm 24, and in an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 3, an instrument holder for securing a surgical saw 36, for example, configured to oscillate a saw blade for cutting bone, is coupled to the end-effector 22. It will be appreciated that a suitable instrument or device may be connected to the end-effector 22 for control by robot 12.

[0042] In navigated and/or robot-assisted surgical procedures, one or more instruments may be tracked using a reference element, array, or dynamic reference array 28, 42, 94. The reference array 28, 42, 94 may include one or tracking markers 18, which are attached or attachable to the instrument and allow for the tracking system 10 to detect and localize the position of the instrument in 3D space. The computer platform in combination with the camera tracking system or other 3D localization system are configured to track in real-time the pose (e.g., positions and rotational orientations) of the reference arrays 28, 42, 94. The tracking of 3D coordinates of the reference array 28, 42, 94 may allow the surgical system 10 to determine the pose of the reference array 28, 42, 94 in any multidimensional space in relation to the target anatomical structure of the patient 2.

[0043] The surgical robot system 10 may include one or more patient tracking devices or dynamic reference bases 26, 130 including one or more tracking markers 18, which are adapted to be secured directly to the patient 2 (e.g., to the bone of the patient 2). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a first patient tracking device or first dynamic reference base 26 is secured to the femur 4 and a second patient tracking device or second dynamic reference base 26 is secure to the tibia 6 of the patient 2. In this manner, the system 10 is able to track the femur 4 and tibia 6 throughout the surgical operation.

[0044] The surgical robot system 10 may also utilize a camera 30, for example, positioned on a camera stand 32. The camera stand 32 can have any suitable configuration to move, orient, and support the camera 30 in a desired position. The camera 30 may include any suitable camera or cameras, such as one or more infrared cameras (e.g., bifocal or stereophotogrammetric cameras), able to identify, for example, active and/or passive tracking markers 18 in a given measurement volume viewable from the perspective of the camera 30. The camera 30 may scan the given measurement volume and detect the light that comes from the markers 18 in order to identify and determine the position of the markers 18 in three-dimensions. For example, active markers 18 may include infrared-emitting markers that are activated by an electrical signal (e.g., infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs)), and passive markers 18 may include retro-reflective markers that reflect infrared light (e.g., they reflect incoming IR radiation into the direction of the incoming light), for example, emitted by illuminators on the camera 30 or other suitable device.

[0045] The surgical robot 12 is able to control the translation and orientation of the end-effector 22. The robot 10 may be able to move end-effector 22 along x-, y-, and z-axes, for example. The end-effector 22 can be configured for selective rotation about one or more of the x, y-, and z-axis, and a Z Frame axis (such that one or more of the Euler Angles (e.g., roll, pitch, and/or yaw) associated with end-effector 22 can be selectively controlled). In some exemplary embodiments, selective control of the translation and orientation of end-effector 22 can permit performance of medical procedures with significantly improved accuracy.

[0046] The robotic positioning system 12 includes one or more computer controlled robotic arms 14 to assist surgeons in planning the position of one or more instruments relative to pre-operative and/or intraoperative patient images. The system 10 may include 2D & 3D imaging software that allows for preoperative planning, navigation, and guidance through dynamic reference arrays, navigated instruments and camera for the placement of instruments, orthopedic devices, or other devices. Further details of surgical robotic and/or navigation systems can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,257,360, U.S. patent publication No. 2019/0021795, and U.S. patent publication No. 2017/0239007, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

[0047] Turning now to FIGS. 4A-4C, embodiments of a universal stylus instrument or stylus 40 is shown. In navigated and/or robot-assisted surgical procedures, it may be common for several instruments to be tracked. If the user wishes to track different instruments, several different reference elements or arrays may be used with each having a different configuration. These unique configurations communicate to the navigation system 10 that a new instrument is being used and redefine its location in 3D space. Thus, in order to track many instruments, many corresponding reference elements are needed, which adds to the cost and complexity as the user is constantly reaching for and configuring different reference elements.

[0048] According to one embodiment, the stylus 40 is used as a universal reference element. The stylus 40 may be plugged into several different instruments to make each navigable, thereby eliminating the need for many different reference elements. As best seen in FIG. 4A, the stylus 40 may include an array 42 with a plurality of markers 18 at a proximal end 48, an elongate body 44, and a universal quick-connect attachment tip 46 at a distal end 50. The universal attachment tip 46 is configured to quickly attach the stylus 40 to one or more instruments and return their position to the navigation system 10. For example, in TKA, the stylus 40 may be used to navigate itself, an attached plane checker 52, an attached posterior tibial wall hook 54, or any other suitable instruments. The tracking markers 18 on the array 42 of the stylus 40 are viewable by the navigation system 10 and return the location of the stylus tip 46 and any attached instruments.

[0049] The universal stylus 40 may be used alone or with attached instruments (e.g., posterior tibial wall hook 54 or plane checker 52). A mechanical connection of the universal stylus 40 to the instruments 52, 54 may allow for the functional length between the navigated tip 46 of the instrument (e.g., measurement surfaces of the hook 54 or plane checker 52) and pattern of the stylus reference array 42 to be controlled with a high level of repeatability. The universal tip 46 may act as a quick connect mechanism for fast attachment of the instrument by the user.

[0050] In one embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, a plane checker 52 is attached to the stylus 40. The universal attachment tip 46 may be inserted into and secured to the plane checker 52. The plane checker 52 may include a collar 56 and a foot 58. The collar 56 may include a longitudinal opening configured to receive the universal tip 46 of the stylus 40. The universal attachment tip 46 of the stylus 40 may be sized such that it forms a clearance fit with the opening in the collar 56. If desired, a spring preloaded mechanism may be positioned in the opening such that it preloads the connected parts to a reference surface. The plane checker 52 may be free to rotate relative to the stylus 40. Free rotation of the plane checker 52 around the longitudinal axis A of the stylus 40 may allow the user to quickly reorient the reference array 42, for example, to ensure line of sight to the camera 30. Although a clearance fit is described, any suitable connection between the tip 46 and plane checker 52 may be used to temporarily secure the components together. The foot 58 may include a U-shaped plate or other suitably shaped plate. The foot 58 may include a flat bottom surface or flat portion configured to contact a resection surface on the bone. When used during a TKA procedure, the plane checker 52 may be used to ensure that the angulation and/or location of the resection plans matches the plane.

[0051] In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4C, a posterior tibial wall hook 54 is attached to the stylus 40. The universal attachment tip 46 may be inserted into and coupled to the posterior tibial wall hook 54. The universal attachment tip 46 of the stylus 40 may be sized such that it forms a location fit with the opening in the collar 56. A static fit may allow for a fixed position and orientation of the posterior tibial wall hook 54 with respect to the stylus array 42. Although a static fit is described, any suitable connection between the tip 46 and wall hook 54 may be used to temporarily secure the components together. The wall hook 54 may include collar 56 with an enlarged tip or hook 60 at its distal-most end. When used during a TKA procedure, the posterior tibial wall hook 54 may be used to localize the tibial wall.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 1, the stylus 40 may be used alone. In this case, the dynamic reference bases 26 are tracking the patient anatomy of the femur 4 and tibia 6. The stylus 40 may be used for tasks such as landmark checks or characteristic bone surface acquisition including condyles or tibial plateau. In FIG. 5A, the tibial wall hook 54 has been attached to the distal end 50 of the stylus 40 via the attachment tip 46. When attached to the stylus 40, the hook 54 may be navigated via the stylus tracking array 42 and the user may perform acquisition of points to define the posterior tibial wall, for example. In FIG. 5B, the user may check the angulation and/or location of the resected planes using the attached plane checker 52. The plane checker 52 is attached to the universal tip 46 of the stylus 40, and the stylus 40 acts as a universal reference element for the plane checker 52. The resection planes determined by the plane checker 52 may be returned to the user via the navigation system 10.

[0053] Turning now to FIG. 6, a resected femur 4 and tibia 6 are shown for a registered patient during a TKA procedure. As shown in FIG. 1, the patient has dynamic reference bases 26 inserted into the tibia 6 and femur 4 and after registration is complete, the stylus 40 may be used to perform landmark checks and establish confidence in the navigational integrity. As can be seen in FIG. 6, however, landmark checks are significantly more challenging post resection as most of the unique bony anatomy has been resected. In robotic and navigated TKA, it is important for the surgeon to have confidence that the patient's anatomy has been accurately registered to the system 10 and that the accuracy is maintained throughout the course of the operation. Navigational integrity may be used to describe this confidence. Specifically, in TKA, navigational integrity may be challenging to maintain throughout the course of the procedure due to the primary anatomical landmarks that the surgeon may use as reference points being resected during the operation.

[0054] Accordingly, one or more embodiments described herein provide for the user to perform physical landmark checks even after bony resection removes natural landmarks. One or more embodiments described herein provide for surveillance of the dynamic reference base 26 to ensure that any relative motion to the dynamic reference base 26 is identified and/or recorded. These techniques serve to increase the user's ability to establish and maintain confidence in the system navigational integrity.

[0055] With emphasis on FIGS. 7A-7B, according to one embodiment, one or more surveillance markers 62 may be used to maintain navigational integrity throughout the procedure. For example, a patient registration may include the addition of a first surveillance markers 62 in the femur 4 and a second surveillance marker 62 in the tibia 6 in areas that will not be resected during the procedure. As shown in FIG. 7B, the surveillance marker 62 may include a body 64 including a fastener 66 terminating at a distal tip 68, a verification divot 70, and a tracking marker 18. The fastener 66 may include a bone pin, screw, or anchor, which is inserted into the patient's bony anatomy. The distal tip 68 may be pointed, sharp, or otherwise configured to engage bone. The verification divot 70 may be integrated into the body 64 of the surveillance marker 62. A single tracking marker 18 may be attached to the top of the marker 62, for example, near the verification divot 70.

[0056] Once inserted into the patient, the location of the surveillance marker 62 may be registered relative to the dynamic reference base 26. The registration stores the virtual distance between the surveillance marker 62 and the dynamic reference base 26. If the dynamic reference base 26 moves (for example, if it was bumped by the user), the system 10 measures the distance and alerts the user when a movement threshold, for example, 2 mm is exceeded. If the user would like to verify or re-establish the navigational integrity, an additional landmark check may be conducted using the verification divot 66 in the surveillance marker 62 as shown in FIG. 8. For example, the tip 46 of the stylus 40 may be inserted into the verification divot 70 of the surveillance marker 62, thereby confirming navigational integrity.

[0057] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A-9B, the surveillance marker(s) may be replaced with one or more virtual landmarks 72 in order to maintain navigational integrity throughout the procedure. For example, a first virtual landmark 72 may be positioned in the femur 4 and a second virtual landmark 72 may be positioned in the tibia 6 in areas that will not be resected. The virtual landmark 72 may include a fastener 74, such as a cortical bone screw, with a verification divot 76, for example, nested in the drive feature of the screw. The fastener 74 may include a threaded shaft 78 and an enlarged head 80. As shown in FIG. 9A, the virtual landmarks 72 may be inserted into the patient's bony anatomy at the start of the procedure and the location returned to the system 10 using the stylus 40. If the user would like to perform an intraoperative landmark check at any time (including after resection), the user simply inserts the distal tip 46 of the stylus 40 into the divot 76 of the virtual landmark 72.

[0058] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 10, a surveillance marker 82 may be integrated into the dynamic reference base 26 in order to maintain navigational integrity throughout the procedure. The surveillance marker 82 may be affixed the dynamic reference base 26 with a bridge 84 and one or more arms 86. The surveillance marker 82 may be affixed to the bridge 84, for example. The distance between the reference element of the dynamic reference base 26 and the surveillance marker 82 is stored by the system 10. If the dynamic reference base 26 and/or surveillance marker 82 is bumped and/or rotated about the axis indicated, the change in distance and/or movement would be identified and recorded by the system 10 and the user immediately alerted to the disruption.

[0059] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIGS. 11A-11B, a plane checker instrument 90 may be used to maintain navigational integrity even if traditional anatomical landmarks are removed during the procedure. The plane checker 90 may include a body 92 with a reference element or array 94 including a plurality of tracking markers 18, a shaft 96 extending from the body 92, and a foot 98 at the distal end of the shaft 96. The array 94 is located in a known location relative to the foot 98. The foot 98 may include a U-shaped plate or other suitably shaped plate with a flat bottom surface 100. When used during a TKA procedure, the plane checker 90 may be used to ensure that the angulation and/or location of the resection plans matches the plane. As shown in FIG. 11A, after resection of the femur 4 and/or tibia 6, the foot 98 includes a flat surface 100 which can be placed on the resection planes, and returns to the system 10 an angulation and cut depth. Using this information, the user is able to localize their position and maintain navigation integrity even after the traditional anatomical landmarks have been resected.

[0060] Turning now to FIGS. 12A-12B, embodiments of stylus 40 is shown. In navigated and robotic TKA, the surgeon may need to capture anatomical landmarks or points in order to register the patient anatomy to the system 10, establish and maintain confidence in the system's navigational integrity, and/or localize trials and implants to compare planned to placed accuracy. FIG. 1 shows one setup for navigated and/or robotic TKA. Dynamic reference bases 26 are attached to the femur 4 and tibia 6, and after being registered, the system 10 is able to track the location of each bone in 3D space. The navigated stylus 40 may be used for landmark localization and/or point acquisition. In one workflow, the stylus tip 46 is located at the point of interest and a foot pedal on the robot 12 is pressed to capture the point on the system 10. In this embodiment, the point capture depends on the surgeon pressing the foot pedal that is linked to the system 10.

[0061] The foot pedal method of point capture may be problematic if the foot pedal location on the operating room (OR) floor is unknown. For example, the foot pedal may be unintentionally kicked or moved out of reach of the surgeon. If this happens, the surgeon may need to change their focus from the operative field to search for the foot pedal. In addition, cables linking the foot pedal may be problematic, for example, as a trip hazard or obstructing free passage of equipment in the OR. Also, software may need to handle disabling other functionality, such as robot control, that may also be linked to the foot pedal before enabling point capture functionality, which adds complexity to the software algorithms. Accordingly, it may be desirable to include additional embodiments that could be used in place of the traditional foot pedal.

[0062] FIG. 12A shows an alternative setup for navigated and/or robotic TKA. FIG. 12A shows a similar setup to FIG. 1 except in this setup, once the point of interest has been localized by the stylus tip 46, the surgeon may rotate the stylus 40 about its long vertical axis by a threshold rotation. By rotating the stylus 40, the markers 18 move from a first position (prior to rotation) to a second position (after rotation). The stylus 40 may rotate about its axis by a threshold rotation of, for example, about 30°, about 60°, about 180°, or any suitable degree to indicate rotation. This rotation is captured by the system 10, and the point of interest is returned, thereby capturing the landmark by the system 10 without depressing the foot pedal or other button. To ensure that the system 10 behaves as intended while the surgeon is identifying points versus moving the tool freely, the system 10 may use algorithmic rules to filter out false positives. For example, the system may check that the threshold rotation (e.g., at least 30° of rotation) occurs while the tip 46 moves less than a given amount (e.g., less than 0.5 mm). For example, if greater than 0.5 mm movement occurs at the tip 46 during the 30° rotation, then disregard the point capture. If less than 0.5 mm movement occurs at the tip 46 during 30° rotation, then capture the point/landmark.

[0063] FIG. 12B shows another embodiment for navigated and/or robotic TKA. FIG. 12B shows a similar setup to FIG. 12A except in this embodiment, one tracking marker 18 associated with the array 42 is physically movable once the stylus 40 is on the point of interest or landmark. For example, one tracking marker 18 may be moved from a first tracking marker position 18a to a second tracking marker position 18b. The surgeon may manually move the marker 18 by pressing it with their thumb or finger while holding the stylus tip 46 steady in place. The system 10 detects the movement of one array marker 18a, 18b relative to the others and captures the point of interest.

[0064] In yet further embodiments, the process may include point capture via a voice input from the user; point capture via blocking or revealing a tracking marker, or blocking then revealing one or more markers with a specific timing (e.g., equivalent of “double clicking”); point capture via gesture with the other hand, the face, or the elbow, captured and interpreted by visible light tracking; point capture by syncing stylus positioning with a metronome, such that at each beat, a new point is captured, which may be valuable if an articulation of a bone is being systematically digitized; or any other suitable point capture methods or techniques.

[0065] Turning now to FIG. 13, a tensor instrument or tensor 102 is shown with the femur 4 and tibia 6 in flexion. A goal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may be to obtain tensionally symmetric and balanced flexion and extension gaps. One method of achieving this is to use a gap balancing technique in which the femoral cuts (posterior femur 4 in flexion, distal femur 4 in extension) are performed parallel to the resected proximal tibia 6 with each collateral ligament equally tensioned to obtain rectangular flexion and extension gaps. The implants may follow this parallel placement, thereby maintaining tension once implantation is complete.

[0066] In robotic and/or navigated TKA, the patient's anatomy is registered to the computational system 10. After registration, the relative location of the patient's tibia 6 and femur 4 may be tracked allowing for real time updates on the computational system 10 of the patient's gap measurements. With the assistance of the tensor 102, the surgeon may view quantified ligament balancing on the navigation display 20. The tensor 102 may facilitate gap balancing by: (1) applying a distraction force between the tibia 6 and femur 4; and/or (2) applying the distraction force such that differing tension in the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is transparent to the user.

[0067] As shown in FIG. 13, dynamic reference bases 26 are rigidly attached to the patient's tibia 6 and femur 4. During registration, the patient's anatomy is registered to the system 10 and tracked via the dynamic reference bases 26. Once the patient is registered, the surgeon may make a first resection. Post resection, the tensor 102 may be used to assess the gap balance. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the proximal tibia 6 is resected and the tensor 102 is placed against the resection while the bones are held in flexion. In FIG. 15, the proximal tibia 6 is resected and the tensor 102 is placed against the resection while the bones are held in extension. It will be appreciated that the resections may be made following a femur first or tibia first approach.

[0068] With reference to FIG. 14, the tensor 102 may extend from a proximal end 104 to a distal end 106. The tensor 102 include a body 108 with a pair of independent superior distraction paddles 110 and an inferior distraction paddle 112 at the distal end 106, a central shaft 120 extending along the length of the body 108 configured to move the superior distraction paddles 110 relative to the inferior distraction paddle 112, a knob 116 at the proximal end 104 configured to move the superior distraction paddles 110, and a distraction balancing spring 118 positioned around the shaft 120 between the body 108 and the knob 104.

[0069] The tensor 102 is configured to provide a distraction force between the tibia 6 and femur 4. The tensor 102 may allow for any imbalance between MCL and LCL tensions to be displayed by a ligament balance indicator 114 positioned on the body 108 of the tensor 102. The first superior distraction paddle 110 may be connected to a first end of the ligament balance indicator 114 with a first rod 124, and the second superior distraction paddle 110 may be connected to the opposite end of the ligament balance indicator with a second rod 126. The indicator 114 may be pivotably connected to the body 108 with a pivot pin 128. The distraction force may be provided, for example, by rotation of the distraction knob 116. Rotation of the distraction knob 116 may translate the superior distraction paddles 110 outwardly and away from the inferior distraction paddle 112, thereby providing a gap 122 between the superior and inferior distraction paddles 110, 112. As the tensor 102 applies the distraction force, the bony anatomy will move. This movement may be registered by the navigation system 10 and may be displayed for interpretation by the surgeon. Specifically, the movement of the femur and tibia are continuously captured (e.g., as the tensor 102 is adjusted) by the camera 30 through the DRB 26 tracking markers on both tibia and femur bones and the gap information is automatically determined by the computer 16 based on the 3-dimensional positions of the tracking markers on the DRBs 26, rather than manually viewed on the tensor by the surgeon. The changing gap information may be continuously displayed/updated in the display 20 for interpretation by the surgeon and may also be used by the computer 16 to automatically determine whether the planned cuts of the tibia and/or femur need to be adjusted. In some cases, the computer 16 may modify the planned cuts based on the automatically determined gap information and display the modified cut planes on the display 20 (preferably in a 3-D graphical representation relative to the bones similar to FIG. 15, which the surgeon can then grab with, for example, fingers or mouse and rotate the displayed bones, their spacing and desired cut planes in different directions or angle using all 6 degrees of freedom or at least pitch, yaw and roll) for inspection, approval or modification by the surgeon. The gap data may include the angles and spatial separation between the femur and tibia. The angles and spatial separation data may be 3-dimensional data. Moreover, the graphical user interface of the computer 16 is configured to graphically display on the display 20 both the original cut planes and suggested modified cut planes, preferably in different colors such as red and blue, that are superimposed on top of each other for easy comparison by the surgeon.

[0070] With reference to FIG. 16, the distraction paddles 110, 112 of the tensor 102 endure forces when the tensor 102 is inserted and distracted between the femur 4 and tibia 6. For example, a distraction force F.sub.DISTRACTION presses against the inferior distraction paddle 112, a force F.sub.LCL is applied to the first superior distraction paddle 110, and a force F.sub.MCL is applied to the second superior distraction paddle 110. If the ligaments are in balance (F.sub.LCL=F.sub.MCL), as shown in FIG. 16, the ligament balance indicator 114 may indicate the balance. For example, the ligament balance indicator 114 may be shown generally horizontal. If the ligaments are not in balance (F.sub.LCL<F.sub.MCL, F.sub.LCL>F.sub.MCL), then the ligament balance indicator 114 may indicate the imbalance. For example, the ligament balance indicator 114 may be shown generally inclined. The lower side of the indicator 114 may indicate a greater amount of force on the respective superior distraction paddle 110. The indicator 114 may indicate the amount or degree of imbalance for each respective force.

[0071] According to one embodiment, a work flow for using the tensor 102 may include one or more of the following: (1) insert dynamic reference bases 26 in bone and register patient; (2) make a first resection (proximal tibia 6 or distal femur 4); (3) check ligament balance with tensor 102 in extension; (4) adjust implant plan accordingly; (5) make remaining resections; (6) check balance in flexion and extension; (7) adjust cuts if required; (8) insert femur trial and check balance in flexion and extension; (9) adjust tibia plan if required; and (10) complete procedure per standard practice. In this manner, the tensor 102 may facilitate gap balancing. By applying a distraction force between the tibia 6 and femur 4, the information may be displayed on the navigation screen 20 for interpretation by the user. In addition, the distraction force may be applied such that differing tension in the MCL and LCL is apparent to the user on the tensor 102.

[0072] Turning now to FIG. 17, an embodiment of a modular dynamic reference base 130 is described in further detail. In robotic and/or navigated TKA the patient's anatomy is registered to the system 10. The registration is facilitated by attaching one or more dynamic reference bases 130 to the bone. For example, a first dynamic reference base 130 may be rigidly attached to the femur 4 and a second dynamic reference base 130 may be rigidly attached to the tibia 6. Once registration is complete, the dynamic reference base(s) 130 enable tracking of the patient anatomy in real time.

[0073] Turning now to FIGS. 18A-18B, the dynamic reference base 130 may be modular, which may reduce the number of instruments used throughout the procedure. The modular dynamic reference base 130 may include a reference element or array 132 including a plurality of tracking markers 18, a bridge 134, and one or more fasteners or bone pins 136 for securing the dynamic reference base 130 to bone. The array 132 may include a rectangular frame with a cross brace. It will be appreciated, however, that the array 132 may include a suitable framework for supporting the tracking markers 18 in a desired configuration. In the embodiment shown, a tracking marker 18 is placed at each corner of the rectangular frame.

[0074] The tracking markers 18 may be protected from contamination via one or more physical barriers, protectors, or shields 138 configured to prevent loss of navigation intraoperatively. For example, each of the four tracking markers 18 may be positioned within a respective shield 138. The shields 138 may provide for protection for each of the individual tracking markers 18. The shield 138 may include a round shallow plate with a sloped side. It will be appreciated that the shield 138 may have any suitable configuration for protecting the tracking markers 18. In particular, the tracking markers 18 may be protected from contamination via the shields 138.

[0075] The dynamic reference base 130 may include an integrated bridge 134 and pin guide 140. The bridge 134 may include one or more through openings 142 and one or more pin guides 140 configured to receive bone pins 136. The pin guides 140 may include elongate channels configured to guide the bone pins 136 into bone. In the embodiment shown, the bridge 134 may include a first opening 142 aligned and in fluid communication with a first pin guide 140 and a second opening 142 aligned with and in fluid communication with a second pin guide 140. For example, the openings 142 and pin guides 140 may be generally aligned in parallel. It will be appreciated that any suitable number, location, and orientation of openings 142 and pin guides 140 may be selected to effectively attach the bridge 134 to bone. The dynamic reference base 130 may be attached to the patient via the bone pins 136. The bone pins 136 may include self-drilling bone pins. The bridge 134 may be locked to the pins 136 with a first locking screw 144. The integrated bridge 134 and pin guides 140 may reduce the number of instruments required and simplifying the workflow of the procedure.

[0076] The dynamic reference base 130 may be attached to the patient with the bone pins 136 and bridge 134. Subsequently, the array 132 may be attached to the bridge 134, for example, with one or more legs 143. The dynamic reference base 130 may include a plurality of legs 143 offered in different lengths for intra and extra incision, which may increase workflow flexibility by facilitating extra and intra incision placement of the construct. The leg 143 may be affixed to the frame of the array 132 and attached to a distal end of the bridge 134. For example, as shown in FIG. 20A, the leg 143 may be positioned through an opening 141 in the bridge 134. As best seen in FIG. 20B, the leg 143 and attached array 132 may be configured to rotate about one or more axes. For example, the leg 143 and attached array 132 may be able to rotate about a longitudinal axis A1 of the bridge 134 and/or an axis A2 perpendicular to the bridge 134. Thus, the bridge 134 may facilitate adjustment about two axes A1, A2. As shown in FIG. 20C, after adjustment along the one or more axes, the array 132 may be locked into position with one or more locking screws 146.

[0077] As shown in FIG. 21, an optional extension arm or extension 148 may be provided to increase positioning options for the reference element 132. For example, a first end of the extension 148 may connect to the leg 143 at an additional pivot point 150 and a second end of the extension 148 may connect to the bridge 134. The locking screw 146 may secure the extension 148 in position. The extension 148 may increase positioning options for the reference element 132, thereby increasing workflow flexibility.

[0078] In order to install the modular dynamic reference base 130, a handle 150 may be attached to the bridge 134. The handle 150 may temporarily connect, for example, to the proximal end of the bridge 134. The handle 150 may include a thumb lock 152, for example, to ensure rigid fixation between the handle 150 and the bridge 134 during use. After the bridge 134 and bone pins 136 are installed, the handle 150 may be removed from the assembly.

[0079] A work flow for installing the modular dynamic reference base 130 may include one or more of the following: (1) make skin incisions on patient; (2) attach the handle 150 to the bridge 134 (shown in FIG. 19A); (3) insert the bridge 134 until it contacts cortical bone; (4) drive the bone pins 136 through the bridge 134 (shown in FIG. 19B); (5) lock the bridge 134 to the pins 136 using the locking screw 144 (shown in FIG. 19C); (6) remove the handle 150; (7) attach the reference element 132 to the bridge 134 (shown in FIG. 20A); (8) adjust the orientation of the reference element 132 (shown in FIG. 20B); (9) lock the adjustment via the locking screw 146 (shown in FIG. 20C); and (10) optionally, attach the extension 148 between the reference element 132 and the bridge 134 to facilitate more positioning options for the reference element 132 (shown in FIG. 21).

[0080] Turning now to FIGS. 22A-22B, an embodiment of a bone pin 136 is shown. The bone pin 136 may be used to fixate the dynamic reference base 130 to bone. The bone pin 136 may include a self-drilling tip 154, chip extraction flutes 156, and bone threads 158. The bone threads 158 may extend along a portion of the pin 136 and may have any suitable attributes including handedness, thread angle, lead, pitch, etc. The pins 136 may include a pin driver interface 160. The pin driver interface 160 may include an engagement surface configured to interface with a driver instrument to thereby install the pin 136. For example, the driver interface 160 may be configured to transfer axial insertion force and torque to the pin 136 to facilitate the pin 136 being driven into the patient anatomy.

[0081] It will be further understood that various changes in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed in the claims. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments discussed above are non-limiting. It will also be appreciated that one or more features of one embodiment may be partially or fully incorporated into one or more other embodiments described herein.