Method and apparatus for preparing liquid suspensions and solutions from medications in pill or tablet form

Abstract

An apparatus for liquefying solid pills includes a grinder configured to grind the solid pills to a powder, a receptacle configured to attach to the grinder and to capture the powder, and a cap configured to attach to the receptacle. The cap includes a port therethrough in fluid connection with the receptacle. The port is configured to mate with a tip of a syringe.

Claims

1. An apparatus for liquefying solid pills, comprising: a grinder configured to grind the solid pills to a powder, wherein the grinder includes an annular grinder portion and a central grinder portion, wherein the annular grinder portion and the central grinder portion are rotatable with respect to one another, further wherein the annular grinder portion includes at least one circumferential row of teeth, the teeth having varying sizes along the circumferential row, wherein the central grinder portion comprises spiraling indentations with sharp edges along an outer surface of the central grinder, the sharp edges formed on an outer profile of the indentations such that each indentation is positioned between sharp edges, the indentations decreasing in size as they transition from an upper portion of the central grinder to a lower portion of the central grinder; a receptacle configured to attach to the grinder proximate to the lower portion and to capture the powder; and a cap configured to attach to the receptacle, the cap including a port therethrough in fluid connection with the receptacle, the port configured to mate with a tip of a syringe for injection or withdrawal of a liquid therethrough.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a lid configured to cover the grinder, wherein the lid includes a slotted opening configured to allow the solid pills to pass therethrough.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the lid is configured to be attached and detached from the grinder.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the circumferential row of teeth are on an inner surface of the annular grinder portion and wherein the teeth of the annular grinder portion, the spiraling indentations and the sharp edges of the spiraling indentations of the central grinder portion are together configured to grind the solid pills to the powder when the annular grinder portion and the central grinder portion are rotated with respect to one another.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein there is an opening between the annular grinder portion and the central grinder portion that is less than or equal to 0.05 inches wide, the opening in communication with the receptacle for passage of the powder thereto.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the port is configured to mate with a tip of an enteral syringe.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the port is configured to mate with a tip of an oral syringe.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the port includes a valve therein.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a portion of the plurality of teeth are rounded and a portion of the plurality of teeth are sharp.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cap is configured to attach to the receptacle at a same location as the grinder.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the central grinder comprises a tapered shape with a greater diameter at the lower portion than the upper portion.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the central grinder comprises spiraling burrs along the outer surface towards the lower portion of the central grinder.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a lubricant added to the annular grinder during its molding.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sharp edges on the central grinder are configured to first grind the pill into pieces and the spiraling indentations are configured to trap the pieces and force them downward and against the teeth of the annular grinder, breaking them into smaller and smaller pieces.

15. A grinder system configured to grind solid pills to a powder, comprising: a receptacle having a mating surface with a locking mechanism thereon; a grinder configured to lock to the receptacle at the locking mechanism on the mating surface, the grinder comprising: an annular grinder portion having teeth on an inner surface thereof; a central grinder portion having sharp edges on an outer surface thereof, the teeth of the annular grinder portion and the sharp edges of the inner grinder portion together configured to grind the solid pills to a powder; a handle attached to the grinder and configured to rotate to allow the grinder to grind the solid pills to the powder; and a lid attached to the handle and configured to cover the grinder, the lid including an opening therein configured to allow solid pills to pass therethrough; and a cap that is interchangeable with the grinder, the cap configured to lock to the receptacle at the locking mechanism on the mating surface, the cap including a valved port therethrough in fluid connection with the receptacle, the valved port configured to mate with a tip of a syringe for injection or withdrawal of a liquid therethrough.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the annular grinder portion and the central grinder portion are rotatable with respect to one another, the relative rotation configured to grind the solid pills to the powder.

17. The system of claim 15, wherein there is an opening between the annular grinder portion and the central grinder portion that is less than or equal to 0.05 inches wide.

18. The system of claim 15, wherein a tooth radius of each of the teeth in the annular grinder is less than or equal to 0.03 inches.

19. The system of claim 15, wherein the teeth of the annular grinder portion are at least two different sizes along an inner circumference thereof.

20. The system of claim 15, wherein the handle includes a plurality of ergonomic indentations therein.

21. The system of claim 15, wherein the opening further extends through the handle.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings, of which:

(2) FIG. 1 is an exploded view of one embodiment of a medication grinding apparatus for simplified crushing, liquefying and preparing of medications.

(3) FIGS. 2A-2B show the assembled apparatus of FIG. 1. FIG. 2A is a front view. FIG. 2B is a cross-section.

(4) FIG. 3 shows a method of using one embodiment of a medication grinding apparatus wherein the grinder unit is placed on the receptacle unit first, medications are ground, then the grinder unit is removed and the valved cap unit is placed on the receptacle for the addition of fluid, mixing of the fluid/medication, and drawing of the resulting formulation into syringe.

(5) FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the apparatus of FIG. 3 with the valved cap unit attached to the receptacle unit.

(6) FIG. 5 is a cross-section of the apparatus of FIG. 3 with the grinder unit attached to the receptacle unit.

(7) FIGS. 6A-6C show close-ups of a central grinder of a medication grinding apparatus. FIG. 6A is a perspective view. FIG. 6B is a line drawing of the same. FIG. 6C is a cross section of the same.

(8) FIGS. 7A-7C show close-ups of an annular grinder of a medication grinding apparatus. FIG. 7A is a perspective view. FIG. 7B is a line drawing and detail of an upper view of the same. FIG. 7C is a cross section of the same.

(9) FIGS. 8A-8D show close-ups of a lid portion of a medication grinding apparatus. FIG. 8A is a lateral view of the lid. FIG. 8B is a view from the bottom of the lid. FIG. 8C is a top view of the lid. FIG. 8D is the beveled edges of a lid.

(10) FIGS. 9A-9C show close-ups of a grinder handle of a medication grinding apparatus. FIG. 9A is a perspective view. FIG. 9B is a top view of the same. FIG. 9C is a view of the bottom of the same.

(11) FIG. 10 shows a receptacle of a medication grinding apparatus with a conical guard that prevents liquid from entering the grinder portion when liquid medication in the lower portion of the receptacle is agitated.

(12) FIGS. 11A-11C show an embodiment of a receptacle unit with an integrated port.

(13) FIG. 11A is a perspective view. FIG. 11B is a side view. FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view.

(14) FIGS. 12A-12B show an embodiment of an annular grinder having varying sized burrs around the circumference. FIG. 12A is a perspective view of the grinder. FIG. 12B is a close-up of the burrs.

(15) FIGS. 13A-13C show the relationship between the central grinder and the annular grinder. FIG. 13A is a perspective view. FIG. 13B is a top-down view. FIG. 13C is a cross sectional view.

(16) FIGS. 14A-14D show close-ups of the valved cap unit. FIG. 14A is a perspective view. FIG. 14B is an exploded side view. FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view. FIG. 14D is a top-down view.

(17) FIGS. 15A-15B show an exemplary valve for the valved cap unit. FIG. 15A is a perspective view. FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view.

(18) FIGS. 16A-16C show an enteral port connection. FIG. 16A is a side view. FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view. FIG. 16C is a cross-sectional view of the enteral syringe attached to the medication grinding apparatus.

(19) FIGS. 17A-17C show an exemplary medication grinding apparatus with adjustable spacing between the central grinder and annular grinder. FIG. 17A is a cross-section with the adjustable spacing set to finer grind. FIG. 17B is a side view. FIG. 17C is a top view.

(20) FIG. 18 is a cross-section that shows the medication grinding apparatus of FIGS. 17A-17C with adjustable spacing set to coarser grind.

(21) FIGS. 19A and 19B show exemplary adaptors for a type of enteral connector. FIG. 19A shows an adaptor that receives a male slip fit enteral syringe and connects to an ENFit enteral connector. FIG. 19B shows an adaptor that has a male slip fit section that mates with the valved cap port, and is configured to connect with female ENFit connectors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(22) Described herein is a medication grinding apparatus including a grinding unit for grinding pills or tablets, a receptacle unit for holding the ground tablets, and a valved cap unit for connection to a syringe or other device for adding/removing liquid from the receptacle unit.

(23) Advantageously, the medication grinding apparatus and the associated method of use described herein enable the preparation of suspensions or solutions of medications in tablet or pill form by: (1) grinding the medication to a consistent particulate size small enough (e.g., having a maximum dimension of less than or equal to 2 mm, such as less than or equal to 1 mm) to promote dissolution/suspension in liquid and easily pass through the syringe injecting the medication and the lumen of the tube; (2) preventing significant amount of medication loss through ejection of chunks or powder becoming airborne; (3) allowing for a specific and accurate amount of liquid to be added to the ground medication and mixed to suspend or dissolve the medication in the fluid; and (4) ensuring that the liquid mixture can be drawn only by an enteral syringe.

(24) Referring to FIGS. 1-2B, a medication grinding apparatus 100 includes a grinding unit 101, a receptacle unit 102, and a valved cap unit 103. As shown in FIGS. 1-2B, the grinding unit 101 attaches to one side (e.g., the top) of the receptacle unit 102 while the valved cap unit 103 attaches to the other side (e.g., the bottom) of the receptacle unit 102.

(25) The grinding unit 101 includes a lid 10, a grinder handle 11, a central grinder 12, and an annular grinder 13. The lid 10 can include slotted openings 9, described further below, that allow pills or tablets to be placed therethrough. Further, the lid 10 can fit into the grinder handle 11 such that two protrusions 50 on the lower surface of the lid 10 fit into openings 80 on the grinder handle 11, thereby holding the lid 10 in place. In one embodiment, the lid 10 can be made of a soft elastomeric material that is pliable and both allows pills to slide through the openings 9 and allows the protrusions 50 to be squeezed though the holes and stay in place by re-expansion or interference fit.

(26) The central grinder 12 and annular grinder 13 can be configured to rotate relative to one another when activated by the grinder handle 11. Thus, when medication is placed in the chamber 51 (see FIG. 2B and FIG. 5) therebetween, the medication can be ground by the relative rotation of the central grinder 12 and the annular grinder 13, as described further below, down to a maximum dimension of less than 2 mm, such as less than 1 mm. The central grinder 12 can be attached to the grinder handle 11, such as with ultrasonic welding, a screw, or adhesive. This attachment allows for the central grinder 12 to turn when the user twists the grinder handle 11, thereby providing relative rotation between the central grinder 12 and the annular grinder 13. The central grinder 12 can sit inside the annular grinder 13, suspended by the grinder handle 11. The central grinder 12 and grinder handle 11 are held in place relative to the annular grinder 13 by an indentation 79 molded into the outer surface and running completely around the periphery of the annular grinder 13, which mates with a lip 53 (see FIG. 2B and FIG. 5) on the inside corresponding surface of the handle 11. This indentation and lip arrangement allow for the handle 11 to rotate the central grinder 12 about the annular grinder 13, while at the same time keeping the two parts aligned on the same axis. Moreover, this arrangement keeps the inner chamber 51 between the annular and central grinders 13, 12 approximately equal around the circumference to maintain consistency in ground particle size when medication is placed therebetween.

(27) The receptacle unit 102 can include a cylindrical body 14, such as a plastic molded body having a smooth inner surface (e.g., to help prevent trapping of particles and/or solution residue). The cylindrical body 14 can be 20-100 ml in size, e.g., 30-90 ml, or 40-80 ml, such as approximately 60 ml. The receptacle unit 102 can include attachment mechanisms to attach to both the grinder unit 101 and the valved cap unit 103. For example, the cylindrical body 14 can include molded screw grooves 104a,b on both ends. These screw grooves 104a,b can accept screw grooves 107 (see FIG. 2B) on the inner surface of the annular grinder 13 and screw grooves 7 (see FIG. 1) on the inner surface of the valved cap body 15. When combined with the grinder unit 101 and the valved cap unit 103, an enclosed receptacle can be formed within the receptacle unit 102 to hold medication therein.

(28) The valved cap unit 103 can include a cap body 15, a rigid port 16, and a valve 17. The valve 17 can be a two-way valve, such as a slit valve, and can be seated within the inner wall of the port 16. In one embodiment, the opening of the port 16 that receives the syringe can be of the size and taper of most standard enteral syringes, as described below. A small protruding lip 43 (see FIG. 2B), molded around the inner circumference of the cap body 15, can form a water-tight seal around the top inner edge of the receptacle without the need for a gasket.

(29) During use of the medication grinding apparatus 100, pills or tablets of medication can be placed through the slots 9 in the lid 10 and ground into the receptacle unit 102 by turning the handle 11 with one hand and holding the cylindrical body 14 with the other. When grinding is complete, liquid, such as water or other solvent, can be added to the ground medication within the inner receptacle by placing an enteral syringe through the valved cap unit 103. The syringe can be removed or remain attached to the valved unit 103, and the ground medication and liquid can be mixed within the enclosed receptacle by agitation, e.g., swirling and/or shaking, without the chance of spillage. After mixing, the medication suspension/solution can be drawn from the receptacle into a syringe (either the same syringe or a new syringe) for delivery.

(30) Referring to FIGS. 3-5, in an alternate embodiment, a medication grinding apparatus 300 is configured such that the valved cap unit 303 is not attached to the receptacle unit 302 at the same time as the grinder unit 301. Instead, the grinder unit 301 and valved cap unit 303 are attached to the receptacle unit 302 at the same location and are thus placed on the receptacle unit 302 at different points in the process.

(31) The receptacle unit 302 has a cylindrical body 20 with only one set of screw grooves 21 and a solid floor 22. The receptacle unit 302 and the grinder unit 301 can include many or all of the same features as the receptacle unit 102 and the grinder unit 101.

(32) Referring to FIG. 3, during use of the medicine grinding apparatus 300, the grinder unit 301 can first be placed on the receptacle unit 302 (step 1), and the pills or tables can be ground. The grinder unit 301 can then be removed from the receptacle unit 302, and the valved cap unit 303 can be placed on the receptacle unit 302 (step 2) to allow for fluid to be added and medication-fluid mixture to be withdrawn from the receptacle through the valved cap unit 303. Advantageously, the apparatus 300 can allow for vigorous shaking once the valved cap unit 303 is placed on the receptacle unit 302 without spilling any solution into or through the grinder unit 301.

(33) A close-up of the central grinder 12 of the grinding unit 101/301 is shown in FIGS. 6A-6C. The central grinder 12 can be shaped like a tapered drill bit with a top surface 65 having a smaller diameter than a bottom surface 66. A hexagonal indentation 63 on the upper surface 65 of the central grinder 12 can be configured to mate with a hexagonal peg in the gripping handle 11 to increase torque strength, and the two units can be affixed by an ultrasonic weld or other adhering means. Further, the central grinder 12 can include spiraling indentations 60 along the outer surface of the central grinder 12 that decrease in size (i.e. become narrower and smaller) as they transition from the upper surface 65 to the lower surface 66. Sharp edges 61 formed on the outer profile of these indentations 60 can be configured to break a pill or tablet into smaller pieces. The lowest portion of the central grinder 12 can include smaller spiraling burrs 62 along the outer surface. In one exemplary embodiment, the central grinder upper indentations 60 are approximately 0.38 in wide by 0.18 in deep at the top tapering to 0.09 in wide by 0.05 in deep. Smaller spiral burrs 62 are 0.040 in wide by 0.015 in. deep.

(34) A close-up of the annular grinder 13 of the grinding unit 101 is shown in FIGS. 7A-7C. The annular grinder 13 can include large burrs 71 extending along the inside surface from the top 77 of the annular grinder 13. The large burrs 71 can have a circumferential width ranging, for example, between 0.05 inches and 0.2 inches. Smaller burrs 73 can extend from the bottom of the large burrs 71 towards to the bottom 78 of the annular grinder 13 to progressively grind the pills into smaller powder. The smaller burrs 71 can have a circumferential width, for example, of less than 0.05 inches. The burrs 71, 73 can angle slightly inward from the top 77 of the annular grinder 13 to the bottom 78 of the annular grinder. Moreover, the burrs 71, 73 can include sharp edges that allow for a cutting action to easily break the pills or tablets. Ridges 74 on the outside surface of the grinder 13 can provide a gripping surface to loosen or tighten the grinder unit 101 to mate the screw threads 72 with the screw threads on the receptacle unit 102.

(35) Referring to FIGS. 12A and 12B, in some embodiments, the annular grinder 13 is designed such that the large burrs 71 may vary in size within the same embodiment. For example, there can be a first type of large burr 71a and a second type of large burr 71b, where the first type 71a is larger than the second type 71b. In one embodiment (shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B), there are six burrs 71a spaced around the perimeter of the annular grinder 13. Sets of burrs 71b extend between neighboring burrs 71a. The edges of the burrs 71a can be more rounded than the burrs 71b and can have a greater radial height than the burrs 71b, thereby causing more grinding than cutting. Burrs 73 can extend from both burrs 71a and 71b. In some embodiments, the burrs 71a are equally spaced while in other embodiments, the positioning between the burrs 71a varies. In one exemplary embodiment, burrs 71a have a circumferential width of 0.176 inches and a radial height of 0.055 inches tapering to 0.010 inches, burrs 71b have a circumferential width of 0.1 inches and a radial height from 0.031 inches tapering to 0.007 inches at the bottom of the annular grinder, and burrs 73 have a circumferential width of 0.036 inches and a radial height from 0.005 inches tapering to 0.002 inches. In some embodiments, burrs 71b can have different dimensions from one another and/or burrs 71a can have different dimensions from one another. Burrs with a distribution of sizes serve to vary the clearance to the center grinder 12 as it rotates to ensure different pill and particle sizes are engaged by the burrs, preventing pill chunks from being trapped in the grooves of the center grinder 12 and not advancing to further grinding. Further, having both sharp burrs (e.g., 71b) and rounded burrs (e.g., 71a) can advantageously provide both slicing and grinding functions.

(36) Referring to FIGS. 13A-13C, the central grinder 12 and annular grinder 13 can work together to grind pills or tablets inserted into the grinding unit 101. That is, as the central grinder 12 is rotated, the sharp edges 61 on the central grinder 12 can first grind the pill or tablet into pieces. The spiraling indentations 60 can trap the pieces and force them downward and against the large burrs 71 on the annular grinder 13, breaking them into smaller and smaller pieces. Further, the burrs 62 on the central grinder 12 can force the pill particles downward and against the small burrs 73 on the annular grinder 13. The powder particles will ultimately pass through a small gap 1322 (see also FIG. 5) between the central grinder 12 and the annular grinder 13 into the receptacle unit 102. The gap can be less than or equal to 0.05 inches, such as less than or equal to 0.04 inches, or less than or equal to 0.03 inches, thereby only allowing small particles therethrough. The uniformly ground particles then drop completely through grinding unit 101 into the receptacle unit 102. The profile and taper of the spiral grooves and the clearance between the annular grinder 12 and the center grinder 12 can be optimized, as described herein so that no small chunks of pill particles get trapped within the grooves and subsequently are not ground. Further, the interaction between the grinders 12, 13 guarantees that no particulates larger than the small space between the grinding surfaces can enter the receptacle, thus guaranteeing control over maximal particle size without being dependent on the user dexterity or visual acuity.

(37) In one embodiment, the space between the grinding surfaces can be fixed to guarantee a maximum particle size for a given use. In another embodiment, the spacing can be user adjusted by allowing the conical central grinder 12 to advance or retract relative to the annular grinder 13 to provide user adjustable coarseness. For example, the central grinder 12 can be configured with a tapered profile that, when raised, decreases or increases the gap between the central grinder 12 and the annular grinder 13. Referring to FIGS. 17A-17C, a grinding apparatus 1701 includes a screw 1707 configured to mate with the central grinder 12 to raise and lower the central grinder 12 relative to the annular grinder 13 (e.g., between the handle and the receptacle). The hexagonal features of the handle can keep the central grinder 12 rotating 1 to 1 with the handle even after the central grinder 12 is raised and lowered. The adjustable central grinder is shown positioned for a fine grind in FIG. 17A and positioned for a coarser grind in FIG. 18 (i.e., there is more space between the central grinder 12 and the annular grinder 13).

(38) A close-up of the lid 10 is shown in FIGS. 8A-8D. A lip 52 on each of the protrusions 50 serves to keep the lid 10 in place when the protrusions 50 are inserted through openings 80 on the grinder handle 11. The slotted openings 9 can be made of a thin membrane of elastomer (such as the elastomer making up the rest of the lid 10). Slits 54 can be formed in the openings 9 along two orthogonal directions, as shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C. As shown in FIG. 8A, the edges of the slits 54 can be beveled to allow the edges to self-seal after being pushed apart by the insertion of a pill (avoiding overlapping of the edges that might otherwise occur without the bevel). In one embodiment, in order to optimize manufacturability, the slits 54 are formed by a mold that provides a gap between the flaps so that the part can be molded without a secondary slitting step. In another embodiment, the lip 52 is eliminated for ease of molding and manufacture, and the lid is kept in place by the interference fit of the elastomeric protrusions 50. The lid 10 advantageously allows pills or tables to be placed into the grinding unit 101 while preventing particulates and powder from being ejected from the apparatus 100 during use. Further, the slotted openings 9 advantageously allow the pills or tables to be placed into the grinding unit 101 without removing the lid 10. In other embodiments, the lid 10 does not have slits 9, but instead includes a sliding door that opens and closes, a cap, or any of several designs which have the utility of allowing for easy placement of pills and keeping medication form being ejected during grinding.

(39) A close-up of the handle 11 is shown in FIGS. 9A-9C. As shown, the handle 11 has four openings 80 in the top thereof. Two openings 80 accept the lid pegs 50, and two openings 80 align with the slotted openings 9 on the lid 10 to allow pills to pass into the grinder unit 101. The hexagonal peg 82 that mates with the hexagonal indentation on the central grinder is shown in FIG. 9C. Support ribs 84 add strength to the gripping surface of the handle 11, keeping the device from deforming when pressure and torque are applied to the handle 11 by the user. In the embodiment shown, there are six indentations 86 for an improved ergonomic grip of the handle 11.

(40) A close-up of the capped valve unit 103 including the cap body 15, the valve 17, and the port 16, is shown in FIGS. 14A-14D. The valved cap unit 103 can be molded to mate with the receptacle unit 101 by screwing or snapping together, thereby providing a water tight seal to prevent leakage during agitation. The valved cap unit 103 can be shaped with steep sides leading to a two-way valve 17. Indeed, the inner wall of the cap body 15 can be tapered such that it is at an angle α (see FIG. 14C) with the central or vertical axis 1401 of the device that is less than or equal to 60 degrees, such as less than or equal to 45 degrees, so as to avoid pooling of contents even if the apparatus is tipped slightly when withdrawing medication. Further, the cap body 15 can have no closed bottom, i.e., can be tapered to end at the valve 17. In some embodiments, the outer surface of the valved cap unit 103 is cone shaped. In other embodiments, the valved cap unit 103 includes a flat surface to allow the medication grinding apparatus 100 to sit on a surface by resting on the valved cap unit.

(41) Referring to FIGS. 15A-B, in one embodiment, the valve 17 can be a two-way slit valve having two slits 1703a,b. The valve 17 can be made, for example, of food grade silicone or other soft elastomeric material. The slits 1703a,b of the valve 17 can be set to open at a pre-determined pressure (i.e., caused by pressure of the liquid being injected or suction caused by a syringe) and can self-close when the pressure is relieved. In one embodiment, the valve can be Minivalve's XFRAGM valve.

(42) Referring to FIGS. 16A-C, in one embodiment, the port 16 is shaped and configured for connection to only enteral type syringes, i.e., is incompatible with luer type syringes. In one embodiment, the port 16 includes a female syringe connector comprised of a rigid wall with an outermost circular aperture and taper adapted to mate with enteral tipped syringes. The aperture, taper, and wall thickness of the port 16 (all of which are shown in FIGS. 16A-B) make it compatible with enteral type syringes and incompatible with luer tipped syringes. For example, in one embodiment, the taper of the port 16 can be approximately 3 degrees, the outer diameter at the opening can be 0.0351 inches, the inner diameter at the opening can be 0.198 inches, and the depth of the port 16 can be at least 0.224 inches. A port 16 in use with an enteral syringe 1605 is shown in FIG. 16C. In one embodiment of the present invention, the valved syringe connector can be configured to have features to mate with an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) enteral connector, such as the ENFit connector.

(43) In some embodiments, the receptacle unit 102 can include a guard to prevent liquid from entering the grinder unit 101 when liquid is supplied through the valved cap unit 103. FIG. 10, for example, shows a conical guard 155 within the cylindrical body 15 configured to prevent liquid from entering the grinder portion during agitation. A small opening in the bottom of the funnel can allow powder to fall through, but not allow liquid up into the grinder unit 101, e.g., when the apparatus is held vertically.

(44) In some embodiments, the valved cap unit 103 is not attachable/detachable from the receptacle unit 102, but is rather integrated with the receptacle unit 102. Further, in some embodiments, the port body can be directly connected to the receptacle rather than part of a capped unit. For example, FIGS. 11A-11C shows a port 1116 integrated with a receptacle unit 102. As shown, the port 1116 can extend from the side of the receptacle unit 102, but can otherwise include features equivalent or similar to those described above with respect to port 16.

(45) In some embodiments, the valved cap unit 103, reservoir unit 102, and grinder unit 101 can be integrated together as a single piece.

(46) The units 101, 102, and 103 can be made of various materials. In one embodiment, the grinding unit 101 is made of hard plastic (such as food grade polycarbonate), treated glass, ceramic, or metal. The grinder handle 11 and/or lid 10 can also be made of plastic, ceramic, or metal, or softer substances such as silicone, rubber or softer plastics. The receptacle unit 102 can be made of clear, frosted, or colored plastic or glass. In some embodiments, the receptacle has labeling designating the function of the device, or liquid volume markers, and may also have other writing or no writing at all.

(47) In some embodiments where oral delivery is required, once the medication solution/suspension is mixed in the capped receptacle, the patient may suck the medication out of the receptacle and into their mouth by placing their lips directly around the valved connector unit 103.

(48) In one embodiment, wherein the suspension is to be used for oral delivery, the liquid provided for the suspension can be flavored, or flavoring can be added to the mixing receptacle.

(49) In one embodiment, an adapter is provided that on one end mates with the port 16 as described above, and on the other end provides connector features to mate with other types of devices. For example, as shown in FIG. 19B, in one embodiment, the adaptor 1911 can have one end to mate with the port 16 and the opposite end configured with an emerging ISO enteral connector, the ENFit connector. In another embodiment, an adaptor is configured to mate with the port 16 on one end and a catheter tipped irrigation syringe typically used with the installed base of feeding tubes.

(50) In some embodiments, to enable use with existing feeding tubes or other devices not yet containing current or future enteral connector features, but rather containing conventional, softer elastomeric ports compatible with catheter tipped irrigation syringes, an adaptor can be used that, on one end, mates with an oral or enteral tipped syringe and on the other end, is configured as an irrigation tipped syringe. In such an embodiment, an oral syringe, is used to draw up the medication suspension/solution from the receptacle, and then the syringe adapter is placed on the tip of the syringe so that it can mate with the feeding tube for administration of the medication into the patient. In yet another embodiment, an adaptor is configured to mate with an oral tipped syringe compatible with port 16, and the opposite end configured with an emerging ISO enteral connector, the ENFit connector, as shown in adaptor 1909 of FIG. 19A.

(51) In another embodiment of the invention, the geometry of the port 16 itself is configured so that an adaptor is not necessary. For example, in the future, the most prevalent syringes used for enteral applications may change to be consistent with the ENFit connector or with a similar connector. In this case, the geometry of port 16 would be configured to be compatible with the future enteral syringes without detracting from the scope of the present invention.

(52) In yet a further embodiment of the invention, the valved cap allows a user the ability to draw up medication with an enteral syringe from any receptacle to which the valved cap may be adapted to fit. This allows the expanded use of the valved cap to draw up medications that do not need crushing because they already come in liquid solutions or suspensions. This would advantageously allow for safe drawing up of these medications without leaking and protect against accidental drawing of medication meant for enteral administration into a luer tipped syringe. A valved cap may be adapted to fit on many different types of bottles that hold medication to assist the user in safely and easily drawing up medication from whatever receptacle the valved cap may be adapted to fit. The two-way valved cap can advantageously prevent spillage and contamination.

(53) In one embodiment, a cap without a valve is used in place of a valved cap. In such an embodiment, the port can have a removable cap and/or an open hole that the user can cover during use, such as with his or her finger.

(54) In one embodiment, an angle within the valved cap body 15 is less than 45 degrees and/or is multi-faceted with two or more nested cones.

(55) In one embodiment, a lubricant can be added to portions of the device. For example, a lubricant can be added to the annular grinder, such as be injection molded into the annular grinder, in order to increase lubricity of the surface and/or reduce residual sticking of pill particles.

(56) Advantageously, the grinding apparatuses and methods described herein allow for reliable, fine grinding of solid medication and can be easily and safely used by visually or physically impaired persons. Such a device can ensure that at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 99%, or 100% of the particles have a maximum dimension of less than 2 mm, such as less than 1 mm, such as less than 0.5 mm, after the grinding process. This method advantageously is not dependent on the users dexterity or visual acuity.

(57) The grinding apparatuses and methods described herein can advantageously be used to grind pills between 10 mg and 500 mg and/or pills of between 0.004 in.sup.3 and 0.066 in.sup.3 without having to change the grinder or grinding mechanism. Likewise, the grinding apparatuses and methods described herein can advantageously be used to grind oblong pills up to 0.780 in ×0.35 in×0.30 in, round pills up to 0.6 in diameter by 0.25 in thick, and also small pills of 0.25 in in diameter and 0.09 in thick.

(58) Advantageously, more than 85%, such as more than 90% or more than 95%, of the powder captured in the receptacle unit can be removed by the syringe. Likewise, more than 95% of the pills placed into the grinder unit can be captured by the grinder unit and moved to the receptacle unit.

(59) In one embodiment, the medication grinding apparatus described herein can be used with a rectal medication administration device, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,259,543, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

(60) The medication grinding apparatus and method described herein can advantageously be used to grind medication for enteral delivery. Other specific uses of the device could include, but would not be limited to, improving the general process of medication crushing, mixing and administering to children who cannot swallow tablets or who might prefer a flavored suspension. The device could also be beneficial for the administration of medication to animals as it is often difficult to get animals to swallow medications.

(61) In some embodiments, the grinding unit described herein can be used without the receptacle and/or cap so that patients/users can grind the pills or tablets into a receptacle or container of their choosing.

(62) Further, although generally referred to hereinabove as a medication grinding apparatus or a method of grinding a medication, it is to be understood that vitamins, supplements, and other pills/tablets can be used with the device. It is also to be understood that the terms “pill” or “tablet” can be used interchangeably.

(63) It will be apparent to a skilled artisan that the embodiments described herein are exemplary of inventions that may have greater scope than any of the singular descriptions presented. There may be alterations made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed. For example, any aspect of the above described method and device for simplified crushing, liquefying, and preparation of medications may have components with different shapes or designs within different embodiments. For instance, the shape or dimensions of the grinder burrs may change, the size or number of the ergonomic indentations on the grinder handle may vary, the valve type and compositions may vary in design from one embodiment to another, but not overall function. These or other features may change in different embodiments.