Multilevel converter

Abstract

An inductive power transfer (IPT) converter has a first switching means adapted to produce a time varying input power signal comprising a substantially unipolar stepped waveform, and a second switching means adapted to modify the time varying input power signal provided by the first switching means to produce a modified input power signal. The converter is coupled to a resonant circuit to receive the modified input signal.

Claims

1. A device, comprising: a resonant circuit with at least one coil that is configured to transfer power inductively; a first switching stage that connects the resonant circuit to a plurality of DC sources; and a second switching stage that includes an H bridge inverter that connects the first switching stage to the resonant circuit; wherein the first switching stage switches at a switching frequency that is a multiple of the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit, wherein the first switching stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first voltage source into and out of the resonant circuit; and a second portion that includes a second voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two second switches configured to switch the second voltage source into or out of the resonant circuit, wherein a third voltage source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion, and wherein the first switching stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the second switching stage when the device is operating is non-zero.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, and the compensation circuit is configured to tune the at least one coil to a frequency in the range of 60-100 kHz.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, the compensation circuit comprises at least one capacitor, and the at least one capacitor is arranged in parallel with the at least one coil to form the resonant circuit.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, and the compensation circuit comprises an LC circuit.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the second switching stage is configured to be soft switched.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the second switching stage comprises IGBT switches, and the second switching stage is configured to operate the H bridge inverter at a switching frequency greater than 40 kHz.

7. A method comprising coupling current from a plurality of DC sources to a resonant circuit via two switching stages, wherein a first of the two switching stages is switched, with a frequency that corresponds to a multiple of the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit, to couple current from the DC sources to the second of the two switching stages, and the second of the two switching stages includes an H bridge inverter and is switched to couple current from the first switching stage to the resonant circuit for inductive power transfer, wherein the first switching stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first voltage source into and out of the resonant circuit; and a second portion that includes a second voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two second switches configured to switch the second voltage source into or out of the resonant circuit, wherein a third voltage source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion, and wherein the first switching stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the second switching stage when the device is operating is non-zero.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises switching the inverter with a switching frequency in the range of 60-100 kHz.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises operating the first of the two switching stages, using selective harmonic elimination, to selectively attenuate at least one voltage harmonic.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises operating the first of the two switching stages to selectively attenuate the third and/or ninth voltage harmonics.

11. A device comprising: a resonant circuit with at least one coil that is configured to transfer power inductively; a level stage that connects the resonant circuit to a plurality of DC sources; and an inverter stage that includes an H bridge inverter that connects the level stage to the resonant circuit, wherein the device is configured to switch the level stage to produce a signal, for the inverter stage, that has a dominant harmonic that is double the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit, and wherein the level stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first voltage source into and out of the resonant circuit; and a second portion that includes a second voltage source and two second switches configured to switch the second voltage source of the plurality of DC sources into or out of the resonant circuit, wherein a third voltage source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion, and wherein the level stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the inverter stage when the device is operating is non-zero.

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, and the compensation circuit is configured to tune the at least one coil to a frequency in the range of 70-85 kHz.

13. The device of claim 11, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, the compensation circuit comprises at least one capacitor, and the at least one capacitor is arranged in parallel with the at least one coil to form the resonant circuit.

14. The device of claim 11, wherein the resonant circuit comprises a compensation circuit, and the compensation circuit comprises an LC circuit.

15. The device of claim 11, wherein the inverter stage is configured to be soft switched.

16. A method comprising transferring power wirelessly from a resonant inductive power transfer primary, at the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, wherein the method comprises generating a time-varying unipolar waveform, with a frequency that corresponds to a multiple of the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, and generating a time-varying bipolar waveform, from the time-varying unipolar waveform, with a frequency that corresponds to the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, wherein the method further comprises sourcing current from a plurality of DC power sources and switching the plurality of DC power sources at different frequencies to generate the unipolar waveform, wherein switching the plurality of DC sources at different frequencies is executed via a first switching stage and a second switching stage, the second switching stage including an H bridge inverter, wherein the first switching stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first voltage source into and out of a resonant circuit of the resonant inductive power transfer primary; and a second portion that includes a second voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two second switches configured to switch the second voltage source into or out of the resonant circuit, wherein a third voltage source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion and, wherein the first switching stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the second switching stage when the resonant inductive power transfer primary is operating is non-zero.

17. A device comprising: a coil that is configured to transfer power inductively; a compensation circuit that is configured to tune the coil to an operating frequency for inductive power transfer; a level switching stage that connects the compensation circuit to a plurality of DC sources; and an inverter switching stage that includes an H bridge inverter that connects the first switching stage to the compensation circuit, wherein the device is configured to switch each of the plurality of DC sources at frequencies that correspond to harmonics of the operating frequency to produce a signal, for the inverter stage, that has a dominant harmonic that is at least double the operating frequency for inductive power transfer, and wherein the level switching stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first of the plurality of DC sources into and out of the compensation circuit; and a second portion that includes a second of the plurality of DC sources and two second switches configured to switch the second of the plurality of DC sources into or out of the compensation circuit, wherein a third DC source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion, and wherein the level switching stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the compensation circuit when the device is operating is non-zero.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the inverter switching stage comprises IGBT switches, and the inverter switching stage is configured to operate the H bridge inverter at a switching frequency greater than 40 kHz.

19. A method comprising transferring power wirelessly from a resonant inductive power transfer primary, at the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, wherein the method comprises switching a plurality of DC sources at different frequencies to generate a multilevel time-varying unipolar waveform with a dominant harmonic that is at least double the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, and generating a time varying bipolar waveform, from the time varying unipolar waveform, with a frequency that corresponds to the resonant frequency of the resonant inductive power transfer primary, wherein switching the plurality of DC sources at different frequencies is executed via a first switching stage and a second switching stage, the second switching stage including an H bridge inverter, wherein the first switching stage includes at least: a first portion that includes a first voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two first switches configured to switch the first voltage source into and out of a resonant circuit of the resonant inductive power transfer primary; and a second portion that includes a second voltage source of the plurality of DC sources and two second switches configured to switch the second voltage source into or out of the resonant circuit, wherein a third voltage source of the plurality of DC sources is directly connected to the first portion and/or the second portion, and wherein the first switching stage is configured so that minimum voltage supplied to the second switching stage when the resonant inductive power transfer primary is operating is non-zero.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the method comprises switching the plurality of DC sources, using selective harmonic elimination, to selectively attenuate at least one voltage harmonic.

Description

DRAWING DESCRIPTION

(1) A number of embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first embodiment of an IPT system according to the invention.

(3) FIG. 2 is a diagram of a first embodiment of a converter according to the invention.

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic of a first embodiment of a first switching means according to the invention.

(5) FIG. 4 is a diagram of a second embodiment of an IPT system according to the invention.

(6) FIG. 5 is a diagram of a third embodiment of an IPT system according to the invention.

(7) FIGS. 6a and 6b are a diagram of a first embodiment of a 3 phase IPT converter according to the invention.

(8) FIGS. 7a and 7b are a diagram of a second embodiment of a 3 phase IPT converter according to the invention.

(9) FIG. 8 is a comparison of THDIpi for a typical and an embodiment of the invention at different primary voltage levels fT=20 kHz & 70 kHz.

(10) FIG. 9 is a comparison of THDIpt at typical and an embodiment of the invention at different primary voltage levels fT=20 kHz & 70 kHz.

(11) FIG. 10 is a comparison of power losses at typical and proposed topology at different primary voltage levels fT=20 kHz & 70 kHz.

(12) FIG. 11 is a comparison of power factors at typical and proposed topology at different primary voltage levels fT=20 kHz & 70 kHz.

(13) FIG. 12 is a comparison of efficiencies at conventional and proposed topology at different primary voltage levels fT=20 kHz & 70 kHz.

(14) FIG. 13 is a diagram of a typical IPT converter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(15) Throughout the description like reference numerals will be used to refer to like features in different embodiments.

(16) Although the multilevel converter is described in relation to an IPT system it may have uses not requiring a resonant circuit or wireless power transfer. The system may have relevance to electric car charging. As described above, the L3 charger requires fast charging and power levels as high as 100 kW, and embodiments as described below may allow design of such a fast, high power system. Alternatively the converter may be used in any one of the wide variety of IPT systems.

(17) Referring first to FIG. 1 an inductive power transfer (IPT) system 11 is shown, the IPT system having a power supply, primary, or track side 1 able to generate an electromagnetic field, and a secondary or pick-up 7 able to receive power from the generated field. The primary and secondary may be referred to as being loosely coupled. In this case the primary is shown with a convertor in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The multilevel converter has a first switching means in the form of a level stage 2 and a second switch means in the form of an inverter stage 10.

(18) The first switching means 2, second switching means 10 and the resonant circuit 3 form a circuit which may allow the creation of an electromagnetic field for transmitting power wirelessly.

(19) The resonant circuit 3 may include a compensation circuit 13 and a primary winding 14. The winding 14 may be provided as a coil for example, or a series of coils, or as an elongate loop in the form of a track. However it is clear to one skilled in the art that variations in the resonant circuit 3 are possible without affecting the operation of the invention.

(20) The embodiment of FIG. 1 shows a secondary 7 with a resonant circuit 14 and a secondary switching means 15. Although the illustrated embodiment is a full H-bridge converter, alternative switching means are possible. In some embodiments the secondary 7 may comprise a second embodiment of the invention or a diode rectifier. In some embodiments the design of the secondary 7 may be adapted so as to manage a high frequency operation of the primary 3.

(21) Referring now to FIG. 2 the primary converter 1 is shown in more detail. The level stage or first switching means 2 is shown with three cascaded modules 4, although any number of modules is possible. A further embodiment includes seven modules 4. In selecting an appropriate number of modules 4, power requirements, cost, switching frequency and complexity may be taken into account.

(22) An embodiment of a module 4, with a voltage source 12 Vpdc and two switches 8 Sp+ and Sp−, is also shown in FIG. 2. This embodiment provides a simple means to switch the voltage source 12 into or out the circuit and therefore change whether it contributes to the input power signal 5, Vlvl. Therefore the input power signal 5 becomes modulated, stepped or time-varying. In one embodiment the first switching means provides circling that provides a time varying input signal 5 that comprises a substantially unipolar half sine wave stepped waveform. It should be understood that variations in the module design are possible without changing the effect of the invention. In an embodiment the switches 8 are MOSFETs capable of high frequency switching. In an embodiment the reduced voltage or power level being switched when compared to the maximum input voltage Vlvl,max or power, may allow the use of lower power switches.

(23) Still referring to FIG. 2, a full H-bridge converter is shown. This is an embodiment of the inverter stage 10 or second switching means 10. The second switching means takes as an input the time varying input power signal 5 produced by the first switching means 2. The second switching means may comprise one or more switches 9. In an embodiment the switches 9 may be IGBTs. In an embodiment the second switching means may be a full H-bridge. The second switching means modifies the time varying or modulated input power signal 5 to produce a modified input power signal 6. This modification may comprise an inversion of the modulated input power signal 5. In an embodiment this may result in a stepped sinusoidal type waveform 6 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

(24) The time-varying input power signal 5 allows improved switching performance of the second switching means 10 as compared to a switching means having as an input the full input voltage Vlvl,max. The user of the level stage 2 allows a zero current and/or voltage switching at the inverter stage 10 in some embodiments. For example, the waveforms shown in FIG. 2 demonstrate switching of the second switching means 10 at a zero voltage point. In embodiments where the modulated input power signal 5 does not reach zero volts the voltage level is still reduced. The example in FIG. 4 shows the switching voltage at approximately a third of the maximum voltage. The reduced power flow when switching the second switching means 10, in particular where no current is flowing, reduces switching losses and switching times allowing for switching as higher frequencies when compared to a typical system. The time-varying input power signal 5 may be designed so as to resemble an absolute valued sine wave. In an embodiment the frequency of the time-varying signal will be substantially similar to, or twice, the tuned frequency of the resonant circuit 3 and/or power transfer.

(25) Referring to FIG. 3 an embodiment of the level stage 2 or first switching means 2 is shown which is adapted to produce a time-varying power signal. In an embodiment it may comprise a plurality of modules or levels or units 4. Each module 4 may comprise a voltage source 12 and may also include one or more switching devices 8. A time varying or modulated or stepped or non-constant power signal 5 may be formed by an appropriate summation of the modules as controlled by the switching. For instance, considering the three module level stage 2 shown, a stepped or staircase type modulated input signal 5 can be generated with 7 levels. The time-varying signal may be adapted to include low power regions, where the current and/or voltage is low or substantially zero. The operation of the second switching means switches may be substantially aligned or synchronised with the low power regions so as to improve the di/dt and/or dv/dt characteristics of the switching.

(26) Beginning with all modules 16, 17, 18 switched out of the circuit, Vlvl is zero, switching on, S31+ and off S31− switches a voltage source 12, Vdc3, into the circuit and Vlvl is now equal to Vdc3. Next switch Sp21− may open and switch SP21+ close introducing a voltage source 12, Vdc2, into the circuit and increasing the input power signal where Vlvl is now the summation of Vdc2 and Vdc3. Finally, in the case of a three level converter switches Sp11− and Sp11+ can be switched so as to introduce Vdc1 into the circuit. This provides the maximum power output by summation of Vdc1, VDc2 and Vdc3 as the output Vlvl. The reverse of the described approach returns the voltage to a base level which may be zero. The switching means may operate in with constant timing, or different periods may be used to modulate the power signal appropriately. Similarly the voltage sources 12 may be similar or may vary in size. In the illustrated embodiment the switches 8 have a maximum switching voltage, e.g. Vi1-3 less than the maximum voltage Vlvl. This allows lower rated switches to be used. In an embodiment the switches used may be MOSFETs capable of high frequency operation at the desired power levels. The frequency of operation can be important as the switches may be operated multiple times in a single waveform or cycle.

(27) Referring again to FIG. 2 the overall performance of the multilevel converter 1 may be reviewed. The first switching means 2 produces a modulated input power signal 5, in the shown embodiment this is a staircase signal. This signal then passes to the second switching means 10 which operates to produce a modified input power signal 6. In the embodiment shown the modification is an inversion of half of the input power signal 5. The modulated input signal 5 may be advantageous because it provides a lower switching current and/or voltage and/or power for the second switching means. This allows the second switching means 10 to operate at a higher frequency using high power components without introducing high losses. The attainable resonant frequency supplied to the resonant circuit 3 is above the typical operating frequency of an IPT system of 10-20 kHz. In some embodiments the converter 1 may operate up to frequencies of 40 kHz, 100 kHz, or higher using this technique. The improvements made to the operation of the switches may allow for IGBTs which typically operate at high power but relatively slow switching speeds to be used for the second switching means. As the first switching means operates at relatively lower power and higher frequency MOSFETs may be used. This embodiment may therefore allow for a cost effective IGBTs to be used while achieving higher switching frequencies.

(28) The operation of the converter 1 may alternatively be viewed as the first switching means 2 selecting frequency components for the input signal. The first switching means 2 has varied the input signal 5 to produce a signal having selected frequency components which is supplied to the second switching means 10. The frequency components of the time varying input signal 5 may resemble more closely those of the desired resonant frequency. In some embodiments the selected frequencies may relate to the tuned frequency of the resonant circuit 3. The relation may be to an intermediate step, for instance the selected frequencies may approximately form an absolute valued sine wave. In an embodiment the dominant harmonic of the selected frequency components may be the frequency of the resonant circuit or double the frequency of the resonant circuit. FIG. 2 shows the modulated input signal 5 producing a stepped or staircase waveform 5 shaped, with each half period resembling the unipolar (in this example positive) portion of a sine wave. The second switching means 10 then modifies the time varying or modulated input waveform 5 to produce a modified bipolar full sinewave input power signal waveform 6. The operation of the second switching means 10 may be made more effective and efficient by the reduction in bandwidth of the input power signal 5. The second switching means 10 no longer has to conduct or switch at least a portion of undesirable frequencies of a typical DC input signal. Therefore the switching frequency of the second switching means 10 may be increased without increasing losses overall.

(29) Referring now to FIG. 4 an embodiment is shown with primary 1 and secondary 7 converters. In this embodiment the converters are of a similar multilevel converter type although this is not required. The first switching means 2 of each converter includes three modules. One of the modules 19 includes no switching elements. This may provide a more cost effective solution and requires fewer components. The remaining modules 4 show an embodiment as described earlier. The switching of these modules is similar to that described previously however the minimum voltage is no longer 0 but Vpdc. An embodiment of the change may be observed in the waveform of the modulated input power signal 5, where the staircase does not return to zero volts. In the shown embodiment the modified input power signal 6 is broadly similar to that produced by the embodiment of FIG. 1. This may be achieved by the operation of the second switching means 10. The second switching means 10 first opens the appropriate switches to stop the transmission of the input power signal, it then waits for an appropriate amount of time before switching the input power signal on in reverse to invert the signal and produce the desired modified input power signal 6. This produces the desired output while decreasing the number of components used. The second switching means 10 may no longer be switching at a zero power or current point; however the power level switched remains below the maximum.

(30) Referring now to FIG. 5 an embodiment is shown in which both the primary 1 and secondary 7 converters are multilevel converters as shown in FIG. 2. The embodiment shows a secondary resonant circuit 3 having a secondary winding 23 and a compensation circuit 24. Although a particular resonant circuit is shown a variety of resonant circuits may be used. In this embodiment the secondary converter can operate at the same, or substantially the same, frequency as the primary converter without increased switching losses. Alternatively a diode rectifier may be connected to the secondary resonant circuit 3 however this may not allow bi-directional power transfer. If, as in FIG. 1, a full H-bridge stage was used as the secondary converter and the resonant circuits operated at the same frequency it is likely that increased losses would occur as the H-bridge switching frequency would be too high for efficient operation of the typically used IGBTs.

(31) Referring now to FIGS. 6a and b the multilevel converter is shown as applied to a three phase converter suitable for an IPT system. The 3-phase system may require a converter for each phase 20 connected as shown in FIG. 6a in a delta arrangement, although they may also be connected in a star arrangement. Each phase converter 20 comprises a first switching means 2 and second switching means 10 which operate as described in relation to the single phase converter 1. In some embodiments the relationships between the phases may require synchronisation of the converters. FIGS. 7a and 7b show an embodiment of the three phase converter as shown in FIG. 4 for the single phase system.

(32) Usually multilevel converters are employed to synthesize a desired high voltage from low voltage devices with reduced switching losses and harmonic content. Switching losses of a typical IGBT-based SHB converter largely contribute to the overall losses and increase further with frequency. In contrast, it appears that MOSFET based converter loss is governed more by the conduction loss which mostly depends on the on resistance Ron of a switch, RMS value of the switch current, and the number of switches.

(33) The proposed converter of FIG. 1 consists of a level stage, which may be a cascaded half bridge MOSFET converter, and a full H-bridge IGBT converter. Typical voltage waveforms synthesized by each converter stage are also illustrated in FIG. 1. The converter may be employed on the primary side of the IPT system to generate high frequency currents that are necessary for high power applications. The full H-bridge converter is able to invert the voltage waveforms synthesized by the cascaded level units Vlvl to produce the desired output voltage to generate the desired current. The proposed topology uses few numbers of switching devices, particularly rated for high power levels, than typical systems.

(34) To evaluate the performance of an embodiment, a 20 kW bidirectional IPT system as shown in FIG. 1, was modeled in comparison to a typical IPT system. A single H-bridge converter was used on the pickup side while a hybrid multi-level converter was used on the primary side of the IPT system. Parameters of the two systems used for simulations at two frequencies are given in Table I. Both systems were investigated under different power levels by controlling v.sub.pi through PSM while keeping

(35) $\theta =\frac{\pi }{2}$
and v.sub.S constant. Staircase modulation with the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) method was used in the hybrid multi-level converter, eliminating both 3rd and 9th harmonic voltages. Angles φ.sub.p1, φ.sub.p2 and φ.sub.p3, shown in FIG. 1, are calculated by solving
cos(nφ.sub.p1)+cos(nφ.sub.2)+cos(nφ.sub.p2) where n=3, 9

(36) Both systems were simulated at two different frequencies of 20 kHz, 70 kHz and, for a fair comparison, it was assumed that the power levels for a given voltage are independent of the operating frequency so that
√{square root over (L.sub.st,L.sub.pt)}×f.sub.t=Constant

(37) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I PARAMETERS OF THE TYPICAL BD-IPT SYSTEM Parameter Value (f.sub.T = 20 kHz) Value (f.sub.T = 70 kHz) V.sub.pdc 600 V V.sub.pdc1, V.sub.pdc2, V.sub.pdc3 200 V V.sub.sdc 300 V L.sub.pi, L.sub.pt, L.sub.si, L.sub.st   24   6.86  C.sub.pt, C.sub.st 2.64  0.752  R.sub.pi, R.sub.pt, R.sub.si, R.sub.st 10  k 0.3 IGBT Switches IXYH40N90C3D1 MOSFET Switches IXTQ69N30P

(38) The SHB topology, used in typical IPT consists of only four high power IGBT switches. In contrast, a conventional multi-level converter requires a large number of switches, resulting in a relatively more expensive and complicated system. The conventional cascaded multi-level topology, C-CML suffers from using a large number of switches. For example 2(N−1) MOSFET switches for an N level converter. According to Table II, the number of switching components increases considerably with number of voltage levels.

(39) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II COMPARISON SWITCHES NUMBER IN DIFFERENT STUDIED TOPOLOGIES AND SWITCHES PRICES Topology Switches Quantity Switches Cost.sup.□ (USD) Single H-Bridge 4 × IGBT  4 × 3.97 Cascaded Multi-Level 2(N − 1) × MOSFET 12 × 6.3 (N levels) [9] Proposed System (N − 1) × MOSFET +  6 × 6.3 + 4 × 3.97 (N Levels) 4 × IGBT IGBT Switch IXYH40N90C3D1 MOSFET Switch IXTQ69N30P  Just switches cost for the case study (600   & 7 levels) has bean considered

(40) The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 uses a multi-level converter with a reduced number of switches. It may use six MOSFET switches and four IGBT switches for a seven level converter. Table II shows that C-CML converter requires more switches in comparison to the proposed topology, particularly when the number of converter levels increases.

(41) Reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) associated with switching process is one of the multi-level converter advantages. FIG. 9 shows variation in THD for Ipi at different frequencies of operation and voltage levels. The trend in THD is similar for both converters. However, an increase of up to 70% in THD Ipi can be observed in the typical topology while it is about 20% in the proposed hybrid multi-level topology. FIG. 9 illustrates the THD Ipt for different frequencies and voltage levels. For the proposed system, the THD level is confined within 1% while it varies between 1-3% in the typical system. THD of current affects the inductor loss and components rating. Hence it could be argued that high THD Ipi may require component with higher ratings.

(42) In the IPT system, converter loss, copper loss and core loss constitute the overall power loss. The converter loss is made up of the switching loss and the conduction loss. In this paper, the core loss and the losses due to THD are neglected. The copper losses are represented by resistors Rpi, Rsi, Rpt, and Rst. Since smaller inductors are employed in higher frequency, a decrease in copper loss is expected. Meanwhile, higher skin effect and proximity effect lead to more copper loss. Consequently, the amount of resistors representing the copper loss is assumed to remain unchanged in different frequencies, as given by Table II.

(43) In both the typical system and the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the conduction loss is proportional to Ipi,rms and Isi,rms. Furthermore, it is evident from that Isi1 and Ipi1″ are proportional to Vpi1 and Vsi1, respectively, where index 1 refers to the fundamental component. Hence, ignoring THD,Ipi effects, the primary conduction power loss, Pcnd loss-p is expected to remain unchanged, when the power output was regulated through Vpi. In contrast, the secondary conduction power loss, Pcnd loss-s, is proportional to vpi. However, high THD Ipi level in the typical topology has a high impact on Ipi,rms and Pcnd loss-p

(44) In a proposed embodiment of the system the full H-bridge IGBT converter may operate at a zero current switching condition. Therefore the switching losses are mostly linked to the MOSFET based converter, while in the typical IPT system, the switching losses are related to the IGBT based full H-bridge.

(45) Comparing FIG. 8 with FIG. 10, a positive correlation is observed between total power loss of the typical system, Pcnv loss, and THD Ipi. In contrast, total power loss of the proposed system, Ppr loss, is directly proportional to Vpi, as evident from FIG. 10. As FIG. 10 depicts, increasing the operating frequency may raise the power loss level in the typical IPT system more than the proposed system.

(46) The power factor seen by the primary converter, PFt, is given by:

(47) ${\mathrm{PF}}_T\cong \mathrm{DF}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+{\mathrm{THD}}_{V_{\mathrm{pi}}}^2}\times \sqrt{1+{\mathrm{THD}}_{I_{\mathrm{pi}}}^2}}$

(48) Where DF is the displacement factor. FIG. 11 illustrates that PFt is independent of the operating frequency. In FIG. 11, there is a clear trend of reducing PFt as mp decreases at both systems. However, the rate of reduction in PFt with mp is lower in the proposed IPT system. Furthermore, PFt in the proposed system has been improved, comparing with the typical IPT system. For example, the proposed topology has a PFt of 0.98 in the highest voltage level while it is 0.87 in the typical topology.

(49) FIG. 12 shows the efficiency, η, in both systems at different vpi and fT. From FIG. 12, it may be seen that comparing with the typical system, the efficiency in the proposed system, ηprp, has been improved, particularly at lower power levels and higher operating frequency. According to FIG. 12, in the typical topology, there is a decreasing trend in the efficiency, ηcnv, as power level decreases. At fT=20 kHz, ηcnv decreases modestly from about 91% to 88% following mp dropping to 50%. At fT=70 kHz, ηcnv reduction is more considerable such that it changes from 84% to 70%. In contrast, no significant change in efficiency is observed in the proposed system under different primary voltage levels. However, approximately 3% difference between efficiency levels at fT=20 kHz and 70 kHz is noted.

(50) From the foregoing it will be seen that a converter is provided which includes a first and second switching means to create a desired input signal.

(51) Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description, the words “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like, are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”.

(52) Although this invention has been described by way of example and with reference to possible embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that modifications or improvements may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, in any or all combinations of two or more of said parts, elements or features. Furthermore, where reference has been made to specific components or integers of the invention having known equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth.

(53) Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.