Aqueous electrolyte and pseudocapacitor comprising same
11177079 · 2021-11-16
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
H01G11/02
ELECTRICITY
Y02E60/13
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
International classification
Abstract
An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor and a pseudo-capacitor comprising the same, and more particularly an aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor comprising an aqueous solvent, and a certain concentration or more of a lithium salt and a zwitterionic compounds, and a pseudo-capacitor comprising the aqueous electrolyte described above.
Claims
1. An aqueous electrolyte comprising an aqueous solvent, a lithium salt and a zwitterionic compound wherein the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound are each contained in an amount of 1 to 10 molal concentration (m).
2. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of ultra-pure water (DI water), 2-butoxy ethanol and iso-propyl alcohol.
3. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic compound is a quaternary ammonium alkyl carboxylate compound represented by Formula 1 below: ##STR00008## wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are each independently the same or different linear or branched alkyl groups.
4. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic compound is betaine represented by Formula 2 below: ##STR00009##
5. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound are each present in an amount of 3 to 10 molal concentration (m).
6. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the lithium salt and zwitterionic compound are present in a molal concentration (m) ratio of 9:1 to 1:9.
7. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the lithium salt and zwitterionic compound are present in a molal concentration (m) ratio of 2:1 to 1:2.
8. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is present in an amount of 6 molal concentration (m), and the zwitterionic compound is present in an amount of 3 to 10 molal concentration (m).
9. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is any one of Li(OH), Li.sub.2O, LiCO.sub.3, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4, LiNO.sub.3 and CH.sub.3COOLi.
10. The aqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has a freezing point of −30° C. or less.
11. A pseudo-capacitor comprising a positive electrode; negative electrode; and the electrolyte according to claim 1.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(16) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that those skilled in the art may easily implement the present invention. However, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the present specification.
(17) The terms and words used in the present specification and claims should not be construed as limited to ordinary or dictionary terms, and should be construed in a sense and concept consistent with the technical idea of the present invention, based on the principle that the inventor can properly define the concept of a term to describe his invention in the best way possible.
(18) The present invention provides an aqueous electrolyte for pseudo-capacitor comprising an aqueous solvent, a lithium salt and a zwitterionic compound.
(19) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
(20) The aqueous electrolyte according to the present invention comprises an aqueous solvent as an electrolyte solution and also further comprises a lithium salt and a zwitterionic compound, and thus is prevented from freezing in a cryogenic environment, thereby enabling stable operation of the pseudo-capacitor comprising the electrolyte. Therefore, the capacitor including the electrolyte containing the aqueous solvent, lithium salt and zwitterionic compound can improve the low temperature stability and exhibit excellent charging/discharging efficiency, energy density and power density.
(21) The aqueous solvent is not particularly limited, but at least one of ultra-pure water (DI water), 2-butoxy ethanol, and iso-propyl alcohol may be used.
(22) The lithium salt is not particularly limited, but may be used without limitation as long as the lithium salt is applicable to pseudo-capacitor, and may be any one of Li(OH), Li.sub.2O, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Li.sub.2SO.sub.4, LiNO.sub.3 and CH.sub.3COOLi, preferably LiNO.sub.3.
(23) The zwitterionic compound refers to a compound that is electrically positive and negative at the same time in the compound and thus is neutral, and is commonly referred to as ‘zwitterion’.
(24) The zwitterionic compound according to the present invention may be a quaternary ammonium alkyl carboxylate compound represented by Formula 1 below:
(25) ##STR00003##
(26) wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are each independently the same or different linear or branched alkyl groups.
(27) The compound represented by Formula 1 may be a compound that is neutral in its entirety by forming a quaternary ammonium on one side to show a cationic property and having an anionic property of carboxylate at the other side at the same time.
(28) The zwitterionic compound according to the present invention may preferably betaine represented by the following Formula 2 wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are all methyl (—CH.sub.3)
(29) ##STR00004##
(30) In the case of betaine, the part containing quaternary ammonium shows a cationic property, and the part containing carboxylate group shows an anionic property at the same time, and thus betaine corresponds to a “zwitterion”, which is neutral, based on the entire betaine molecule.
(31) In order to improve the cryogenic stability of the aqueous electrolyte according to the present invention, the lithium salt and zwitterionic compound may be provided in an amount of 1 to 10 molal concentration (m), preferably in an amount of 3 to 10 molal (m) concentration, more preferably in an amount of 3 to 6 molal concentration (m), based on the aqueous electrolyte. In addition, in one embodiment of the present invention, the lithium salt is provided in an amount of 6 molal concentration (m) based on the aqueous electrolyte, the zwitterionic compound is provided in an amount of 3 molal concentration (m), based on the aqueous electrolyte. If the concentration of the lithium salt and zwitterionic compound is less than the above range, low temperature stability may not be sufficiently secured. If the concentration of the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound exceeds the above range, there is a problem that the lithium salt and zwitterionic compound are not sufficiently dissolved in the electrolyte. Therefore, it is preferable that the concentrations of the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound satisfy the above range.
(32) In the case of betaine which is a zwitterionic compound according to an embodiment of the present invention, due to the structural characteristics of the betaine having the structure of zwitterion, one side which has the charge surrounds the cluster of water molecules, and the cluster of water molecules surrounded by the betaine in this way are reduced in bonding strength with each other and thus have a so-called ‘water cluster in salt’ structure, so that the effect of preventing freezing of the aqueous electrolyte even in a cryogenic environment is shown. Here, the structure of ‘water in salt’ refers to the principle that the excess salt is added to the electrolyte, thereby interfering with the bonds between the water molecules to prevent the freezing of the water and thus reducing the activity of the water and inhibiting the decomposition of water, so that the effect of increasing the driving voltage range of the capacitor may be exhibited.
(33) In a case where the amount of lithium salt is fixed, If the concentration of the zwitterionic compound is 1 molal concentration (m) or less, the low temperature stability may be reduced due to insufficient enclosing of the cluster of water molecules. If the concentration of the zwitterionic compound exceeds 10 molal concentration (m), it may not be sufficiently dissolved in aqueous electrolyte, and also ionic conductivity of aqueous electrolytes may be reduced. Therefore, the concentration of the zwitterionic compound is properly adjusted within the above range.
(34) The lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound may be provided in a molal concentration (m) ratio of 9:1 to 1:9, preferably in the molal concentration (m) ratio of 2:1 to 1:9, more preferably in the molal concentration (m) ratio of 2:1 to 3:5. In one embodiment of the present invention, the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound are provided in a molal concentration (m) ratio of 2:1.
(35) If the molal concentration (m) ratio of the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound exceeds the above range, there is a problem that the electrochemical performance of the capacitor is greatly reduced. If the molal concentration (m) ratio of the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound is less than the above range, there is a problem that the electrolyte can be frozen in the cryogenic environment. Therefore, it is preferable that the molal concentration (m) ratio of the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound satisfy the above range.
(36) The aqueous electrolyte according to the present invention comprises the lithium salt and the zwitterionic compound in concentrations and ratios as described above to prevent freezing of the aqueous electrolyte in a cryogenic environment. Therefore, the melting point of the electrolyte may be −30° C. or less, and also the pseudo-capacitor containing the electrolyte also has the advantage that can be stably operated in cryogenic environment of −30° C. or less.
(37) The pseudo-capacitor according to the present invention may be composed of a first current collector, a first electrode, an electrolyte, a separator, a second electrode, a second current collector, and a case. Since the first current collector, the electrolyte, the separator, the second current collector, and the case may use a known technology, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
(38) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples and the like. However, it should not be construed that the scope and contents of the present invention are reduced or limited by the following examples and the like. Also, if it is based on the disclosure of the present invention comprising the following examples, it will be apparent that those skilled in the art can easily carry out the present invention that does not specifically present the experimental results, and that such variations and modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Example 1: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(39) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared by dissolving 6 molal concentration (m) of LiNO.sub.3 (Junsei company) as a lithium salt, and 3 molal concentration (m) of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound, based on 50 ml of ultra-pure water (DI Water), and stirring them for 30 minutes.
Example 2: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(40) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared by dissolving 6 molal concentration (m) of each of LiNO.sub.3 (Junsei company) as a lithium salt, and betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound, based on 50 ml of ultra-pure water (DI Water), and stirring them for 30 minutes.
Example 3: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(41) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared by dissolving 6 molal concentration (m) of LiNO.sub.3 (Junsei company) as a lithium salt, and 10 molal concentration (m) of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound, based on 50 ml of ultra-pure water (DI Water), and stirring them for 30 minutes.
Example 4: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(42) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared by dissolving 3 molal concentration (m) of LiNO.sub.3 (Junsei company) as a lithium salt, and 6 molal concentration (m) of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound, based on 50 ml of ultra-pure water (DI Water), and stirring them for 30 minutes.
Comparative Example 1: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(43) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except that 2 molal concentration (m) of LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt is used.
Comparative Example 2: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(44) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared, which contains only 2 molal concentration (m) of LiNO.sub.3 as a lithium salt based on 50 ml of ultra-pure water (DI Water), while not containing the zwitterionic compound.
Comparative Example 3: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(45) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the following choline bicarbonate instead of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound is used:
(46) ##STR00005##
Comparative Example 4: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(47) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the following L-alanine instead of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound is used:
(48) ##STR00006##
Comparative Example 5: Preparation of Aqueous Electrolyte
(49) An aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 molal concentration (m) of the following L-histidine instead of betaine ((CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.+CH.sub.2CO.sub.2.sup.−, Sigma-Aldrich company) as a zwitterionic compound is dissolved:
(50) ##STR00007##
(51) Table 1 summarizes the additives and the contents of the aqueous electrolyte for pseudo-capacitor.
(52) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Aqueous electrolyte additive Lithium salt Ultra-pure (LiNO.sub.3) water (molal Molal (DI Water, concentration Zwitterionic concentration ml) (m)) compound (m) Example 1 50 6 betaine1 3 Example 2 50 6 betaine1 6 Example 3 50 6 betaine1 10 Example 4 50 3 betaine1 6 Comparative 50 2 betaine1 6 Example 1 Comparative 50 2 — — Example 2 Comparative 50 6 choline 3 Example 3 bicarbonate Comparative 50 6 L-alanine 3 Example 4 Comparative 50 6 L-histidine 1 Example 5 (1: betaine (CH.sub.3).sub.3N.sup.
Experimental Example 1: Evaluation of the Electrochemical Characteristics of Pseudo-Capacitor
(53) After preparing the pseudo-capacitor of the three-electrode mode for the aqueous electrolytes of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, a cyclic voltammetry (Bio-Logics company VSP/VMP 3) was used to measure their physical properties in the following manner, and the results are shown in
(54) (1) 3-Electrode Measurement
(55) Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the positive electrode under voltage −0.2 to 1.1V, 10 mV/sec and 1 mV/sec.
(56) (2) 2-Electrode Measurement LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 was used as the working electrode and LiTi.sub.2(PO.sub.4).sub.3 was used as the counter and reference electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure under voltage 0.3 to 2.1V and 10 mV/sec. A constant-current discharging method was used to measure under the charging/discharging condition (constant current of 1.398 mA and voltage of 0.3 to 2.1V).
(57) For the aqueous electrolytes of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 3 to 5, the results of the 3-electrode measurement measured under the conditions of 10 mV/sec and 1 mV/sec as described above are shown in Table 2 below.
(58) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Discharging Discharging Discharging Discharging capacity energy capacity energy (F/g) (Wh/kg) (F/g) (Wh/kg) 10 mV/s 10 mV/s 1 mV/s 1 mV/s Example 1 314.82 108.80 340.60 121.85 Example 2 271.09 86.28 329.29 115.27 Example 3 270.21 83.09 319.86 110.98 Example 4 294.41 91.12 305.56 103.56 Comparative 337.43 99.78 475.02 84.74 Example 3 Comparative 369.44 96.55 363.82 55.46 Example 4 Comparative 300.95 80.11 198.81 23.55 Example 5
(59) It can be seen that the electrolytes according to Examples 1 to 4 generally have excellent discharging capacity and energy density. In addition, it was found that in case of using the electrolyte according to Example 2, the power density, discharging capacity, specific capacitance and energy density are excellent overall, as compared to Comparative Example 1 in which the lithium salt concentration (2 molal concentration (m)) is low and the molal concentration (m) ratio of lithium salt and zwitterionic compound (1:3) is high. Also, in the case of Comparative Example 2, the results of the power density, discharging capacity, specific capacitance and energy density were similar to those of the electrolyte according to Example 2. However, as will be described later, when the freezing experiment was performed at −30° C., the aqueous electrolyte was frozen in the cryogenic environment (−30° C.), resulting in poor cryogenic operation characteristics. Therefore, it was confirmed that aqueous electrolytes of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte of a pseudo-capacitor.
(60) From this, it can be seen that if the molal concentration (m) ratio of lithium salt and zwitterionic compound is out of the molal concentration (m) ratio of 2:1 to 1:2, it is not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte of a pseudo-capacitor.
(61) Meanwhile, it was confirmed that the aqueous electrolytes of Comparative Examples 3 to 5 using Choline bicarbonate (Comparative Example 3), L-alanine (Comparative Example 4) and L-histidine (Comparative Example 5) which are similar to the compounds represented by Formulas 1 and 2 according to the present invention but has a different structure are also not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor.
(62) Specifically, it was confirmed that in the case of Comparative Example 3, the discharging capacity appears to be high due to the redox peak caused by the side reaction, but the energy density is relatively very low, resulting in poor electrochemical characteristics, and it is not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor due to the occurrence of the problem of precipitation of lithium salt and choline bicarbonate during the measurement. Also, it was confirmed that even in the case of Comparative Example 4, the discharging capacity seems to be high, but the energy density is relatively very low, so the electrochemical characteristics are poor, and thus it is not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor. Also, it was confirmed that in the case of Comparative Example 5, both the discharging capacity and the energy density are low as compared to the examples according to the present invention, and in particular, L-histidine has low solubility in an aqueous solvent and does not dissolve by more than 1 molal concentration (m), and thus it is not suitable as an aqueous electrolyte for a pseudo-capacitor.
Experimental Example 2: Evaluation of Cryogenic Operation Characteristic of Pseudo-Capacitor
(63) A glassy carbon electrode was used to manufacture a pseudo-capacitor comprising a positive electrode containing LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, a negative electrode containing LiTi.sub.2 (PO.sub.4).sub.3, and aqueous electrolytes of Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and the operation characteristics of the capacitors in the cryogenic (−30° C.) environment were evaluated.
(64) Referring to
(65) It was confirmed that in the case of Comparative Example 2, since the aqueous electrolyte contained only lithium salt (LiNO.sub.3) without containing betaine, the aqueous electrolyte was frozen in the cryogenic environment as a result of the freezing experiment at −30° C. (JEIO TECH company TH-KE Temperature & Humidity Chamber). (
Experimental Example 3: Measurement and Evaluation of Ion Conductivity of Aqueous Electrolyte
(66) The ion conductivity of the aqueous electrolytes prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 were measured by an ion conductivity meter (Mettler Toledo company), and the results are shown in Table 3 below.
(67) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ion conductivity (mS/cm) Example 1 79.69 Example 2 43.09 Example 3 32.30 Example 4 17.89 Comparative Example 1 23.51 Comparative Example 2 108.4 Comparative Example 3 106.8 Comparative Example 4 85.14 Comparative Example 5 115.8
(68) Referring to Table 3, it was confirmed that the aqueous electrolytes prepared in Examples 1 to 4 show excellent ion conductivity despite the high content of lithium salts and zwitterionic compounds.
(69) Through the above examples and experimental examples, it was confirmed that a pseudo-capacitor which exhibits excellent power density, discharging capacity, specific capacitance, ion conductivity, energy density and long lifetime stability even in a cryogenic environment can be produced by providing a pseudo-capacitor using the aqueous electrolyte of the present invention.