Circularly polarised radiating element making use of a resonance in a Fabry-Perot cavity

Abstract

A circularly polarized radiating element includes at least one excitation aperture for a wave that is linearly polarized with what is referred to as an excitation first polarization, a frequency selective surface and a metasurface comprising a two-dimensional and periodic array of metasurface cells, the excitation aperture opening onto the metasurface, the metasurface cells all being oriented identically with respect to the excitation polarization and configured to: reflect an incident wave having the excitation polarization in order to form a reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization, and depolarize and reflect the incident wave in order to form a reflected wave polarized with the orthogonal polarization, having a phase difference substantially equal to ±90° with respect to the reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization, and having an amplitude substantially equal to the amplitude of a wave radiated by the frequency selective surface, generated from the reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization.

Claims

1. A circularly polarized radiating element comprising: at least one excitation aperture for a wave that is linearly polarized with what is referred to as an excitation first polarization; and a frequency selective surface that partially reflects the excitation polarization and that is transparent to a second polarization, referred to as the orthogonal polarization, that is orthogonal to the excitation polarization and to the direction of propagation of the wave, said surface being placed in a plane defined by the excitation polarization and by the orthogonal polarization; wherein it further comprises a completely reflective metasurface facing the frequency selective surface, and comprising a two-dimensional and periodic array of conductive planar elements forming metasurface cells, the excitation aperture opening onto the metasurface, the frequency selective surface and the metasurface forming a resonant cavity for the excitation polarization, the metasurface cells all being oriented identically with respect to the excitation polarization and configured to: reflect an incident wave having the excitation polarization in order to form a reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization, and depolarize and reflect the incident wave in order to form a reflected wave polarized with the orthogonal polarization, having a phase difference substantially equal to ±90° with respect to the reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization, and having an amplitude substantially equal to the amplitude of a wave radiated by the frequency selective surface, generated from the reflected wave polarized with the excitation polarization.

2. The radiating element according to claim 1, the metasurface comprising a ground plane on which are placed a substrate and the array of metasurface cells, which cells are arranged in rows, the centres center of each metasurface cell of a given row being aligned along an alignment axis, the alignment axis being oriented by a rotation angle (ψ) with respect to the excitation polarization, the rotation angle (ψ) being defined so as to make the matrix [S′] diagonal, where: $\left[S^{\prime }\right]={\hspace{0.17em}}^t\left[R\right]\left[S\right]\left[R\right],$ [S] being the scattering matrix of the metasurface (S1), and [R] the rotation matrix of a rotation of angle ψ.

3. The radiating element according to claim 2, the metasurface cells of a given row being coupled by a metasurface interconnect line that is elongate along the alignment axis.

4. The radiating element according to claim 3, the rows being connected to one another by way of metasurface cells, forming with the metasurface interconnect lines a rectangular grid.

5. The radiating element according to claim 2, the metasurface cells of a given row being mutually isolated.

6. The radiating element according to claim 2, the metasurface cells of a given row all being periodically spaced.

7. The radiating element according to claim 2, all the metasurface cells of the metasurface having the same dimensions.

8. The radiating element according to claim 1, the frequency selective surface comprising an array of parallel metal wires that are periodically spaced and aligned with the excitation polarization.

9. The radiating element according to claim 1, the frequency selective surface comprising a two-dimensional array of metal dipoles that are arranged periodically.

10. The radiating element according to claim 1, the excitation aperture comprising at least one waveguide aperture opening into the resonant cavity.

11. The radiating element according to claim 10, the excitation aperture comprising a dual feed formed by two waveguides that open symmetrically into the resonant cavity, and that are connected to an impedance matching network.

12. The radiating element according to claim 1, the excitation aperture being a horn of a linear radiating aperture.

13. The radiating element according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of excitation apertures, the excitation apertures being formed by an array of linear radiating apertures.

14. The radiating element according to claim 1, comprising at least one second cavity arranged in cascade on the frequency selective surface.

15. The radiating element according to claim 1, the metasurface cells being of rectangular shape.

16. An array antenna comprising at least one radiating element according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Other features, details and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the description given with reference to the appended drawings, which are given by way of example and show, respectively:

(2) FIG. 1, a prior-art circularly polarized radiating element;

(3) FIG. 2, a schematic representation, in the yz plane, of the radiating element according to the invention, based on ray theory;

(4) FIG. 3, an overview and a detail view, in the xy plane, of a plurality of rows of metasurface cells of the metasurface, said cells being mutually isolated;

(5) FIG. 4, a perspective view of mutually isolated metasurface cells, more particularly illustrating the orientation of the alignment axis of the metasurface cells with respect to the excitation polarization;

(6) FIG. 5, an overview and a detail view, in the xy plane, of a plurality of rows of metasurface cells of the metasurface, said cells being connected by an interconnect line;

(7) FIG. 6, a perspective view of metasurface cells coupled to one another by an interconnect line;

(8) FIG. 7, a perspective view of metasurface cells forming a rectangular grid;

(9) FIG. 8, an application of the radiating element according to the invention, in which the excitation aperture is a horn having a linear radiating aperture;

(10) FIG. 9, an application of the radiating element according to the invention, in which the excitation apertures are an array of linear radiating apertures;

(11) FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C, an embodiment in which the excitation aperture comprises a dual feed;

(12) FIGS. 11A and 11B, curves illustrating the directivity and axial ratio as a function of frequency, for a number of radiating-element configurations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(13) FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic representation, in the yz plane, of the radiating element according to the invention, based on ray theory. The radiating element comprises a excitation aperture OE that opens into a metasurface S1. The metasurface S1 comprises an array of conductive planar elements that form metasurface cells (not shown in FIG. 1), having a certain pattern that is repeated periodically two dimensionally. The metasurface cells have dimensions smaller than the operating wavelength of the radiating element (so-called sub-lambda dimensions).

(14) A wave polarized linearly with a first excitation polarization is produced in the excitation aperture OE. The excitation aperture OE is represented by a rectangular waveguide that penetrates the metasurface S1 but that does not extend beyond the metasurface S1, or if it does extends therebeyond only slightly. The linearly polarized wave propagates into the cavity, which is bounded by the metasurface S1 and by a frequency selective surface S2 comprising an arrangement of metal wires or dipoles that have a periodic distribution. The metasurface S1 and the frequency selective surface S2 are spaced apart from each other by a distance D1. The frequency selective surface S2 partially reflects the excitation polarization Ex (also called the transverse-electric (TE) polarization) and is transparent to a second polarization Ey, referred to as the orthogonal polarization (also called the transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization), that is orthogonal to the excitation polarization Ex and to the direction of propagation of the wave. The frequency selective surface S2 is therefore characterized by reflection and transmission coefficients r.sub.2x and t.sub.2x, respectively. The wave produced by the excitation aperture is partially radiated (Etx) and partially reflected. The reflected portion is called the incident wave Eix

(15) The metasurface S1 is completely reflective. It acts as a ground plane, facing the frequency selective surface S2. The metasurface S1 is characterized by reflection coefficients r.sub.1xx and r.sub.1yx, respectively, which express the components of the reflected wave with the polarizations Ex and Ey, resulting from the incident wave Eix.

(16) A resonance of the type typically observed in Fabry-Perot resonators is established between the two surfaces for the wave having the excitation polarization Ex. The incident wave Eix, which propagates through the cavity, undergoes a series of reflections from the frequency selective surface S2 and from the metasurface S1. On each reflection from the frequency selective surface S2, some of the incident wave Eix is radiated. On each reflection from the metasurface S1, one portion of the incident wave Eix undergoes a rotation of polarization, also referred to as a depolarization, producing a polarized wave Er1y having the orthogonal polarization Ey. The amplitude of the polarized wave Er1y having the orthogonal polarization Ey is determined by the reflection coefficient r.sub.1yx. Another portion of the incident wave Eix preserves its polarization, producing a polarized wave Er1x having the excitation polarization Ex. The amplitude of the polarized wave Er1x having the excitation polarization Ex is determined by the reflection coefficient r.sub.1xx. A circularly polarized emission is obtained when the wave E′tx radiated by the frequency selective surface S2, and generated from the polarized reflected wave Er1x having the excitation polarization Ex, corresponds in amplitude to the polarized wave Er1y having the orthogonal polarization Ey, with a phase shift of ±90°. The amplitude of the wave E′tx radiated by the frequency selective surface S2 is determined by the transmission coefficient t.sub.2x. Since the frequency selective surface S2 is transparent to the orthogonal polarization Ey, the polarized wave Er1y having the orthogonal polarization Ey is radiated without being attenuated. The polarized wave Er1y having the orthogonal polarization Ey is denoted E′ty. A first circularly polarized emission is therefore composed of the waves E′tx and E′ty.

(17) The reflected wave Er1x undergoes a new reflection from the frequency selective surface S2, with a reflection coefficient r.sub.2x, and, according to the same principle, a second circularly polarised emission is composed of the waves E″tx and E″ty, then a third circularly polarized emission, composed of the waves E′″tx and E′″ty.

(18) Thus, a circularly polarized beam that is increasingly attenuated with distance from the excitation aperture OE is obtained.

(19) This radiating element may be pre-dimensioned on the basis of ray theory, which is conventionally used for this category of radiating element. It is assumed that:

(20) the size of the cavity is infinite in the xy plane;

(21) the frequency selective surface S2 is characterized respectively by reflection and transmission coefficients r.sub.2x and t.sub.2x. It is completely transparent to the polarised wave Ey; the distance between the frequency selective surface S2 and the metasurface S1 is equal to D1, the metasurface S1 is respectively characterized by the reflection coefficients r.sub.1xx and r.sub.1yx, expressing the components of the reflected wave with the polarizations Ex and Ey resulting from an incident wave Eix.

(22) It follows from the above that, in the far field, the transfer functions T.sub.x and T.sub.y of the polarised transmitted waves E.sub.trans (x) and E.sub.trans (y) may be written as the sum of all the transmitted fields:

(23) $\begin{array}{cc}{T}_x=\frac{E_{\mathrm{trans}}\left(x\right)}{E_{\mathrm{inc}}}=[E_{\mathrm{tx}}+E_{\mathrm{tx}}^{\prime }+E_{\mathrm{tx}}^{″}+\mathrm{.Math.}]& \left(1\right)\\ T_y=\frac{E_{\mathrm{trans}}\left(y\right)}{E_{\mathrm{inc}}}=[E_{\mathrm{ty}}^{\prime }+E_{\mathrm{ty}}^{″}+\mathrm{.Math.}]\mathrm{where}{E}_{\mathrm{inc}}=1& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

(24) From (1) the transfer function T.sub.x may be determined:

(25) $\begin{array}{cc}{T}_x=t_{2x}+t_{2x}{r}_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{2x}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}+t_{2x}{r}_{1\mathrm{xx}}^2{r}_{2x}^2{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(4D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}+\mathrm{.Math.}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

(26) where k.sub.0 is the wave number in free space, namely 2π/λ.sub.0, and θ the angle of incidence of the excitation wave.

(27) $\begin{array}{cc}{T}_x=t_{2x}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{.Math.}}{\left(r_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{2x}\right)}^n{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2n{D}_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}& \left(4\right)\\ T_x=\frac{t_{2x}}{1-r_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{2x}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

(28) From (2) the transfer function T.sub.y may be determined:

(29) $\begin{array}{cc}{T}_y=r_{2x}{r}_{1\mathrm{yx}}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}+r_{2x}^2{r}_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{1\mathrm{yx}}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(4D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}+r_{2x}^3{r}_{1\mathrm{xx}}^2{r}_{1\mathrm{yx}}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(6D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}+\mathrm{.Math.}& \left(6\right)\\ T_y=r_{1\mathrm{yx}}{r}_{2x}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}\underset{n=0}{\overset{\infty }{.Math.}}{\left(r_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{2x}\right)}^n{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2{\mathrm{nD}}_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}& \left(7\right)\\ T_y=\frac{r_{1\mathrm{yx}}{r}_{2x}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}}{1-r_{1\mathrm{xx}}{r}_{2x}{e}^{-{\mathrm{jk}}_0(2D_{1)}\mathrm{co}s\left(\theta \right)}}& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

(30) The condition for resonance is met when:

(31) $\begin{array}{cc}\angle r_{1\mathrm{xx}}+\angle r_{2x}+2N\pi =2k_0{D}_1\cos \left(\theta \right)& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

(32) where ∠r.sub.1xx is the phase component of the reflection coefficient r.sub.1xx, ∠r.sub.2x is the phase component of the reflection coefficient r.sub.2x, and N is any integer.

(33) Using the transfer functions calculated with (5) and (8) for the two polarizations, it is possible to calculate the axial ratio (AR) for the whole antenna, using the following relationship:

(34) $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{AR}=\frac{\sqrt{G+\sqrt{G^2-4{\sin }^2\left(\phi \right)}}}{\sqrt{G-\sqrt{G^2-4{\sin }^2\left(\phi \right)}}}\mathrm{where}\text{:}& \left(10\right)\\ G={\rho }_L+\frac{1}{{\rho }_L}& \left(11\right)\\ \phi =\angle T_x-\angle T_y& \left(12\right)\\ {\rho }_L=\frac{.Math.T_x.Math.}{.Math.T_y.Math.}& \left(13\right)\end{array}$

(35) Starting with relationships (12) and (13), and using the transfer functions calculated with (5) and (8), it is therefore possible to write the condition of production of a pure circular polarization with the following relationships:

(36) $\begin{array}{cc}.Math.t_{2x}.Math.=.Math.r_{1\mathrm{yx}}{r}_{2x}.Math.& \left(14\right)\\ \angle t_{2x}=\angle r_{1\mathrm{yx}}+\angle r_{2x}-2k_0{D}_1\cos \left(\theta \right)+\frac{\pi }{2}+2N\pi & \left(15\right)\end{array}$

(37) By combining equation (9), which describes the condition for resonance, and equation (15), which describes the condition for circular polarization, the following relationship may be obtained:

(38) $\begin{array}{cc}\angle t_{2x}=\angle r_{1\mathrm{yx}}-\angle r_{1\mathrm{xx}}+\frac{\pi }{2}+2N^{\prime }\pi & \left(16\right)\end{array}$

(39) where N′ is any integer.

(40) Equation (16) does not depend to the first order on frequency (the wave number k.sub.0 is not found in the equation), but solely relates the components of the reflection and transmission matrices of the frequency selective surface S2 and of the metasurface S1. The passband is no longer limited by the mechanism of generation of the circular polarization, but by the operating mechanism of the Fabry-Perot cavity. Techniques for widening the passband of the latter may thus be used, without affecting the circular polarization. In particular, arranging a second cavity in cascade above the frequency selective surface S2 allows the passband to be widened without degrading the quality of the circular polarization.

(41) The phase component of the transmission coefficient t.sub.2x of the frequency selective surface S2 sets the directivity of the radiating element; it is therefore preset and known, depending on the desired directivity. Thus, from equation (16), to produce a pure circular polarization, all that is required is to suitably select the phase components of the reflection coefficients r.sub.1yx and r.sub.1xx.

(42) The scattering matrix [S] of the metasurface S1 may be written in the conventional way in the form:

(43) $\left[S\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{r}_{1\mathrm{xx}}& r_{1\mathrm{xy}}\\ r_{1\mathrm{yx}}& r_{1\mathrm{yy}}\end{array}\right]$

(44) However, the metasurface S1 receives no incident wave of orthogonal polarization Ey, in so far as the frequency selective surface S2 is transparent to the orthogonal polarization. The reflection coefficients r.sub.1xy and r.sub.1yy, which respectively express the reflection coefficient of the excitation polarisation Ex and of the orthogonal polarisation Ey for an incident wave of orthogonal polarisation Ey, may therefore be neglected when dimensioning the metasurface S1. Only the reflection coefficients r.sub.1xx and r.sub.1yx need be taken into consideration when dimensioning the metasurface S1, and are determined from relationship (16).

(45) A coordinate system Ox′y′z is defined as being the result of the rotation by an angle Ψ about the axis Oz of the coordinate system Oxyz (the axis Ox is defined by the excitation polarization Ex, and the axis Oy by the orthogonal polarization Ey).

(46) It is therefore sought to obtain, from the scattering matrix [S] in the coordinate system Oxyz, a diagonal scattering matrix [S′] in the coordinate system Ox′y′z able to be written in the form:

(47) 0$\begin{array}{cc}\left[S^{\prime }\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{j{\phi }_1}& 0\\ 0& e^{j{\phi }_2}\end{array}\right]& \left(17\right)\end{array}$

(48) where the diagonal reflection coefficients e.sup.jφ.sup.1 and e.sup.jφ.sup.2 respectively represent the phase components of the waves respectively reflected with the excitation polarisation and with the orthogonal polarisation, in the coordinate system Ox′y′z. The amplitude components of the waves reflected with the excitation polarization and with the orthogonal polarization are equal to 1, expressing the lossless character of the metasurface S1.

(49) Under the condition of normal incidence (θ=0°, there is thus a congruence relationship between the scattering matrix [S] in the plane Oxy, and the scattering matrix [S′] in the plane Ox′y′, which may therefore be written in the form:

(50) $\begin{array}{cc}\left[S^{\prime }\right]={\hspace{0.17em}}^t\left[R\right]\left[S\right]\left[R\right]& \left(18\right)\end{array}$

(51) where [R] is the rotation matrix of a rotation of angle Ψ:

(52) $\left[R\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\cos \left(\Psi \right)& \sin \left(\Psi \right)\\ -\sin \left(\Psi \right)& \cos \left(\Psi \right)\end{array}\right]$

(53) It is therefore necessary to identify the angle Ψ that allows the required scattering matrix [S] to be converted into a diagonal matrix. For this calculation, which is not detailed here, only the reflection coefficients r.sub.1xx and r.sub.1yx have an effect on the operation of the antenna, the reflection coefficients r.sub.1xy and r.sub.1yy merely being fitting coefficients. Thus, once the angle Ψ required to obtain a diagonal matrix has been identified, the diagonal reflection coefficients e.sup.jφ.sup.1 and e.sup.jφ.sup.2 are determined from relationships (17) and (18).

(54) Because of the misalignment of the metasurface S1 with respect to the excitation polarization Ex, each linearly polarized incident wave is reflected with a component of excitation polarization Ex and with a component of orthogonal polarization Ey. In the case of a metasurface S1 consisting of an arrangement of rectangular conductive planar elements (or “patches”), the phase response as a function of the polarization Ex or Ey is controlled to the first order by the dimensions of the conductive planar element.

(55) The metasurface S1 may comprise an array of metasurface cells MS such as illustrated in FIG. 3. The dimensions of the metasurface cells MS may be obtained relatively independently depending on the phase components of the diagonal reflection coefficients. Thus, the dimensions of each metasurface cell MS (length ly and width wy) are adjusted depending on the phase components of the previously determined diagonal reflection coefficients e.sup.jφ.sup.1 and e.sup.jφ.sup.2.

(56) The metasurface cells may advantageously be rectangular. The metasurface S1 may therefore consist of a plurality of rows RA of metasurface cells MS.

(57) As illustrated in FIG. 4, the metasurface cells MS of a given row RA are isolated from one another, and placed on a substrate SUB1. These elements are placed between the ground plane through which the excitation aperture passes and the frequency selective surface S2. Each metasurface cell MS therefore forms a dipole, having a mainly capacitive behaviour with respect to the excitation polarization Ex and to the orthogonal polarization Ey. All the centres CE of the metasurface cells MS are aligned along an alignment axis AX. The alignment axis AX is therefore oriented with the angle Ψ with respect to the excitation polarisation Ex.

(58) The metasurface cells MS may all have the same length (dimension ly in FIG. 3), and there may be the same spacing between two metasurface cells MS (dimension px in FIG. 3).

(59) According to one variant, illustrated in FIG. 5, the metasurface S1 may comprise metasurface interconnect lines LG. The metasurface interconnect lines LG connect to one another all the metasurface cells MS of a given row RA. They advantageously allow electrostatic charge present on the metasurface cells MS to be evacuated, and thus improve the overall behaviour of the radiating element. The metasurface cells MS have properties in incidence that are remarkably stable, because particularly small features may be used, in order to obtain wideband or even bi-band characteristics. The metasurface cells MS of a given row RA are coupled in their centre CE, orthogonally, to a metasurface interconnect line LG.

(60) As illustrated in FIG. 6, the metasurface interconnect line LG is oriented by the angle Ψ with respect to the excitation polarisation Ex. For each row RA, the assembly formed by the interconnect line LG and by the metasurface cells MS therefore forms a grid of stubs (or matching elements). The grid of stubs has a behaviour that is mainly inductive with respect to the excitation polarization Ex, and capacitive with respect to the orthogonal polarization Ey.

(61) The frequency selective surface S2, which is partially reflective, consists of an array of metal wires FI that are periodically spaced and that are oriented according to the excitation polarization Ex. As a variant, the frequency selective surface S2 may consist of slot or patch dipoles. The slots may be produced in a metal plate, and the patches placed on an electrically transparent substrate.

(62) The array of metasurface cells MS is placed on a substrate SUB1, itself placed on a ground plane PM. The ground plane PM is passed through by the excitation aperture OE. The substrate SUB1 may for example be composed of a layer of nidaquartz sandwiched between two layers of Astroquartz™.

(63) According to one variant, illustrated in FIG. 7, the rows RA are connected to one another by way of metasurface cells MS. They thus form with the metasurface interconnect lines LG a rectangular grid. The metasurface S1 thus has an inductive behaviour with respect to the excitation polarization Ex and to the orthogonal polarization Ey.

(64) FIG. 8 illustrates the case where the excitation aperture OE is a horn CRN of a linear radiating aperture. The linear radiating aperture, which passes through the metasurface S1 and opens into the cavity, may be the radiating portion of a quasi-optical beamformer (characterized in particular by a large lateral aperture). This solution therefore allows a large spectral aperture to be preserved, while nonetheless producing a circularly polarized emission. The larger the size of the linear radiating aperture, the narrower the matching or emission passband. This however has no influence on the quality of the circular polarization, as indicated by relationship (16).

(65) FIG. 9 illustrates the case where there is a plurality of excitation apertures OE. The excitation apertures OE are formed by an array RES of linear radiating apertures, issuing for example from a parallel-plate divider. The use of a parallel-plate divider in particular allows the field to be better distributed over the excitation apertures OE. In order to limit coupling between the linear radiating apertures, it is recommended to greatly limit coupling between their accesses, for example to −15 dB.

(66) FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C illustrate one embodiment of the invention, in which the excitation aperture OE is dual. It comprises a dual feed formed by two waveguide apertures (WG1, WG2) that open symmetrically into the resonant cavity, and that are connected to an impedance matching network RAD. The impedance matching network RAD comprises at least one iris IR, in order to widen the matching band. This embodiment allows a parasitic TEM mode that could potentially be present in the radiating element to be cancelled out. This TEM mode, which generates crossed polarization lobes, is independent of the type of excitation aperture OE. FIG. 10C illustrates such an excitation aperture, integrated into a radiating element according to the invention. In FIG. 10C, each metasurface cell MS forms a dipole, with no interconnect line. A dual excitation aperture may be achieved in the same way when the metasurface cells MS are connected by an interconnect line, or when they form a rectangular grid.

(67) FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate the frequency behaviour of the directivity and axial ratio of a plurality of antennas integrating radiating elements according to the invention, and comprising a dual feed formed by two waveguide apertures, according to the embodiment described above. The radiating elements differ in differing values of the width (a) and of the length (b) of the excitation aperture, and differing values of the reflection coefficient r.sub.2x. The values of the reflection coefficient r.sub.2x are denoted “+”, “++” or “+++” in order to indicate their relative value.

(68) TABLE-US-00001 Reflectivity of the frequency selective a (mm) b (mm) surface S2 Radiating element 1 5 15 +++ Radiating element 2 5 15 ++ Radiating element 3 10 15 ++ Radiating element 4 10 15 +

(69) FIG. 11A illustrates the frequency behaviour of the directivity of the radiating elements, for an angle θ=0°. The more directive the radiating element (and therefore the higher the reflectivity of the frequency selective surface S2), the less the frequency behaviour is wideband, this being typical of Fabry-Perot cavity antennas. For radiating elements 2, 3 and 4, the bandwidth at −3 dB is about 10% of the central frequency. FIG. 11B illustrates the frequency behaviour of the axial ratio of the radiating elements, for an angle θ=0°. The bandwidth at −3 dB is larger than 10% for the four antennas, and remains about 10% at −1 dB, this being clearly better that the performance of prior-art radiating elements. As demonstrated by relationship (16), the technique for generating the circular polarization works over a large passband and does not limit the operation of the radiating element.

(70) The wideband behaviour may be even further improved by arranging a second cavity in cascade on the frequency selective surface S2. To achieve this cascade arrangement, at least one second resonant cavity is placed on the cavity that is the subject of the invention. The second resonant cavity has as lower surface the frequency selective surface of the lower cavity, and as upper surface a partially reflective surface. The transverse cross section of the upper cavity may be larger than that of the lower first cavity, as described in document FR2959611, or, alternatively, its transverse cross section may be substantially identical to that of the lower cavity. This so-called “two-cavity” embodiment makes it possible to decrease the reflectivity of the frequency selective surface of the lower cavity, this promoting the wideband behaviour of the radiating element, without however having an influence on the quality of the circular polarization.