Compositions for Engine Carbon Removal and Methods and Apparatus for Removing Carbon
20220003163 · 2022-01-06
Inventors
Cpc classification
F02B77/04
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
C10L1/2222
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C10L2200/0476
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C10L1/1616
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C10L2270/026
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
F02B77/04
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
C11D11/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
The testing of various chemicals has yielded new chemicals and chemical mixtures for the use of removing carbon deposits from the internal combustion engine. Some of these chemicals and chemical mixtures have proven to work better across many different carbon types than other chemicals that were tested. These chemical terpenes are typically produced from plants. One standard terpene mixture is known as turpentine. The chemical turpentine and chemicals found in turpentine have been determined, through our research and testing, to be extremely effective at removing the carbon that is produced within the internal combustion engine.
Claims
1. A method of removing existing carbonaceous deposits from an internal combustion engine with a fuel additive; the engine including an induction system, one or more cylinders, and an exhaust system; the carbonaceous deposits are of the type built up over time during the operation of the engine (hereinafter referred to as “carbon deposits”); the method including the steps of: selecting a terpene; blending the selected terpene with the fuel used to run the engine, the percentage of the terpene in the fuel stock being sufficient to solubilize carbon deposits; running the engine; utilizing the terpene in the fuel stock to solubilize at least some the carbon deposits in at least one of the induction system, cylinders and exhaust system; removing the solubilized carbon deposits while the engine is running; and burning the solubilized and removed carbon deposits with the fuel stock in the cylinders as part of the normal combustion process.
2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the terpene is selected from the group of oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), 3-carene (3-c), R-(+)-limonene, and S-(−)-limonene.
3. The method as set forth in claim 2, wherein the fuel stock includes at least one of gasoline, E85, or diesel.
4. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the terpene includes at least two selected from the group of oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), 3-carene (3-c), R-(+)-limonene, and S-(−)-limonene.
5. A method of formulating a fuel additive useful in removing existing carbonaceous deposits from internal combustion engines, wherein the carbonaceous deposits are built up over time during the operation of such internal combustion engines (hereinafter referred to as “carbon deposits”); the method including the steps of: testing chemicals that have not been identified as useful in solubilizing carbon deposits; identifying, through the testing step, terpenes as useful in solubilizing carbon deposits; selecting terpenes, for the now recognized ability to solubilize carbon deposits, for use in formulating the fuel additive; and formulating a fuel additive including at least terpene in a quantity sufficient to solubilize carbon deposits when the fuel including the fuel additive is utilized to run the combustion engine.
6. The method as set forth in claim 5, utilizing the step of testing chemicals to identify the carbon deposit solubility properties of oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), 3-carene (3-c), R-(+)-limonene, and S-(−)-limonene.
7. The method as set forth in claim 6, wherein the step of formulating the fuel additive includes selecting at least one of the identified oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), 3-carene (3-c), R-(+)-limonene, and S-(−)-limonene.
8. The method of formulating as set forth in claim 7, wherein the step of formulating includes selecting at least two of the identified oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), 3-carene (3-c), R-(+)-limonene, and S-(−)-limonene.
9. The method of removing carbon deposits from at least one of the induction system, combustion chambers, and the exhaust system with the fuel additive of claim 5.
10. The method of removing carbon deposits from at least one of the induction system, combustion chambers, and the exhaust system with the fuel additive of claim 7.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0065] An in-depth understanding of carbon types and chemicals and chemical mixtures tested for their effectiveness in breaking down carbon accumulations is imperative in order to successfully remove these carbon deposits from road vehicle internal combustion engines. In order to accomplish this a testing procedure was developed including: (1) chemical and chemical mixture bench testing of road vehicle carbon (this is carbon that has been carefully removed by hand from the induction system and combustion chambers of road vehicle engines for the purpose of identifying and testing various carbon types and the effects of various chemicals and chemical mixtures on such various carbon types); and (2) testing the same types of carbon in running road vehicle engines with the same chemicals and chemical mixtures applied to the induction systems of such engines. In step (1) the carbon being tested is weighed both before and after the chemical (or chemical mixture) is applied, so that the amount of carbon removed by such chemical (or chemical mixture) can be quantified. This test procedure verified that the chemicals and chemical mixtures tested and the removal of different carbon types corresponded well to one another regardless of which test method (bench or running engine) was used. Stated another way, the bench tests worked to the same extent that occurred with the running engine tests. The test bench methodology produced a repeatable accuracy of +/−4%. With this level of accuracy a true understanding of the effectiveness of each chemical and chemical mixture tested, and each carbon structure type such chemicals and mixtures were tested on was achieved.
[0066] One example of the chemical diversity of a carbon type was observed when testing the chemical bromopropane (a colorless liquid with a melting point of −128.1° F. and a boiling point between 138 and 142° F.). Bromopropane is used to remove asphalt/bitumen (the terms bitumen and asphalt are understood to be interchangeable) deposits from road construction on vehicle surfaces. Although bromopropane is not environmentally favorable and boils below typical engine operating temperatures, we experimented with bromopropane in order to further our understanding. When the bromopropane was used on a sample of Audi turbocharged direct injected carbon collected from the intake port it removed 83% of such carbon. However, when the bromopropane was used on a sample of Honda port injected carbon collected from the intake port it only removed 26% of the carbon.
[0067] It was also observed that when this same type of Honda carbon was exposed to the Specific Solvents and Reactive Solvents experimented with, the carbon samples had a large amount of swelling. In other words, the deposit increased in volume due to uptake of the chemicals and chemical mixtures applied. It was also observed during testing that once a carbon sample swelled it was very difficult to remove any additional carbon. It is believed that chemically induced swelling caused the carbon pores to close. Thus, when any additional chemicals or chemical mixtures were applied to the swelled carbon sample they could only contact a much smaller area of the carbon deposit (the exposed external surface rather than both the exposed external surface and the internal surface area located in the pores) and were not effective in removing additional carbon from the sample. This chemically induced swelling was observed with many of the direct injected gasoline and port injected gasoline carbon samples that were tested. However, the Honda carbon tested was more susceptible to this chemical induced swelling. In fact, this Honda carbon was swelled by almost all of the Specific and Reactive Solvents that were applied to it. It thus became apparent that the chemicals and chemical mixtures that were applied to these Honda carbon samples would start to remove carbon from the sample and would then swell it, thereby stopping any additional carbon removal. The carbon removal would plateau with less than approximately 25% of the carbon sample being removed.
[0068] Since it was determined that high concentrations of Specific and Reactive Solvents diminished carbon removal of some carbon types, it was reasoned that the use of low percentages of such Specific and/or Reactive Solvents in a Non-Specific Solvent or Non-Specific Solvent mix (e.g., the 50/50 and 40/60 mixes discussed below), which mix would cause little or no chemically induced swelling, could be used as a base solution (or base) to mitigate such Specific/Reactive Solvent induced carbon swelling. Stated another way, if a base of a Non-Specific Solvent or a Non-Specific Solvent mix were to remove carbon at a rate higher than the rate of swelling induced by the Specific and/or Reactive Solvents the problem caused by swelling might be mitigated. A study of various Non-Specific Solvents, Specific Solvents, and Reactive Solvents began. Thousands of different chemicals and mixtures of chemicals were tested. Non-Specific Solvents were tested on Gasoline Port Injection (GPI) carbons, Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) carbons, and Diesel Direct Injection (DDI) carbons.
[0069] Our testing demonstrated that the ratio of the Non-Specific Solvents when mixed together was more important than we initially expected. If the ratio of one Non-Specific Solvent to a second Non-Specific Solvent were mixed at a 50/50 ratio, the ability of the Non-Specific Solvents to remove carbon improved considerably. When xylenes (XYL) and light hydrotreated naphtha (LHN) are mixed at a 50/50 ratio the solvents' carbon removal ability is increased. This 50/50 mixture is a preferred embodiment for one of the base solutions of the present invention. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this 50/50 ratio pairs of Non-Specific Solvents are mixed at different ratios and then tested on samples of the same Audi turbocharged direct injection carbon collected from the intake. When the preferred XYL and LHN were mixed at a 50/50 ratio 86% of the carbon was removed. However, when this mixture was changed to 25% XYL and 75% LHN only 53% of such carbon was removed. When this mixture was changed to 75% XYL and 25% LHN only 68% carbon is removed.
[0070] The Audi GDI carbon used in the 50/50 mixture tests discussed in the previous paragraph is a very easy carbon type to remove when compared to many of the other GDI carbons that were tested. With different carbon types these percentages of carbon removal will vary between the carbon type used and which Non-Specific Solvents are mixed together. It would appear that a carbon removal increase of just 10% is just a slight increase. However, we have determined through testing that a 10% increase is very hard to obtain.
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[0073] Because the chemical mixtures discussed above in reference to
[0074] As far as Applicants are aware, the use of a base of Non-Specific Solvents mixed in high ratios (e.g., 50/50, 40/60, 20/80) for induction cleaning is not disclosed in any known prior patent or publication nor is known in the industry. This is illustrated by analyzing the MSDS information in
[0075] Thus, an effective ratio of Non-Specific Solvents, optimized to minimize carbon swelling, was found to be between 20/80 and 80/20 when the Non-Specific Solvent base consists of two solvents. Or a ratio of 33.33/33.33/33.33 (referred to as 30/30/30) if the base consists of three Non-Specific Solvents. An example of the latter would be 33.3% XYL/33.3% LHN/33.3% SS as discussed in greater detail below.
[0076] The above described Non-Specific Solvent mixes work well on certain carbon types and represent an improvement over the prior art. However, from our testing we determined that none of these Non-Specific Solvents mixes worked well enough across all the carbon types tested to enable sufficient carbon removal in the typical cleaning time and chemical volumes allotted for this procedure by current industry practice, which is typically 16 oz of chemical delivered over 20 minutes of time. In view of this constraint it was determined that a mix of Non-Specific Solvents to which base one or more Non-Specific Solvents, Specific-Solvents and/or Reactive Solvents would be needed to enhance the base to remove substantial amounts of carbon across all carbon types. It was also determined for the best carbon removal results that the Specific Solvents/Reactive Solvents used would constitute no more than 30 volume percent of the final mix.
[0077] In general, a total content of the Non-Specific Solvent base of at least 70 volume percent was found to be preferred in order to mitigate chemically induced swelling from the Specific and/or Reactive Solvents while still providing substantial carbon removal. Small percentages of additional Non-Specific Solvents might be added in the remaining 30 percent to increase the carbon removal rate of the chemical mix, as indicated below with regard to the ATS 505CR mix, ATS 505DCR mix, and ATS 505TCR mix families.
[0078] It was found through testing that the best chemicals that we believe act primarily as Non-Specific Solvents are; xylenes (XYL), light hydrotreated naphtha (LHN), Stoddard solvent (SS), toluene (TOL), dipentene (DIP), tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), decahydronaphthalene (DHN), cyclohexane (CH), octane (OCT), pentyl acetate (PA), tributylamine (TBA), propylbenzene (PB), bromobenzene (BB), decane (DEC), diethyl malonate (DEM), 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), trimethylbenzene (TMB), tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and glycol ethers such as propylene glycol phenyl ether (PGPhE), propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPrE) and ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE). Each of these Non-Specific Solvents worked well across a board range of engine induction carbon and was determined to be suitable for the Non-Specific Solvent base. It was also determined that the Specific Solvents and Reactive Solvents (again noting that some chemicals may act in more than one of these two categories) that work best with the selected Non-Specific Solvents base for removing all carbon structure types are; 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN), nitropropane (NP), tert-butyl peracetate (TBP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), di-tert-amyl peroxide (DTAP), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), isopropyl nitrate (IPN), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP).
[0079] It has also been determined that other mixtures of Non-Specific Solvents that do not necessarily include either XYL or LHN can also remove significantly greater amounts of carbon than any one of the individual solvents used alone. Examples of some other Non-Specific Solvents are dipentene (DIP), tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), Stoddard solvent (SS), and toluene (TOL). When the Specific Solvents and/or Reactive Solvents listed in the previous paragraph are mixed with Non-Specific Solvents other than XYL or LHN enhanced carbon removing formulas are also produced. Various mixes can be produced to better remove one carbon type than another carbon type. The problem is to produce a mix to work across all road vehicle carbon types. As previously discussed we have identified many different carbon structure types. With each of these carbon structures the chemical interaction with the carbon changes.
[0080] When using Audi turbocharged GDI carbon with Non-Specific Solvent mixtures such as 50% XYL and 50% SS, 59% of the carbon was removed. When this mixture is changed to 50% LHN and 50% SS, 70% of the carbon was removed. When this mixture was changed to 50% TOL and 50% LHN, 77% of the carbon was removed. When this mixture was changed to 50% TOL and 50% SS, 67% of the carbon was removed. Finally, when this mixture was changed to 50% TOL and 50% XYL, 51% of the carbon was removed.
[0081] Furthermore, and again in reference to the Audi turbocharged GDI carbon, at least 3 different Non-Specific Solvents can be combined to produce a mixture that has the ability to remove carbon as well. For example when the base mixture is changed to 33% XYL and 33% LHN and 33% SS, 46% of such Audi carbon is removed. When the base mixture is changed to 33% XYL and 33% LHN and 33% DIP, 38% carbon is removed. When the mixture is changed to 33% XYL and 33% SS and 33% TOL, 48% carbon is removed. When the mixture is changed to 33% XYL and 33% LHN and 33% TOL, 51% carbon is removed. When this mixture is changed to 33% LHN and 33% SS and 33% TOL, 28% carbon is removed. And when the base is changed to 33% XYL and 33% TOL and 33% trimethylbenzene (TMB), 72% carbon is removed. With the caveat, as discussed in greater detail below, that care must be taken to avoid selecting a chemical that inhibits the effectiveness of another chemical. Furthermore a mixture of 3 different Non-Specific Solvents is not an upper limit. One such example is demonstrated below using a blend for high temperature gasoline (HTG).
[0082] As discussed in greater detail below, through testing it has been determined that, generally speaking, the fewer chemicals contained within the chemical mixture the better the product works across all carbon types. We believe this to be because each of the individual chemicals tested may react with the carbon being tested at slightly different rates, yet there is a finite amount of carbon surface for them to act on (i.e. the efficacy of a particular chemical in a mixture of two or more chemicals is based on their competing carbon-removal reaction rates). In general therefore, the chemical that acts preferentially in a chemical mixture may be the chemical that has both the strongest chemical interaction with the carbon and the fastest reaction rate and will, in effect, reduce access and/or reactivity of the other chemicals to the carbon surface, and thus their efficacy in a particular mixture. Furthermore, solvent-solute interaction, specifically when two different solvents are chemically attracted to each other, may reduce the chemical attraction between those solvents and the carbon. Thus, when the number of carbon removing chemicals is less, the individual chemicals may have a greater efficacy toward carbon removal. It has also been determined that when small volumes of Specific/Reactive Solvents are used the Non-Specific Solvents in the base mix carbon removal may be enhanced. Thus, the final chemical mixture needs to be chosen based on the testing data, in order for the best formulation to be produced.
[0083] In addition to the foregoing, it is believed that the various chemicals tested (e.g., XYL, THN, TBP, and DTBP) have different mechanisms for removing carbon from road vehicle internal combustion engines. It is also believed the chemical base (i.e., the Non-Specific Solvent mix) is effective for its solubility parameter type interactions. The Non-Specific Solvents also provide the physical means for removal of the deposits because of their ability to carry the dissolved and loosened portions of the deposits away. (Proprietary technology and methodology for carrying away dissolved and loosened carbon deposits is disclosed below and in the co-pending '016 application.) The Specific Solvents and/or Reactive Solvents are used for their ability to react with the non-saturated hydrocarbon portions of the deposit, which in turn enhances the deposits tendency to be solubilized and/or removed by the Non-Specific Solvents. It is also believed that the oxygenated Specific and/or Reactive Solvents facilitate removal of the metal, alkali metal, and semimetal element portion of the deposit which, in turn, helps release the carbon deposit into the Non-Specific Solvent and thereby remove it from the engine. We believe that the ability of the Specific and or Reactive Solvents such as 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBHP, TBPB, NP, and IPN is in part due to their propensity to undergo scission into charged reactive species (e.g. free radicals) at engine operating temperatures. Free radical species generated from such scission are known for their ability to participate in the chemical interactions described above. It is further believed that in order to enhance these types of chemical interactions that the scission occurs in proximity to the carbon deposit and in a liquid phase. Thus, the boiling point of the Non-Specific Solvent base must be higher than the engine running temperature, and the auto-decomposition temperature of the Specific and/or Reactive Solvent needs to be close to the engine running temperature.
[0084] The engine running temperature will vary within the engine depending where the temperature is measured, (e.g. normal engine running coolant temperature can run from 180 F to 230 F, throttle body temperatures can run between 150 F and 230 F, intake system temperatures can run 180 F to 275 F, intake valve temperatures can run between 390 F to 1100 F, exhaust valve temperatures can run between 750 F and 1475 F, and combustion chamber temperatures can run 200 F to 1475 F). In the case of the chemical interactions described above, a free radical species interacting with a metal, alkali metal or semimetal element would most likely be acting as a Specific Solvent, but the same radical interacting with a non-saturated hydrocarbon species would most likely be acting as a Reactive Solvent.
[0085] The solvents described above were all tested in different formulations that remove substantial amounts of carbon from the different carbon types encountered in road vehicle engines. Those skilled in the art should appreciate the importance that the chemicals selected interact well with one another. Many different carbon removal formulations were mixed and tested. The best Non-Specific Solvents for use as the liquid base were found to be; XYL, LHN, DIP, THN, DHN, TOL, TMP, and SS. With such bases the best Specific/Reactive Solvents found to enhance the bases were; 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBPB, IPN, TBHP, and NP. With such bases the best Non-Specific Solvents found to enhance the bases were; OCT, EM, CH, PA, TBA, PB, BB, XYL, LHN, DIP, THN, DHN, TOL, TMP, TAME, and SS.
[0086] A significant part of our research was directed at the removal of intake carbon. This is the carbon that is within the induction system that can accumulate in such places as the throttle plate, throttle body, intake plenum, intake manifold, intake runner valves or charge valves, fuel injector tips, intake runners, intake opening, intake ports, and intake valves. However, the developed mixes were also found to remove carbon in the combustion chambers, and carbon from the direct injection injector tips, which we believe is due to both the higher temperatures and the combustion enhancing properties of the Specific and/or Reactive Solvents. Additionally the 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBPB, IPN, TBHP and NP provided the engines tested with enhanced engine running capability during induction cleaning. These combustion enhancing properties also allow for up to nine times the industry standard chemical volume (i.e., 1 to 1.5 Gallons Per Hour (GPH)) to be applied into the engine during cleaning without developing engine running problems. In turn, this increase in the chemical volume delivery allows for more carbon to be removed from the engine. The combustion enhancing properties of these chemicals is well known.
[0087] We believe that the ability of chemicals such as 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBPB, IPN, TBHP and NP to chemically interact with those parts of the carbon deposit that is not readily affected by the Non-Specific Solvent base results from the following. First, the parts of the deposit that were not susceptible to solvent-solute interaction with the Non-Specific Solvent become susceptible to this interaction because of the chemical interactions discussed in above. Second, the other parts of the deposit that are still not susceptible to solvent-solute interaction with the Non-Specific Solvent are carried away by the mechanical force of the moving liquid base (discussed below), thus being removed from the engine and burned in the combustion process.
[0088] It is important that all of the carbon that is removed in the cleaning process is burned during the combustion event. Some of the chemicals that can help with this combustion process, such as but not limited to, are; 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBPB, IPN, TBHP and NP. Burning all the carbon is important as it prevents such carbon that is removed from the induction system and combustion chambers from impacting the exhaust components, such as but not limited to, turbochargers and catalytic converters. Carbon deposits that are removed from the induction and combustion chambers, but not burned, may end up being deposited on the turbine wheel of the turbocharger. This, in turn, imbalances the turbine wheel which will cause mechanical damage to the turbocharger.
[0089] When using different combinations of Non-Specific Solvent bases with Specific Solvents/Reactive Solvents it was observed that some of the mixes worked better on some carbon types than others. It was also observed that when one chemical was added to a mix it could block or retard one of the other chemicals in the mix from working well on a particular carbon type. An example of this is when 5 percent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is added to a mix of Non-Specific Solvents (e.g., 50% XYL/50% LHN) that have a carbon removal rate in the 50 percent range, the carbon removal rate would drop to the 20 percent range. Yet another example is when 5 percent of polyetheramines (PEA) is added to a mix of Non-Specific Solvents (e.g., 50% XYL/50% LHN) that have a carbon removal rate in the 50 percent range, the PEA would limit the carbon removal rate to the 20 percent range. It is evident that when these chemicals are used in Non-Specific Solvents such as, but not limited to, NMP and PEA, they diminish the carbon removal ability of such Non-Specific Solvent bases as seen in
[0090] In the case where the solvent mixes tested removed substantial amounts of carbon compared to the commercially available products, they did not necessarily initially work across all the carbon types we collected from road vehicle engines. Using the aforementioned reasoning based on the roles of the various solvent types, and then considering physical constraints such as boiling temperatures and auto-decomposition temperatures, as well as health effects, a selection of potential chemicals was chosen to further research. Through extensive testing of these chemicals preferred chemical mixes were formulated to use on gasoline based engines from the following chemicals in the specified ranges, namely: 20-80% xylenes; 20-80% light hydrotreated naphtha; 0.2-20% octane; 0.2-20% 2-ethylhexyl nitrate; 0.2-20% tert-butyl peracetate; and 0.2-20% di-tert-butyl peroxide. This is referred to as the “ATS 505CR” family of mixes. A preferred ATS 505CR mix is: 40% xylenes; 40% light hydrotreated naphtha; 5% octane; 5% 2-ethylhexyl nitrate; 5% tert-butyl peracetate; and 5% di-tert-butyl peroxide. Through extensive testing this mix was demonstrated to remove sufficient carbon given current industry cleaning practices on volume of chemical applied and application time, typically a minimum of 16 fluid ounces applied in 30 minutes or less, to remove a substantial amount of all the carbon types tested from the internal combustion engine.
[0091] Alternately, the foregoing preferred ATS 505CR mix family can be utilized as two mix families, namely: (1) ATS 505CR family A; and (2) ATS 505CR family B. The 505CR family A contains: 20-80% xylenes, 20-80% light hydrotreated naphtha, 0.2-20% octane, and 0.2-20% 2-ethylhexyl nitrate. The 505CR family B contains: 20-80% xylenes, 20-80% light hydrotreated naphtha, 0.2-20% tert-butyl peracetate, and 0.2-20% di-tert-butyl peroxide. With reference to the testing disclosed in connection with
[0092] Through testing the best mixes for use on carbon in diesel based engines are shown in
[0093] The ATS 505CR, and ATS 505DCR, mix/mix families result in an HMIS heath rating of (2). Furthermore, as of June, 2017, none of the utilized chemicals are currently listed on the California Proposition 65 regulation.
[0094] The ATS 505CR mix family and the ATS 505CR families A and B worked better than any commercially available induction cleaner that was tested. By way of comparison, in reference to
[0095] In contrast with the percentages set forth for the commercial products listed in
[0096] As is apparent by the testing data listed in
[0097] With further reference to
[0098] It is clear from the test results that Applicants' preferred mixes work better than the mixes used by the major cleaning chemical manufacturers (as set forth in
[0099] With the commercial products set forth in
[0100] In contrast to the commercial products tested, it was observed through testing that if suitable oxygenated Specific and/or Reactive Solvents were used with Applicants' Non-Specific Solvents (e.g., XYL, LHN, DIP, THN, DHN, TOL, TMP AND SS) the carbon removal rate of such a mix would not plateau. To the contrary, the higher the volume of mixture that was applied the more carbon would be removed from the carbon deposit. It is believed this occurs when the removal rate from a Non-Specific Solvent (or mix thereof) is greater than the induced swelling rate of the carbon. In the ATS 505CR family of mixes the carbon removal rate does not plateau, but instead will continue to remove carbon from the carbon deposit with additional volumes of the mix being applied. This continued carbon removal occurs whether there is or there is not swelling of the carbon.
[0101] When the Non-Specific Solvents in the preferred formula of ATS 505CR are mixed together with the preferred Specific Solvents and/or Reactive Solvents the resultant mixture's ability to remove carbon deposits is enhanced as discussed above. With reference to
[0102] With reference to
[0103] It has been demonstrated through extensive testing that the ATS mixes that contain high ratios of Non-Specific Solvents (e.g., 50/50) with the right mix of Specific Solvent and/or Reactive Solvents are more effective at removing all types of internal combustion engine carbon than the Specific Solvents or Reactive Solvents used by the major induction cleaning chemical manufacturers.
[0104] In the prior art, including the commercially available induction chemical cleaning products, fuel tank additives, there is no known teaching of the Non-Specific Solvent base mix of the present invention, or the Specific Solvents and Reactive Solvents added to this base to form the preferred ATS 505CR mix, the ATS 505CR Mix A, the ATS 505CR Mix B, or the ranges of chemicals which contain these specific mixes (e.g., ATS 505CR family A). The specific chemicals listed herein and their beneficial effectiveness in removing carbon from road vehicle engines was determined from our experimentation. Other similar chemicals that also can undergo scission, decomposition into reactive fragments, or that have monopropellant properties may be substituted, so long as the base mix/Specific and/or Reactive Solvent mix has a melting temperature at or below expected ambient storage and use conditions, has a boiling and or decomposition temperature at or near the expected engine operating temperature, and is soluble/miscible at the desired percentages in the chosen Non-Specific Solvent base.
[0105] Regardless of how delivered to the induction system of an engine, the preferred ATS 505CR mix has been found to be very effective in removing the range of carbon types that have been tested from the engines they were accumulated in, even though they may temporarily induce light knocking in a running engine during a cleaning process. It has also been determined that the addition of anti-knock additives to the mix such as, but not limited to, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), diethyl malonate (DEM) and tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME) will mitigate knocking. Based on our testing, we have determined that these chemicals (TMP, DEM, and TAME) also provide a good carbon removal rate. It is believed that this occurs because they are also very effective Non-Specific Solvents. As there are multiple chemicals known for their ability to limit knock produced from the fuels rapid burning rate that leads to engine knock, it is important to select such a chemical based on its ability to remove carbon as well as reduce engine knock.
[0106] Yet another way to mitigate knock during induction cleaning is to use a chemical base which produces a slower burn rate. THN is one such chemical as it has a slow burn rate which resists knocking within the engine. We have determined from our testing that THN also has a high carbon removal rate across many different road vehicle carbon types. When Specific Solvents and Reactive Solvents such as 2-EHN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, TBPB, IPN, TBHP and NP are used with the THN base, they increase the effectiveness of the resulting chemical mixture to remove additional carbon. This can be seen in the testing results in
[0107] In addition to Specific Solvents/Reactive Solvents as discussed above, THN also works well will many of the Non-Specific Solvents. This can be seen in
[0108] Additionally, as set forth in the commonly owned '016 and '684 applications, not all prior art methods of delivering solutions intended for cleaning the induction system of an engine are effective in getting such a solution to where it is needed. Thus, in addition to having a chemical mix which will remove substantial amounts of such carbon deposits, it is highly desirable to have an effective mechanism for delivering such a chemical mix to the induction system, combustion chambers and exhaust system of a vehicle. The apparatus and methodology of the '016 application provides such an effective mechanism and, together with the preferred chemical/chemical mixes (discussed above) of the present invention, they provide a “one-two” punch for removing engine carbon. The apparatus and methodology of the '016 application/'606 A1 Pub. is applicable to the use of a single chemical mix or multiple chemical mixes.
[0109] As discussed in the ¶'606 A1 Pub., getting the chemicals to the carbon sites can be very challenging. This is due to several problems that occur as discussed in detail in this application. For instance, the problem of the chemical/chemical mix hitting the closed throttle plate and impinging on it and then puddling in the induction system is discussed. Additionally it is shown that opening the throttle with a Wide Open Throttle (WOT) snap will help break up the puddling in the induction system and change the RPM during the induction cleaning process. This will allow the air column flowing into the engine to have greater energy which helps with the cleaning process. See, for instance, ¶¶[0071]-[0073] of the '606 A1 Pub. Further improvements to this apparatus and methodology are discussed below.
[0110] It has been determined through extensive testing on multiple running engines, that in some engines there is a tendency for the carbon cleaning solution that is sprayed from a nozzle in the form of an aerosol to condense into a bulk liquid and puddle in the induction system. As disclosed in the '016 application/'606 A1 Pub., the throttle will need to be opened multiple times during the cleaning period in order to limit this aerosol from puddling in the induction system. This method has not been recognized in the industry. Rather it is common practice to place a throttle stick (an expandable stick that is placed between the accelerator pedal and steering wheel) on the accelerator pedal in order to hold the throttle at a steady state during the cleaning process. The industry recommendation is a steady state Revolutions Per Minute (RPM), usually between 1200 and 1800. Through the Applicants' testing it has been determined that this practice of holding the throttle at a steady state will increase the degree to which the chemical mixture aerosol will puddle within the induction system and can further limit equal distribution within the engine.
[0111] It is also clear that if the chemical/chemical mixture aerosol directly hits the throttle plate it will impinge on the throttle plate creating large droplets that will not stay suspended within the air flowing through the induction system. Additionally, the use of an air bleed nozzle that by-passes the throttle plate, such as illustrated in FIG. 10 of the '606 A1 Pub, produces droplet sizes that are large and have a tendency to fall out of the air flowing into the engine. In either of these prior art delivery methods, this allows the chemical/chemical mix to puddle within the induction system. Additionally, these puddles will not have equal distribution within the induction system as the air flowing through the induction system can move these puddles along the induction system floor, whereby the chemical/chemical mix cleans the floor, but leaves the carbon on the port sides and top. This channel that is cut through the carbon on the induction floor during cleaning, can result in additional air turbulence that can decrease the power and fuel mileage from the engine after the cleaning as occurred. When carbon deposits are not equal in size/shape/distribution within the induction system the incoming air flow into the engine hits these non-uniform deposits and becomes turbulent/more turbulent. This turbulent or erratic air creates uneven cylinder volume filling, which directly affects the power output from the engine. The very reason for cleaning the induction system is to increase the power and fuel economy of the engine by removing the carbon deposits from the engine and, thus, limiting this turbulent air flow. However, with prior art cleaning methods, it is possible to actually make this turbulence worse by making the carbon deposits more non-uniform or cutting a channel through the carbon on the induction system floor. This decrease in power and economy from the engine, after the completion of the chemical carbon removal treatment of the engine, is a direct result of not keeping the chemical/chemical mixture suspended in the air flowing into the engine with equal distribution. During testing using prior art applicators, multiple vehicles that had chemical/chemical mixtures applied with such apparatus had performance problems from the carbon cleaning procedure. Four different vehicles lost between 1 to 3 miles per gallon in fuel economy. When we addressed this problem it was determined that the chemical/chemical mixture was falling out of the air flowing into the engine which, in turn, created non-uniformed carbon deposits. These non-uniformed deposits then increased the turbulence within the air flow which created cyclic variations in cylinder volume charge rates.
[0112] It has also been determined through our testing that one way to mitigate puddling in the induction system, and to accomplish more even distribution of the liquid chemical/chemical mix droplets that constitute the aerosol throughout the engine, is to have the throttle plate opened and closed during the cleaning process. This is true for both prior art products as well as prior art apparatus/methods of delivery (e.g., air bleed nozzle or oil burner nozzle). This is due to the high pressure differential that is created between atmosphere pressure and the induction system pressure when the throttle plate is closed on a running engine. When the throttle is opened the inrush of air into the induction system, due to this high pressure differential, is quite high. This inrush of air increases the volume and velocity of the air moving into the engine. Furthermore we have determined that, if the delivery system applies chemical/chemical mixtures during this throttle opening, the liquid droplets will have a much better chance to stay suspended in the air flowing into the engine. During a throttle opening this high volume/high velocity air will help to suspend the droplets in the moving air column. Additionally, this air inrush creates turbulence as it passes the throttle plate which helps mix the liquid droplets into the air which, in turn, helps keep them suspended within the air. This turbulent air helps pick up any of the chemical/chemical mixture that has puddled within the induction system and moves it back into the air stream. All of this helps to keep the chemical mixture in an aerosolized form that can be suspended within the air so that the cleaning mixture can be delivered to the carbon sites (e.g., the carbon contained on the intake port and intake valve).
[0113] In order for this turbulence to occur the chemical application will be timed with the opening of the throttle plate. As those skilled in the art should appreciate this can be accomplished in many different ways such as, but not limited to: using a pressure transducer to sense the pressure change as the throttle plate is opened; using an optical sensor to monitor the throttle plate movement; using a microphone to monitor the sound change of the throttle plate opening; using a potentiometer to monitor the throttle plate opening; using a tailpipe pressure sensor so as to determine the engine RPM increase, using a pressure sensor in the crankcase so as to determine the engine RPM increase; ignition discharge so as to determine the engine RPM increase; using an alert system such as lights to indicate to a service person when to open the throttle; and using a mechanical means where the throttle plate movement opens a valve which would allow the chemical mixture to be injected into the engine only when the throttle was opened.
[0114] Regardless of the method used the outcome is what is important. When the chemical/chemical mixture is delivered in conjunction with this throttle plate opening movement, the chemical mixture is carried by the air column moving into the engine at a much greater rate, thus mitigating puddling in the induction system, and creating far better distribution of the liquid droplets to all of the cylinders within the engine.
[0115] As shown in
[0116] Additionally, as shown in
[0117] Thus, this method of timed delivery can be implemented with the nozzle in front of the throttle plate or with the nozzle behind the throttle plate. This is because mixture impingement on the throttle plate is minimized regardless of whether the aerosol is injected in front of or behind the throttle plate. If the nozzle 150 is used in front of throttle plate 156 and only delivers chemical/chemical mixtures aerosol when the throttle plate 156 is opening, the inrushing air moves the cone shaped aerosol around the throttle plate. See
[0118] We have also determined that a much larger injector flow rate than commonly used in the industry is achievable and desirable. While commonly used prior art injector flow rates are between 1 to 1.5 Gallons Per Hour (GPH), with our apparatus and methodology the preferred injector flow rate is 6 to 9 GPH with a 45 degree hollow cone from oil burner nozzle 150 (or equivalent). This chemical/chemical mixture spray pattern is hollow in the center and will help mitigate such pattern from directly hitting the throttle plate. Additionally it has been determined that when an increased volume of chemical/chemical mixture is used (e.g., 6 to 9 GPH) far more carbon can be removed. Further, with this increased chemical volume the delivery is pulsed on and off. This controls the chemical delivery rate so the engine can run during cleaning without stalling. When the chemical/chemical mix aerosol is injected in front of the throttle plate, the throttle plate is opened and closed between 1200 RPM and 3000 RPM. When the microprocessor (not shown) acknowledges that the throttle plate has been opened the injector (e.g., 150) is commanded on for 1.5 seconds. This allows the injector to deliver the aerosol at the high rate of volume discussed above when the throttle plate is open. This, in turn, allows the droplet mixture to be delivered when the air column (both speed and turbulence) moving into the engine is optimal. Thus, the increased amount of the droplet mixture delivered from a high volume injector can stay suspended in the moving air column until it reaches the intake ports and intake valves, thereby increasing the carbon removal rate of these components.
[0119] In order to not inject to much chemical/chemical mixture to the engine the preferred method is to turn the injector (e.g., 150) on every throttle opening for eight throttle sequential openings. Then the injector is turned off for a pause period of, preferably, 30 seconds. This is to allow the exhaust components, such as but not limited to, the catalytic converter and turbocharger time to cool down. This also allows the delivered liquid droplets time to soak the carbon deposit, thus allowing enough time for such droplets to start to interact with the carbon deposit. During this injector off time an alert lamp (such as disclosed in '606 A1, noting ¶[0065]) can be used to indicate to the service personal to allow the engine to idle. When the preferred wait time of 30 seconds is up, an alert lamp indicates to the service personal to rev the engine between the preferred engine RPM's of 1200 RPM and 3000 RPM. The droplets are once again delivered for eight throttle openings, followed by another pause period where the injector is turned off for the preferred 30 second pause period. This cycle is repeated until the recommended chemistry volume of carbon cleaning solution is totally used.
[0120] The foregoing method can be used with a single chemical/chemical mixture, or with multiple mixtures such as, but not limited to, 505CR chemical A and 505CR chemical B. In the case of using multiple chemicals/chemical mixtures, the two chemistries will be alternated between chemical A for eight throttle openings, then the preferred 30 second pause period, and then chemical B for eight throttle openings, and another pause period for 30 seconds. This cycle will be repeated until both chemistry volumes are totally used.
[0121] Another nozzle design for induction cleaning is shown in
[0122] Yet another nozzle design is shown in
[0123] These small liquid droplets are based, in part, on the chemical/chemical mixture flash point. With the chemical/chemical mixtures flash point accurately identified, it has been determined that these droplets can be smaller than, approximately, 125 microns. This small size allows the droplets to stay suspended in the moving air column into the engine. The air assist nozzle produces a discharge of a gas/chemical mixture in the form of fine liquid chemical droplets propelled by the gas volume flowing out the nozzle opening. Once the small droplets are delivered into the engine, they are driven by the moving air and will impinge all-round the interior of the induction system. These small droplets will also combine with other droplets, become larger and thus will be able to wet and remove carbon deposits throughout the induction system.
[0124] Nozzle cover 182 is threaded on to nozzle body 184 so it can be quickly changed for different hose sizes and induction system configurations. These different connection hoses can be attached to different sizes of vacuum ports or induction openings on the induction system. This allows the small liquid droplets 184 (shown in
[0125] Additionally the pressure on the liquid chemical/chemical mix can be changed as well. This will allow the chemical delivery volume to be increased or decreased. For example, this is very useful as it permits increasing delivery volume when cleaning an 8 cylinder engine, and decreasing the delivery volume when cleaning a 4 cylinder engine. With this style of nozzle, whether used in front of the throttle plate or used behind the throttle plate, it has been determined that if an increased chemical/chemical mixture is used (the preferred 6 to 9 GPH) far more carbon can be removed. This allows the carbon to be soaked with liquid chemical where the carbon can be solubilized and move into the carbon cleaning fluid. If the chemical was allowed to just flow at this high volume rate the engine would run poorly and or stall. So with high chemical volume rates it is necessary for the chemical/chemical mixture delivery to be pulsed on and off. This on and off volume flow rate is accomplished with electric solenoid(s) that are control with an electric circuit or microprocessor as illustrated in the '016 application. These solenoid(s) control the chemical delivery so the engine can run during cleaning. The preferred method is to turn the chemical delivery on for 2 seconds and off for 3 seconds, and then back on for 2 seconds and then off for 3 seconds. This cycle is repeated for 8 pulses and then a 30 second soaking pause period is given. The soak period allows the chemical/chemical mixture additional time to interact with the carbon deposits, which in turn helps with the remove of the carbon deposit. This pause period also helps with controlling the exhaust components temperatures. After the preferred soaking pause time the cycle is started again. If multiple chemical/chemical mixes are used, after the pause period the next chemical/chemical mix is used. These chemical/chemical mixes will be cycled repeatedly until the recommended chemistry volume of carbon cleaning solution is totally used.
[0126] Further testing included placing cameras on the inside of induction systems (e.g., the induction system of a Ford V8 with a scroll style induction system) and filming what the chemical/chemical mix droplets do as they enter the induction system, and then what occurs to them as the droplets move through the induction system. It was observed that when these liquid particles are forced into the induction system under high velocity and high flow volume, with a nozzle such as the air assist nozzle of
[0127] Nozzle 174 can be used in front of the throttle plate as shown in
[0128] Additionally, when nozzle 174 is used behind the throttle plate and the chemical mixture is one that is combustible, the mixture acts as a fuel, which when mixed with the pressurized air creates a combustible mixture that burns within the cylinders. This insures the carbon that was removed during the cleaning process will be burned within the combustion chamber. Additionally, the mixture being combustible allows the engine to rev (increases crankshaft rotational speed) without opening the throttle. This increase of engine RPM helps the engine to pump more air, thus increasing the volume of air moving through the engine. This, in turn, helps to limit the chemical from puddling in the induction system even when a throttle stick is used. When used with a throttle stick a service person will not have to open and close the throttle plate during an engine carbon cleaning procedure. (With prior art techniques and prior art chemical/chemical mixes, where no service personnel is available to open and close the throttle, the use of a throttle stick would not have these benefits.)
[0129] The 174 type nozzle also works well where there is no throttle plate. Throttle plate-less engines, which may be a diesel or gasoline based engines, are dramatically helped by the high velocity high volume discharge from nozzle 174. Thus, all types of internal combustion engines can have the liquid cleaning chemicals/chemical mixes applied evenly and effectively to the associated induction systems. These throttle plate-less engines, such as a diesel, will also need to have the engine rev as the chemical/chemical mixture is being applied. This additional RPM will help keep the chemicals suspended within the air column flowing into the engine. Additionally, the device that adds a throttle plate attachment to the throttle plate-less engine, as disclosed in the '606 A1 Pub.,
[0130] It will be important to understand the nozzle design can also be one such, as shown in
[0131] The discharge rates from nozzles 174 and 185 are much higher than obtainable from a basic hydraulic nozzle (e.g., oil burn nozzle 150) in that the compressed air supplies the nozzle (174, 185) with a linear velocity where the volumetric flow rate from the compressed air accelerates the liquid chemical droplets. The droplets are then suspended within the high volumetric flow rate of the compressed air in the format of very fine liquid droplets. The discharge rate of these compressed air based discharge nozzles (174 and 185) is high when compared to the traditional oil burner nozzle, or a hydraulic nozzle, that has been used in the automotive carbon cleaning industry for decades. When using the hydraulic based nozzle the liquid volume can be increased which, in turn, can create a higher discharge rate. However the velocity from such a nozzle is only slightly increased. Further, with the traditional hydraulic nozzle the cleaning chemicals tend to fall out of the air flow moving through the engine. Additionally these traditional hydraulic nozzles do not work well when placed behind the throttle plate. Video inspection of the induction system in multiple engines clearly shows that the compressed air based or air assist nozzles of the present invention keeps more of the chemical/chemical mixture suspended as droplets in the air flow moving through the engine. Additionally, when the preferred pressurized gas air having 21% oxygen content is mixed with a cleaning formulation that can burn, this combination will provide the engine with a combustible mixture that will insure that the carbon that was removed during the cleaning process will be burned within the combustion chamber. Further, such combustible air/mixture can increase the RPM of the engine. Increasing the RPM helps keep the chemicals suspended in the air flow due to an increase of the engines volumetric pumping ability, which moves more air flow through the engine. Thus, the use of compressed air based nozzles, or air assist nozzles, for induction cleaning within the internal combustion engine has been determined to have multiple advantages. Whether the air assist nozzle is that of the type having the chemicals pressurized to the nozzle as with nozzle 174, or that of the type having a low pressure suck the chemical into the nozzle as with nozzle 185 the results are superior over prior art.
[0132] When using nozzle 174 or nozzle 191 and there is not an induction port or opening located behind the throttle plate that could be used for induction cleaning, nozzle direction tip 192 can be used as shown in
[0133] Nozzle tip 192, as shown in greater detail in
[0134] Due to the inherent limitations of fuel based delivery, it is preferred to clean the induction system, combustion chambers and the exhaust system of an engine with a method and apparatus that delivers the chemical mixture into a centralized location of the induction system of the engine, preferably as disclosed above and in the '016 application. However, some of the chemicals of the present invention when mixed with a fuel base, such as standard consumer grades of gasoline, E-85 or diesel fuel, are effective in removing carbon, as shown in
[0135] It is important to understand that all carbon removing chemicals and chemical mixtures used for induction cleaning, for spark ignition engines must work well with the gasoline that is being sprayed onto the intake port of a GPI engine, or combustion chamber of the engine of a GDI engine, so that the engine can run. When cleaning the induction system or combustion chambers of the engine, with apparatus disclosed in the '016 application, the gasoline will be at least partially mixed with the cleaning chemicals. Thus, whichever chemical/chemical mix are chosen to remove carbon deposits from the engine should work well with gasoline. Based on our testing we have determined that many of the chemicals we have identified for carbon removal work well with gasoline (e.g., OCT, EM, CH, PA, TBA, PB, BB, XYL, LHN, DIP, THN, DHN, TMP, DEC, and TAME.). Additionally some of these chemicals (e.g., 2-EHN, NP, ISN, TBP, DTBP, DTAP, and DTPB) have an added advantage that would provide better combustion characteristics as well
[0136] When carbon removing chemicals are directly added to the fuel base (e.g., standard consumer grades of gasoline, diesel fuel) of the vehicle there could be two different methods used. One is where the fuel manufacture or fuel distributor pre-mixes the selected chemicals into the fuel base. The other method would be one where the individual adds the fuel additives directly to the vehicles fuel tank separately from the fuel. In either case the chemical/gas mixture would be delivered through the injectors and would clean carbon from anywhere the chemical mixture contacted.
[0137]
[0138] Another problem with regard to fuel stocks such as standard consumer grades of gasoline, is that they are formulated to release thermal energy in the internal combustion engine and not to clean the heavier carbon deposits from such an engine. Such gasoline blends are designed to flash from a liquid to a vapor at the running temperature of the engine. In port injected engines the fuel injectors spray pattern is aimed at the intake valve which is the hottest part of the induction system. This means that the fuel tank additives are using a base that is turning into a vapor as soon as it hits the hot intake valve. In direct injected engines the injectors spray pattern is delivered directly into the hot combustion chamber which vaporizes the fuel. This means that the fuel tank additives are using a base that is turning into a vapor as soon as it hits the hot combustion chamber. As previously discussed, through our testing we have determined that a chemical mix in the form of a vapor is not ideal to remove heavy carbon deposits.
[0139] Gasoline can be effective in removing carbon deposits has seen in
[0140] It has been determined through testing that a chemical mixture that represents gasoline but mixed with higher boiling point chemicals, referred to as High Temperature Gasoline (HTG) and not to be confused with standard consumer grades of gasoline, will work well to remove carbon from the induction system of the engine. This HTG mix can be applied by the apparatus described above and as disclosed in the '016 application. The formula of some of Applicants' HTG based mixes, as well as the effectiveness of such mixes on previously described induction carbon (e.g., BMW GDI) is set forth in
[0141] Continued testing of various chemicals has identified additional chemicals and chemical mixtures for the use of removing carbon deposits from the internal combustion engine. Some of these chemicals and chemical mixtures have proven to work better across many different carbon types than anything that we have previously tested. For a chemical to work well on one carbon type is not that unusual. However for a chemical to work well on many different carbon types is unusual.
[0142] One of the chemicals tested is really a chemical group, referred to herein as terpenes. Terpenes are a group of chemicals that work extremely well across many different carbon types produced within internal combustion engines. Some of these terpenes do not exhibit some of the problems that prior chemicals tested have shown, namely low carbon removal rates on just a few of the carbons types. This can be seen in
[0143] These chemical terpenes are produced from plants. A known mixture of terpenes is known as turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine and colloquially turps), which is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly pines and firs. Terpenes have been identified and determined, through our research and testing, to be extremely effective at removing the carbon that is produced within internal combustion engines. Due to the price concerns with regard to some terpenes, we have determined which chemicals can be used in current economic conditions. It will be important to understand that other chemicals in the terpene family can also be used for the removal of carbon from the internal combustion engine (e.g. (+)-beta-pinene, longifolene). The terpenes that we considered to be economic at the time of this filing are; oil of turpentine (TPT), y-terpinene (y-T), p-cymene (p-C), terpinolene (TO), alpha-pinene (A-p), (−)-beta-pinene (b-p), camphene (ch), and 3-carene (3-c). Each of these chemicals can be used alone, as the base for one or more other chemicals (including other terpenes), or used to enhance other chemical mixtures (including, but not limited to, mixtures including other terpenes).
[0144] In the last few hundred years many uses have been found for turpentine. For instance, turpentine oil is used as medicine and can be applied to the skin for joint pain, muscle pain, nerve pain, and toothaches. Turpentine is a thin, volatile, essential oil, which is distilled from the resin of certain pine and other trees. It is used familiarly as a paint thinner and solvent, additionally it is used as furniture wax. With turpentine and terpenes being so readily available for so long, it was surprising to us that no one had previously made any connection that these chemicals would work at all to remove the multiple carbon types from the internal combustion engine, let alone remove the carbon as well as our testing has demonstrated. Perhaps this oversite comes from a belief that terpenes that are gentle enough to be used for medicine and paint thinner could not break down the complex carbon structures produced from hydrocarbons (e.g. gasoline, E85, and diesel) burning in the internal combustion engine. Terpenes have been proposed as alternate fuels for internal combustion engines [U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,860]; have been experimented with as a suspension aid for engine cleaning solutions, though it was concluded that terpenes were inadequate for this usage [U.S. Pat. No. 9,617,505]; and used as a blend with dibasic esters for cleaning asphaltene deposits [U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,626]. Yet, nowhere to our knowledge, is there any teaching or suggestion that the turpenes themselves are superior cleaning agents for removing carbon deposits from internal combustion engines. Turpentine, terpenes, and the chemicals that are derived from tree resins have been determined through our testing to work better than any other chemical tested so far for the removal of carbon from the internal combustion engine. These terpenes and turpene mixtures remove carbon from the engine and can be applied directly into the induction system, combustion chamber, or exhaust system of the internal combustion engine. Additionally they can be used as an additive which is added to the fuel (e.g. gasoline, E85, diesel), either by a manufacture of the fuel, or that which is poured directly in to the fuel system of the vehicle.
[0145] Additionally, we have determined through our testing, other terpenes which work well across many different carbon types. These terpenes are limonenes, namely; R-(+)-limonene and S-(−)-limonene. When these two limonenes are mixed together DL-limonene (also called dipentene (DIP)) is produced, which has been previously discussed above.
[0146] Other chemicals that we have determined through are testing to work well across many different carbon types that are produced in the internal combustion engine are identified in
[0147] When these chemicals are carefully chosen and correctly mixed together a preferred chemical mixture is produced. This preferred mixture, shown in
[0148] It will be important to understand that the carbon that was harvested from the engines for testing was taken from many different engines over several years. In each testing run the carbon for that particular test sequence is always from the same engines induction system. However, for example, the BWM carbon used for the test in
[0149] It is also apparent that the mixtures of the present invention may include chemical stabilizers whose primary purpose is to add to the shelf life by reducing the rate of decomposition of the free radical generating chemicals that may be in the mixture. Examples of such stabilizers may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,893,584 (also published as WO2004096762) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,225.
[0150] Whereas the illustrations, charts, and accompanying description have shown and described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the forms and uses of the inventions without affecting the scope thereof.