Additives for geopolymer cements

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to chemical additives for geopolymer cements that can improve the rheological properties of geopolymer cements. These chemical additives include sulfates and selenates of a specific formula as well as hydroxycarboxylic acid salts of Li, Na, and K including but not limited to glycolic, lactic, citric, mandelic tartaric, and malic acids. The chemical additives for geopolymer cements disclosed herein can facilitate the uniform mixing, increase the time mixtures can be transported, and improve the ability to place and finish concrete and mortars made with the geopolymer cements.

Claims

1. A cementitious composition comprising: a slag; a pozzolanic material; an alkali activator comprising sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate or sodium carbonate, the sodium hydroxide is 1-5 wt. % of the cementitious composition, and the sodium silicate or sodium carbonate is 1-9 wt. % of the cementitious composition; and a sulfate or selenate compound of the formula:
(a) AB(SO.sub.4, SeO.sub.4).sub.2—XH.sub.2O, where A=K, Na, or NH.sub.4; B=Al, Cr, Fe, or Co; and X=0-12; or
(b) B.sub.2(SO.sub.4, SeO.sub.4).sub.3—XH.sub.2O, where B=Al, Cr, Fe, or Co and X=0-12.

2. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein A=K, B=Al, and X=12.

3. The cementitious composition of claim 1 wherein B=Al.

4. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfate or selenate compound is KAl(SO.sub.4).sub.2—XH.sub.2O.

5. The cementitious composition of claim 4, wherein the weight percentage of KAl(SO.sub.4).sub.2-12H.sub.2O in the cementitious composition is 0.1-10 wt. %.

6. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfate or selenate compound is Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3.

7. The cementitious composition of claim 6, wherein the weight percentage of Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3 in the cementitious composition is 0.1-10 wt. %.

8. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the slag is a ground granulated blast furnace slag.

9. The cementitious composition of any of claims 1-8, wherein the pozzolanic material is selected from the group consisting of class F fly ash, silica fume, natural pozzolans, glass, calcined clay and mixtures thereof.

10. The cementitious composition of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of slag to pozzolanic material in the cementitious composition is from about 90/10 to about 50/50.

11. A mortar formed by a combination including water, sand, and the cementitious composition of claim 1.

12. The mortar of claim 11, wherein the working time of the mortar is 60-240 minutes.

13. The mortar of claim 11, wherein the set time is 4-12 hours.

14. The mortar of claim 11, wherein the 1D compressive strength is greater than 1500 psi, the 7D compressive strength is greater than 3000 psi, and the 28D compressive strength is greater than 4000 psi.

15. A concrete formed by a combination including water and the cementitious composition of claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a chart illustrating the sodium lactate percentage versus the working time, the set time, and 1 D compressive strength of mortar formed with sodium lactate additive.

(3) FIG. 2 is a chart illustrating the alum percentage versus the working time, the set time, and 1 D compressive strength of mortar formed with alum additive.

(4) FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating the aluminum sulfate percentage versus the working time, the set time, and 1 D compressive strength of mortar formed with aluminum sulfate additive.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) Provided are chemical additives for geopolymer cements that can produce a flowable concrete that is easy to mix, place, and finish. In addition to being suitable for normal construction and precast applications, concrete made with the geopolymer cements disclosed herein can be resistant to sulfate and/or chloride attacks because of its chemical composition.

(6) Accordingly, concretes made with the geopolymer cements disclosed herein can be well-suited for use in high sulfate soils, construction, and marine structures such as ports and seawalls. In addition, the chemical additives for geopolymer cements disclosed herein can improve the rheological properties of geopolymer cements without retarding the time setting or the early strength development properties.

(7) Like fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is another pozzolanic material used in Portland cement concrete. It is the by-product of the iron and steel making industries. It can be obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam to produce a glassy, granular product that can be dried and ground into fine powder. The Portland cement industry has for some time elected to inter-grind Portland clinkers with GGBFS (slag) typically in the 30-50% range. In some markets, ready-mix concrete (RMC) plants are also blending fine slag powder with Portland cement.

(8) As stated above, the principal limitation to the successful commercialization of alkali activated slag cement (AASC) concrete is due to its poor workability. Specifically, its inability to provide sufficient working and placing time. Applicants have discovered chemical additives for alkali activated cements (i.e., geopolymer cements) that improves rheological properties such as working time, placing time, pot life, flow-ability, flow retention of mortar, and slump retention of concrete.

(9) The cementitious compositions disclosed herein can include slag. In some embodiments, the slag is ground granulated blast furnace slag (“GGBFS”) or any other metallurgical slags such as steel, copper or cuela. In some embodiments, the slag is in powder form. In some embodiments, the slag is greater than or equal to about 5 wt % of the cementitious composition.

(10) In some embodiments, the cementitious compositions can also include a pozzolanic material. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material can include fly ash, bottom ash, clay calcined clay, glass, volcanic class, pumice, diatomatceous earth, silica fume, other alumino-silica glass, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is Class F fly ash. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material can be a finely divided glassy alumino-silicate powder. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material is in powder form. In some embodiments, the pozzolanic material can be less than or equal to 95 wt % of the cementitious composition.

(11) In some embodiments, the slag to pozzolanic material in the cementitious composition can be in a certain weight ratio. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of slag to pozzolanic material can be about 100/0 to about 40/60, about 90/10 to about 50/50, about 87/13 to about 60/40, about 85/15 to about 65/35, about 80/20 to about 70/30, or about 75/25. The mixture of slag and pozzolanic material can be a blend of dry powders.

(12) In some embodiments, the cementitious compositions can include alkali activators or blends of alkali activators to activate the cementitious compositions. These alkali activators can include hydroxides, carbonates, and/or silicates. In some embodiments, the alkali activators can include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium silicate, and/or potassium silicate. In some embodiments, the alkali activators can include sodium/potassium hydroxide and sodium/potassium carbonate or sodium/potassium silicate. In some embodiments, the alkali activators can include sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate or sodium carbonate.

(13) In some embodiments, the sodium or potassium hydroxide can be about 0.1-20 wt %, about 0.1-10 wt %, about 0.1-5 wt %, about 1-5 wt %, about 1-4 wt %, about 2-4 wt %, or about 2-3 wt % the cementitious composition. In some embodiments, the sodium or potassium carbonate can be about 0.1-20 wt %, about 0.1-15 wt. %, about 1-10 wt. %, about 1-9 wt %, about 2-8 wt. %, about 3-6 wt. %, about 4-6 wt. %, or about 4-5 wt. % the cementitious composition. In some embodiments, the sodium or potassium silicate can be about 0.1-20 wt %, about 0.1-15 wt. %, about 1-10 wt. %, about 1-9 wt %, about 2-8 wt. %, about 3-6 wt. %, about 4-6 wt. %, or about 4-5 wt. % the cementitious composition.

(14) Besides the above components in the cementitious composition, Applicants have unexpectedly discovered that including a chemical additive can improve the workability of the subsequent geopolymer cements. Specifically, the chemical additives can facilitate the mixing, increase the time mixtures can be transported, and can improve the ability to place and finish the geopolymer concrete mixtures. These chemical additives can include sulfate and selenate compounds of the following formulas:
AB(SO.sub.4, SeO.sub.4).sub.2—XH.sub.2O, where A=K, Na, or NH.sub.4; B=Al, Cr, Fe, or Co; and X=0-12 (preferably 12).   (1)
B.sub.2(SO.sub.4, SeO.sub.4).sub.3—XH.sub.2O, where B=Al, Cr, Fe, or Co.   (2)

(15) In some embodiments, the chemical additive of formula (1) is an alum. For example, the chemical additive of formula (1) can be KAl(SO.sub.4).sub.2. In some embodiments, the chemical additive of formula (2) is aluminum sulfate (i.e., Al.sub.2(SO.sub.4).sub.3).

(16) In some embodiments, the chemical additives can be about 0.1-5 wt % or about 0.1-4 wt. % the cementitious composition. In some embodiments, a chemical additive of formula (1) can be about at least 0.1 wt % the cementitious composition. In some embodiments, a chemical additive of formula (2) can be about at least 0.4 wt % the cementitious composition. In some embodiments, a chemical additive of formula (1) or (2) can be about less than 5 wt % but more than 0.1 wt. % the cementitious composition.

(17) In some embodiments, the chemical additives can be hydroxycarboxylic acid salts of Li, Na, and K including but not limited to glycolic, lactic, citric, mandelic tartaric, and malic acids. In some embodiments, the chemical additives can be hydroxycarboxylic acids including but not limited to glycolic, lactic, citric, mandelic, tartaric, acetic, andlic neutralized with Li, Na, or K hydroxides or carbonates. For example, the chemical additive can be sodium lactate. The sodium lactate can be in liquid form. In some embodiments, the sodium lactate can have a 60% solids content.

(18) In some embodiments, a hydroxycarboxylic acid salt chemical activator can be at least about 1 wt % of the cementitious composition.

(19) In some embodiments, the cementitious compositions disclosed herein can be substantially free from Portland cement. In some embodiments, the cementitious compositions disclosed herein can have less than about 1 wt % Portland cement. In some embodiments, the cementitious compositions disclosed herein can have no Portland cement.

(20) In some embodiments, stable dry powders of these chemical additives can be interblended or interground with the finely divided powders of geopolymers. The chemical additives that cannot be supplied as powders can be added as liquids to the concrete or mortar mixture containing the finely divided powders.

(21) In some embodiments, the chemical additives can be added to the blend of dry finely divided slag-pozzolan powders to make concrete or mortar with mixing water into a suitable mixer or can be interground in a grinding mill. When interground with the slag- pozzolan blend, the resulting powder can be used as any other cementitious powder to make concrete or mortar.

(22) The chemical additives added to geopolymer cements can improve the rheological properties of concrete and mortars made with the cements without retarding the time of setting or strength development of concrete with which they are made.

(23) Mortar formed from the cementitious compositions described herein can have improved flow (ASTM C 1437), working time/pot life (time interval between addition of water to the time when mortar flow is reduced to 50%), set time (ASTM C 403), and compressive strength (ASTM C 109).

(24) In some embodiments, the flow of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can greater than 100% as determined by test method ASTM C1437.

(25) In some embodiments, the working time of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at least about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 65 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 75 minutes, or about 80 minutes. In some embodiments, the working time of mortar produced using cementitious compositions described herein can be at most about 5 hours, about 4.5 hours, about 4.25 hours, about 4 hours, about 3.75 hours, about 3.5 hours, or about 3 hours. In some embodiments, the working time of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be about 30-300 minutes, about 45-275 minutes, or about 60-240 minutes.

(26) In some embodiments, the set time of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at least about 3 hours, about 3.5 hours, about 3.75 hours, about 4 hours, about 4. 5 hours, about 5 hours, or about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the set time of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at most about 14 hours, about 13 hours, about 12.5 hours, about 12 hours, about 11 hours, about 10 hours, about 9 hours, or about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the set time of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be about 2-15 hours, about 3-13 hours, or about 4-12 hours.

(27) In some embodiments, the ID compressive strength of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at least about 1500 psi, about 1600 psi, about 1700 psi, about 1800 psi, about 1900 psi, or about 2000 psi. In some embodiments, the 7D compressive strength of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at least about 3000 psi, about 3250 psi, about 3500 psi, about 3750 psi, or about 4000 psi. In some embodiments, the 28D compressive strength of mortar produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be at least about 4000 psi, about 4500 psi, about 4750 psi, about 5000 psi, about 5250 psi, about 5500 psi, or about 5750 psi.

(28) Concrete formed from the cementitious compositions described herein can have improved slump (ASTM C 143), working time (time interval between addition of water to concrete to reach 2 inch slump), set time (ASTM C 403), compressive strength (ASTM C 39); flexural strength (ASTM C 78); splitting tensile strength (ASTM 496); modulus of elasticity (ASTM 469); bond strength (slant shear) (ASTM C 882); length change (ASTM C 157); and rapid chloride permeability (ASTM C 1202).

(29) In some embodiments, the slump of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 0.0-10 inches.

(30) In some embodiments, the working time of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 45-90 minutes.

(31) In some embodiments, the set time of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 3-7 hours.

(32) In some embodiments, the compressive strength of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 2000-8000 psi.

(33) In some embodiments, the flexural strength of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 500-700 psi.

(34) In some embodiments, the splitting tensile strength of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 500-700 psi.

(35) In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 4-5 million psi.

(36) In some embodiments, the bond strength of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 700-800 psi.

(37) In some embodiments, the length change of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be 0-0.04%.

(38) In some embodiments, the rapid chloride permeability of concrete produced using the cementitious compositions described herein can be less than 1000 coulombs.

(39) The cements disclosed herein are alternatives to the traditional clinker based Portland cements. Given that no or minimal CO.sub.2 is emitted during the production of the cements disclosed herein, the adaptation of this technology can significantly reduce carbon emissions. Beyond the benefit of a zero or minimal carbon footprint, the cements disclosed herein can also enable greater beneficial use of waste materials (both slag and fly ash). Finally, due to its excellent resistance to chloride and sulfate attacks, the cements disclosed herein can have a longer life cycle than traditional Portland cements.

EXAMPLES

Mortar Examples

(40) Cement ingredients: slag (GGBFS); ASTM Class F Fly Ash; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium Silicate or Sodium Carbonate; and a chemical additive such as Alum (KAl(SO.sub.4).sub.2), Aluminum Sulfate, or Sodium Lactate Liquid (60% solids content).

(41) Mortar ingredients: 1 part cement; 2 parts ASTM C33 Sand; and water 38.5% of cement weight (i.e., water/cement=0.385).

(42) Mortar Test Methods: Flow Test=ASTM C 1437; Working time/Pot life time=time interval between addition of water to the time when mortar flow is reduced to 50%; Set Time=ASTM C 403; and Compressive Strength=ASTM C 109.

(43) The following Table 1 provides the working time, set time, and compressive strength for mortar produced using alkali activators sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate with chemical additive sodium lactate (liquid).

(44) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate with Sodium Lactate (liquid) Slag (GGBFS) activation Working Final set, Compressive strength, Psi Example Data time, Min Min 24 H 3 D 7 D 28 D Comp. Slag/classF (87/13), 22 Min 7 H: 08 M 2591 2 D: 4563 6784 7437 Example 1 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Carbonate 9% Example 1 Slag/classF (87/13), 70 Min 3 H: 05 M 2859 4219 5399 7343 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium carbonate 9%, Sodium Lactate (Liq) 3% Example 2 Slag/F (87/13), Sodium 75 Min 13 H: 58 M  614 4669 6540 7491 Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Carbonate 7%, Sodium Lactate 3% (Liq) Example 3 Slag/F (87/13), Sodium 105 Min 16 H: 25 M  356 4474 5954 7702 Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Carbonate 5%, Sodium Lactate 3% (liquid) Example 4 Slag/classF (87/13), <30 min 5 H: 45 M 2431 4897 6523 7235 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium carbonate 9%, Sodium Lactate (Liq) 1% Example 5 Slag/classF (87/13), 30 Min 5 H: 20 M 2561 4419 6599 7243 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium carbonate 9%, Sodium Lactate (Liq) 2% Example 6 Slag/classF (87/13), 75 Min 3 H 1520 3620 4850 7015 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium carbonate 9%, Sodium Lactate (Liq) 4%

(45) As shown in Table 1 above, the control Mortar mixture (comparative example 1) provides only 22 minutes of working time. In contrast, example 1 provides 70 minutes working time without affecting strength.

(46) Table 2 provides the working time, set time, and compressive strength for mortar produced using alkali activators sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with chemical additive sodium lactate (liquid).

(47) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Sodium hydroxide and Sodium silicate with Sodium Lactate (liquid) Slag (GGBFS) activation Working Final set, Compressive strength, Psi Example Data time, Min Min 24 H 3 D 7 D 28 D Comparative Slag/classF (87/13), 20 Min 2 H: 17 M 3000 2 D: 3555 5819 7750 Example 2 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium silicate 5% Control Mix (No chemical additive) Example 7 Slag/classF (87/13), 2 H: 30 M <20 H 1339 4067 5602 7488 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Silicate 2%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%, Example 8 Slag/classF (87/13), 2 H: 30 M 18 H: 10 M  2 D: 2684 4356 6434 7779 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Silicate 3%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%, Example 9 Slag/classF (87/13), 1 H: 16 M 14 H: 25 M  2 D: 437  3242 6236 8733 Sodium Hydroxide 1%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%, Example 10 Slag/classF (87/13), 82 min 5 H: 19 M 2440 NA 5202 7241 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%, Example 11 Slag/classF (87/13), 80 min 8 H: 30 M 3697 NA 7181 9855 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 8%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%, Example 12 Slag/classF (87/13), 75 min 6 H: 20 M 3619 NA 7180 8673 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 10%, Sodium Lactate (liquid) 3%,

(48) As shown in Table 2 above, the control Mortar mixture (comparative example 2) provides only 20 minutes of working time. In contrast, example 10 provides 82 minutes working time without affecting strength.

(49) Table 3 provides the working time, set time, and compressive strength for mortar produced using alkali activators sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with chemical additive Alum.

(50) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate with chemical additive, Alum Slag (GGBFS) activation, ASHVC-L Mortar formula Working Final set, Compressive strength, Psi Examples Data time, Min Min 24 H 3 D 7 D 28 D Comparative Slag/classF (87/13), 20 Min  2 H: 17 M 3000 2 D: 3555 5819 7750 Example 3 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium silicate 5% Control Mix (No chemical additive) Example 13 Slag/classF (87/13), 4 H 12 H: 52 M 2148 2 D: 3313 5425 7895 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, No Lactate, Alum 0.25% Example 14 Slag/classF (87/13), 6 H 16 H 1588 4 D: 4163 4813 7755 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, No Lactate, Alum 0.5% Example 15 Slag/classF (87/13), >8 H 20 H: 20 M 780 4 D: 4885 6 D: 5238 8738 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, No Lactate, Alum 1%

(51) Table 4 provides working time, set time, and compressive strength for mortar produced using alkali activators sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with chemical additive Aluminum Sulfate.

(52) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate with chemical additive, Aluminum Sulfate Slag (GGBFS) activation Working Final set, Compressive strength, Psi Example Data time, Min Min 24 H 3 D 7 D 28 D Comparative Slag/classF (87/13), 20 Min 2 H: 17 M 3000 2 D: 3555 5819 7750 Example 4 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium silicate 5% Control Mix (No chemical additive) Example 16 Slag/classF (87/13), Slag 1 H: 10 M 5 H: 39 M 2001 3083 4227 5850 lot 020516 (Rowen/Essroc) Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Aluminum Sulfate 0.25% Example 17 Slag/classF (87/13), 1 H: 40 M 7 H 1858 4 D: 4314 4674 6383 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Aluminum Sulfate 0.5% Example 18 Slag/classF (87/13), 2 H: 27 M 10 H: 36 M  2258 4625 5910 7530 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Aluminum Sulfate 1% Example 19 Slag/classF (87/13), >8 H 26 H 0 4 D: 5427 6646 8549 Sodium Hydroxide 3%, Sodium Silicate 5%, Aluminum Sulfate 1.5%

(53) The following Table 5 provides the flow retention for various slag mortars.

(54) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Slag Mortar flow % (ASTM C 1437) at different strokes and different time (Example 20) (Example 21) (Comp. Example 5) NaOH 2.75% NaOH. 2.75% NaOH 2.75% Na Na Silicate 4.6% Na Silicate 4.6% Silicate4.5% Sodium Lactate2.6% Alum 0.5% 0 5 10 25 0 5 10 25 0 5 10 25 Time stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke stroke Initial 9 56 82 122 8 62 92 136 8 58 85 123 30 Min 4 12 15 32 4 20 38 70 4 32 53 96 1 H Not workable Not workable 4 22 32 67 1 H: 30 M 4 20 28 50 2 H Not workable

Additional Slag Mortar Examples

Example 22

(55) TABLE-US-00006 GGBFS (Slag): 78.38% Class F fly ash: 11.72% Sodium Hydroxide:  2.70% Sodium Silicate:   4.5% Sodium Lactate (liq):  2.70% Total Slag Cement:   100% Slag Mortar 1 part Slag Cement + 2 part 38.5% of Slag cement ASTM C 33 sand Water: Results: Working time: 82 minutes Final Set time: 5 H:19 M Compressive strength  1-day: 2440 psi  7-day: 5202 psi 28-day: 7241 psi

Example 23

(56) TABLE-US-00007 GGBFS (Slag): 80.17% Class F fly ash:    12% Sodium Hydroxide:  2.76% Sodium Silicate:  4.61% Alum:  0.46% Total Slag Cement:   100% Slag Mortar 1 part Slag Cement + 2 part 38.5% of Slag cement ASTM C 33 sand Water: Results: Working time: 4 H Final Set time: 9 H:30 M Compressive strength  1-day: 2148 psi  7-day: 5425 psi 28-day: 7895 psi

Example 24

(57) TABLE-US-00008 GGBFS (Slag): 79.81% Class F fly ash: 11.93% Sodium Hydroxide:  2.75% Sodium Silicate:  4.59% Aluminum Sulfate:  0.92% Total Slag Cement:   100% Slag Mortar 1 part Slag Cement + 2 part 38.5% of Slag cement ASTM C 33 sand Water: Results: Working time:  2 H:27 M Final Set time: 10 H:36 M Compressive strength  1-day:  2258 psi  7-day: 59.10 psi 28-day:  7510 psi

(58) From the various Slag Mortar Examples above, FIGS. 1-3 were produced to illustrate the preferred amount of sodium lactate, alum, and aluminum sulfate in the cementitious composition with respect to working time, set time, and ID compressive strength.

Concrete Examples

(59) Cement ingredients: slag (GGBFS); ASTM Class F Fly Ash; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium Silicate or Sodium Carbonate; and a chemical additive such as Alum (KAl(SO.sub.4).sub.2), Aluminum Sulfate, or Sodium Lactate Liquid (60% solids content).

(60) Concrete mix proportions were prepared as per the guideline of ACI 211. The following Table 6 provides various concrete mix proportions and properties.

(61) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6 Concrete Mix Proportion Specific gravity lb/cy kg/m3 Cement 2.85 750 445 Fine agg, ASTM C 33 2.63 1220 724 Coarse agg. ASTM #57, 2.72 1685 999.7 Lime stone Water 1 258 153

(62) Concrete Test Methods: Slump=ASTM C 143; Working time=time interval between addition of water to concrete reach 2 inch slump; Time of Set=ASTM C 403; Compressive Strength=ASTM C 39; Flexural Strength=ASTM C 78; Splitting Tensile Strength=ASTM 496; Modulus of Elasticity=ASTM 469; Bond Strength (slant shear)=ASTM C 882; Length Change=ASTM C 157; Rapid Chloride Permeability=ASTM C 1202.

(63) The following Table 7 provides the slump retention of slag concrete created with the chemical additives disclosed herein.

(64) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 7 Concrete Slump Retention Slump Initial at 30 Slump Slump Slump Slump Time to All mixes: 75: 25slag: flyash slump. Min, at 1 H, at 1.5 H, at 2 H, at 3 H, retain 2″ 750 lb/yd3 Inch inch Inch Inch Inch Inch slump Sodium 6.5 1.5 1 Less hydroxide: Sodium than 30 Silicate 2.5: 4.6 Min Sodium 8.25 6 5 2.75 2 2 H hydroxide: Sodium Silicate 2.5: 4.6 Sodium Lactate 2.6 Sodium 4.5 4 4 4 4 3 Greater hydroxide: Sodium than 3 H Silicate 2.5: 4.6 Alum 0.5% Sodium 5 5 4 4 4 3 Greater hydroxide: Sodium than 3 H Silicate2.5: 4.6 Aluminum sulfate 0.5%

(65) Table 7 indicates that workability retention of concretes made with the cementitious compositions described herein is more than 3 hours at 73° F. The control alkali activated slag cement concrete loses workability in less than 30 minutes.

(66) Portland cement can be tested with ASTM C 150, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement”. All other non-Portland cements can be tested with a performance based specification ASTM C 1157. The following Table 8 provides results of slag cement with alum as the chemical additive. The Example 25 tested in Table 8 has the following weight percentages: GGBFS (slag)=69.13%; Class F fly ash=23.04%; Sodium Hydroxide=2.77%; Sodium Silicate=4.6%; Alum=0.46%.

(67) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 8 Slag Cement Data Moderate High Early Sulfate High Sulfate General Use strength Resistance Resistance Example Property Method specification Specification Specification Specification 25 Flow ASTM 110 +/− 5% 110 +/− 5% 110 +/− 5% 110 +/− 5%  110% C1437 Vicat Set Time. ASTM  45-420  45-420  45-420  45-420  180 min C191 1-day ASTM NA 1450-2900 NA NA 1688 compression. psi C109 3 - day ASTM 1450-2900 2465-4350 1450-2900  725-2175 2470 compression. psi C109 7 - day ASTM 2465-4350 NA 2465-4350 1450-2900 2654 compression. psi C109 28-day ASTM NA NA NA 2465-4350 3464 compressive C109 strength Mortar Bar ASTM Max 0.02% Max 0.02% Max 0.02% Max 0.02% 0.007%  Expansion C1038 @ 14 days @ 14 days @ 14 days @ 14 days Air Content of ASTM Report value Report value Report value Report value   5% Mortar C185 Fineness: Residue ASTM Report value Report value Report value Report value .sup. 15% on 325 mesh C430 Fineness: Blaine ASTM Report value Report value Report value Report value 3500 C204 cm2/g Autoclave ASTM 0.8% max 0.8% max 0.8% max 0.8% max (—)0.065%  .sup.  Expansion C151 Sulfate expansion ASTM NA NA Max 0.1% Max 0.05% 0.02% (Sulfate C 1012 resistance). % 6 Months 1 year NA Max 0.1% 0.03%

(68) As indicated in the above Table 8, the cement of Example 25 meets and exceeds the ASTM C 1157 standard (a performance based specification of hydraulic cement) for all four categories: (1) general use; (2) high early strength; (3) moderate sulfate resistance; and (4) high sulfate resistance.

Additional Slag Concrete Examples

Example 26

(69) TABLE-US-00012 GGBFS (Slag): 69.13% Class F fly ash: 22.05% Sodium Hydroxide:  2.76% Sodium Silicate:   4.6% Alum:  0.46% Total Slag Cement:   100% Concrete Mix proportion Slag Cement: 750 lb/Y.sup.3 (445 kg/m.sup.3) Fine aggregate: 1120 lb/Y.sup.3 (724 kg/m.sup.3) Coarse Aggregate: 1685 lb/Y3 (100 kg/m3) Water: 31.1 gallon/Y3 (153 lit/m3) Results: Slump: 5 inches Working time: 90 min Initial set time: 3 H:0 M  Final set time: 7 H:50 M Compressive strength (ASTM C 39)  1-day: 2227 psi  7-day: 4217 psi 28-day: 5643 psi Flexural Strength (ASTM C-78)  7-day: 610 psi 28-day: 661 psi Splitting Tensile (ASTM C 496)  7-day: 483 psi 28-day: 604 psi Modulus of Elasticity (ASTM C 469)  7-day: 4.54 millions psi 28-day: 4.63 millions psi Bond Strength (Slat shear) (ASTM C 882)  7-day: 773 psi 28-day: 797 psi Length Change (ASTM C 157)  7-day: −0.034% 28-day: −0.041% Rapid Chloride Permeability 549 Coulombs (ASTM C 1202):

(70) This application discloses several numerical ranges in the text and figures. The numerical ranges disclosed inherently support any range or value within the disclosed numerical ranges, including the endpoints, even though a precise range limitation is not stated verbatim in the specification because this disclosure can be practiced throughout the disclosed numerical ranges.

(71) The above description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosure, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. Finally, the entire disclosure of the patents and publications referred in this application are hereby incorporated herein by reference.