BORONDIFLUORIDE COMPLEXES OF CURCOMINOID COMPOUNDS, METHOD OF PREPARATION AND USES THEREOF

Abstract

The present invention relates to new borondifluoride complexes of curcuminoid compounds with an enhanced fluorescence quantum yield and emission, and their uses as fluorophore in various fields such as bioimaging, therapeutics, theranostics, display and telecommunication technologies, photovoltaics. The preparation said compounds is also described.

Claims

1. A compound of general formula (I):
Q.sup.2-Q.sup.1-Q.sup.3  (I) wherein Q.sup.1 represented by formula (II) ##STR00067## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III) ##STR00068## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; or Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IV) ##STR00069## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3, p is 0, 1 or 2; Q.sup.2 is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (V) ##STR00070## Q.sup.3 is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (VI) ##STR00071## R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, are each independently chosen among: ##STR00072## with R being each independently a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl group, an C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl group, or a heteroaryl group, said alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups being optionally substituted.

2. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIa) ##STR00073## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in ortho position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III), ##STR00074## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; and Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, are as defined in claim 1.

3. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIa) ##STR00075## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in ortho position, n=m=0; and Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently chosen among: ##STR00076##

4. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIb) ##STR00077## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in meta position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III) ##STR00078## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; and Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1.

5. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIb) ##STR00079## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in meta position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III) ##STR00080## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; and Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently chosen among: ##STR00081##

6. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIb) ##STR00082## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in meta position, n=1, 2, 3 or 4, m=0, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group; and Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently chosen among: ##STR00083##

7. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIc) ##STR00084## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in para position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III) ##STR00085## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; and Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1.

8. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIc) ##STR00086## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in para position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, B is a difluoroboron beta-diketone of formula (III), ##STR00087## n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 0 or 1; Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently ##STR00088##

9. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IIc) ##STR00089## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 in para position, A is a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkoxy group, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, m=0; and Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently chosen among: ##STR00090##

10. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IV) ##STR00091## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3, p is 0, 1 or 2; and Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1.

11. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.1 is represented by formula (IV) ##STR00092## wherein Q.sup.1 is substituted with Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3, p is 0, 1 or 2; and Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are as defined in claim 1, with R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 being each independently chosen among: ##STR00093##

12. Use of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, as a fluorophore.

13. Use of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, in bioimaging, as sensors of volatile acid/base, in photodynamic therapy, in diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, in theranostics, as optical sensors for anaerobic environment, in display and telecommunication technologies, in photovoltaics.

Description

[0140] Other advantages and features of the present invention may be better understood with respect to the following examples given for illustrative purposes and the accompanying figures.

[0141] FIG. 1 represents the cyclic voltammogram of compound 4 in dichloromethane (DCM) solution containing 0.1M [(.sup.nBu.sub.4N)PF.sub.6] (Scan rate of 100 mV/s).

[0142] FIG. 2 a/ Electronic absorption spectra and corrected normalized fluorescence emission spectra (cone. ≈10.sup.−6 M. λ.sub.exc at the absorption maximum) of compounds X (-, .square-solid.), Y (, ), Z (, ) and 4 (, ) recorded in DCM at room temperature.

[0143] FIG. 3 represents the two-photon excitation (, higher x-coordinate and , right y-coordinate) with their error bars, ortho-phtalaldehyde (OPA) spectra (-, lower x-coordinate and -, left y-coordinate) in DCM: a/ compound Z and b/ compound 4.

[0144] FIG. 4 represents the UV/visible absorption spectra of DCM solutions (-, .square-solid.) and particles in water () and fluorescence spectra of DCM solutions (- - -, □) and particles in water () for a/ compound X; b/ compound Y; c/ compound Z and d/ compound 4.

[0145] FIG. 5 represents the two-photon excitation (, higher x-coordinate and , right y-coordinate) with their error bars, OPA spectra (-, lower x-coordinate and -, left y-coordinate) of particles of compound 4 in water.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Spectroscopy Measurements

[0146] Spectroscopy measurements were carried out with spectroscopic grade solvents. NMR spectra (.sup.1H. .sup.13C. .sup.19F) were recorded at room temperature on a BRUKER AC 250 operating at 400, 100, and 425 MHz for .sup.1H, .sup.13C, and .sup.19F, respectively. Data are listed in parts per million (ppm) and are reported relative to tetramethylsilane (.sup.1H and .sup.13C); residual solvent peaks of the deuterated solvents were used as internal standards. Mass spectra were realized in Spectropole de Marseille (http://www.spectropols.fr/). Solid state spectra and luminescence quantum yield were measured using an integrating sphere. UV/Vis-absorption spectra were measured on a Varian Cary 50. Emission spectra were measured on a Horiba-JobinYvon Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorimeter that was equipped with a three-slit double-grating excitation and a spectrograph emission monochromator with dispersions of 2.1 nm.Math.mm.sup.−1 (1200 grooves.Math.mm.sup.−1). Steady-state luminescence excitation was done using unpolarized light from a 450W xenon CW lamp and detected at an angle of 90° for dilute-solution measurements (10 mm quartz cell) and with a red-sensitive Hamamatsu R928 photomultiplier tube. Special care was taken to correct NIR-emission spectra that were obtained with the latter device. The detector was corrected according to the procedure described by Parker et al. (C. A. Parker, in Photoluminescence of Solutions, Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam, 1969). The observed photomultiplier output A.sub.1 was recorded at a wavelength λ, which corresponds to the apparent emission spectrum. A.sub.1 is given by [Eq. (1)], where F.sub.1 and S.sub.1 are the corrected emission spectrum and the spectroscopic sensitivity factor of the monochromator-photomultiplier setup, respectively.

A.sub.1=(F.sub.1)(S.sub.1)/λ.sup.2  (Eq. 1)

[0147] To calculate S.sub.1, T-N,N-dimechylamino-4′-nitrostilbene (DMANS) is used as a standard NIR fluorophore for which its corrected emission spectrum has been precisely determined (J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd edn., Kluwer, New-York (NY), 2006). Luminescence quantum yields (Φ.sub.f) were measured in dilute DCM solutions with an absorbance below 0.1 by using [Eq. (2)], where OD(λ) is the absorbance at the excitation wavelength (λ), n the refractive index, and I the integrated luminescence intensity.

Φ.sub.fx/Φ.sub.fr=[OD.sub.r(λ)/OD.sub.x(λ)][I.sub.x/I.sub.r][n.sub.x/n.sub.r]  (Eq. 2)

[0148] Subscripts “r” and “x” stand for reference and sample, respectively. The luminescence quantum yields were not corrected by the refractive indices. We used ruthenium trisbipyridine bischloride in water (Φ.sub.fr=0.021) as a reference for compounds that absorbed in the 450 nm region, while rhodamine B (Φ.sub.fr=0.49) in EtOH was used for excitation between 540 and 560 nm.

[0149] Lifetime measurements were carried out on a HORIBA Jobin Yvon IBH FluoroLog-3 spectrofluorimeter that was adapted for time-correlated single-photon counting. For these measurements, pulsed LEDs with an appropriate wavelength were used. Emission was monitored perpendicular to the excitation pulse and spectroscopic selection was achieved by a passage through the spectrograph. A thermoelectrically cooled single-photon-detection module (HORIBA Jobin Yvon IBH, TBX-04-D) incorporating a fast-rise-time photomultiplier tube, a wide-bandwidth preamplifier, and a picosecond-constant fraction discriminator was used as the detector. Signals were acquired using an IBH DataStation Hub photon counting module and data analyses were performed by using the commercially available DAS 6 decay-analysis software package from HORIBA Jobin Yvon IBH; the reported τ values are given with an estimated uncertainty of about 10%.

[0150] Cyclic voltammetric (CV) data were acquired using a BAS 100 Potentiostat (Bioanalytical Systems) and a PC computer containing BAS100W software (v2.3). A three-electrode system with a Pt working electrode (diameter 1.6 mm), a Pt counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl (with 3M NaCl filling solution) reference electrode was used. [(nBu).sub.4N]PF.sub.6 (0.1 M in dichloromethane) served as an inert electrolyte. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded at a scan rate of 100 mV.Math.s.sup.−1. Ferrocene was used as internal standard (N. G. Connelly and W. E. Geiger, Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 877-910).

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 4

[0151] The synthesis of compound 4 is reported below. The two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) properties of 4 are characterized in solution. The preparation and fluorescence emission of organic nanoparticles obtained using 4 are also described. This approach allows giving an example of a compound as defined in the invention with improved emission ability in both the solution and the solid state.

##STR00065##

[0152] Synthesis of compound 4 requires first of all the preparation of compound A. This intermediate is prepared by a Knoevenagel reaction using an excess of acetylacetone (acac/aldehyde 3:1), providing compound A in a reasonable yield of 60% (G. Mann, L. Beyer and A. Arrieta, Z. Chem. 1987, 27, 172-173). Then, the reaction of two equivalents of A with 1,3,5-tris(n-octyloxy)benzene afforded 4 in a yield of 34%.

[0153] Complexation to boron difluoride is performed by reacting compound B with a slight excess of the boron trifluoride etherate in dichloromethane solution (DCM). Compound 4 is purified by crystallization or, when necessary, by column chromatography. Compound 4 is obtained as highly colored solids and characterized by .sup.1H- and .sup.19F-NMR spectroscopies and by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).

Synthesis of compound A (1E,4Z)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hexa-1,4-dien-3-one)

[0154] In a 50 mL round bottom flask, a solution of acetylacetone (3.00 g, 30 mmol) and B.sub.2O.sub.3 (1.050 g, 15 mmol) dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 30 min. A solution of anisaldehyde (1.36 g, 10 mmol) and tri(n-butyl)borane (2.30 g, 10 mmol) in ethyl acetate (8 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 60° C. A catalytic amount of n-butylaminc (0.44 g, 6 mmol) was then added to the solution and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. After cooling to 60° C., 30 mL of 0.4 M HCl were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. After cooling, the precipitate was filtered off. The residual solution was evaporated. The oily compound was dissolved in dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO.sub.4 and evaporated to dryness. The oily crude was purified by column chromatography on silica using a mixture of cyclohexane and dichloromethane (gradient from 1/1 to 3/1) yielding the pure A as a yellowish solid (1.20 g, 55%).

Synthesis of compound B ((1E,1′E,4Z,4′Z,6E,6′E)-1,1′-(2,4,6-tris(octyloxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(5-hydroxy-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,4,6-trien-3-one))

[0155] In a 50 mL round bottom flask, a solution of A (1 mol eq) and B.sub.2O.sub.3 (0.5 mol eq) dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 30 min. A solution of the appropriate aldehyde (1 mol eq of aldehyde function) and tri(n-butyl)borane (1 mol eq of aldehyde function) in ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 60° C. A catalytic amount of n-butylamine (0.5 mol eq) was then added to the solution and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. After cooling to 60° C., 30 mL of 0.4 M HCl were added and the mixture and stirred for 30 min. After cooling, the precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo to yield the pure compound B.

Compound B: ((1E,1′E,4Z,4′Z,6E,6′E)-1,1′-(2,4,6-tris(octyloxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(5-hydroxy-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,4,6-trien-3-one))

[0156] Dark orange solid; yield: 34%; .sup.3H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3, ppm): δ=7.92 (d, .sup.3J=16.1 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, .sup.3J=15.8 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.04 (d, .sup.3J=16.1 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, .sup.3J=8.7 Hz, 4H), 6.48 (d, .sup.3J=15.8 Hz, 2H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.69 (s, 2H), 4.05 (t, .sup.3J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 3.83 (m, 6H), 3.77 (t, .sup.3J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.88 (m, 6H), 1.53 (m, 6H), 1.30 (m, 24H), 0.87 (m, 9H); .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): 3=184.09, 183.78, 161.66, 161.23, 139.80, 131.86, 129.78, 128.00, 125.68, 122.29, 114.41, 111.44, 101.76, 92.63, 69.04, 55.47, 31.97, 29.68, 29.53, 29.44, 29.17, 26.42, 26.36, 22.81, 14.23. HRMS (ESI+) [M+2H].sup.2+ calcd for C.sub.58H.sub.80O.sub.8.sup.+ m/z=460.2901, found m/z=460.2903.

General Procedure for Borondifluoride Complexes

[0157] In a 50 mL round bottom flask, the ligand (1 mol eq) was solubilized in dichloromethane (20 mL) before boron trifluoride etherate (1.1 mol eq) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was evaporated and the resulting solid was suspended in diethyl ether. The precipitate was filtered off yielding the pure compound 4.

Compound 4: ((1E,1′E,4Z,4′Z,6E,6′E)-1,1′-(2,4,6-tris(octyloxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(5-(difluoroboryloxy)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,4,6-trien-3-one))

[0158] Red solid; yield: 97%; .sup.3H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO, ppm): δ=8.25 (d, .sup.3J=16 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (d, .sup.3J=15.5 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, .sup.3J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.14 (d, .sup.3J=16 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, .sup.3J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.54 (d, .sup.3J=15.5 Hz, 2H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 4.14 (t, .sup.3J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 3.85 (s, 6H), 3.80 (t, .sup.3J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.92 (m, 6H), 1.32 (m, 30H), 0.90 ppm (m, 9H); .sup.19F NMR (235 MHz, DMSO): δ=−140.91 (.sup.10B—F, 0.2), −140.97 ppm (.sup.11B—F, 0.8). HRMS (ESI+) [M+2Na].sup.2+ calcd for C.sub.58H.sub.76O.sub.9B.sub.2F.sub.4Na.sub.2.sup.2+ m/z=530.2707, found m/z=530.2705.

Example 2: Electrochemical, Photophysical and Solid-Date Optical Properties of Compound 4 and Comparison with Other Compounds

[0159] It is reported herein a study of electrochemical and optical properties in organic solvents of four compounds: three borondifluoride complex of a mono-curcuminoid compounds (named X, Y and Z) versus compound 4, a borondifluoride complex of a bis-curcuminoid system. The two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) properties of the four compounds were characterized in solution.

[0160] Molecular structures of the borondifluoride curcuminoid derivatives X, Y, Z are presented below.

##STR00066##

2.1. Comparison of Electrochemical Properties

[0161] The electrochemical properties of compounds X, Y, Z and 4 were investigated in dichloromethane (DCM) solution containing 0.1 M of (n-Bu).sub.4NPF.sub.6.

[0162] The cyclic voltammograms (CV) are given in FIG. 1 and the oxidation and reduction half-wave potential values (E.sub.1/2 vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium) are collected in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Oxidation and reduction half-wave potential values for the studied dioxaborine derivatives (10 μM) in dichloromethane solution vs. Fc/Fc+.circle-solid. using tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as electrolyte (100 μM), Electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gap the values are given in volt. (a) ΔEg = (E1/2ox)1 − E1/2red, (b) The second oxidation process occurs at potentials out of the solvent electrochemical window. Compound E1/2red (E1/2ox)1 (E1/2ox)2 ΔEg X −1.27 1.10 −b 2.37 Y −1.44 0.72 1.09 2.16 Z −1.37 0.89 1.31 2.26 4 −1.30 1.05 −b 2.35

[0163] The increase of the oxidation potential in 4 relative to Z could be due to presence the second curcuminoid moiety. In addition, since both reduction and oxidation processes of 4 involve the same number of electrons, it may be assumed that methoxyphenyl end-groups and dioxaborine rings in 4 are simultaneously oxidized and reduced, respectively, at the same potential.

2.2. Comparison of Photophysical Properties

[0164] The electronic absorption spectra of compounds X, Y, Z and 4 were recorded in DCM solutions (FIG. 2) and the spectroscopic data are reported in Table 2. The spectra consist mainly of one intense transition band at low energy (450-550 nm) attributed to a strongly allowed π-π* transition. A second electronic transition band of much lower intensity appears as a shoulder at higher energy (<400 nm, vide infra). The spectra of compounds X, Y and Z display identical shape of the absorption profiles, they only differ by the position of the bands. In contrast, compound 4 exhibits a low-energy absorption band with very different shape, full width at half maximum, and intensity. The molar absorption coefficient determined for 4 is twice as high as that of compounds X, Y and Z. The more complex shape of the absorption band is likely to stem from intramolecular exciton coupling between the two curcuminoid chromophores.

[0165] Compounds X, Y, Z and 4 are fluorescent in the visible region (540-575 nm) upon excitation into the low-energy transition band and exhibit fluorescence quantum yields ranging from 44 to 61% in DCM. In agreement with electronic absorption data, an increase of the donor strength causes a red-shift of the fluorescence emission from 538 nm (X) to 574 nm (4). It is worth noting that the highest value of 0c (61%) is obtained for complex 4, giving a high brightness value of ca. 87000 M.sup.−1 cm.sup.−1.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Spectroscopic data and photophysical properties of all borondifluoride compounds solvated in DCM and as particles in water at room temperature.sup.a UV-vis Fluorescence TPEF compound λ.sup.abs ε.sub.max λ.sup.em Δ ν.sub.ST Φ.sub.f B.sup.1 τ.sub.f k.sub.f k.sub.nr λ.sup.2.sub.max σ.sup.TPA B.sup.2 X (DCM) 488 75480 538 1904 0.44 33211 1.30 3.4 4.3 770 155 68 Y (DCM) 524 84860 566 1416 0.52 44127 1.72 3.0 2.8 810 248 129 Z (DCM) 511 74510 561 1957 0.46 34275 1.74 2.6 3.1 790 208 96 4 (DCM) 529 143140 574 1421 0.61 87315 1.69 3.6 2.3 800 513 313 X (water) 451 34170 710 .sup. 8088.sup.b 0.06 2050 6.44 0.09 1.5 780 210 13 Y (water) 489 27380 717 .sup. 6503.sup.b 0.035 783 1.32 — — —.sup.d —.sup.d —.sup.d .sup. 2.91.sup.c Z (water) 407 29500 711 10505.sup.b 0.015 443 2.13 — — —.sup.d —.sup.d —.sup.d .sup. 6.01.sup.c 4 (water) 468 55620 692 .sup. 6917.sup.b 0.125 6952 1.89 — — 850 560 70 .sup. 6.64.sup.c .sup.aAbsorption maximum wavelengths λ.sup.abs (nm); Molar absorption coefficients at maximum ε.sub.max (M.sup.−1 cm.sup.−1); Fluorescence maximum wavelengths λ.sup.em (nm); Stokes shifts Δ ν.sub.ST (cm.sup.−1); Fluorescence quantum yields Φ.sub.f; Brightness B = Φ.sub.f × ε (M.sup.−1 cm.sup.−1); Fluorescence lifetimes τ.sub.f (ns); Radiative k.sub.f (10.sup.8 s.sup.−1) and nonradiative k.sub.nr = (1 − Φ.sub.f)/τ.sub.f (10.sup.8 s.sup.−1) rate constants; Two-photon absorption maximum λ.sup.2.sub.max (nm); Two-photon cross section σ.sup.TPA (GM); Two-photon brightness B.sup.2 = Φ.sub.f × σ.sup.TPA (GM). .sup.bPseudo-Stokes shift determined using the maximum absorption. .sup.cA biexponential decay was found .sup.dNot determined due to high scattering of light with those particles.

[0166] Two-photon excited fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of X, Y, Z and 4 were recorded in the 700-1000 nm wavelength range using a femtosecond Ti-Sapphire pulsed laser source, according to the experimental protocol described by Webb et al. (C. Xu and W. W. Webb, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1996, 13, 481-491) using coumarin-307 and rhodamine B as references (C. Xu and W. W. Webb, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1996, 13, 481-491). The observation of a quadratic dependence of the fluorescence intensity versus incident laser power at several wavelengths unambiguously confirmed that the origin of the fluorescence emission can be assigned to a TPA process in DCM solution. In the experimental laser power range used for these measurements, it was checked that no saturation or photodegradation occurred. The two-photon excitation spectra of X, Y, Z and 4 in DCM are shown in FIG. 3 and the corresponding data are reported in Table 2. X has a TPA cross section (σ.sup.TPA) of 155 GM at 770 nm while compound Y, containing stronger donating groups, has its maximum red-shifted to 810 nm with a larger σ.sup.TPA value of ca. 248 GM. It is interesting to note that Z presents an intermediate σ.sup.TPA value of 208 GM at 790 nm. For compound 4, as already observed for the molar absorption coefficient, the two-photon cross section is slightly more than twice (i.e. 513 GM) the value determined for Z. This gives a two-photon brightness of 313 GM, that is much higher than those obtained with the model borondifluoride complexes X, Y, Z.

2.3. Comparison of Solid-State Optical Properties

[0167] Solid-state particles were prepared by quickly adding a concentrated THF solution of the compound Y, Z and 4 into water according to the classical fast precipitation method (H. Kawai, H. S. Nalwa, H. Oikawa, S. Okada, H. Matsuda, N. Minami, A. Kakuda, K. Ono, A. Mukoh and H. Nakanishi, Jpn. J. Appl. Rhys., 1992, 31, L1132-L1134). The so-obtained suspensions enabled the measurement of the UV/visible absorption and fluorescence spectra of the aggregated molecules. The preparation of X has been reported by Felouat et al. (A. Felouat, A. D'Aléo and F. Fages, J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 4446-4455) and the resulting spectroscopic data are recalled here for the sake of comparison. The shape of the electronic absorption spectra of compounds X, Y Z, and 4 is strongly affected relative to the solution spectra. The absorption profiles of X, Y and 4 (FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4d, respectively) are complex, broad, and their maximum presents a hypsochromic shift (ca. 30-60 nm). These observations show that excitonic interactions prevail in the condensed phase, which could be correlated with single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in the case of X. The absorption spectrum of Z displays a very different effect (FIGS. 4c). The low-energy transition is considerably blue-shifted (of ca. 96 nm) and has a narrower shape as compared to that of the previous curcuminoid particles. These spectroscopic features are the signature of H-aggregation in the solid state for compound Z. Noticeably, 4, also containing unsymmetrical curcuminoid chromophores, does not adopt such arrangement.

[0168] Particles of compounds Y, Z and 4 fluoresce in the NIR, from 692 to 717 nm (FIG. 4, Table 2). The spectra are considerably red-shifted (superior to 95 nm) as compared to those obtained in solution in the highly polar acetonitrile solvent. Such long emission wavelengths can be attributed to chromophore packing in the solid state, as shown by X-ray diffraction for X and by electronic absorption spectroscopy for the others (FIG. 4). The fluorescence quantum yields of X, Y and Z are found in the range of 1.5-6.0% which are significant values for aggregated organic dyes emitting in the NIR. Not surprisingly, the H-aggregated compound Z affords the lowest value of 1.5%. Remarkably, the Φ.sub.f of dye 4 reaches a substantial value of 12.5% in the solid state, which makes compound 4 a very bright solid-state NIR fluorophore (brightness at 700 nm of 6952 M.sup.−1 cm.sup.−1). Actually, a rather large part of emitted photons by the four compounds have energies below 700 nm because the particle emission spectra are broad. However, it can be highlighted that, when only photons at longer wavelength than 700 nm are integrated, dye 4 remains the most luminescent borondifluoride complex of the series with a NIR luminescence quantum yield of ca. 6.5% while the other three dyes have quantum yields of 4.0, 1.5 and 1.0%, respectively.

[0169] In addition, two-photon properties of 4 could be measured and compared to the previously reported X particles. Noticeably, the Y and Z particles could not be measured due to the much higher light scattering in those samples which precluded obtaining reliable data. As observed in DCM solution and for X in water, the two-photon maximum of 4 does not overlap the maximum of the one photon absorption S.sub.0-S.sub.1 transition (FIG. 5) but it better matches the S.sub.0-S.sub.2 one (vide supra). This maximum is located at 850 nm with a two-photon cross section of ca. 560 GM. Such two-photon cross section value is 2.5 times higher than that of X which, associated to the higher fluorescence quantum yield of 4, results in a much higher two-photon brightness for 4 (more than 5 times greater than the one of X).

2.4. Conclusion

[0170] In compound 4, the absorption spectrum reveals that an intramolecular excitonic interaction exists in solution, showing that the two chromophoric units are not optically independent. Compound 4 displays a high fluorescence quantum yield, and a good value of the two-photon absorption cross section, which makes it an attractive fluorophore. Like compounds X, Y and Z, compound 4 experiences intermolecular interactions in the condensed phase. However, it exhibits the higher value of fluorescence quantum yield within the series investigated.