Piezoelectric ring gyroscope

Abstract

A ring gyroscope which comprises first and second transversal symmetry axes and first and second diagonal symmetry axes in the ring plane. The gyroscope further comprises one or more primary piezoelectric split transducers configured to drive the ring into resonance oscillation and one or more secondary piezoelectric split transducers configured to sense the oscillation of the ring. The gyroscope further comprises four or more mass elements which form a symmetrical mass distribution in relation to both the first and second transversal symmetry axes and to the first and second diagonal symmetry axes, wherein each mass element is attached to the ring from a bridge connector and the bridge connectors are evenly distributed along the ring.

Claims

1. A ring gyroscope which comprises: a substantially circular and flexible ring which defines a ring plane, and which is flexibly suspended from a substrate so that the ring can undergo shape oscillation in the ring plane, wherein the ring comprises first and second transversal symmetry axes in the ring plane which are orthogonal to each other, and the ring also comprises first and second diagonal symmetry axes in the ring plane which are orthogonal to each other, and the angle between each transversal symmetry axis and the adjacent diagonal symmetry axis is 45°, wherein the ring is a silicon ring and the gyroscope further comprises one or more primary piezoelectric split transducers configured to drive the ring into resonance oscillation, placed on first sectors of the ring, and one or more secondary piezoelectric split transducers configured to sense the oscillation of the ring, placed on one or more second sectors of the ring, and each first sector crosses a first or second transversal symmetry axis of the ring and is symmetric with respect to that symmetry axis, and each second sector crosses a first or second diagonal symmetry axis of the ring and is symmetric with respect to that diagonal symmetry axis of the ring, four or more mass elements which form a symmetrical mass distribution in relation to both the first and second transversal symmetry axes and to the first and second diagonal symmetry axes, wherein each mass element of the four or more mass elements is attached to the ring from a bridge connector and the bridge connectors are evenly distributed along the ring, and each of the four or more mass elements is mobile.

2. A ring gyroscope according to claim 1, wherein all mass elements are located inside the ring.

3. A ring gyroscope according to claim 2, wherein a number of the four or more mass elements is 4N, where N is an integer greater than zero, and the mass elements are distributed symmetrically with respect to both the transversal and diagonal symmetry axes.

4. A ring gyroscope according to claim 2, wherein a number of the four or more mass elements is eight, and each mass element of the four or more mass elements is placed to cross one of the symmetry axes, so that each mass element is symmetric in relation to that symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

5. A ring gyroscope according to claim 2, wherein a number of the four or more mass elements is four, and each mass element of the four or more mass elements is placed to cross one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

6. A ring gyroscope according to claim 2, wherein a number of the four or more mass elements is four, and each mass element is placed to cross one of the transversal symmetry axes, so that each mass element is symmetric in relation to that transversal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

7. A ring gyroscope according to claim 1, wherein all mass elements are located outside the ring.

8. A ring gyroscope according to claim 7, wherein a number of the four or more mass elements is four, and each mass element of the four or more mass elements is placed to cross one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

9. A ring gyroscope according to claim 1, wherein the mass elements comprise inner mass elements which are located inside the ring and outer mass elements which are located outside the ring.

10. A ring gyroscope according to claim 9, wherein a number of inner mass elements is eight, and each inner mass element is placed to cross one of the symmetry axes, so that each inner mass element is symmetric in relation to that symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each inner mass element is centered on that symmetry axis, and a number of outer mass elements is four, and each outer mass element is placed to cross one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each outer mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each outer mass element is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis.

11. A ring gyroscope according to claim 9, wherein a number of inner mass elements is four, and each inner mass element is placed so that each inner mass element crosses one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each inner mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each inner mass element is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis, and a number of outer mass elements is four, and each outer mass element is placed so that each outer mass element crosses one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each outer mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each outer mass element is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis.

12. A ring gyroscope according to claim 9, wherein a number of inner mass elements is four, and each inner mass element is placed so that each inner mass element crosses one of the transversal symmetry axes, so that each inner mass element is symmetric in relation to that transversal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each inner mass element is centered on that transversal symmetry axis, and a number of outer mass elements is four, and each outer mass element is placed so that each outer mass element crosses one of the diagonal symmetry axes, so that each outer mass element is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that each bridge connector of each outer mass element is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the following the disclosure will be described in greater detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates the primary and secondary modes in an oscillating ring gyroscope.

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates three cross-sections of a bending piezoelectric transducer placed on a gyroscope ring.

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates the variation of tangential stress along the inner and outer perimeters of a gyroscope ring.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to a transducer embodiment.

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to another transducer embodiment.

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to another transducer embodiment.

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to another transducer embodiment.

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to another transducer embodiment.

(10) FIGS. 9a-9c illustrate ring gyroscopes according to one embodiment.

(11) FIGS. 10a-10e illustrate ring gyroscopes according to one embodiment.

(12) FIGS. 11a-11b illustrate ring gyroscopes according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

(13) FIG. 2 illustrates three cross-sections of a bending piezoelectric transducer placed on a gyroscope ring. The transducer can generate or measure bending motion in the xy-plane. A pair of first electrode layers 241 and 242 have been placed on silicon ring 21, one on the upper side of a layer of piezoelectric material 22 and one on the lower side (up and down refers in this case to the direction of the z-axis). These electrodes are paired with second electrode layers 231 and 232, respectively, as illustrated in the figure. Layers 241, 22 and 231 together form a first piezoelectric transducer on top of the ring 21, and layers 242, 22 and 232 together form a second piezoelectric transducer on top of the ring 21.

(14) If drive voltages with opposite polarity are applied to these two transducers, the two transducers produce opposite strains in the xy-plane, which can deform silicon ring 21. If the transducers are used as sense transducers, in-plane bending will generate a voltage differential between the two transducers.

(15) The drawing conventions of FIG. 2 will be employed throughout this disclosure to illustrate piezoelectric transducers. In other words, two parallel rectangles of opposite colour will be used to indicate a piezoelectric transducer. For simplicity, these two parallel rectangles will primarily be referred to in the singular, as a single “split transducer”, even though the structure is actually a construction which comprises two transducers. In other words, a split transducer must comprise two parallel transducers.

(16) Black and white colours indicate transducer polarity. The ordering of the black and white rectangles in a split transducer indicate polarity so that the polarity of a transducer with a white rectangle on the outer side of the ring is opposite to the polarity of a transducer with a black rectangle on the black rectangle on the outside of the ring (as seen in the same figure).

(17) The piezoelectric layer 22, which may be an aluminium nitride (AlN) layer, is typically not thicker than a few micrometers. The thickness of the silicon ring 21 may, for example, be between 4-100 μm, preferably between 10-50 μm.

(18) When piezoelectric transducers described in this disclosure are used in the sense mode, the largest output voltage between the electrodes of the transducer may be achieved when the transducer capacitance equals the sum of the capacitance of the external connections and the input capacitance of the amplifier. The capacitance of the transducer is determined by its area and by the thickness of the piezoelectric layer.

(19) The primary and secondary oscillation modes produce mechanical stress on the inner and outer perimeter of the ring. The momentary stress varies as a sinusoidal function of length along the ring perimeter. The length variable is in this case represented by the clockwise angle with respect to the T.sub.2-axis pointing in the positive y-direction in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows the variation of tangential stress along the inner and outer perimeters of the ring for both oscillation modes. At the illustrated moment, the stress varies as a sine-function of the angle for the primary mode and as a cosine-function for the secondary mode, and the stress on the inner perimeter is in each case equal but opposite to the stress on the outer perimeter. This stress distribution can be generated and detected by piezoelectric split transducers positioned on the top surface of the ring and lengthwise along the perimeter of the ring. A split transducer positioned on the ring for driving the primary oscillation will produce opposite and constant stress on each perimeter of the ring.

(20) This disclosure describes a ring gyroscope which comprises a substantially circular and flexible ring which defines a ring plane, and which is flexibly suspended from a substrate so that the ring can undergo shape oscillation in the ring plan. The ring comprises first and second transversal symmetry axes in the ring plane which are orthogonal to each other. The ring also comprises first and second diagonal symmetry axes in the ring plane which are orthogonal to each other. The angle between each transversal symmetry axis and the adjacent diagonal symmetry axis is 45°.

(21) The gyroscope further comprises one or more primary piezoelectric split transducers configured to drive the ring into resonance oscillation, placed on first sectors of the ring. The gyroscope further comprises one or more secondary piezoelectric split transducers configured to sense the oscillation of the ring, placed on one or more second sectors of the ring. Each first sector crosses a transversal symmetry axis of the ring and is symmetric with respect to that symmetry axis, and each second sector crosses a diagonal symmetry axis of the ring and is symmetric with respect to that diagonal symmetry axis of the ring.

(22) In this disclosure, expressions such as “a piezoelectric split transducer placed on sector A of the ring” always mean that a piezoelectric split transducer is placed on top of the ring in sector A of the ring. FIG. 2 illustrates how split transducers may be placed on top of the ring.

(23) The gyroscope further comprises four or more mass elements which form a symmetrical mass distribution in relation to both the first and second transversal symmetry axes and to the first and second diagonal symmetry axes, wherein each mass element is attached to the ring from a bridge connector and the bridge connectors are evenly distributed along the ring.

(24) This disclosure also describes a method for using a ring gyroscope described above, wherein the method comprises the steps of: applying to at least one primary piezoelectric split transducer a drive voltage signal to generate the primary oscillation mode in the ring gyroscope, and reading from at least one secondary piezoelectric split transducer a sense voltage signal to measure the oscillation amplitude of secondary oscillation in the ring gyroscope. The same method can be employed with any ring gyroscope described in this disclosure. FIG. 4 illustrates a ring gyroscope which comprises a ring 42. The planar ring defines the ring-plane which corresponds to the xy-plane in FIG. 4. The suspension arrangement is not illustrated. The first and second transversal symmetry axes T.sub.1 and T.sub.2, and the first and second diagonal symmetry axes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 correspond to the symmetry axes discussed above with reference to FIG. 1. At least one primary piezoelectric split transducer 411 has been placed on the ring 42. This split transducer 411 covers a first sector of the ring which corresponds to the angle α, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The midpoint of this sector (or, equivalently, the midpoint of the transducer 411) defines the direction of first transversal symmetry axis T.sub.1. An alternating drive voltage applied to split transducer 411 will alternately stretch and compress the ring 42 along transversal symmetry axis T.sub.1.

(25) In other words, since a circle has infinitely many symmetry axes, the direction of the first symmetry axis can be freely selected by the placement of the first primary split transducer 411. Once the first axis T.sub.1 has been defined, the other three symmetry axes T.sub.2, D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 have also already been uniquely defined, and the placement of subsequent primary and secondary split transducers on the ring must conform to the following requirements: 1. A second primary piezoelectric split transducer 412 may optionally be placed opposite to 411, on the other side of the ring. The midpoint of this second primary split transducer 412 must lie as close as possible to the first transversal symmetry axis T.sub.1. In other words, split transducer 412 defines another first sector of the ring which must cross the transversal symmetry axis T.sub.1 of the ring and be symmetric with respect to that axis. In this context, symmetry means that the sector extends equally far on both sides of the axis T.sub.1. Since the second split transducer 412 illustrated in FIG. 4 has the same polarity symmetry with respect to the center of the ring as the first split transducer 411, the drive voltage signal applied to transducer 412 should have the same phase as the drive voltage signal applied to transducer 411. The drive oscillations induced by these two split transducers will then reinforce each other. If the polarity of the second split transducer 412 with respect to the center of the ring would be opposite to the polarity of transducer 411, the drive voltage signals should exhibit a phase difference of 180°. 2. Third and fourth primary piezoelectric split transducers 413 and 414 may optionally be placed on opposite sides of the ring. Their positions are shifted from the positions of first and second primary piezoelectric split transducers 411 and 412 by 90°. The midpoints of these third and fourth primary split transducers 413 and 414 must lie as close as possible to the second transversal symmetry axis T.sub.2. In other words, split transducers 413 and 414 define additional first sectors of the ring which must cross the transversal symmetry axis T.sub.2 of the ring and be symmetric with respect to that axis. Since the third and fourth split transducer 413 and 414 illustrated in FIG. 4 have the opposite polarity symmetry with respect to the center of the ring as the first split transducer 411, the drive voltage signal applied to split transducers 413 and 414 should have the same phase as the drive voltage signal applied to transducer 411. The ring will then be driven to contract along axis T.sub.2 when it expands along axis T.sub.1, and vice versa. If either one or both of split transducers 413 and 414 would have the same polarity as 411, then that transducer can be driven with a drive voltage signal which has been shifted 180° in relation to the signal applied to transducer 411. 3. One to four secondary piezoelectric split transducers 431-434 may be placed on four sides of the ring, each shifted from the adjacent secondary split transducers by an angle of 90°. The midpoints of these secondary split transducers 431-434 must lie as close as possible to the either the first diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.1 or the second diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.2. As explained above, these diagonal symmetry axes are shifted from the transversal symmetry axes by an angle of 45°. Each secondary split transducer 431-434 defines a second sector of the ring. Each second sector must cross a diagonal symmetry axis of the ring and be symmetric with respect to that axis. As before, symmetry in this context means that the sector extends equally far on both sides of the diagonal symmetry axis. The polarity of the secondary split transducers with respect to the center of the ring may be chosen freely. FIG. 4 illustrates the simplest alternative where the polarity of secondary split transducers 431 and 432, which cross the first diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.1, is opposite to the polarity of secondary split transducers 433 and 434, which cross the second diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.2. Since expansion along D.sub.1 is always accompanied by contraction along D.sub.2 and vice versa, the sense voltages obtained from all secondary split transducers 431-434 can in this case be joined directly together.

(26) In other words, at least one primary piezoelectric split transducer should be present on the ring to excite the primary resonance motion of the ring. This excitation is achieved by applying an alternating voltage to the primary piezoelectric split transducer, with a frequency which is equal or close to the resonance frequency of the ring. The primary piezoelectric split transducers should preferably be placed symmetrically in relation to a transversal symmetry axis of the ring.

(27) Additionally, at least one secondary piezoelectric split transducer should be present on the ring to detect the oscillation coupled by the Coriolis force when the ring rotates about its central axis which is perpendicular to the ring plane. The secondary piezoelectric split transducers should preferably be placed symmetrically in relation to a diagonal symmetry axis of the ring.

(28) Misalignment of any first or second sector (i.e. any primary or secondary transducer) will induce unwanted coupling of primary oscillation into the secondary oscillation mode. This is a because a misaligned primary transducer 411-414 will generate oscillation which puts the adjacent nodal point 44 in motion, even though the nodal points 44 should remain stationary when the ring oscillates only in the primary resonance mode. The oscillation of the nodal point 44 will be picked up by secondary split transducers 431-434 and create an erroneous sense signal. Conversely, a misaligned secondary transducer will be centered at a point which differs from the nodal point 44, which also leads it to pick up the primary resonance oscillation and to produce an erroneous sense signal. If, on the other hand, all primary and secondary split transducers are perfectly aligned, then secondary split transducers 431-434 will only pick up the true secondary resonance mode, which is the oscillation of nodal points 44 induced by the Coriolis force.

(29) A single primary piezoelectric split transducer on a first sector of the ring and a single secondary split transducer on a second sector of the ring is sufficient for operating the ring gyroscope. However, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce the possibility of errors due to misalignment, the number of both primary and secondary split transducers may be increased according to geometry illustrated as illustrated in FIG. 4.

(30) In other words, the gyroscope may comprise a first pair of primary piezoelectric split transducers 411, 412 on two first sectors which cross the first transversal symmetry axis T.sub.1 on opposite sides of the ring 42. Optionally, the gyroscope may also comprise a second pair of primary piezoelectric split transducers 413, 414 on two first sectors which cross the second transversal symmetry axis T.sub.2 on opposite sides of the ring 42. The first pair of primary piezoelectric split transducers 411, 412 may have a polarity-symmetry with respect to the center of the ring 42 which is opposite to the polarity-symmetry of the second pair of piezoelectric split transducers 413, 414 with respect to the center of the ring 42.

(31) Furthermore, the gyroscope may comprise a first pair of secondary piezoelectric split transducers 431, 432 on two second sectors which cross the first diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.1 on opposite sides of the ring 42. Optionally, the gyroscope may also comprise a second pair of secondary piezoelectric split transducers 433, 434 on two second sectors which cross the second diagonal symmetry axis D.sub.2 on opposite sides of the ring 42. The first pair of secondary piezoelectric split transducers 431, 432 may have a polarity-symmetry with respect to the center of the ring 42 which is opposite to the polarity-symmetry of the second pair of secondary piezoelectric split transducers 433, 434 with respect to the center of the ring 42.

(32) In the ring gyroscope illustrated in FIG. 4, the width of each first sector and each second sector is 45°. In other words, the length of each primary split transducer 411-414 and the length of each secondary split transducer 431-433 is equal to ⅛ of the ring circumference. In FIG. 4, where there are eight split transducers in total, the primary and secondary split transducers together cover the entire circumference of the ring. This maximizes the force obtained from the primary transducers and the sense signal strength obtained from the secondary transducers.

(33) However, sometimes some of the area on the top surface of the ring may be needed for other purposes than force transduction, for example drive amplitude monitoring, coupling cancellation or electrical contacting.

(34) FIG. 5 illustrates a ring gyroscope according to another transducer embodiment. Reference numbers 511-514, 531-534, 52 and 54 correspond to reference numbers 411-414, 431-434, 42 and 44, respectively in FIG. 4. In FIG. 5, the width of each first sector is less than 45°, and the width of each second sector is less than 45°. For illustrative purposes the length of each transducer is 1/16 of the ring circumference, so that the corresponding width of each first and second sector is 22.5°, but transducer lengths can be selected freely. The symmetry criterion remains the same as in FIG. 4: each first and second sector should be symmetric with respect to the symmetry axis which it crosses. Deviations from this symmetry will cause unwanted coupling of primary mode oscillation into the secondary mode, as described above.

(35) FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative transducer embodiment where the width of all first sectors and two second sectors is less than 45°, and the width of the two other second sectors is 45°. Reference numbers 611-614, 631-634, 62 and 64 correspond to reference numbers 511-514, 531-534, 52 and 54, respectively, in FIG. 5. Alternatively, the width of each first sector may be less than 45°, and the width of each second sector may be 45°. These configurations, which open up some room on the ring surface by narrowing the first sectors, can be advantageous when driving force can be sacrificed but sense signal strength cannot. The force required for driving the primary oscillation depends on the dimensions of the ring, the length of the primary transducers and the amplitude of the drive voltage signal applied to these primary transducers. As before, each first and second sector must still be symmetric with respect to the symmetry axis which it crosses.

(36) When the ring gyroscope is used in closed-loop servo mode, or when the secondary mode resonance is damped by closed loop feedback, at least one secondary piezoelectric split transducer may be driven with an alternating voltage so that it actively cancels the coupling of the primary oscillation into the secondary. The lengths of the secondary transducers which are dedicated to active cancelling may then differ from the lengths of the secondary transducers which sense the secondary oscillation.

(37) Alternatively, the width of each first sector may be 45°, and the width of each second sector may be less than 45°. This configuration can be advantageous for freeing space on the ring when the driving force must be maximized, but some of the sense signal strength can be sacrificed. This option is not separately illustrated, but it corresponds directly to FIG. 6, except that each primary split transducer would cover ⅛ of the ring circumference, while no secondary split transducer would cover that much of the circumference.

(38) All primary split transducers do not necessarily have to be used for driving the primary oscillation. Some of them may, for example, be used for measuring the amplitude of the primary oscillation. This is needed for maintaining stable oscillation amplitude independent of the changes in the driving frequency or the Q-value of the resonator due to environmental variables or aging.

(39) In other words, a method for using any ring gyroscope described in this disclosure may comprise the step of reading from at least one primary piezoelectric split transducer a third voltage signal to measure the oscillation amplitude of primary oscillation in the ring gyroscope.

(40) Similarly, all secondary split transducers do not necessarily have to be used for measuring the secondary oscillation. Some of them may, for example, be used for active interventions into the secondary oscillation mode. For example, when the ring gyroscope is used in closed-loop servo mode, or when the secondary mode resonance is damped by closed loop feedback, or when an applied electromechanical force is used to cancel a quadrature signal, at least one secondary piezoelectric split transducer may be driven with an alternating voltage so that it actively cancels the coupling of the primary oscillation into the secondary oscillation. The lengths of the secondary transducers which are dedicated to active cancelling may differ from the lengths of the secondary transducers which sense the secondary oscillation.

(41) In other words, a method for using any ring gyroscope described in this disclosure may comprise the step of applying to at least one secondary piezoelectric split transducer a fourth voltage signal to actively cancel the coupling of the primary oscillation into the secondary oscillation.

(42) If the primary and secondary split transducers do not together cover the entire circumference of the ring, the vacant surface area (for example, the unused area on the ring in FIGS. 5 and 6) can be used for other purposes. FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment where reference numbers 711-714, 731-734, 72 and 74 correspond to reference numbers 611-614, 631-634, 62 and 64, respectively, in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the width of at least one first or second sector is less than 45°. The gyroscope comprises one or more tertiary piezoelectric split transducers on third sectors of the ring, which do not overlap with the first sectors or the second sectors.

(43) Eight tertiary piezoelectric split transducers 751-758 are illustrated in FIG. 7. The number of tertiary piezoelectric split transducers could be smaller, and it may depend on the widths of the primary and secondary transducers. The number of tertiary piezoelectric split transducers may also be larger than eight. Several third sectors may fit between first and second sectors.

(44) One or more of the tertiary piezoelectric transducers 751-758 may be used for detecting the amplitude of the primary oscillation. This amplitude may not remain constant during the lifetime of the device due to temperature stress and other aging effects. Drift in the drive amplitude will immediately introduce a proportional error in the sensed amplitude, but this error can be corrected if the primary oscillation is monitored.

(45) In other words, a method for using a ring gyroscope which comprises one or more tertiary piezoelectric split transducers on third sectors of the ring which do not overlap with the first sectors or the second sectors may comprise the step of reading from at least one tertiary piezoelectric split transducer a fifth voltage signal to measure the oscillation amplitude of primary oscillation in the ring gyroscope.

(46) One or more of the tertiary piezoelectric transducers 751-758 may also be used for cancelling coupled oscillation when the gyroscope is used in closed loop servo mode or when the secondary resonance mode is actively damped by closed-loop feedback, or when electromechanical force is used to cancel a quadrature signal, as described above.

(47) In other words, a method for using a ring gyroscope which comprises one or more tertiary piezoelectric split transducers on third sectors of the ring which do not overlap with the first sectors or the second sectors may comprise the step of applying to at least one tertiary piezoelectric split transducer a sixth voltage signal to actively cancel the coupling of the primary oscillation into the secondary oscillation.

(48) FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment where reference numbers 811-814, 831-834, 855-856, 82 and 84 correspond to reference numbers 711-714, 731-734, 755-756, 72 and 74, respectively, in FIG. 7. In this embodiment, three of the secondary transducers on the second sectors, 831-833, have a width larger than 45°, and the fourth one, 834, has a width less than 45°. All of these secondary transducers are used for detecting the secondary oscillation. All transducers on the primary sectors, 811-814, have a width less than 45°, and they are used for exciting the primary oscillation. There are only two tertiary transducers on third sectors, 855 and 856. One of these tertiary transducers is used for detecting the amplitude of the primary oscillation, as described above. The other is used for cancelling coupled oscillation when the gyroscope is used in closed loop servo mode or when the secondary resonance mode is actively damped by closed-loop feedback, or when electromechanical force is used to cancel a quadrature signal, as described above.

(49) As indicated visually in FIG. 8, the whole perimeter of the ring may be fully covered by transducers for the described functions. The gyroscope may be optimized by selecting optimum transducer lengths for each function, so that sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratios for the primary and secondary signals while keeping the voltages for driving the primary oscillation and for compensating the secondary oscillation by applied electromechanical force suitably low.

(50) Certain design tradeoffs may be required when piezoelectric transducers are fabricated on the top surface of the ring. A practical split electrode transducer requires at least 15 μm, preferably more than 20 μm of width. A silicon ring with an outer diameter of 1000 μm and a width 6.8 μm has a 30 kHz resonant frequency, but it is nearly impossible to manufacture piezoelectric split-transducers on the top surface of such a narrow ring.

(51) In order to implement piezoelectric transduction on a basic gyroscope ring, the width of the ring must be increased. This increases the resonance frequency. A ring width of 15 μm increases the resonance frequency to 67 kHz. But even this may be too narrow, because the total maximum capacitance of a 15 μm wide split transducer with a 1 μm AlN layer is only 3.8 pF, which will be shared with many functions in addition to sensing the secondary oscillation: e.g. driving the primary oscillation, sensing the magnitude of the primary oscillation and driving a compensating signal in the secondary mode to cancel the secondary oscillation in a closed feed-back loop and/or damping the secondary resonance and/or cancelling the quadrature signal. For perfect match to the surrounding electronics, the total capacitance should preferably be 7-15 pF since it is not easy to use more than 50% of the maximum capacitance for sensing the secondary oscillation.

(52) Increasing ring width to 30 μm makes the capacitance 7.6 pF, but the corresponding resonance frequency is then 140 kHz. At high frequency operation the gyroscope becomes more immune to external vibrations, which are predominantly at lower frequencies, but the quadrature signal due to direct mechanical coupling of the primary mode to the secondary transducers also increases with frequency.

(53) An obvious way to increase the width of the ring and the capacitance without too much increasing the resonant frequency is to increase the diameter of the ring. If the diameter is chosen 1.6 mm and the width 18 μm the resonant frequency will be 31 kHz and the capacitance 7.2 pF which numbers are close to an ideal target. But this gyroscope will have 2.5 times as large area and thus 2.5 times as large manufacturing cost as the 1 mm diameter gyroscope.

(54) These design tradeoffs can be alleviated by fastening additional mass elements to the ring. These mass elements may be shaped like partial circle sectors inside the ring or like corner elements with perpendicular sides outside of the ring. Other shapes are also possible, as described below. These additional mass elements cannot be attached to the ring from fasteners which cover a large proportion of the ring perimeter, because it will lead to a loss of elastic flexibility in the ring. However, if each mass is attached to the ring from a fastener shaped like a narrow bridge, the elasticity of the ring and its spring constant (i.e. force/deformation ratio) can be maintained even when a significant amount of additional mass is added to the oscillating system. Since the resonant frequency depends on the spring constant/mass ratio, the additional mass elements can be used to reduce the resonance frequency of the system without having to use an excessively narrow ring.

(55) FIG. 9a illustrates an exemplary ring gyroscope according to one embodiment. Piezoelectric transducers have been omitted from the figure to preserve clarity, but any of the transducer embodiments described above can be implemented with any of the embodiments described in this disclosure. In other words, reference number 92 in FIG. 9a may correspond to any of the reference numbers 42, 52, 62 or 72 from the preceding figures. FIG. 9a shows a ring 92 with 32 small mass elements 93, all of which are located inside the ring. Each mass element 93 is shaped like a partial circle sector within the ring, but other shapes may also be used.

(56) Each mass element 93 is attached to the ring from a bridge connector 94. The width of a bridge connector along the ring periphery is substantially less than the width of the corresponding mass element 93 along the ring periphery to ensure that the flexibility of the ring is affected as little as possible by the mass elements which have been added to the ring. The bridge connector 94 must nevertheless be sufficiently wide to support the weight of the mass element 93. The minimum width therefore depends on the size of the mass element. In the vertical z-direction perpendicular to the xy-plane the bridge connector 94 may be as high the mass element 93 and the ring 92, because the in-plane flexibility of the ring 92 does not depend on the vertical height of the bridge connector 94. The radial length of the bridge connector 94 should be as small as possible, limited by the required clearance between the ring and the mass element to allow large amplitude primary oscillation and by manufacturing tolerances. The radial length should be small enough so that any bending of the bridge connector is negligible compared to the elastic deformation of the ring in the primary and secondary oscillation modes.

(57) The mass distribution produced by the sum of all mass elements 93 must be symmetric in relation to both the first and second transversal symmetry axes T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 and to the first and second diagonal symmetry axes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2, in order to maintain the two elliptical resonance modes of the ring at 45° angle as shown in FIG. 1 and explained above, and in order not to introduce any other low order in-plane resonance modes. This is needed to maintain the basic benefits of a ring gyroscope: to achieve a high Q-value of the resonance without any oscillation energy leaking out, and to achieve good robustness to external linear and angular vibrations.

(58) There are many ways to preserve the required symmetry. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 9a can more generally be described as a configuration where the number of mass elements is 4N, where N is an integer greater than zero, and the mass elements are distributed symmetrically with respect to both the transversal and diagonal symmetry axes. In FIG. 9a, the number of mass elements is 32, and no mass element crosses a symmetry axis. FIG. 9b illustrates a ring gyroscope with 32 elements where every fourth mass element crosses a symmetry axis.

(59) The mass elements do not necessarily have to be of equal size. FIG. 9c illustrates a configuration with four larger mass elements 931 and eight smaller mass elements 932. The mass elements are nevertheless distributed symmetrically with respect to all symmetry axes.

(60) It can be showed that in a ring with no mass elements attached, the effective moving mass for one oscillation mode is 29.7% of the total ring mass. With the additional mass elements 93 in FIGS. 9a and 9b, the moving mass is considerably increased without affecting the spring constant of the ring. If the radial length of the mass elements in FIG. 9a or 9b is 200 μm, a ring width of 20 μm can produce a resonant frequency at 30 kHz. Without the added mass elements 93, the resonant frequency of the 20 μm wide ring would be 91 kHz. Since the number of mass elements in FIGS. 9a and 9b is large, the added mass is nearly evenly distributed along the perimeter of the ring and roughly 29.7% of the added mass will contribute to the effective moving mass of each mode, the same percentage as with the bare ring with a distributed mass.

(61) Looking at it from another perspective, with the additional mass elements the effective moving mass in one oscillation mode becomes 25 times larger than the effective mass in one oscillation mode when only a 6.8 μm wide ring (suitable for producing a resonance frequency of 30 kHz) is used. In other words, 25 times the original oscillation energy is stored in the resonating system when these additional mass elements are used, which results in an output signal amplitude which is 5 times greater than the original maximum output signal. The total capacitance of the 20 μm wide set of transducers would be 4.9 pF if 1 μm AlN is used.

(62) If the desired resonance frequency would be 50 kHz, a bare ring without mass elements would have to be only 11 μm of wide to achieve the desired frequency. This is too narrow for a piezoelectric transducer. Assuming again that the radial length of the mass elements 93 in FIGS. 9a and 9b would be 200 μm, the presence of the mass elements increases the available width to 28 μm while still maintaining the resonant frequency at 50 kHz. The energy of the oscillation is in this case increased by a factor of 16, and the signal amplitude by a factor of 4, compared to the gyroscope without added mass elements. The total transducer capacitance is increased to 6.8 pF. If the radial length of the mass elements 93 is increased to 370 μm, the ring width can be increased to 31 μm at 50 kHz resonant frequency. The total capacitance will then be 7.5 pF.

(63) If the ring diameter is approximately 1000 μm, a suitable radial length of the mass elements may, for example, be in the range 50-500 μm, 100-400 μm, or 200-300 μm. The ring width may, for example, be 15-50 μm, 20-40 μm or 25-35 μm. If the ring diameter is larger than 1000 μm, the radial length of the mass elements and the ring width may be increased in the same proportion.

(64) Although the distribution of mass elements which is illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b increases the oscillating mass in the ring gyroscope, the whole of the added mass is not fully contributing to the moving mass of the oscillating mode. The primary oscillation of the ring will move the mass elements radially. But the amount of radial motion is reduced at locations away from the primary axes. At the location on the perimeter at 45° angle from the primary axis there will be no radial motion at all. The oscillation will also bend the bridge connectors to some extent, because all portions of the ring perimeter which are not located precisely on a crossing point with a symmetry axis will undergo a rotation in addition to the radial movement. At the location on the perimeter at 45° angle from the primary axis, there will be only a rotation. This rotation will bend the bridge connector slightly, swing the attached mass sideways and introduce an additional tangential motion in addition to the radial motion of the mass elements. The radial component of the motion is, however, much reduced for mass elements away from the primary axes and is zero at 45° angle and thereby the attached mass elements away from the primary axes are not fully contributing to the moving mass of the oscillation although the tangential motion may to some extent compensate for the reduced radial motion, especially if the mass elements are radially rather long.

(65) FIGS. 10a-10e illustrate exemplary ring gyroscopes according to an alternative embodiment. In this embodiment, the size of the mass elements has been increased, and their number decreased. FIG. 10a illustrates an embodiment where all mass elements 1031 and 1032 are located inside the ring. The number of mass elements is eight, and each mass element is placed so that it crosses one symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

(66) The ring gyroscope in FIG. 10a comprises four mass elements 1031 which cross a transversal symmetry axis, and four mass elements 1032 which cross a diagonal symmetry axis. The mass elements 1031 are attached to the ring 102 with bridge connectors 1041 which cross the same transversal symmetry axis as the mass element. The mass elements 1032 are attached to the ring 102 with bridge connectors 1042 which cross the same diagonal symmetry axis as the mass element. Due to the greater size of the mass elements 1031 and 1032 compared to mass elements 93, the bridge connectors 1041 and 1042 also have to be wider than bridge connectors 94 in FIGS. 9a and 9b.

(67) In the mass element distribution illustrated in FIG. 10a, mass elements 1031 will move back and forth along the transversal symmetry axes T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 in drive oscillation. When sense oscillation occurs, mass elements 1032 will correspondingly move back and forth along the diagonal symmetry axes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2. The best signal-to-noise ratio is typically obtained when the resonance frequency of the primary mode equals the resonance frequency of the secondary mode. This balance is obtained in the configuration in FIG. 10a when each mass element occupies an equally wide partial circle sector. The width of each partial circle sector may for example be 45°.

(68) FIG. 10b illustrates an alternative embodiment where the mass elements comprise inner mass elements 1031 and 1032 which are located inside the ring 102 and outer mass elements 1033 which are located outside the ring 102. As in FIG. 10a, the number of inner mass elements is eight, and each inner mass element 1031 or 1032 is placed so that it crosses one symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis. Furthermore, the number of outer mass elements 1033 is four, and each outer mass element 1033 is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector 1043 is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis.

(69) The outer mass elements 1033 are attached to the ring 102 with bridge connectors 1043 which cross the same diagonal symmetry axis as the mass element. When sense oscillation occurs, mass elements 1033 will move back and forth along the diagonal symmetry axes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2.

(70) The mass element distribution illustrated in FIG. 10b is convenient for utilizing all of the available area in square-shaped ring gyroscope components. When the gyroscope includes both inner and outer mass elements, the equalization of primary and secondary mode resonance frequencies may for example be obtained by letting the inner mass elements 1032, which cross the transversal symmetry axes, occupy narrower partial circle sectors than the inner mass elements 1031, which cross the diagonal symmetry axes. This option is illustrated in FIG. 10b. The combined area of one outer+inner mass element pair 1032+1033 may be equal to area of one inner mass element 1031.

(71) The inner mass elements do not necessarily have to be shaped like partial circle sectors. FIG. 10c illustrates a ring gyroscope where the inner mass elements 1031 and 1032 have been given a different shape. Many other shapes could also be used as long as the symmetry of the mass elements with respect to the four symmetry axes T.sub.1, T.sub.2, T.sub.3 and T.sub.4 is preserved.

(72) In the configurations illustrated in FIGS. 10a-10c, four mass elements, 50% of the total mass, are connected to the ring at the crossings of the transversal symmetry axes and they will exhibit pure radial motion in the primary oscillation mode. The four mass elements connected to the ring at the crossings of the diagonal symmetry axes will exhibit a combination of tangential and rotary motion in the primary oscillation mode. The total effective moving mass of the primary mode is thus much more than 50% of the total mass, which is much more than the 29.7% for evenly distributed small mass elements without significant tangential and rotary motion. The same is true for the secondary oscillation mode.

(73) By way of example, FIG. 10d illustrates the motion of the mass elements during primary oscillation. Nodal points 1051-1054 are radially stationary in this resonance mode, but these points will exhibit rotation according to the elliptic mode shape. Each pair of inner and outer mass elements undergoes a rotational movement around an axis which is perpendicular to the xy-plane and passes through the nodal point between the mass elements, and there will also be a net tangential component of the motion if the center of gravity of the pair of masses doesn't coincide with the corresponding nodal point. This movement, as well as the radial movement of the mass elements which cross the transversal axes, is indicated with white arrows and they all contribute to the motion in the primary oscillation mode and thus to the energy stored in the mode. In the oscillation phase illustrated in FIG. 10d, the pairs 10321+10331 and 10323+10333 move in the clockwise direction in relation to nodal points 1051 and 1053, respectively, while the pairs 10322+10332 and 10324+10334 move in the counter-clockwise direction in relation to nodal points 1052 and 1054, respectively. In the opposite oscillation phase, where the motion of the ring perimeter has been reversed, each tangential movement in relation to a nodal point will be in the opposite direction.

(74) FIG. 10e illustrates the effect of similar radial motion and rotation of the nodal points during secondary oscillation. The nodal points on the axes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 are now in pure radial motion, and the inner and outer mass elements which cross the diagonal symmetry axes therefore move only radially. The inner mass elements 10311-10314 which cross the transversal symmetry axes, on the other hand, are not in radial motion at all, but undergo a rotation around an axis which is perpendicular to the xy-plane and passes through the respective symmetry point 1061-1064 on the ring. Since the center of gravity of each mass element is offset from the corresponding nodal point the elements will exhibit also a significant tangential motion. In the oscillation phase illustrated in FIG. 10e, the mass elements 10311 and 10313 move in the clockwise direction in relation to symmetry points 1061 and 1063, respectively, while the pairs 10312 and 10314 move in the counter-clockwise direction in relation to symmetry points 1062 and 1064, respectively. In the opposite oscillation phase, where the motion of the ring perimeter has been reversed, each tangential movement around a symmetry point will be in the opposite direction.

(75) Attachment of the four mass elements at the nodal points for each mode will increase the effective moving mass for each mode to more than 50% of the total mass of the elements. This is a significant improvement from the case with distributed added mass in only radial mode, as in FIGS. 9a and 9b, where only 29.7% of the total mass, a similar percentage as in the pure ring, will contribute to each mode. In the secondary mode the sensor output signal will be at least 30% higher. The width of the ring can be increased by more than 10% with the same resonant frequency, increasing thus the capacitance. Alternatively, the diameter of the ring can be reduced by more than 10%.

(76) The rotary and tangential motions of the mass elements described above further increase the motional energy to the oscillation mode. The effective motional mass for each mode will be much over 50% and up to 100% of the total mass of the elements, which is a great improvement compared to the distributed added mass in only radial mode as in FIGS. 9a and 9b, where only 29.7% of the total mass, a similar percentage as in the pure ring, will contribute to each mode. In the secondary mode the sensor output signal will be 30-83% higher. The width of the ring can be increased by 10-22% with the same resonant frequency increasing thus the capacitance or alternatively, the diameter of the ring can be reduced by 10-22%.

(77) If the ring gyroscopes illustrated in FIGS. 10a-10e are made of single crystal silicon, if the ring diameter is 1000 μm diameter ring, if the resonance frequency is 30 kHz, if the diameter of the center hole is 200 μm, and if piezo-transducers with 1 μm thick AlN film are utilized on the ring, then the ring can be 28 μm wide and the total transducer capacitance will be 6.8 pF. If the frequency is increased to 50 kHz, the ring can be 39 μm wide and the capacitance will be 9.4 pF. The latter design may be optimal for matching the capacitance to a practical amplifier circuit.

(78) FIGS. 11a-11b illustrate exemplary ring gyroscopes according to alternative embodiments. In these embodiments, the size of the mass elements has again been increased compared to the previous embodiment, and their number has been decreased. FIG. 11a illustrates an embodiment where the mass elements comprise inner mass elements 1131 which are located inside the ring and outer mass elements 1133 which are located outside the ring. The number of inner mass elements is four, and each inner mass element is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that diagonal symmetry axis. The number of outer mass elements is four, and each outer mass element is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

(79) The mass element configuration illustrated in FIG. 11a maximizes the mass contribution to primary and secondary oscillation to 100% of the total mass of mass elements, since all mass elements are attached to the ring at the nodal points and move equally in each mode. This is a great improvement compared to the distributed added mass in only radial mode as in FIGS. 9a and 9b, where only 29.7% of the total mass, a similar percentage as in the pure ring, will contribute to each mode. In the secondary mode the sensor output signal will be 83% higher. The width of the ring can be increased by 22% with the same resonant frequency increasing thus the capacitance. Alternatively, the diameter of the ring can be reduced by 22%.

(80) In FIG. 11a, the motion of each mass element 1131 and 1133 in one phase of primary oscillation is indicated with thick white arrows. In the opposite phase of primary oscillation, the motion of each mass element is in the reverse direction. Since all of the inner mass elements 1131 cross a diagonal symmetry axis, no mass element moves back and forth radially in primary oscillation. Instead, all mass elements 1131 and 1133 move in a tangential direction, as illustrated in FIG. 11a. The motion of each mass element 1131 and 1133 in one phase of secondary oscillation is indicated with thin white arrows. This motion occurs radially along the diagonal symmetry axes.

(81) The ring gyroscope may alternatively be implemented with four mass elements located inside the ring, positioned like the inner mass elements 1131 in FIG. 11a, and with no outside mass elements. In this case the number of mass elements is four, and each mass element is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis. This configuration has not been separately illustrated. The movement of the mass elements in this configuration during primary and secondary oscillation will be the same as the movement which was illustrated with arrows for mass elements 1131 in FIG. 11a.

(82) FIG. 11b illustrates another embodiment where the mass elements comprise inner mass elements 1131 which are located inside the ring and outer mass elements 1133 which are located outside the ring. In this case the number of inner mass elements 1131 is four, and each inner mass element is placed so that it crosses a transversal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that transversal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that transversal symmetry axis. The number of outer mass elements 1133 is four, and each outer mass element is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis.

(83) As in the previous figure, the motion of each mass element 1131 and 1133 in one phase of primary oscillation is indicated in FIG. 11b with thick white arrows. In the opposite phase of primary oscillation, the motion of each mass element is in the reverse direction. Since all of the inner mass elements 1131 cross a transversal symmetry axis, the inner mass elements move back and forth radially in primary oscillation. The outer mass elements move in a tangential direction in primary oscillation. The motion of each mass element 1131 and 1133 in one phase of secondary oscillation is indicated with thin white arrows. Outer mass elements 1133 move radially along the diagonal symmetry axes, while inner mass elements 1131 move tangentially.

(84) The mass element configuration illustrated in FIG. 11a maximizes the mass contribution to primary oscillation to 100% of the total mass of mass elements, since all mass elements are attached to the ring at the nodal points and move equally in each mode. This is a great improvement compared to the distributed added mass in only radial mode as in FIGS. 9a and 9b, where only 29.7% of the total mass, a similar percentage as in the pure ring, will contribute to each mode. In the secondary mode the sensor output signal will be 83% higher. The width of the ring can be increased by 22% with the same resonant frequency increasing thus the capacitance or alternatively, the diameter of the ring can be reduced by 22%.

(85) As in the previous example, the ring gyroscope may alternatively be implemented with four mass elements located inside the ring, positioned like the inner mass elements 1131 in FIG. 11b, and with no outside mass elements. In this case the number of mass elements is four, and each mass element is placed so that it crosses a transversal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that transversal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis. This configuration has not been separately illustrated. The movement of the mass elements in this configuration during primary and secondary oscillation will be the same as the movement which was illustrated with arrows for mass elements 1131 in FIG. 11b.

(86) Alternatively, mass elements are located outside the ring. The number of mass elements is then four, and each mass element is placed so that it crosses a diagonal symmetry axis, so that it is symmetric in relation to that diagonal symmetry axis, and so that its bridge connector is centered on that symmetry axis. This configuration has not been separately illustrated. The movement of the mass elements in this configuration during primary and secondary oscillation will be the same as the movement which was illustrated with arrows for outer mass elements 1133 in FIGS. 11a and 11b.

(87) If the ring gyroscopes illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b are made of single crystal silicon material, if they are designed with a 1000 μm ring diameter and a 30 kHz resonant frequency, if the hole diameter at the center of the ring if 200 μm, and if the ring is provided with piezo-transducers with a 1 μm AlN film, then the ring width can be 28 μm and the total transducer will be capacitance 6.8 pF. If the frequency is increased to 50 kHz, the ring can be 39 μm wide and the capacitance will be 9.4 pF. The latter design may be optimal for matching the capacitance to a practical amplifier circuit.