Multi-branch outphasing system and method

Abstract

A first branch group circuit includes a first branch circuit receiving a first RF input signal and first control information; and a second branch circuit receiving the first input signal and second control information. Each of the first and second branch circuits includes a power amplifier. The second control information enables the second branch circuit to be switched on or off while the first branch circuit remains on. A second branch group circuit includes: a third branch circuit receiving a second RF input signal and third control information; and a fourth branch circuit receiving the second input signal and fourth control information. Each of the third and fourth branch circuits includes a power amplifier. The fourth control information enables the fourth branch circuit to be switched on or off while the third branch circuit remains on. A combiner combines output signals of the power amplifiers to produce an output signal.

Claims

1. An amplifier comprising: a first branch group circuit including: a first activation circuit having a first RF input, a first control input, and a first activation output providing a first activation signal; a first amplifier having a first amplifier input coupled to the first activation output, and a first amplifier output, the first activation circuit configured to selectively couple the first RF input to the first amplifier input responsive to the first control input; a second activation circuit having a second RF input coupled to the first RF input, a second control input, and a second activation output providing a second activation signal; a second amplifier having a second amplifier input coupled to the second activation output, and a second amplifier output, the second activation circuit configured to selectively couple the second RF input to the second amplifier input responsive to the second control input; a second branch group circuit including: a third activation circuit having a third RF input coupled to the first RF input, a third control input, and a third activation output providing a third activation signal; a third amplifier having a third amplifier input coupled to the third activation output, and a third amplifier output, the third activation circuit configured to selectively couple the third RF input to the third amplifier input responsive to the third control input; and a fourth activation circuit having a fourth RF input coupled to the first RF input, a fourth control input, and a fourth activation output providing a fourth activation signal; a fourth amplifier having a fourth amplifier input coupled to the fourth activation output, and a fourth amplifier output, the fourth activation circuit configured to selectively couple the fourth RF input to the fourth amplifier input responsive to the fourth control input; combiner circuitry having inputs coupled to the first, second, third and fourth amplifier outputs and having a power output adapted to be coupled to a load; and signal generation circuitry having an input configured to receive an incoming RF input, and having first, second, third and fourth control outputs respectively coupled to the first, second, third and fourth control inputs, the signal generation circuitry configured to provide the first, second, third and fourth control outputs, wherein a number of enabling control outputs provided to the first branch group circuit and a number of enabling control output provided to the second branch group circuit is selected to be the same or different depending on a power demand of the load.

2. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third and fourth amplifiers are switching amplifiers.

3. The amplifier of claim 2, wherein the first, second, third and fourth amplifiers are class-E power amplifiers.

4. The amplifier of claim 2, wherein the first, second, third and fourth amplifiers include respective switching transistors having gate capacitances.

5. The amplifier of claim 4, wherein the first, second, third and fourth branch circuits include respective driver circuits coupled to the switching transistors and configured to charge the gate capacitances.

6. The amplifier of claim 1, further comprising: a fifth activation circuit having a fifth RF input, a fifth control input, and a fifth activation output; a fifth amplifier having a fifth amplifier input coupled to the fifth activation output, and a fifth amplifier output, the fifth activation circuit configured to selectively couple the fifth RF input to the fifth amplifier input responsive to the fifth control input; a sixth activation circuit having a sixth RF input coupled to the fifth RF input, a sixth control input, and a sixth activation output; a sixth amplifier having a sixth amplifier input coupled to the sixth activation output, and a sixth amplifier output, the sixth activation circuit configured to selectively couple the sixth RF input to the sixth amplifier input responsive to the sixth control input; a seventh activation circuit having a seventh RF input coupled to the fifth RF input, a seventh control input, and a seventh activation output; a seventh amplifier having a seventh amplifier input coupled to the seventh activation output, and a seventh amplifier output, the seventh activation circuit configured to selectively couple the seventh RF input to the seventh amplifier input responsive to the seventh control input; and an eighth activation circuit having an eighth RF input coupled to the fifth RF input, an eighth control input, and an eighth activation output; an eighth amplifier having an eighth amplifier input coupled to the eighth activation circuit output, and an eighth amplifier output, the eighth activation circuit configured to selectively couple the eighth RF input to the eighth amplifier input responsive to the eighth control input; the combiner circuitry is coupled to the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth amplifier outputs; and the signal generation circuitry has an input coupled to the incoming RF input, and has fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth control outputs respectively coupled to the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth control inputs, the signal generation circuitry configured to control the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth control outputs responsive to the power demand of the load.

7. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third and fourth activation circuits include respective logical ANDing circuits.

8. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the combiner circuitry is configured to deliver an amount of power to the load responsive to a number of the first, second, third and fourth amplifier inputs coupled by the first, second, third and fourth activation circuits to the first RF input.

9. The amplifier of claim 8, further comprising efficiency enhancement circuitry including a reactive efficiency element coupled between the first amplifier output and the third amplifier output to form a resonant network with reactive elements for the first and third amplifiers, the resonant network configured to reduce out-of-phase current when the amount of power delivered to the load is relatively low.

10. The amplifier of claim 1, further comprising power enhancement circuitry coupled to the first amplifier output, the power enhancement circuitry configured to resonate the first amplifier output at a harmonic frequency of the first RF input to reduce a peak transistor drain voltage for all phase angles between the first and fifth RF inputs.

11. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the signal generation circuitry is configured to control the first, second, third and fourth control outputs responsive to the power of the load.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the technique for generating the phase modulated driving signals for outphasing power amplifiers.

(2) FIG. 2 is a diagram of a conventional asymmetric multi-level outphasing power amplifier.

(3) FIG. 3 is a generalized block diagram of a single-ended multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier operable from a single supply voltage.

(4) FIG. 4A is a generalized block diagram of a differential multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier operable from a single supply voltage.

(5) FIGS. 4B and 4C are diagrams illustrating generation of control signals used in the system of FIGS. 3 and 4A.

(6) FIG. 5 is a diagram useful in describing generation of the phase modulated driving signals for the multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier of FIGS. 3 and 4A.

(7) FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating an alternative system for generating the RF input signals for the individual power amplifiers in FIG. 4A without requiring use of separate digital control signals.

(8) FIGS. 7A and 7B constitute a schematic diagram of the multilevel, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier of FIG. 4A.

(9) FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating power efficiency versus output power for several variations of the multilevel, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

(10) FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating effective efficiency versus output power for the multilevel, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier of FIGS. 7A and 7B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

(11) Example embodiments improve power efficiency of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers while RF power amplifier therein are operating at large “back-off” power levels. Also, example embodiments provide: (a) a way to improve the power efficiency of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers while RF power amplifiers therein are operating at large “back-off” power levels, and also provide simplified implementation of such multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; (b) a way to provide improved power efficiency and simplified implementation of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers operating at large “back-off” power levels without generating and switching between multiple power supply levels to provide operating supply voltage and power to the internal power amplifiers of the multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; (c) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier having the combination of higher data rates, more efficient spectrum utilization, and higher power efficiency than conventional multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; (d) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier that avoids the linearity problems of conventional multi-level outphasing power amplifiers caused by switching among multiple supply voltages; (e) an improved outphasing power amplifier having higher peak output power than has been economically achievable in outphasing power amplifiers; (f) a way to provide improved power efficiency of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers operating at large “back-off” power levels without generating and switching between multiple power supply levels to provide operating supply voltage to the internal power amplifiers of the multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; and (g) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier having both improved linearity and signal path synchronization than conventional multi-level outphasing power amplifiers.

(12) An asymmetric multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier includes multiple circuits, each of which includes a power amplifier (such as a class-E power amplifier) and combiner circuitry coupled to the output of that power amplifier. A first RF drive signal is coupled to inputs of all the power amplifiers of a first group of branch circuits, and a second RF drive signal is coupled to inputs of all of the power amplifiers of a second group of branch circuits. In one embodiment, each branch circuit of the first group includes an enable circuit or activation circuit that couples or enables the first drive signal to the inputs of the various power amplifiers in the first group of branch circuits in response to a first group of corresponding selection control signals. Similarly, each branch circuit of the second group includes an enable circuit or activation circuit that couples the second drive signal to the inputs of the various power amplifiers in the second group of branch circuits in response to a second group of corresponding selection control signals. In another embodiment, the activation circuits are omitted and instead the control information is in effect contained or embedded in the RF drive signal being applied to each branch circuit in the sense that the RF drive signal is zero if that branch circuit needs to be turned off.

(13) Outputs of the first group of branch circuits all are coupled to inputs of the combiner or combining circuitry. Outputs of the second group of branch circuits are all coupled to inputs of the combiner. An output of the combiner is coupled to a load circuit. The individual branch circuits are in effect turned on and turned off according to power back-off conditions determined by the amount of current required by the load circuit (in contrast to conventional switching between power supply voltages). The branch circuits that are turned ON provide the current presently demanded by the load.

(14) FIG. 3 shows a single-ended multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier 20-1 which includes a first group 22-1 of branch circuits 11, 12, 13, . . . 1n, and also includes a second group 22-2 of branch circuits 21, 22, 23, . . . 2n. The multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier 20-1 can operate in symmetric or asymmetric mode. The terms “symmetric” and “asymmetric” mean that the number of branches turned ON in the first group and the number of branches turned ON in the second group can be the same (for “symmetric” operation) or different (for “asymmetric” operation). Each branch circuit includes an enable/activation circuit, a driver circuit (which may include an even number of series-coupled inverters), and a power amplifier having an output coupled to an input of a combiner. For example, branch 11 includes an enable/activation circuit A11 having a first input coupled by conductor 14A to receive RF drive signal S1(t) and an enable input coupled to receive a control signal S11_Ctrl. Input signals S1(t) and S2(t) are phase modulated RF signals (similar to the input signals in the above-cited Godoy reference). The output of enable/activation circuit A11 is connected to the input of driver circuit D11, the output of which is connected to the input of power amplifier P11. The output of power amplifier P11 is coupled to an input of combiner circuitry 24. Combiner 24 has an output coupled to one terminal of a load circuit 25 including a load resistor R having another terminal coupled to ground.

(15) Similarly, branch circuit 12 includes an enable/activation circuit A12 having an input coupled by conductor 14A to receive drive signal S1(t) and an enable input coupled to receive a control signal S12_Ctrl. The output of activation circuit A12 is connected to the input of driver circuit D12, the output of which is connected to the input of power amplifier P12. The output of power amplifier P12 is also coupled to an input of combiner circuit 24. The other branch circuits in first group 22-1 are configured similarly. The output SOUT(t) of combiner 24 is applied to load circuit R.

(16) In second group 22-2, branch circuit 21 includes an activation circuit A21 having a signal input coupled by conductor 14B to receive drive signal S2(t) and an enable input coupled to receive a control signal S21_Ctrl. The output of activation circuit A21 is connected to the input of driver circuit D21, the output of which is connected to the input of power amplifier P21. The output of power amplifier P21 is coupled to an input of combiner 24. Branch circuits 22, 23, . . . , 2n are essentially the same as branch circuit 21.

(17) During operation of asymmetric multi-level multi-branch outphasing circuitry 20-1 in FIG. 3, the multiple branch circuits are individually selected or enabled to allow them, in response to the control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc., to be turned ON and OFF so that they can selectively respond to or not respond to a corresponding one of RF drive signals S1(t) and S2(t). Only a single power supply, such as VDD, is used to provide the operating power to all of the multiple branch circuits of asymmetric multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier 20-1. (This is in direct contrast to conventional AMO (asymmetric multi-level outphasing) systems, which all require switching among various power supply voltages to provide operating power to the power amplifiers, respectively, in accordance with the power back-off conditions.) When the maximum allowable current is demanded by the load, all of the branch circuits in the S1(t) side or section and the S2(t) side or section are turned ON, and as the load voltage or load current is reduced, individual branch circuits are gradually turned OFF. When the load current required by the load becomes very low, only one branch circuit from each of the S1(t) section and the S2(t) section remains turned ON.

(18) FIG. 4A shows a differential multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier 20-2 which, as in FIG. 3, includes a first group 22-1 of branch circuits 11, 12, 13, . . . 1n, and also includes a second group 22-2 of branch circuits 21, 22, 23, . . . 2n. First group 22-1 and second group 22-2 in FIG. 4A are identical to first group 22-1 and second group 22-2 in FIG. 3.

(19) Differential multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier 20-2 further includes a third group 22-3 of branch circuits 11′, 12′, 13′, . . . 1n′ and a fourth group 22-4 of branch circuits 21′, 22′, 23′, . . . 2n′. Third group 22-3 and fourth group 22-4 in FIG. 4A are structurally identical to first group 22-1 and second group 22-2, respectively. The power amplifier outputs of third group 22-3 and fourth group 22-4 are coupled to inputs of combiner 24. Combiner 24 has an output SOUT(t) coupled to load resistor R.

(20) The designations of the drive signals and components in third group 22-3 and fourth group 22-4 are the same as for first group 22-1 and second group 22-2, respectively, except that the designation for each drive signal and each component in third group 22-3 and fourth group 22-4 is followed by the “prime” character (′). For example, in third group 22-3, branch 11′ includes an activation circuit A11′ having a signal input coupled by conductor 14A′ to receive drive signal S1′(t) and an enable input coupled to receive the control signal S11_Ctrl. The output of activation circuit A11′ is connected to the input of driver circuit D11′, the output of which is connected to the input of power amplifier P11′. The output of power amplifier P11′ is coupled to an input of combiner 24 and so forth, and similarly for fourth group 22-4 and RF drive signal S2′(t). The drive signals S1′(t) and S2′(t) are phase shifted 180° with respect to (i.e., are the complements of) the drive signals S1(t) and S2(t), respectively. (Combiner block 24 consists of various passive circuit elements, for example as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B (described below), and are coupled to the various power amplifiers and are selected to match their output impedance to the impedance of the load circuit so as to achieve maximum power transfer and also are selected to effectively combine the output signals of the various branch groups 22-1, 22-2, 22-3, and 22-4 and couple them to the load.)

(21) Conceptually, the basic operation of the multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifiers of FIGS. 3 and 4A is generally similar to the operation of known multi-level outphasing power amplifiers, but instead of switching between various power supply voltages, various numbers of branch circuits are selectively turned on and off, depending on the back-off load current and the load power requirement of the multi-branch outphasing amplifiers, wherein the objective is to improve efficiency by minimizing phase difference (θ) between the driving waveforms and by turning off branch circuits whenever possible according to power back-off requirements.

(22) Thus, FIGS. 3 and 4A show single-ended and differential implementations, respectively, of the multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier technique described herein. Generation of the RF drive signals S1(t) and S2(t) and S1′(t) and S2′(t) is described with reference to FIGS. 4B, 4C and 5 (described below). The control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc., in FIG. 4A are used with enable/activation circuits to either apply S1(t) and S2(t) and S1′(t) and S2′(t) signals to the respective branch circuits to enable (i.e., turn them on) or to disable (i.e., turn them off).

(23) Alternatively, however, instead of using the above control signals, RF signals can be generated for every branch, as described below with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. In that case, more input signals will be required, but the activation circuits would not be required.

(24) The power amplifiers (PAs) can be implemented by means of various kinds of switched-mode power amplifiers (such as class-D, class-E, class-F, etc.) and the combiner circuits may be implemented by means of various kinds of outphasing combiners (such as isolated or non-isolated combiners, passive combiners, transmission lines, Chireix combiners, . . . etc.

(25) FIG. 4B shows the typical normalized output voltage of multi-level, multi-branch outphasing amplifier 20-2 of FIGS. 3 and 4A across the load R. The normalized waveform is divided into segments or regions A, B, . . . , K, according to the load voltage levels, wherein different load voltage levels are indicated by the horizontal dotted lines.

(26) The multi-branch outphasing signal generation circuit 47 in FIG. 4C generates the control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc., so as to suitably adapt the operation of multi-level, multi-branch outphasing amplifiers 20-1 and 20-2 of FIGS. 3 and 4A to the present amount of output current or power being demanded by the load R according to the input data and modulation technique used.

(27) The control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc. are generated based on instantaneous amplitude levels of S(t). FIG. 4B shows an example of multi-branch outphasing PA which has two branches for the S1(t) section and two branches for the S2(t) section therefore generates the four control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S21_Ctrl and S22_Ctrl such that one branch circuit from the S1(t) section and one branch circuit from the S2(t) section remain always turned ON (S11_Ctrl and S21_Ctrl are always equal to 1), similarly to the example shown and described below in connection with FIGS. 7A and 7B. The regions A, B, . . . , K in FIG. 4B are determined by instantaneous amplitude level of S(t) as shown by the horizontal dotted lines (the control signals change when the instantaneous amplitude level of S(t) crosses the horizontal dotted lines), and the corresponding control signal levels are shown in Table 1.

(28) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 A: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 1 B: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 C: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 0, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 D: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 E: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 0, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 F: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 G: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 1 H: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 I: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 0, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 J: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 1, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 K: S.sub.12_Ctrl = 0, S.sub.22_Ctrl = 0 (S.sub.11_Ctrl = 1 S.sub.21_Ctrl = 1 always)

(29) FIG. 5 indicates generally how the input drive signals S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) for the multi-level multi-branch outphasing power amplifiers shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are produced from an amplitude and phase modulated signal S(t). (The RF signals S(t), S.sub.1(t), and S.sub.2(t) are represented in FIG. 5 by the illustrated vectors.) In this case, the number “n” of branch circuits of the asymmetric, multi-level, multi-branch outphasing amplifiers of FIGS. 3 and 4 determines the number “n” of different amplitude levels (and hence the number of concentric circles in FIG. 5) of the drive signal vectors S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t). In the example of FIG. 5, the RF drive signal generation is indicated for two branch circuits, i.e., for the case wherein n=2. The two radii A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 of the half-circles 17D and 17E, respectively, in FIG. 5 indicate the length of the RF drive signal vectors S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t). A.sub.1 corresponds to the case wherein only one branch circuit is enabled or turned on and A.sub.2 corresponds to the case when both branch circuits are enabled or turned on. The following three cases illustrate the generation of drive signals S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t):

(30) (1) When 0≤a(t)≤2A.sub.1, the signal generation is similar to conventional outphasing signal generation with A=A.sub.1. In this case S.sub.11_Ctrl=1, S.sub.12_Ctrl=0,

(31) S.sub.21_Ctrl=1, and S.sub.22_Ctrl=0 to turn on only one branch from the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) sides of the diagrams of FIGS. 3 and 4.

(32) (2) When A.sub.1+A.sub.2<a(t)≤2A.sub.2, the signal generation scheme is same as the conventional outphasing signal generation with A=A.sub.2. In this case S.sub.11_Ctrl=1, S.sub.12_Ctrl=1, S.sub.21_Ctrl=1, and S.sub.22_Ctrl=1 to turn on both of the branch circuits from S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) sides of the diagrams of FIGS. 3 and 4.

(33) (3) For 2A.sub.1≤a(t)≤A.sub.1+A.sub.2, the signals can be generated as follows:

(34) $S_1\left(t\right)=A_1{e}^{j\left[\phi \left(t\right)+{\theta }_1\left(t\right)\right]}$$S_2\left(t\right)=A_2{e}^{j\left[\phi \left(t\right)-{\theta }_2\left(t\right)\right]}$${\theta }_1\left(t\right)={\cos }^{-1}\left[\frac{A_1^2+{.Math.a\left(t\right).Math.}^2-A_2^2}{2.Math.a\left(t\right).Math.A_1}\right]$${\theta }_2\left(t\right)={\cos }^{-1}\left[\frac{A_2^2+{.Math.a\left(t\right).Math.}^2-A_1^2}{2.Math.a\left(t\right).Math.A_2}\right].$
In this case S.sub.11_Ctrl=1, S.sub.12_Ctrl=0, S.sub.21_Ctrl=1, and S.sub.22_Ctrl=1 to turn on only one branch of the S.sub.1(t) side and both of the branch circuits of S.sub.2(t) sides. (In the above description of examples for these conditions, one branch of the S.sub.2(t) side and both of the branch circuits of S.sub.1(t) sides were turned ON.)

(35) The described multi-branch outphasing power amplifier can be used in the following different modes:

(36) (a) assymetric multi-level, multi-branch outphasing: the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors can be of the same length or different length; the magnitude level and the phase of the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors change depending on the envelope power level;

(37) (b) symmetric multi-level, multi-branch outphasing: the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors are always of same length but magnitude level and phase of the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors change depending on the envelope power level; and

(38) (c) single level multi-branch outphasing: the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors are always of same length and magnitude of the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors always remain same, but phase of the S.sub.1(t) and S.sub.2(t) vectors change depending on the envelope power level. An advantage of having multiple branch circuits in single level operation mode is it allows increasing the amount of peak output power delivered to the load by combining output power (and current) of multiple branches.

(39) The control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc., change at the modulation envelope frequency of the RF signal S(t). The overall multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier operation is generally similar to the conventional AMO operation except that instead of using multiple power supply voltage sources to adjust the amount of power delivered to the load in accordance with the current required by the load, multiple branch circuits are utilized to generate different magnitudes of the signals S1(t) and S2(t), i.e., to create different vector lengths of S1(t) and S2(t) in FIG. 5. When the load requires only a very small current to be supplied to it, a large phase angle θ is needed between S1(t) and S2(t) and most of the PA branch circuits are turned off and only one or a few low-current-supplying branch circuits are turned on so that the total delivered load current is appropriately small. In contrast, in a conventional AMO architecture, the required very low power output level is achieved by switching to a particular low voltage power supply.

(40) Instead of using activation/enable circuits controlled by the above-described control signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc., to control the individual power amplifiers, the control information may be contained or embedded in the RF signals applied to the inputs of the various power amplifiers P11, P12, etc., as shown by the 8 waveforms in FIG. 6A. FIG. 6A illustrates the above-described RF signals for the various power amplifier drive signals S11(t), S12(t), . . . and S21(t), S22(t), . . . . For example, in FIG. 6A, it will be assumed that branch circuits 11, 11′, 21, and 21′ are always ON, and the remaining branch circuits can be turned either ON or OFF in accordance with the various power back-off-levels described above. In this example, the RF input signals S11(t), S11′(t), S21(t), and S21′(t) are applied to the inputs of individual power amplifiers P11, P11′, P21, and P21′, respectively, and will be continuous, i.e., always switching, and always delivering power to the load R as shown in FIG. 6A. The remaining RF input signals S12(t), S12′(t), S22(t), and S22′(t) applied to the inputs of individual power amplifiers P12, P12′, P22, and P22′, respectively, can be non-switching for some of the time and can be switching for the rest of the time in accordance with the various power back-off-off levels described above.

(41) Referring to FIG. 6B, the signal S(t), which represents the load current level or other signal representative of the output power level delivered to load R, is provided as an input to multi-branch outphasing signal generation circuit 50. Multi-branch outphasing signal generation circuit 50 in FIG. 6B accordingly generates the various RF power amplifier drive signals S11(t), S12(t), . . . and S21(t), S22(t), . . . that are provided as inputs to the corresponding power amplifiers P11, P12, etc., such that each output signal of multi-branch outphasing signal generation circuit 50 is either a switching signal or is instead equal to 0 in accordance with the present back-off requirement. For example, when all of the individual branch circuits are in effect turned ON and are delivering power to the load R, every branch circuit will be receiving the RF switching signal. For lower load current or load power levels, one or more of the branch circuits will be receiving a 0 value of its RF input signal. As is evident from the waveforms shown in FIG. 6A, the non-zero portions of the signals S12(t), S12′(t), S22(t), and S22′(t) are identical to corresponding portions of drive signals S1(t) and S2(t), and all portions of the waveforms of S11(t), S11′(t), S21(t), and S21′(t) are always identical to corresponding portions of drive signals S1(t) and S2(t). It is evident that this RF signal generation technique requires more signals (i.e., 8 signals vs. 4 signals) to be generated than is the case in which drive signals S1(t) and S2(t) and control signals S12_Ctrl and S22_Ctrl are required (S11_Ctrl and S21_Ctrl are always equal to 1). (That is, 8 signals vs. 4 signals in previous case, i.e., S1(t), S2(t), S12_Ctrl and S22_Ctrl).

(42) FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a practical implementation of a differential, asymmetric, multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier generally based on the multi-branch outphasing power amplifier block diagram shown in FIG. 4A. In FIGS. 7A and 7B, the first group of branch circuits 22-1 includes an upper branch circuit 12 and a lower branch circuit 11. The upper branch circuits and lower branch circuits are sized differently. The sizing of the branch circuits is determined by the signal statistics and the power levels at which efficiency peaks are located. The lower branch circuit 11 includes an AND gate 37-1, which corresponds to enable/activation circuit A11 in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-1 receives control signal S11_Ctrl equal to VDD and a second input of AND gate 37-1 receives the drive signal S1(t). The output of AND gate 37-1 is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-1 which corresponds to driver circuit D11 in FIG. 4A. The class-E power amplifier 40-1 in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P11 in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-1 includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MA, a N-channel cascode transistor NA, an inductor LC1, and a capacitor CP1. (The capacitors CP1 and CP2 can be the output capacitance of power amplifier or a parallel combination of output capacitor of the power amplifier and an external capacitor.) The gate of switching transistor MA is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-1. The source of switching transistor MA is connected to ground, and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NA. The gate of cascode transistor NA is connected to a cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of inductor LC1, to one terminal of an inductor LA, and to one terminal of capacitor CP1. The other terminal of inductor LC1 is connected to power supply voltage VDD.

(43) The upper branch circuit 12 of the first group 22-1 includes an AND gate 37-2, which corresponds to enable/activation circuit A12 in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-2 receives control signal S12_Ctrl and a second input of AND gate 37-2 receives the drive signal S1(t). The output of AND gate 37-2 is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-2 which corresponds to driver D12 in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-2 in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P12 in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-2 includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MB, a N-channel cascode transistor NB, an inductor LC2, and a capacitor CP2. The gate of switching transistor MB is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-2. The source of switching transistor MB is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NB. The gate of cascode transistor NB is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of an inductor LC2, to one terminal of an inductor LB, and to one terminal of capacitor CP2. The other terminal of inductor LC2, is connected to VDD.

(44) In FIGS. 7A and 7B, the second group of branch circuits 22-2 includes an upper branch circuit 21 and a lower branch circuit 22. The lower branch circuit includes an AND gate 37-4, which corresponds to activation circuit A22 in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-4 receives control signal S22_Ctrl and a second input of AND gate 37-4 receives the drive signal S2(t). The output of AND gate 37-4 is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-4 which corresponds to driver D22 in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-4 in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P22 in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-4 includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MB, an N-channel cascode transistor NB, an inductor LC2, and a capacitor CP2. The gate of switching transistor MB is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-4. The source of switching transistor MB is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NB. The gate of cascode transistor NB is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of inductor LC2, to one terminal of an inductor LB, and to one terminal of capacitor CP2. The other terminal of inductor LC2, is connected to VDD.

(45) The upper branch circuit 21 of the second group 22-2 includes an AND gate 37-3, which corresponds to activation circuit A21 in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-3 receives control signal S21_Ctrl equal to VDD and a second input of AND gate 37-3 also receives the drive signal S2(t). The output of AND gate 37-3 is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-3 which corresponds to driver D21 in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-3 in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P21 in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-3 includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MA, an N-channel cascode transistor NA, an inductor LC1, and a capacitor CP1. The gate of switching transistor MA is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-3. The source of switching transistor MA is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NA. (The driver circuits D11, D12, . . . etc. typically are required because the switching transistors MA and MB of the power amplifiers are very large transistors with a very large gate capacitance.) The gate of cascode transistor NA is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of an inductor LC1, to one terminal of an inductor LA, and to one terminal of capacitor CP1. The other terminal of inductor LC1 is connected to VDD.

(46) The implementation of branch groups 22-3 and 22-4 in FIGS. 7A and 7B is essentially the same as the implementation of branch groups 22-1 and 22-2, respectively, except that the drive signals S1(t) and S2(t) for branch groups 22-1 and 22-2 are replaced by drive signals S1′(t) and S2′(t) for branch groups 22-3 and 22-4, respectively. The symbols designating the various circuit elements in groups 22-3 and 22-4 are the same as in groups 22-1 and 22-2, respectively, except that each symbol is includes a prime (′), except at the control signals on the left side are the same as on the right side.

(47) Specifically, in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the third group of branch circuits 22-3 includes an upper branch circuit 12′ and a lower branch circuit 11′. The lower branch circuit 11′ includes an AND gate 37-1′, which corresponds to enable/activation circuit A11′ in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-1′ receives control signal S11_Ctrl equal to VDD and a second input of AND gate 37-1′ receives the drive signal S1′(t). The output of AND gate 37-1′ is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-1′ which corresponds to driver circuit D11′ in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-1′ in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P11′ in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-1′ includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MA, an N-channel cascode transistor NA, an inductor LC1, and a capacitor CP1. The gate of switching transistor MA is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-1′. The source of switching transistor MA is connected to ground, and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NA. The gate of cascode transistor NA is connected to a cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of inductor LC1, to one terminal of an inductor LA, and to one terminal of capacitor CP1. The other terminal of inductor LC1, is connected to power supply voltage VDD.

(48) The upper branch circuit 12′ of the third group 22-3 includes an AND gate 37-2′, which corresponds to enable/activation circuit A12′ in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-2′ receives S12_Ctrl and a second input of AND gate 37-2′ receives the drive signal S1′(t). The output of AND gate 37-2′ is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-2′ which corresponds to driver D12′ in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-2′ in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P12′ in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-2′ includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MB, an N-channel cascode transistor NB, an inductor LC2, and a capacitor CP2. The gate of switching transistor MB is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-2′. The source of switching transistor MB is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NB. The gate of cascode transistor NB is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of an inductor LC2, to one terminal of an inductor LB, and to one terminal of capacitor CP2. The other terminal of inductor LC2 is connected to VDD.

(49) In FIGS. 7A and 7B, the fourth group of branch circuits 22-4 includes an upper branch circuit 21′ and a lower branch circuit 22′. The lower branch circuit 22′ includes an AND gate 37-4′, which corresponds to activation circuit A22′ in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-4′ receives S22_Ctrl and a second input of AND gate 37-4′ receives the drive signal S2′(t). The output of AND gate 37-4′ is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-4′ which corresponds to driver D22′ in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-4′ in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P22′ in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-4′ includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MB, an N-channel cascode transistor NB, an inductor LC2, and a capacitor CP2. The gate of switching transistor MB is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-4′. The source of switching transistor MB is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NB. The gate of cascode transistor NB is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of inductor LC2, to one terminal of an inductor LB, and to one terminal of capacitor CP2. The other terminal of inductor LC2 is connected to VDD.

(50) The upper branch circuit 21′ of the fourth group 22-4 includes an AND gate 37-3′, which corresponds to activation circuit A21′ in FIG. 4A. A first input of AND gate 37-3′ receives control signal S21_Ctrl equal to VDD and a second input of AND gate 37-3′ also receives the drive signal S2′(t). The output of AND gate 37-3′ is connected to the input of a driver circuit 38-3′ which corresponds to driver D21′ in FIG. 4A. A class-E power amplifier 40-3′ in FIGS. 7A and 7B corresponds to power amplifier P21′ in FIG. 4A. Class-E power amplifier 40-3′ includes an N-channel MOS switching transistor MA, an N-channel cascode transistor NA, an inductor LC1, and a capacitor CP1. The gate of switching transistor MA is connected to the output of driver circuit 38-3′. The source of switching transistor MA is connected to ground and its drain is connected to the source of cascode transistor NA. (The driver circuits D11, D12, . . . etc. typically are required because the switching transistors MA and MB of the power amplifiers are very large transistors with a very large gate capacitance.) The gate of cascode transistor NA is connected to cascode bias voltage Bias, and its drain is connected to one terminal of an inductor LC1, to one terminal of an inductor LA, and to one terminal of capacitor CP1. The other terminal of inductor LC1 is connected to VDD.

(51) In FIGS. 7A and 7B, an inductor LB is connected between conductor 31-1 and conductor 30-1, and similarly, another inductor LB is connected between conductor 31-3 and conductor 30-2. An inductor LPEC and capacitor CPEC are connected in series between conductors 31-1 and 31-3. An inductor LA is connected between conductor 32-1 and conductor 30-1 and another inductor LA is connected between conductor 32-3 and conductor 30-2. Another inductor LPEC and capacitor CPEC are connected in series between conductors 32-1 and 32-3. Also, another inductor LA is connected between conductor 32-2 and conductor 30-1 and another inductor LA is connected between conductor 32-4 and conductor 30-2. Another inductor LPEC and capacitor CPEC are connected in series between conductors 32-2 and 32-4. Another inductor LB is connected between conductor 31-2 and conductor 30-1, and another inductor LB is connected between conductor 31-4 and conductor 30-2. Another inductor LPEC and capacitor CPEC are connected in series between conductors 31-2 and 31-4.

(52) Also, an inductor LEEC is connected between conductors 32-1 and 32-2, and another inductor LEEC is connected between conductors 32-3 and 32-4. A capacitor CA is connected between conductor 30-1 and conductor 34. An output capacitor CO is connected between conductors 34 and 35, and another capacitor CA is connected between conductors 35 and 30-2. The primary winding of a transformer T is connected across output capacitor CO between conductors 34 and 35. A secondary winding of transformer T is connected across a load resistor R, and one terminal of the secondary winding is connected to ground. The output voltage SOUT(t) is developed across the load resistor R.

(53) It should be understood that individual branch circuits can be sized “asymmetrically” in order to maximize the power efficiency of the outphasing power amplifier, depending on the characteristics of the amplitude and phase modulated RF signal S(t) such that efficiency peaks are obtained at particular back-off power levels and overall average efficiency is maximized.

(54) In the operation of the asymmetric multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier of FIGS. 7A and 7B, one S1(t) (and also one S1′(t)) branch circuit and one S2(t) (and also one S2′(t)) branch circuit are always turned on, and the other branch circuits are turned on or off in response to the various control signals S12_Ctrl and S22_Ctrl.

(55) Each series-connected combination of an inductor LPEC and a capacitor CPEC forms a Power Enhancement Circuit (PEC) which can be tuned to the third harmonic of the fundamental RF frequency (although other harmonics could be used), and the result of doing that is to “shape” the drain voltages of the N-channel cascode transistors NA and NB of the class-E power amplifiers such that the peak drain voltages are reduced for all phase angle differences between S1(t) and S2(t). This allows increasing the power supply voltage VDD (thereby also increasing the maximum output power that can be delivered to the load R by each class-E power amplifier) without exceeding the transistor drain voltage reliability limit.

(56) Each inductor LEEC forms an Efficiency Enhancement Circuit (EEC). The vectors S1(t) and S2(t) have in-phase (phase difference is 0) and out-of-phase (phase difference is 180°) components. For the “in-phase” components of the S1(t) and S2(t) vectors, the efficiency enhancement circuit EEC does not conduct any current because the voltages on both conductors 32-1 and 32-2 are equal (and the voltages on conductors 32-3 and 32-4 also are equal). But for the “out-of-phase” components of the S1(t) and S2(t) vectors, each inductor LEEC forms a parallel resonant network with the corresponding capacitor CP1 and the corresponding inductor LA and thereby reduces amount of out-of-phase current flowing through the parallel resonant network by presenting a large impedance to the corresponding class-E power amplifier at that resonant frequency. This improves the overall efficiency under large “power back-off” operating conditions. (Depending on the particular circuit design, the EEC circuit could be a capacitor (CEEC).

(57) In FIGS. 7A and 7B the switching on and off of the power amplifier switch transistor at the fundamental frequency results in a sinusoidal voltage signal at the fundamental frequency on the drain of the cascode transistor. The above-described power enhancement circuitry (PEC) operates to add a third harmonic (or possibly other harmonics) of the fundamental frequency to the fundamental frequency signal in such a way that the peak drain voltage is reduced. When the phase angle θ between the RF drive signals S1(t) and S2(t) changes with respect to time, the drain voltages also change with respect to time. The third harmonic is added to the fundamental frequency signal in such a way as to decrease the cascode transistor peak drain voltage across all possible values of the phase angle θ between the S1(t) and S2(t) input signals.

(58) Thus, the power enhancement circuitry (PEC) includes LPEC and CPEC and operates to reduce the peak drain voltages of the cascode transistors NA and NB. This allows the power supply VDD to be increased without exceeding the allowable transistor drain voltage limits so that a higher amount of peak output power can be delivered to the load resistor R.

(59) FIG. 8 shows simulated curves of efficiency versus output power for the circuitry shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B for different levels of the control signals with and without the efficiency enhancement circuit. FIG. 9 shows an effective (combined) simulated efficiency curve which shows significant improvement in back-off efficiency of the multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier.

(60) The described asymmetric, multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifiers have a number of advantages over conventional multi-level outphasing amplifiers. No complex power supply voltage switching circuitry is required. The inefficient supply voltage switching circuitry of conventional AMO amplifiers is eliminated and the power loss and undesirably high power inefficiency caused by the power supply voltage switching in conventional AMO amplifiers therefore are avoided. The multi-branch outphasing power amplifier circuit 20-1 is easier to implement than the power supply modulation/switching of conventional AMO amplifiers because generating the multiple power supply voltage levels in conventional AMO amplifiers requires multiple regulators circuits and other related circuits which are costly. Also, the power supply switching in conventional AMO amplifiers causes significant signal nonlinearity and also causes another kind of nonlinearity that arises from the inevitable signal timing mismatches between the control signal paths into the power supply switching circuits and the input drive signal paths. The described multi-level, multi-branch outphasing power amplifier avoids such signal timing problems (since all of the signals are applied to the inputs of the switching-mode power amplifiers and they can be easily synchronized) and associated nonlinearity of the outphasing power amplifier output signal by not including such multiple signal paths to supply voltage switching and power amplifier input. Furthermore, the use of multiple separately enabled branch circuits to combine the branch circuit output currents allows a large peak current and a large variation in the amount of total current delivered to the load. Also, the multi-level, multi-branch outphasing amplifier can be operated in either single-level mode or multi-level mode. There is some benefit of having multi-branch structure but operating it in single-level mode, because it can produce higher peak output power levels than a single-branch structure.

(61) Some of the described inductors can be interchanged with some of the described capacitors. In some cases, the positions of the LA, LB inductors and CA capacitors may be interchanged. LEEC can be placed between other branch circuits i.e. one end to 31-1 and other end to 31-2 and for the right side one end to 31-3 and other end to 31-4). In some cases the LEEC inductor can be replaced by a capacitor. In some cases common components can be utilized to perform the functions of the Efficiency Enhancement Circuit (EEC) and the Power Enhancement Circuit (PEC). Other kinds of combiners can also be used, for example Chireix combiners. The switching power amplifiers could be other types than class-E amplifiers. Also, it would be possible to use RF signals for performing the functions of the described logic signals S11_Ctrl, S12_Ctrl, S13_Ctrl, . . . , S21_Ctrl, S22_Ctrl, S23_Ctrl, . . . , etc. Such RF signals could be configured to appear as switching signals with appropriate phase modulation to the power amplifiers during time intervals in which the receiving power amplifiers should be turned on and to appear as “0”s during time intervals in which power amplifiers are to be turned off.

(62) Accordingly, example embodiments provide: (a) a way to improve the power efficiency of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers while RF power amplifier therein are operating at low “back-off” power levels; (b) a way to provide improved power efficiency and simplified implementation of multi-level outphasing power amplifiers operating at large “back-off” power levels without generating and switching among multiple power supply levels to provide operating supply voltage and power to the internal power amplifiers of the multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; (c) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier having the combination of higher data rates, more efficient spectrum utilization, and higher power efficiency than conventional multi-level outphasing power amplifiers; (d) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier that avoids the linearity problems of conventional asymmetric multi-level outphasing (AMO) power amplifiers due to switching among multiple supply voltages and synchronization problem between supply voltage selection signals and RF driving signals; (e) an improved outphasing power amplifier having higher peak output power than has been economically achievable in outphasing power amplifiers; and (f) an improved multi-level outphasing power amplifier that improves battery life in handheld devices.

(63) Modifications are possible in the described embodiments, and other embodiments are possible, within the scope of the claims.