MODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXER, MODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM, MODE DIVISION DEMULTIPLEXING SYSTEM, AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Abstract

This application provides a mode division multiplexer, which includes a metasurface of an electromagnetic resonance unit that has a plurality of sub-wavelengths disposed in an array. The electromagnetic resonance unit is configured to perform phase modulation on a beam transmitted to the electromagnetic resonance unit, to convert a spatial mode order of the beam. Because a size of the electromagnetic resonance unit is a sub-wavelength, and a pixel size of the electromagnetic resonance unit is smaller than a pixel size of a spatial light modulator in the prior art, crosstalk between different spatial modes after phase modulation performed by the mode division multiplexer is comparatively low. In this way, the crosstalk is comparatively small when beams in different spatial modes are multiplexed into a few-mode/multi-mode fiber. The mode division multiplexer in this application can implement polarization-independent phase modulation.

Claims

1. A mode division multiplexer, comprising a first collimator, a second collimator, and a mode division multiplexing module located between the first collimator and the second collimator, wherein the mode division multiplexing module is configured to perform phase modulation a plurality of times on each of a plurality of independent beams incident through the first collimator, to implement mode conversion and beam combination, such that a beam output through the mode division multiplexing module is incident on the second collimator; and the mode division multiplexing module comprises a metasurface, wherein the metasurface comprises a plurality of sub-wavelength electromagnetic resonance units disposed in an array, and each of the plurality of sub-wavelength electromagnetic resonance units is configured to perform the phase modulation on a beam transmitted to the electromagnetic resonance unit, to convert a spatial mode of the beam transmitted to the electromagnetic resonance unit.

2. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexing module comprises two reflectors disposed oppositely, the beam is emitted after being reflected by the reflectors a plurality of times between the two reflectors, and at least one of the two reflectors is the metasurface, and the phase modulation is performed once each time the beam is reflected by the metasurface.

3. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 2, wherein one of the two reflectors is the metasurface, the other reflector is a mirror reflector, a reflection surface of the mirror reflector faces the metasurface.

4. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 2, wherein both of the two reflectors are metasurfaces, and the phase modulation is performed once each time the beam is reflected on either of the two metasurfaces.

5. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 3, wherein the metasurface comprises a metal substrate, a dielectric layer, and an array layer that are disposed sequentially through stacking; the array layer comprises a plurality of metal blocks disposed in an array; the metal substrate comprises a plurality of first sub-blocks disposed in an array; the dielectric layer comprises a plurality of second sub-blocks disposed in an array; the plurality of first sub-blocks are in a one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of second sub-blocks, and one metal block is stacked on each second sub-block; and each first sub-block, each second sub-block, and the metal block stacked on the second sub-block form each electromagnetic resonance unit.

6. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 5, wherein the metal substrate is an aluminum substrate, the dielectric layer is a silicon dioxide layer, and the metal block is a gold block.

7. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexing module comprises a plurality of metasurfaces, the plurality of metasurfaces are disposed in parallel and spaced from each other, a beam sequentially passes through the plurality of metasurfaces, and the phase modulation is performed once each time the beam passes through one of the metasurfaces.

8. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 7, wherein the metasurface comprises a substrate, an array of the electromagnetic resonance units is disposed on a surface of the substrate, and a refractive index of a dielectric material forming the electromagnetic resonance unit is greater than 2.

9. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 8, wherein the substrate is a silicon dioxide substrate, and the electromagnetic resonance unit is a silicon nanocube.

10. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein a size of each electromagnetic resonance unit on the metasurface matches a phase change value of the beam before and after the phase modulation performed by the electromagnetic resonance unit; and distribution of the electromagnetic resonance units of different sizes matches light field distribution of the beam on the metasurface.

11. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 10, wherein mode conversion satisfies the following formula:
O=F.sub.L2.Math.T.sup.n.sub.a×b.Math.F.sub.Δxn.Math.T.sup.n-1.sub.a×b . . . F.sub.Δx2.Math.T.sup.2.sub.a×b.Math.F.sub.Δx1.Math.T.sup.1.sub.a×bF.sub.L1.Math.I I is an input optical field distribution matrix, and O is an output optical field distribution matrix; L1 is a distance of transmitting a beam from the first collimator to the mode division multiplexing module, L2 is a distance of transmitting the beam from the mode division multiplexing module to the second collimator, and F.sub.L1 and F.sub.L2 respectively indicate Fresnel diffraction matrices corresponding to transmission distances L1 and L2; F.sub.Δxi indicates a Fresnel diffraction matrix corresponding to a transmission distance Δxi, wherein the distance Δxi is a distance of transmitting the beam after i.sup.th phase modulation and before (i+1).sup.th phase modulation of the beam, i=1, 2, . . . , n, and n is a natural number greater than 1; T.sup.i.sub.a×b is a unitary matrix corresponding to the i.sup.th phase modulation performed on the metasurface, a×b indicates that each phase modulation is completed by using a×b pixels, and each pixel has one or more electromagnetic resonance units disposed in an array; and an area of the metasurface comprising the a×b pixels is greater than an effective light spot area of the metasurface to which the beam is transmitted; and a unitary matrix T.sup.i.sub.a×b corresponding to each metasurface phase modulation is obtained by using the determined I, O, F.sub.L1, F.sub.L2, and F.sub.Δxi, to obtain the sizes and the distribution of the electromagnetic resonance units on the metasurface.

12. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer is a linearly polarized mode multiplexer, and a quantity of (m+1) times of phase modulation performed by the mode division multiplexing module on a beam and a quantity N of multiplexing modes of the linearly polarized mode multiplexer satisfies a formula: m=2N.

13. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the mode division multiplexer is a non-linearly polarized mode multiplexer, and a quantity of times of phase modulation performed by the mode division multiplexing module on a beam is positively related to a quantity of multiplexing modes of the non-linearly polarized mode multiplexer.

14. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein both the first collimator and the second collimator are metasurfaces.

15. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic resonance unit enables an adjustment range of a phase change value generated for a beam transmitted to the electromagnetic resonance unit to be 0 to 2π.

16. The mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, further comprising an assembly component, wherein the first collimator, the second collimator, and the mode division multiplexing module are all assembled into the assembly component.

17. A mode division multiplexing system, comprising an input fiber, an output fiber, and the mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the input fiber and the output fiber are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer; the input fiber is close to a side of a first collimator in the mode division multiplexer, the output fiber is close to a side of a second collimator in the mode division multiplexer, and the system is configured to sequentially transmit a beam from the input fiber to the mode division multiplexer, and then to the output fiber; the input fiber is configured to provide a plurality of channels, and each channel transmits one independent beam to the mode division multiplexer; the mode division multiplexer is configured to perform phase modulation a plurality of times on each of a plurality of independent beams input through the input fiber, so that spatial modes of the plurality of beams are respectively converted into spatial modes that match different fiber modes in the output fiber, and combine the plurality of beams, wherein beams transmitted through different channels are converted into beams with different spatial modes through the mode division multiplexer.

18. A mode division demultiplexing system, comprising an input fiber, an output fiber, and the mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the input fiber and the output fiber are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer; the input fiber is close to a side of a second collimator in the mode division multiplexer, the output fiber is close to a side of a first collimator in the mode division multiplexer, and the system is configured to sequentially transmit a beam from the input fiber to the mode division multiplexer, and then to the output fiber; the input fiber supports a plurality of different fiber modes, and the different fiber modes are used to carry different signals and transmit the signals to the mode division multiplexer; the mode division multiplexer is configured to perform mode conversion on beams in different spatial modes and perform beam splitting, so that the different spatial modes of the beam are converted into spatial modes that match an output fiber mode, and perform beam splitting on a beam emitted from the input fiber; and the output fiber is configured to receive and transmit the split beam emitted through the mode division multiplexer, wherein the output fiber comprises a plurality of channels, and each channel is configured to transmit one independent split beam.

19. A communications system, comprising a mode division multiplexing system and a mode division demultiplexing system, wherein the mode division multiplexing system comprising an input fiber, an output fiber, and the mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the input fiber and the output fiber are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer; the input fiber is close to a side of a first collimator in the mode division multiplexer, the output fiber is close to a side of a second collimator in the mode division multiplexer, and the mode division multiplexing system is configured to sequentially transmit a beam from the input fiber to the mode division multiplexer, and then to the output fiber; the input fiber is configured to provide a plurality of channels, and each channel transmits one independent beam to the mode division multiplexer; the mode division multiplexer is configured to perform phase modulation a plurality of times on each of a plurality of independent beams input through the input fiber, so that spatial modes of the plurality of beams are respectively converted into spatial modes that match different fiber modes in the output fiber, and combine the plurality of beams, wherein beams transmitted through different channels are converted into beams with different spatial modes through the mode division multiplexer; wherein the mode division demultiplexing system comprising an input fiber, an output fiber, and the mode division multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein the input fiber and the output fiber are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer; the input fiber is close to a side of a second collimator in the mode division multiplexer, the output fiber is close to a side of a first collimator in the mode division multiplexer, and the mode division demultiplexing system is configured to sequentially transmit a beam from the input fiber to the mode division multiplexer, and then to the output fiber; the input fiber supports a plurality of different fiber modes, and the different fiber modes are used to carry different signals and transmit the signals to the mode division multiplexer; the mode division multiplexer is configured to perform mode conversion on beams in different spatial modes and perform beam splitting, so that the different spatial modes of the beam are converted into spatial modes that match an output fiber mode, and perform beam splitting on a beam emitted from the input fiber; and the output fiber is configured to receive and transmit the split beam emitted through the mode division multiplexer, wherein the output fiber comprises a plurality of channels, and each channel is configured to transmit one independent split beam; wherein the output fiber in the mode division multiplexing system is the input fiber in the mode division demultiplexing system, and the communications system is configured to transmit a beam between the mode division multiplexing system and the mode division demultiplexing system.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0042] FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexer according to an embodiment of this application;

[0043] FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a metasurface of the mode division multiplexer according to the embodiment in FIG. 1;

[0044] FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexer according to another embodiment of this application;

[0045] FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexer according to another embodiment of this application;

[0046] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a split structure of a metasurface of the mode division multiplexer according to the embodiment in FIG. 4;

[0047] FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a single electromagnetic resonance unit of the mode division multiplexer according to the embodiment in FIG. 4;

[0048] FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexer according to another embodiment of this application;

[0049] FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexer according to another embodiment of this application;

[0050] FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division multiplexing system according to an embodiment of this application;

[0051] FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a mode division demultiplexing system according to an embodiment of this application; and

[0052] FIG. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of a communications system according to an embodiment of this application.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0053] The following clearly describes the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this application.

[0054] This application provides a mode division multiplexer. The mode division multiplexer is usually used in a space division multiplexing system (including a mode division multiplexing system, a mode division demultiplexing system, and the like), to improve a capacity of optical communication. Refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. This application provides a mode division multiplexer 100. An arrow direction in FIG. 1 is a transmission direction of a beam in the mode division multiplexer 100 in this embodiment. In this application, an operating band of the mode division multiplexer is in a fiber optic communications band. The mode division multiplexer 100 includes a first collimator 20, a second collimator 30, and a mode division multiplexing module 10 located between the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30. After mode conversion and beam combining are performed by the mode division multiplexing module 10 on a plurality of independent beams incident through the first collimator 20, a combined beam is incident on the second collimator 30.

[0055] The mode division multiplexing module 10 includes one or more metasurfaces 10a disposed in parallel and spaced from each other. The metasurface 10a is a laminated structure whose thickness is less than a wavelength, and the metasurface 10a includes sub-wavelength electromagnetic resonance units 11 disposed in an array. The electromagnetic resonance unit 11 can change a phase, an amplitude, a polarization state, and the like of a beam passing through the electromagnetic resonance unit 11, and a spatial mode of the beam may be converted through a plurality of times phase modulation performed on the beam by the mode division multiplexing module 10. For example, the beam is converted from a fundamental mode to a higher-order mode, or the beam is converted from a higher-order mode to a fundamental mode. The electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is of a sub-wavelength structure, that is, a feature size of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is smaller than an operating wavelength, and a period of the electromagnetic resonance unit is approximately half a wavelength of a light wave. In this application, the period of the electromagnetic resonance unit is a distance between centers of two adjacent electromagnetic resonance units. The feature size is a size of representative significance in sizes of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11. For example, when the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is of a cylindrical structure, the feature size is essentially a height of the cylindrical structure and a cross-sectional radius of the cylindrical structure; or when the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is of a quadrangular prism structure, the feature size is essentially a height of the quadrangular prism structure and a cross-sectional length and width of the quadrangular prism structure. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic resonance units 11 are all quadrangular prism structures. The electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is of the sub-wavelength structure, that is, the feature size of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is smaller than the operating wavelength, and is smaller than a pixel size of a spatial light modulator or a phase plate for phase modulation in the prior art. Therefore, this avoids low resolution in a wavefront conversion process, ensures comparatively low crosstalk between different modes, and implements a better signal transmission effect. A liquid crystal molecule in the spatial light modulator in the prior art has a specific polarization direction, and consequently, a problem of polarization dependency occurs on the spatial light modulator in the prior art. However, the metasurface 10a in this application can implement polarization-independent phase modulation. In addition, in this embodiment, wavefront conversion implemented on a beam on the metasurface 10a achieves a smaller insertion loss and a smaller energy loss of the beam than wavefront conversion performed on the beam through the spatial light modulator in the prior art.

[0056] Further, compared with the spatial light modulator in the prior art, the metasurface 10a in this application may be prepared on a large scale at low costs by using a technology such as photolithography or nanoimprint, so that preparation costs of the mode division multiplexer 100 can be reduced.

[0057] In this application, a size of an electromagnetic resonance unit 11 in each metasurface 10a matches a phase change value of phase modulation performed on the beam on the metasurface 10a. In other words, the size of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 can be designed based on the phase change value needed by the beam, to implement corresponding phase modulation. For example, in some embodiments, when the phase change value of the beam needs to be adjusted to be larger, for example, the beam needs to enabled to be converted from a fundamental mode state to a higher-order spatial mode, the size of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 may be appropriately increased. In addition, distribution of the electromagnetic resonance units 11 of different sizes matches optical field distribution of the beam on the metasurface 10a, that is, matches a light spot position at which the beam is incident on the metasurface 10a, so that the beam has different phase change amounts at different light spot positions at which the beam is incident on the metasurface 10a, to implement different phase modulation. In this application, needed phase change amounts are determined based on the optical field distribution of the beam at different positions on the metasurface 10a, and then sizes of the electromagnetic resonance units 11 at different positions on the metasurface 10a are designed, so that beams transmitted through different channels can be converted into beams with specific modes, thereby implementing signal multiplexing and demultiplexing.

[0058] In some embodiments of this application, mode conversion satisfies the following formula:

O=F.sub.L2.Math.T.sup.n.sub.a×b.Math.F.sub.Δxn.Math.T.sup.n-1.sub.a×b . . . F.sub.Δx2.Math.T.sup.2.sub.a×b.Math.F.sub.Δx1.Math.T.sup.1.sub.a×bF.sub.L1.Math.I

[0059] I is an input optical field distribution matrix (namely, an optical field distribution matrix that is of a beam and that is output through the first collimator 20), and O is an output optical field distribution matrix (namely, an optical field distribution matrix existing before the beam is input to the second collimator 30). L1 is a distance of transmitting the beam from the first collimator 20 to the mode division multiplexing module 10, L2 is a distance of transmitting the beam from the mode division multiplexing module 10 to the second collimator 30, and F.sub.L1 and F.sub.L2 respectively indicate Fresnel diffraction matrices corresponding to the distances L1 and L2. F.sub.Δxi indicates a Fresnel diffraction matrix corresponding to a transmission distance Δx.sub.i, the distance Δx.sub.i is a distance of transmitting the beam after i.sup.th phase modulation and before (i+1).sup.th phase modulation, i=1, 2, . . . , n, and n is a natural number greater than 1. T.sup.i.sub.a×b is a unitary matrix corresponding to the i.sup.th phase modulation performed on the metasurface, a×b indicates that each phase modulation is completed by using a×b pixels, each pixel has one or more electromagnetic resonance units 11 disposed in an array, and the electromagnetic resonance units 11 in each pixel are of a same structure, that is, the electromagnetic resonance units 11 in each pixel are made of a same material and are of a same shape and a same size. An area of the metasurface including the a×b pixels is greater than an effective light spot area in a transmission process.

[0060] T.sup.i.sub.a×b matches electromagnetic resonance units 11 on a metasurface 10a corresponding to the i.sup.th phase modulation, that is, the electromagnetic resonance units 11 provide phase modulation of corresponding pixels. F.sub.Δxi indicates the Fresnel diffraction matrix corresponding to the passing distance Δx.sub.i, and the distance Δx.sub.i is a distance between an i.sup.th metasurface 10a and an (i+1).sup.th metasurface 10a.

[0061] A unitary matrix T.sup.i.sub.a×b corresponding to each phase modulation performed on the metasurface 10a is obtained by using the determined I, O, F.sub.L1, F.sub.L2, and F.sub.Δxi, and a value of each numerical point in the unitary matrix T.sup.t.sub.a>.sub.t is a phase change amount of a pixel at a corresponding position on the metasurface. For example, if a value in an i.sup.th row and a i.sup.th column of the unitary matrix T.sup.i.sub.a×b is p, a phase change amount that needs to be generated when the beam is transmitted to a pixel in an i.sup.th row and a j.sup.th column on the metasurface 10a is p. Therefore, after the unitary matrix T.sup.i.sub.a×b is obtained according to the mode conversion formula, a phase change amount that needs to be generated through phase modulation performed on the beam at each of the a×b pixels is learned, so that distribution of the pixels of the metasurface 10a and sizes and distribution of electromagnetic resonance units 11 in each pixel can be designed, to obtain, through design, a metasurface 10a that meets an actual requirement. In other words, in this application, the metasurface 10a that meets the actual requirement can be easily obtained through design by using the mode conversion formula, which is simple and convenient.

[0062] Further, in this application, the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 enables a range of a phase change value generated for a beam transmitted to the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 to be 0 to 2π, to ensure that the metasurface 10a can effectively adjust a phase of the beam to any needed value.

[0063] In this application, a quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the beam on the metasurface 10a is set in a specific linear relationship with a quantity of multiplexing modes of the mode division multiplexer 100, so that a good phase modulation effect can be implemented through a proper quantity of times of phase modulation. In some embodiments of this application, the mode division multiplexer 100 is a linearly polarized mode division multiplexer, and a quantity N of multiplexing modes of the linearly polarized mode division multiplexer 100 and the quantity (m+1) of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurface 10a satisfy a formula: m=2N. In some other embodiments of this application, the mode division multiplexer 100 is anon-linearly polarized mode multiplexer, and a quantity of multiplexing modes of the non-linearly polarized mode multiplexer is positively related to the quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurface 10a, that is, a larger quantity of multiplexing modes indicates a larger quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurface 10a, so that a good phase modulation effect is obtained. In this application, the mode division multiplexer 100 may be another non-linearly polarized mode multiplexer such as a Hermitian-Gaussian mode (HG mode) mode multiplexer.

[0064] In this application, the mode division multiplexing module 10 may be of a transmissive or reflective structure.

[0065] In this embodiment, the mode division multiplexing module 10 is transmissive, and a beam passes through the metasurface 10a to implement corresponding phase modulation. The mode division multiplexing module 10 includes a plurality of metasurfaces 10a, and the plurality of metasurfaces 10a are disposed oppositely in parallel. Phase modulation is generated once when the beam passes through each metasurface 10a, to convert a mode of the beam through a plurality of times of phase modulation, so that a gradient of phase modulation performed on the beam through a single metasurface 10a is comparatively small, thereby reducing a requirement for each metasurface 10a. In this embodiment, each metasurface 10a may be split into a×b pixels, so that each phase modulation is completed by using the a×b pixels, and an area of the metasurface including the a×b pixels is greater than an effective light spot area in a transmission process. In this embodiment, both a central axis of the first collimator 20 and a central axis of the second collimator 30 are perpendicular to a plane in which the metasurface 10a is located, and the transmission direction of the beam is perpendicular to the plane in which the metasurface 10a is located. In this embodiment, the distance between the i.sup.th metasurface and the (i+1).sup.th metasurface is the distance Δx.sub.i in the mode conversion formula. The metasurfaces 10a can be arranged at equal intervals or at non-equal intervals. In this embodiment, the metasurfaces 10a are arranged at equal intervals, in other words, Δx.sub.1=Δx.sub.2 . . . =Δx.sub.n.

[0066] In this embodiment, because phase modulation is generated once when the beam passes through each metasurface 10a, a quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurfaces is the same as a quantity of metasurfaces 10a. Therefore, when the mode division multiplexer is a linearly polarized mode division multiplexer, the quantity (m+1) of metasurfaces 10a and a quantity N of multiplexing modes of the mode division multiplexer 100 satisfy a formula: m=2N, so that a good phase modulation effect is implemented through a proper quantity of times of phase modulation.

[0067] In this embodiment, the metasurface 10a further includes a substrate 12, and the electromagnetic resonance units 11 are disposed on a surface of the substrate 12. In addition, in this embodiment, the substrate 12 includes a first surface and a second surface that are opposite to each other, and first surfaces of the metasurfaces 10a face a same side. The electromagnetic resonance units 11 can be located on the first surface or the second surface. In this embodiment, each metasurface 10a is located on the first surface.

[0068] In this embodiment, a material forming the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is a dielectric material having a comparatively large refractive index, and a beam has a comparatively low energy loss after passing through the electromagnetic resonance unit 11. In addition, in this embodiment, the refractive index of the dielectric material forming the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is greater than 2. Because of electromagnetic resonance of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 made of the high-refractive-index dielectric material, a phase of a beam passing through the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 can be easily changed, so that the phase of the beam transmitted through the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 can be easily changed by changing the size of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11.

[0069] In this embodiment, the substrate 12 may be a silicon dioxide substrate, and the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 may be a silicon nanocube. The silicon nanocube is in a shape of a quadrangular prism, and a cross-section that is of the silicon nanocube and that is parallel to the substrate 12 is a square with an edge length W. It may be understood that, in another embodiment of this application, the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 may alternatively be of another block structure, such as a cylindrical structure or a multi-prism structure. In this embodiment, the electromagnetic resonance units 11 have a same height H, and a phase change value of a beam passing through the metasurface 10a is controlled by controlling the edge length W of the cross-section of the silicon nanocube. It may be understood that, in another embodiment of this application, the substrate 12 and the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 may be made of other materials. For example, the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 may be in a shape of a block made of a material such as silicon nitride.

[0070] In some embodiments of this application, the mode division multiplexer 100 further includes an assembly component, and the first collimator 20, the second collimator 30, and the mode division multiplexing module 10 are all assembled into the assembly component to protect structures such as the first collimator 20, the second collimator 30, and the mode division multiplexing module 10 that are located in the assembly component.

[0071] Further, in some embodiments, a first optical fiber socket and a second optical fiber socket are respectively disposed on two opposite sides of the assembly component, the first optical fiber socket is located on a side close to the first collimator 20, the second optical fiber socket is located on a side close to the second collimator 30, the first optical fiber socket is configured to be connected to an input fiber, and the second optical fiber socket is configured to be connected to an output fiber. In this embodiment, the first optical fiber socket and the second optical fiber socket are disposed on the assembly component, to facilitate connection of the input fiber and the output fiber in a mode division multiplexing system to the mode division multiplexer 100, and facilitate application of the mode division multiplexer 100 to the mode division multiplexing system.

[0072] The first collimator 20 is configured to control a size of a light spot area of a beam transmitted to the metasurface 10a. The second collimator 30 is configured to couple a beam emitted through the mode division multiplexing module 10 to the output fiber for transmission. In this embodiment, the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 each include a microlens 21; and the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 each may include a single microlens 21, or may include a lens array including a plurality of microlenses 21. In this embodiment, the first collimator 20 includes a lens array including a plurality of microlenses 21, each microlens 21 corresponds to one incident beam, and each beam can be transmitted to the mode division multiplexing module 10 through a corresponding microlens, so that the beam is more precisely adjusted, to obtain an input optical field distribution matrix that meets a requirement. The second collimator 30 is a microlens 21.

[0073] In another embodiment of this application, for example, in an embodiment shown in FIG. 3, both the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 may be metasurfaces. A metasurface that is of the first collimator 20 has a beam collimation function by designing sizes and distribution of electromagnetic resonance units on the metasurface. A size of a light spot of a beam incident on the metasurface through the first collimator 20 is adjusted by using the beam collimation function of the first collimator 20. The second collimator 30 is enabled to couple, to the output fiber by using a collimation function of the second collimator 30, a beam output through the mode division multiplexing module 10.

[0074] FIG. 4 provides another mode division multiplexer 200 according to this application. A mode division multiplexing module 10 in the mode division multiplexer 200 is of a reflective structure, that is, a beam is reflected when being transmitted to a metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexing module 10. Specifically, a difference between the mode division multiplexer 200 and the mode division multiplexer 100 lies in that the mode division multiplexing module 10 includes two reflectors that are disposed spaced from each other, a beam is emitted after being reflected by the reflectors for a plurality of times between the two reflectors, at least one of the two reflectors is the metasurface 10a, and phase modulation is performed once each time the beam is reflected on the metasurface 10a. In these embodiments, compared with the mode division multiplexing module 100, phase modulation of the beam can be implemented without disposing a plurality of metasurfaces 10a spaced from each other, so that a structure of the mode division multiplexing module 10 in the mode division multiplexer 200 can be simplified, to reduce a volume occupied by the mode division multiplexer 200.

[0075] Specifically, in this embodiment, one of the two reflectors is the metasurface 10a, and the other reflector is a mirror reflector 40. The mirror reflector 40 includes a reflection surface 41 that can reflect a beam, and the reflection surface 41 of the mirror reflector 40 faces the metasurface 10a, so that the beam is transmitted to the metasurface 10a after being reflected by the mirror reflector 40. Phase modulation is performed once each time the beam is reflected on the metasurface 10a. In addition, a central axis of the first collimator 20 and a central axis of the second collimator 30 each are at an angle θ with the metasurface 10a, so that the beam can be incident on the metasurface 11 and transmitted to a side of the second collimator 30. The beam is emitted after being reflected for a plurality of times between the mirror reflector 40 and the metasurface 10a. Phase modulation is generated once each time the beam is reflected on the metasurface 10a, and mode conversion and multiplexing of the beam are implemented after a plurality of times of phase modulation. In this embodiment, there is no need to dispose a plurality of metasurfaces 10a spaced from each other, so that the structure of the mode division multiplexing module 10 in the mode division multiplexer 200 is simplified, to reduce the volume occupied by the mode division multiplexer 200. The metasurface 10a has a plurality of sub-regions disposed adjacently, the sub-regions are sequentially disposed in a transmission direction of the beam, and each reflection of the beam occurs on one sub-region. Each sub-region includes a×b pixels, so that each phase modulation is completed by using the a×b pixels, and an area of each sub-region is greater than an effective light spot area in a transmission process. In this embodiment, the metasurface 10a is disposed in parallel with the reflection surface 41, and a distance between a surface that is of the metasurface 10a and on which electromagnetic resonance units 11 are disposed and the reflection surface 41 is Di, so that there is a same distance between positions at which any two adjacent times of reflection of the beam occur on the metasurface 10a, the distance between the positions at which two adjacent times of reflection occur is D.sub.2, and D.sub.2=2D.sub.1/tan θ. In this embodiment, the distance Δx.sub.i=2D.sub.1/sin θ in the mode conversion formula.

[0076] In this embodiment, because each reflection of the beam occurs on one sub-region, and phase modulation is generated once each time the beam is reflected on the metasurface 10a, a quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurface is the same as a quantity of sub-regions of the metasurface 10a. Therefore, when the mode division multiplexer is a linearly polarized mode division multiplexer, the quantity (m+1) of sub-regions and a quantity N of multiplexing modes of the mode division multiplexer satisfy the following formula: m=2N, so that a good phase modulation effect is implemented through a proper quantity of times of phase modulation.

[0077] Refer to FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexer 200 includes a metal substrate 113, a dielectric layer 114, and an array layer that are disposed sequentially through stacking. The array layer includes a plurality of metal blocks 115 disposed in an array. The metal substrate 113 includes a plurality of first sub-blocks 113a disposed in an array. The dielectric layer 114 includes a plurality of second sub-blocks 114a disposed in an array. The plurality of first sub-blocks 113a are in a one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of second sub-blocks 114a, that is, an orthographic projection of each second sub-block 114a on the metal substrate 113 coincides with one first sub-block 113a. In addition, one metal block 115 is stacked on each second sub-block 114a; and each first sub-block 113a, each second sub-block 114a, and each metal block 115 disposed on the second sub-block 114a form the electromagnetic resonance unit 11. In this embodiment, a period of the electromagnetic resonance unit 11 is the same as an edge length of the first sub-block 113a or the second sub-block 114a. The electromagnetic resonance unit 11 including the first sub-block 113a, the second sub-block 114a, and the metal block 115 disposed on the second sub-block 114a can reflect a beam, and corresponding electrical resonance and magnetic resonance are excited when the beam is incident on the electromagnetic resonance unit 11, to generate a phase change. In this embodiment, the reflection surface 41 is disposed opposite to the metal blocks 115, in other words, the reflection surface 41 faces the metasurface 10a, and the metal blocks 115 on the metasurface 10a face the mirror reflector 40. In an embodiment of this application, the metal substrate 113 is an aluminum substrate, the dielectric layer 114 is a silicon dioxide layer, and the metal block 115 is a gold block. It may be understood that in this application, the metal substrate 113, the dielectric layer 114, and the metal block 115 may be made of other materials. For example, the metal block 115 may alternatively be made of a material such as aluminum or silver.

[0078] It may be understood that structures of the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 200 are the same as structures of the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 100, and each may be of a structure including the microlens 21, or may be of a structure including the metasurface. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the first collimator 20 and the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 200 each are of a structure including the metasurface.

[0079] Refer to FIG. 8. Another embodiment of this application provides a mode division multiplexer 300. A difference between the mode division multiplexer 300 and the mode division multiplexer 200 lies in that two reflectors in the mode division multiplexer 300 each are the metasurface 10a, and phase modulation is performed once each time a beam is reflected on either of the two metasurfaces 10a, so that mode conversion and multiplexing of the beam are implemented through a plurality of times of phase modulation performed on the beam through the two metasurfaces 10a. In addition, in this embodiment, phase modulation can be performed on both the two metasurfaces 10a. Compared with the mode division multiplexer 200, a quantity of times of phase modulation that needs to be performed on a single metasurface 10a is reduced, so that an area of the metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexer 300 in this embodiment can be further reduced, to reduce an occupation area of the mode division multiplexer 300. Likewise, in this embodiment, electromagnetic resonance units 11 on the metasurface 10a include a plurality of sub-regions in a transmission direction of the beam, and each reflection of the beam occurs on one sub-region, so that a quantity of times of phase modulation is the same as a sum of quantities of sub-regions of the two metasurfaces 10a. In some embodiments, each sub-region includes a×b pixels, so that each phase modulation is completed by using the a×b pixels, and an area of each sub-region is greater than an effective light spot area in a transmission process. In addition, the quantity of times of phase modulation performed on the metasurfaces is the same as the sum of the quantities of sub-regions of the two metasurfaces 10a, and both are (m+1). Therefore, when the mode division multiplexer 300 is a linearly polarized mode division multiplexer, the quantity (m+1) of sub-regions and a quantity N of multiplexing modes of the mode division multiplexer 300 satisfy the following formula: m=2N, so that a good phase modulation effect is implemented through a proper quantity of times of phase modulation.

[0080] In this embodiment, the two metasurfaces 10a are disposed in parallel, a distance between the two metasurfaces 10a is D.sub.1, a distance between positions at which two adjacent times of reflection occur on a same metasurface is D.sub.2, and D.sub.2=2D.sub.1/tan θ. In this embodiment, the distance Δx.sub.i=D.sub.1/sin θ in the mode conversion formula.

[0081] Further, in this embodiment, a structure of the metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexer 300 is the same as a structure of the metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexer 200, and metal blocks 115 on the two metasurfaces 10a in the mode division multiplexer 300 are disposed oppositely, to ensure that the metasurface 10a has a phase modulation function while implementing a reflection effect.

[0082] Refer to FIG. 9. This application provides a mode division multiplexing system 1000. The mode division multiplexing system 1000 is configured to convert and multiplex a transmission mode in a single-mode fiber array or a multi-core fiber, so that signals in channels are multiplexed into a same few-mode fiber or a multi-mode fiber. The mode division multiplexing system 1000 includes an input fiber 110, an output fiber 120, and the mode division multiplexer 100. It may be understood that in another embodiment of this application, the mode division multiplexer may alternatively be the mode division multiplexer 200, the mode division multiplexer 300, or a mode division multiplexer in another embodiment of this application. The input fiber 110, the mode division multiplexer 100, and the output fiber 120 are sequentially located on a propagation path of a beam. The input fiber and the output fiber are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer 100. The input fiber is close to a side of the first collimator 20 in the mode division multiplexer 100. The output fiber is close to a side of the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 100. The beam is sequentially transmitted from the input fiber to the mode division multiplexer 100, and then to the output fiber.

[0083] The input fiber 110 is configured to provide a plurality of channels. In this embodiment, the input fiber 110 is a standard single-mode fiber array or a multi-core fiber, and each single-mode fiber or each core provides one channel for signal transmission. Each channel transmits one independent beam to the mode division multiplexing module 10 through the first collimator 20. The first collimator 20 controls a size of a light spot area of the beam transmitted to the metasurface 10a. In this application, a size of a light spot of the beam transmitted to the metasurface 10a is adjusted through the first collimator 20, and an arrangement manner of fibers or cores in the input fiber 110 affects the optical field distribution matrix I output by the collimator 20.

[0084] The output fiber 120 is a few-mode fiber or a multi-mode fiber, and can provide a plurality of different fiber modes. Beams in different modes that are obtained after the mode conversion are multiplexed into the output fiber, to implement space division multiplexing of a signal and improve a capacity of fiber optic communications. In addition, positions of the output fiber 120 and the mode division multiplexer are fixed, so that positions of the output fiber 120 and the metasurface 10a are fixed. Therefore, the output optical field distribution matrix O can be determined.

[0085] The mode division multiplexer 100 is configured to perform phase modulation for a plurality of times on a plurality of independent beams input by the input fiber 110, so that spatial modes of the plurality of beams are respectively converted into spatial modes that match different fiber modes in the output fiber 120, and combine the plurality of beams. Beams transmitted through different channels are converted into beams with different spatial modes through the mode division multiplexer 100. For example, in an embodiment, the beams transmitted through the input fiber 110 are all in a fundamental linearly polarized (LP) mode (namely, LP.sub.01 mode), and the output fiber 120 supports fiber modes such as LP.sub.11, LP.sub.02, and LP.sub.12, where the subscripts are angular orders and radial orders of the modes. Therefore, the plurality of beams in the LP.sub.01 mode are converted into beams with modes such as LP.sub.11, LP.sub.02, and LP.sub.12 through the mode division multiplexer 100, and after the plurality of beams are combined through the mode division multiplexer 100, a combined beam is coupled to the output fiber 120.

[0086] In this application, independent beams that are transmitted from different channels and input through the input fiber 110 are transmitted to the first collimator 20, and a size of a light spot area of the beam transmitted to the metasurface 10a in the mode division multiplexer 100 is adjusted through the first collimator 20. After mode conversion and beam combining are performed by the mode division multiplexer 100 on the plurality of beams input through the first collimator 20, the combined beam is coupled to the output fiber 120 through the second collimator 30, so that independent signals in the input fiber 110 are multiplexed into corresponding modes in the output fiber 120, thereby implementing a mode multiplexing function. In addition, the mode division multiplexer 100 can implement high-resolution, low-crosstalk, and low-loss wavefront conversion, so that the mode division multiplexing system including the mode division multiplexer 100 has high-resolution, low-crosstalk, and low-loss features, and crosstalk between fiber modes multiplexed into the output fiber 120 is low.

[0087] In this application, a few-mode/multi-mode fiber that supports a specific mode is selected based on a quantity of single-mode fibers in the standard single-mode fiber array or a quantity of cores of the multi-core fiber, so that a plurality of signals transmitted through the input fiber 110 can finally be transmitted in different fiber modes in the output fiber 120. Refer to FIG. 10. This application further provides a mode division demultiplexing system 2000. The mode division demultiplexing system 2000 is configured to convert different transmission modes in a same fiber and split a beam, and separately transmit split beams through independent fibers. In this application, a structure of the mode division demultiplexing system 2000 is the same as a structure of the mode division multiplexing system 1000; and a difference between the structure of the mode division demultiplexing system 2000 and the structure of the mode division multiplexing system 1000 lies in that a transmission direction of a beam in the mode division demultiplexing system 2000 is opposite to a transmission direction of a beam in the mode division multiplexing system 1000.

[0088] Specifically, the mode division demultiplexing system 2000 includes an input fiber 210, an output fiber 220, and the mode division multiplexer 100. The input fiber 210 and the output fiber 220 are respectively connected to two opposite sides of the mode division multiplexer 100. The input fiber 210 is close to a side of the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 100. The output fiber 220 is close to a side of the first collimator 20 in the mode division multiplexer 100. A beam is sequentially transmitted from the input fiber 210 to the mode division multiplexer 100, and then to the output fiber 220. In another embodiment of this application, the mode division demultiplexing may alternatively be the mode division multiplexer 200, the mode division multiplexer 300, or a mode division multiplexer in another embodiment of this application. The input fiber 210 is configured to transmit signals in different fiber modes, to improve a capacity of fiber optic communications. The input fiber 210 supports a plurality of different fiber modes, and each fiber mode corresponds to one type of specific optical field distribution. The mode division multiplexer 100 splits a beam input through the input fiber 210 into a plurality of independent split beams and performs corresponding mode conversion, so that optical field distribution of a spatial mode of each split beam matches a mode field of the output fiber 220 after the conversion.

[0089] The input fiber 210 is a few-mode fiber or a multi-mode fiber, and has a plurality of different fiber modes. The output fiber 220 is a standard single-mode fiber array or a multi-core fiber, so that a plurality of independent channels disposed in parallel are provided, to transmit an independent signal through each channel.

[0090] In this embodiment, the beam input through the input fiber 210 is transmitted to the second collimator 30 in the mode division multiplexer 100, and is transmitted to the mode division multiplexing module 10 through the second collimator 30. The beam is split into the plurality of independent split beams by the mode division multiplexing module 10, and simultaneously the spatial mode of each split beam is converted into the spatial mode that matches the mode field of the output fiber 220, so that the split beam can be transmitted in the output fiber. In some embodiments of this application, each mode supported by the output fiber 220 is a fundamental linearly polarized mode (namely, LP.sub.01 mode) for transmitting a signal in a fundamental mode state.

[0091] Refer to FIG. 11. This application further provides a communications system. The communications system includes the mode division multiplexing system 1000 and the demultiplexing system 2000. The output fiber 120 in the mode division multiplexing system 1000 is the input fiber 210 in the mode division demultiplexing system 2000, in other words, the output fiber 120 and the input fiber 210 are a same fiber. Independent signals in the input fiber 110 are multiplexed into corresponding modes in the output fiber 120 through the mode division multiplexing system 1000, and the signals are transmitted through the output fiber 120. Then, the signals that are transmitted by the output fiber 120 and that have a plurality of different fiber modes are demultiplexed into standard single-mode fibers or cores in the output fiber 220 through the demultiplexing system 2000.

[0092] The foregoing descriptions are example implementations of this application. It should be noted that a person of ordinary skill in the art may make several improvements or polishing without departing from the principle of this application and the improvements or polishing shall fall within the protection scope of this application.