Precision system for additive fabrication

Abstract

An approach to precision additive fabrication uses jetting of cationic compositions in conjunction with a non-contact (e.g., optical) feedback approach. By not requiring contact to control the surface geometry of the object being manufactured, the approach is tolerant of the relative slow curing of the cationic composition, while maintaining the benefit of control of the deposition processes according to feedback during the fabrication processes. This approach provides a way to manufacture precision objects and benefit from material properties of the fabricated objects, for example, with isotropic properties, which may be at least partially a result of the slow curing, and flexible structures, which may not be attainable using conventional jetted acrylates.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating an object by a 3D printing system using a non-contact feedback approach, the method comprising: selectively jetting an ink to form a layer of the object, the ink including a material having an epoxy functional group; curing the ink by photopolymerizing the material, wherein said curing and polymerizing take place only via cationic polymerization; optically sensing the ink in a partially cured state after at least some of said polymerizing has taken place; further selectively jetting said ink to form subsequent layers of the object; and modifying said further jetting according to sensed data produced by the sensing, wherein the only curing performed in fabricating said object is via cationic polymerization.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said curing takes place in a printing chamber that has been heated to accelerate curing of the ink.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said further jetting takes place with the previously jetted ink in the partially cured state.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the only curable component of the ink is the material that is polymerized by cationic polymerization.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises a component that causes luminescence.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said curing takes place slowly.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the material comprises an epoxy monomer, an epoxy oligomer, an epoxy crosslinker, or any combination thereof.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said curing is carried out by illuminating a photoacid generator of said ink, and wherein the photoacid generator is between 0.1% and 10% with reference to the total weight of the ink.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising further curing the ink in the partially cured state.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing takes place when the ink is less than 50% cured.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises an additive that improves signal-to-noise ratio during said optical sensing.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises a sensitizer facilitating the start of the cationic polymerization, and wherein the sensitizer is a substance other than a photo-acid generator.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing comprises capturing tomographic data of the ink in the partially cured state.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing comprises capturing volumetric data of the ink in the partially cured state.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying takes place using an active feedback loop.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying is performed based on measurements made by said optical sensing of a surface of the ink in the partially cured state.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein said modifying is performed based on measurements made by said optical sensing of volumetric or tomographic data of the ink in the partially cured state.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein said curing takes place on a printing platform that has been heated to accelerate curing of the ink.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a surfactant with the material of said ink.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink further comprises a brightener that improves optical scanning by increasing reflection or scattering.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises a material that improves flame retardancy of the object being fabricated.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises a material that improves the resistance of the object being fabricated to heat.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the ink comprises a photoacid generator and wherein the photoacid generator is 0.5% and 5%, with reference to the total weight of the ink.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing comprises capturing a material density of the ink in the partially cured state.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing comprises capturing a curing state of the ink.

26. The method of claim 1, wherein said optical sensing comprises identifying the material that forms the ink.

27. The method of claim 1, further comprising outputting a signal from the sensor to cause emission and/or reflection, scattering, or absorption from the ink in the partially cured state, the output signal originating from above the ink in the partially cured state.

28. The method of claim 1, further comprising outputting a signal from the sensor to cause emission and/or reflection, scattering, or absorption form the ink in the partially state, the output signal originating from below the ink in the partially cured state.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein said ink is a first ink, wherein said method further comprises selectively jetting a second ink that is different from said first ink, and wherein said first and second inks comprise different optical enhancement components.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein said ink further includes a material having a functional group selected from the group consisting of oxetane and vinyl.

31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having encoded thereon instructions for causing a 3D-printing system to perform the method of claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a 3D printer;

(2) FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of the steps of epoxy polymerization; and

(3) FIG. 3 is a rendition of a “dog bone” shaped printed product using cationic photo-curable material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(4) The description below relates additive fabrication, for example using a jetting-based 3D printer 100 shown in FIG. 1. The printer 100 uses jets 120 (inkjets) to emit material for deposition on a partially fabricated objected layers. In the printer illustrated in FIG. 1, the object is fabricated on a build platform, which is controlled to move related to the jets is a raster-like pattern to form successive layers, and in this example also to move relative to the jets to maintain a desired separation of the jets and the surface of the partially-fabricated object. As illustrated, there are multiple jets 122, 124, with one jet 122 being used to emit a support material to form a support structure 142 of the object, and another jet 124 being used to emit built material to form the object 144 itself. For materials for which curing is triggered by an excitation signal, such as an ultraviolet illumination, a curing signal generator 170 (e.g., a UV lamp) triggers curing of the material shortly after it is jetted onto the object. In other embodiments, multiple different materials may be used, for example, with a separate jet being used for each material. Yet other implementations do not necessarily use an excitation signal (e.g., optical, RF, etc.) and rather the curing is triggered chemically, for example, by mixing multiple components before jetting, or jetting separate components that mix and trigger curing on the object. Note that in some examples, after the additive deposition is complete, the object may be subject to further curing (e.g., to complete the curing), for example, by further exposing the object to UV radiation.

(5) A sensor 160 is used to determine physical characteristics of the partially fabricated object, including one or more of the surface geometry (e.g., a depth map characterizing the thickness/depth of the partially fabricated object), subsurface (e.g., in the near surface comprising, for example, 10s or 100s of deposited layers) characteristics. The characteristic that may be sensed can include one or more of a material density, material identification, and a curing state. Various types of sensing can be used, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser profilometry, and/or as well as multi-spectral optical sensing, which may be used to distinguish different materials. In the illustrated printer, the sensor outputs a signal that may cause emission (e.g., fluorescence) and/or reflection, scattering, or absorption from or in the object. The sensor output signal may be provided from the top (i.e., the most recently deposited portion) of the object, while in some embodiments, the sensor output signal may come from below or other direction of the object.

(6) Precision additive fabrication using inkjet technology has introduced use of optical-scanning-based feedback in order to adapt the deposition of material to achieve accurate object structure without requiring mechanical approaches that have been previously used. For example, such optical feedback techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,252,466, “Systems and methods of machine vision assisted additive fabrication,” and U.S. Pat. No. 10,456,984, “Adaptive material deposition for additive manufacturing,” which are incorporated herein by reference. However, optical feedback-based printers are not a prevalent commercial approach to 3D printing, perhaps due to the relative simplicity of approaches that do not achieve the precision attainable with optical feedback or that use mechanical approaches in conjunction with rapidly curing inks. Furthermore, many fabrication materials suitable for jetted additive fabrication are not directly suitable for optical scanning as inadequate optical signal strength may propagate from the material during scanning. For example, the material may be naturally substantially transparent and not reflect incident light suitably to be captured to yield an accurate characterization of the object being fabricated. However, with suitable incorporation of an optical enhancement component in the fabrication material, the ability to scan the material that has been deposited can be enhanced. Further details regarding suitable optical enhancement components may be found in copending International Application No. PCT/US19/59300, filed Nov. 1, 2019, titled “Optical Scanning for Industrial Metrology,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

(7) By not requiring contact to control the surface geometry of the object being manufactured, the approach is tolerant of the relative slow curing of the cationic composition, while maintaining the benefit of control of the deposition processes according to feedback during the fabrication processes. This approach provides a way to manufacture precision objects and benefit from material properties of the fabricated objects, for example, with isotropic properties, which may be at least partially a result of the slow curing, and flexible structures, which may not be attainable using conventional jetted acrylates. Furthermore, in cases when ongoing curing after scanning may change the geometry of the part, for example, due to shrinkage, predictive techniques (e.g., using machine-learning approaches, e.g., as described in co-pending application International Application PCT/US19/59567, filed Nov. 2, 2019, titled “Intelligent Additive Manufacturing,” incorporated herein by reference) may be used in the control process to predict such changes, further accommodating the cationic compositions into a precision jetted fabrication approach.

(8) A controller 110 uses a model 190 of the object to be fabricated to control motion of the build platform 130 using a motion actuator 150 (e.g., providing three degree of motion) and control the emission of material from the jets 120 according to the non-contact feedback of the object characteristics determined via the sensor 160. Use of the feedback arrangement can produce a precision object by compensating for inherent unpredictable aspects of jetting (e.g., clogging of jet orifices) and unpredictable material changes after deposition, including for example, flowing, mixing, absorption, and curing of the jetted materials.

(9) The printer shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and other printer arrangements that may be used are described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 10,252,466, “Systems and methods of machine vision assisted additive fabrication,” U.S. Pat. No. 10,456,984, “Adaptive material deposition for additive manufacturing,” U.S. Pat. Pub. 2018/0056582, “System, Devices, and Methods for Inkjet-Based Three-Dimensional Printing,” as well as in Sitthi-Amorn et al. “MultiFab: a machine vision assisted platform for multi-material 3D printing.” ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 34, no. 4 (2015): 129.

(10) Within printing systems of the type shown in FIG. 1, various types of materials may be used. The remainder of this description focuses on a class of materials, particularly UV-curable inkjet printable matrix material that changes phase from liquid to solid using the process of cationic polymerization. The method can be used for inkjet-based additive manufacturing of the type outlined above where a UV-curable resin is deposited and then cured using UV-light. In one embodiment, the composition of the UV-cured resin comprises the following components: a cationic polymerizable component and a photoacid generator (PAG). In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the cationic polymerizable component is: a molecule with an epoxy functional group, a molecule with oxetane function group, a molecule with vinyl function group, or the combination thereof.

(11) Furthermore, in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention in which the cationic polymerizable component is a molecule with epoxy functional group, the molecule in various embodiments is an epoxy monomer, an epoxy oligomer, an epoxy crosslinker, or any combination thereof. Table 1 lists some of the cationic polymerizable molecules with epoxy functional group, but the invention is not limited to these embodiments.

(12) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Examples of cationic polymerizable molecules with an epoxy function group Materials CAS No. Trade Name Supplier 2,3-Epoxypropyl phenyl 122-60-1 ERISYS* GE-13 CVC Thermoset Specialties ether 844 N. Lenola Road Moorestown, NJ 08057 o-Cresyl glycidyl ether 0002210-79-9 ERISYS* GE-10 CVC Thermoset Specialties 844 N. Lenola Road Moorestown, NJ 08057 p-tert-Butyl phenyl 0003101-60-8 ERISYS* GE-11 CVC Thermoset Specialties glycidyl ether 844 N. Lenola Road Moorestown, NJ 08057 BUTYL GLYCIDYL 2426-08-6 Sigma-Aldrich Corp ETHER 3050 Spruce St. St. Louis, MO 63103 1,4-BUTANEDIOL 2425-79-8 Sigma-Aldrich Corp DIGLYCIDYL ETHER 3050 Spruce St. St. Louis, MO 63103 (3-4-Epoxycyclohexane) 2386-87-0 Omnilane OC 2005 IGM Resins USA Inc. methyl3′-4′-Epoxycyclo- 3300 Westinghouse Blvd hexyl-Carboxylate Charlotte, NC 28273 bis(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept- 3130-19-6 Omnilane OC 3005 IGM Resins USA Inc. 3-ylmethyl) adipate 3300 Westinghouse Blvd Charlotte, NC 28273 Modified Bisphenol A D.E.R. ™ 301 Olin Epoxy Liquid Epoxy Resin Clayton, Missouri, United States of America Bisphenol F Epoxy Resins D.E.R. ™ 354 Olin Epoxy Clayton, Missouri, United States of America

(13) Furthermore, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the cationic polymerizable component is a molecule with oxetane functional group. The molecule with oxetane functional group is an oxetane monomer, an oxetane oligomer, an oxetane crosslinker, or any combination thereof. Table 2 lists some of the cationic polymerizable molecules with an oxetane functional group, but the invention is not limited to these embodiments.

(14) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Examples of cationic polymerizable molecules with oxetane function group Materials CAS No Trade Name Supplier ETERNACOLL ® OXBP ETERNACOLL ® OXBP UBE America Inc 261 Madison Avenue, 28th Floor New York, NY 10016 3-ETHYL-3-(METHACRYL- 37674-57-0 ETERNACOLL ® OXMA UBE America Inc OYLOXY)METHYLOXETANE 261 Madison Avenue, 28th Floor New York, NY 10016 bis[1-Ethyl(3-oxetanyl)]- 18934-00-4 ARON OXETANE OXT-221 Toagosei Co., Ltd methyl ether 1-14-1 NishiShimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8419, Japan 3-ETHYL-3-HYDROXY- 3047-32-3 OXT101 Toagosei Co., Ltd METHYLOXETANE 1-14-1 NishiShimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8419, Japan 3-METHYL-3-OXETANE- 3143-02-0 Sigma-Aldrich Corp METHANOL 3050 Spruce St. St. Louis, MO 63103 1,4-bis[(3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl- 142627-97-2 GASON ® XDO Guarson Chem Co. LTD methoxy)methyl] benzene Jiangyan District, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China 3-Ethyl-3-cyclohexyloxy- 483303-25-9 GASON ® CHOX Guarson Chem Co. LTD methyloxetane Jiangyan District, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China 3-Ethyl-3-phenoxymethyl- 3897-65-2 GASON ® EPOX Guarson Chem Co. LTD oxetane Jiangyan District, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China 3-ethyl-[(triethoxysilylpro- 220520-33-2 GASON ® TESOX Guarson Chem Co. LTD poxy)methyl]oxetane Jiangyan District, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China

(15) Furthermore, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the cationic polymerizable component is a molecule with vinyl functional group. The molecule with vinyl functional group is a vinyl monomer, a vinyl oligomer, a vinyl crosslinker, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments of molecules with vinyl functional groups are, but are not limited to, 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, Diethylene glycol divinyl ether, Triethylene glycol divinyl ether, N-Vinyl-caprolactam, etc.

(16) In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the cationic polymerizable composition comprises a photoacid generator (PAG). Photoacids are molecules which become more acidic upon absorption of light. This transformation is due either to the formation of strong acids upon photoassociation or to the dissociation of protons upon photoassociation. There are two main types of molecules that release protons upon illumination: photoacid generators (PAGs) and photoacids (PAHs). PAGs undergo proton photodissociation irreversibly.

(17) Table 3 shows some embodiments of PAGs.

(18) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Trade name Chemical name CAS No. PAG 103 BENZENEACETONITRILE,2-METHYL- 852246-55-0 A-[2-[[(PROPYLSULFONYL)- OXY]IMINO]-3(2H)-THIENYLIDENE]- PAG 203 ETHANONE,1,1′-(1,3-PROPANEDIYL- 300374-81-6 BIS(OXY-4,1-PHENYLENE))BIS(2,2,2-TRIFLUORO-, 1,1′-BIS(O-(PROPYLSULFONYL)OXIME) PAG 94882 BIS(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)IODONIUM 84563-54-2 TRIFLATE(99% MIN) PAG 94884 BIS(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)IODONIUM 194999-85-4 PERFLUORO-1-BUTANESULFONATE(99% MIN) PAG 94885 BIS(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)IODONIUM 131717-99-2 P-TOLUENESULFONATE(99% MIN) PAG 69882 (4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 145612-66-4 TRIFLATE PAG 69904 TRIPHENYLSULFONIUM 144317-44-2 PERFLUORO-1-BUTANESUFONATE(9% MIN) PAG 69902 TRIPHENYLSULFONIUM 66003-78-9 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 233 NM) PAG 69802 (4-FLUOROPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 154093-57-9 TRIFLATE PAG 69702 (4-BROMOPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 255056-44-1 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 242 NM) PAG 69602 (4-METHYLPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 81416-37-7 TRIFLATE PAG 69502 (4-METHOXYPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 116808-67-4 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 260 NM) PAG 69402 (4-IODOPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 255056-46-3 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 262 NM) PAG 69302 (4-PHENYLTHIOPHENYL) DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 111281-12-0 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 298 NM) PAG 69202 (4-PHENOXYPHENYL)DIPHENYLSULFONIUM 240482-96-6 TRIFLATE(ΛMAX 256 NM) IRGACURE 290 HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SULFONIUM TETRAKIS[PENTAFLUOROPHENYL] BORATE IRGACURE 250 75% SOLUTION OF IODONIUM, 344562-80-7 94-METHYLPHENYL)[4-(2-METHYLPROPYL)- PHENYL]-,HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE- (1-)INPROPYLENE CARBONATE

(19) In accordance with the various embodiments of PAGs, the content of PAGs in the formulation is in the range of 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. Further, the content of PAGs in the formulation is in the range of 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %. In accordance with the various embodiments, a sensitizer is added. The sensitizer is a substance other than a PAG that facilitates the start of a cationic reaction, a few examples of sensitizers are: ITX, CPTX, UVS 1101, etc.

(20) In addition to the above-mentioned components of the UV-curable printable matrix materials, in various embodiments the composition includes particles that enhance mechanical, thermal, and/or optical properties of the material. In some embodiments nano-scale particles are added to modify the spectral properties of the material. For example, the addition of 4-6% of Nanomer I.28E-BR (from Nanocor LLC) into the formulation could improve flame retardancy and heat resistance of the resulted printable objects. In some embodiments pigments or dyes are added for modification of the optical characteristics. For example, the addition of 0.5 wt % of Magenta DPGDA Dispersion (from Penn Color) into the formulation results in a red print.

(21) Other additions to the composition in various embodiments include: sensitizers, Surfactants, inhibitors, and other structural fillers. It should be noted that if particulates are used as filler, the size of filler particles should be to be less than 1/20 of nozzle size and ideally less than 1 micron.

(22) Ejecting the first layer of printable matrix material, in one embodiment, is accomplished using one or more inkjet dispensing devices. Ejecting the second fluid is also accomplished using one or more inkjet dispensing devices. The dispensing typically takes place at or near room temperature and less than 100° C. The first fluid and second fluid in one embodiment are cationic polymerizable printable matrix material: in some embodiments, the first fluid and the second fluid are the same printable matrix material; in some embodiments, the second fluid is a different type of ink printable matrix material, such as a free-radical polymerizable printable matrix material; in some other embodiment, the second fluid is another type of printable matrix material, such as a solvent based printable matrix material. Additional printable matrix material is used in other embodiments as support materials.

(23) The additive manufacturing system uses a sensing device that images the build platform and printed objects during printing. The imaging system measures spatial dimensions, 3D surface, 3D volume, or materials of object/objects being printed. Based on the data from these measurements, the print data for the next layers is adapted/modified accordingly.

(24) As introduced above, the fabrication material (“ink”) preferably includes an optical enhancement component (“brightener”), which improves optical scanning by causing or increases the strength of or otherwise affects the characteristics (e.g., strength, spectral content, etc.) of optical (or other electromagnetic) emission from a material during additive fabrication. An “emission” of a signal from the material means any form of propagation of the signal (i.e., electromagnetic radiation), whether resulting from, without limitation, reflection or scattering of a signal in the material, from attenuation of a signal passing through the material, from fluorescence or luminescence within the material, or from a combination of such effects, and “scanning” the emitted signal means any form of sensing and/or processing of the propagated signal. In some examples, the approach makes use of an additive (or a combination of multiple additives) that causes optical emission or increases the received signal strength and/or improves the received signal-to-noise ratio in optical scanning for industrial metrology. Elements not naturally present in the material used for fabrication are introduced in the additives in order to increase fluorescence, scattering or luminescence. Such additives may include one or more of: small molecules, polymers, peptides, proteins, metal or semiconductive nanoparticles, and silicate nanoparticles. In cases when there are multiple materials deposited in fabrications, each material can include a different optical enhancement component (or combination of such components), thereby making them distinguishable in scanning. As examples, the optical enhancement component comprises a material of a stilbene class, such as 2,2′-(2,5-thiophenediyl)bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazole), or a material from a thiophene class, such as 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole.

(25) Further, the additive manufacturing system is intelligent enabled by the use of one or more of machine learning and feedback through machine vision. For example, A transformation will be applied to the 3D model of the part to be printed to produce a modified 3D model. The transformation is configured with configuration data to compensate for at least some characteristics of a printing process, such as shrinkage, mixing, and or flowing, for example, as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/672,711, “Intelligent Additive Manufacturing,”

(26) The additive manufacturing system is equipped with a light source to cure the dispensed cationic polymerizable printable matrix material; the light source in various embodiments is a LED, LED arrays, mercury lamp, etc. The output spectra of light source should have overlap with the absorption peaks of the photo initiators used in the formulation. In some embodiments the additive manufacturing system is equipped with a heating element to speed up the polymerization of jetted materials. For example, the interior build volume can be heated during the whole time of printing. The heating element in other embodiments is applied to the object being printed at desired intervals. The heating element in various embodiments is a heater a ceramic heater and fan. In other embodiments heat is generated by infrared radiation.

(27) Alternatively, in various embodiments a post-process step is carried out in order to improve the properties of the printed objects. In one embodiment the post-process includes exposing the finished print to light. This post-process is good for thin objects or the outer layers of larger objects.

(28) In other embodiments the post-process involves exposing printed objects to thermal radiation. For example, a printed object is placed into a thermal oven for certain amount of time with a controlled temperature. Furthermore, the printed object in other embodiments is post-processed in programmed temperature, such as post-processed at 80 C for 2 hours, then 100 C for

(29) One embodiment of a cationic photo polymerizable composition is listed in Table 4.

(30) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 EPX Formulation 2,2-Bis(4- Erisys OMNI Glycidyloxy- GE-13 OC2005 phenyl Irgacure ITX Iragcure (%) (%) propane (%) 250 (%) (%) 290 (%) EPX1 30 30 39 1 EPX2 30 30 38.5 1 0.5

(31) The preparation of this composition begins with the addition of 40 g of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, 30 g of Omnilane OC 2005, 30 g of Erisys GE-13 and 1 g of Irgacure 290 (as photoinitiator) into a 200 ml amber bottle. The resulting mixture is stirred with magnetic stir bar until the solids (Irgacure 290) dissolved completely and a uniform solution results.

(32) The fluid properties of the composition are shown in Table 5. In general the printing material has viscosities between 3-20 cps at jetting temperature and more ideally between 5-15 cps at jetting temperature. The change of viscosity should be less than 2 cps during jetting. In addition the printing material has a surface tension between 15-40 mN/m at jetting temperature.

(33) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Fluid properties Temperature (° C.) 25 50 60 70 Viscosity (cPs) 105 25 17 11 Surface tension (mN/m) 45

(34) To determine the mechanical properties of the composition, Dogbones (FIG. 3) with ASTM D638 accomplicance were printed and post-cured with three different conditions: (1) 90° C. for 1 h, denoted as EPX1-a; (2) 90° C. for 2 h, denoted as EPX1-b; (3) 90° C. for 2 hrs and 120° C. for 2 hrs, denoted as EPX1-c. and their mechanical properties after post-curing were tested. FIG. 3 shows a sample 3D object that was printed using cationic photo-curable matrix material. The printing process used a closed feedback loop using an Optical Coherence Tomographic (OCT) scanner to provide accurate measurements for the feedback printing loop. The print data was modified during the printing process based on the volumetric data acquired by the OCT scanner. The mechanical properties are shown in Table 6.

(35) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Mechanical Properties Tensile strength Young's Modulus Elongation at Tg Sample (MPa) (MPa) break (%) (° C.) EPX1-c 95 ± 10 2496 ± 150 9 ± 2 91 EPX1-b 86 ± 11 2380 ± 100 9 ± 2 EPX1-a 75 ± 6  2020 ± 110 8 ± 2 EPX1 45 ± 8  1580 ± 80  7 ± 3

(36) A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, various forms of the materials shown above may be used, with steps re-ordered, added, or removed. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

(37) The examples presented herein are intended to illustrate potential and specific implementations of the present disclosure. The examples are intended primarily for purposes of illustration of the invention for those skilled in the art. No particular aspect or aspects of the examples are necessarily intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

(38) The figures and descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize, however, that these sorts of focused discussions would not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, and therefore, a more detailed description of such elements is not provided herein.

(39) Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing lengths, widths, depths, or other dimensions and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood in all instances as indicating both the exact values as shown and as being modified by the term “about.” As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Any specific value may vary by 20%.

(40) A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the following claims. Accordingly, other embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. For example, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Additionally, some of the steps described above may be order independent, and thus can be performed in an order different from that described.