Nucleic acid amplification device, nucleic acid amplification method, and chip for nucleic acid amplification

Abstract

The present invention provides a reciprocal-flow-type nucleic acid amplification device comprising: heaters capable of forming a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone; a fluorescence detector capable of detecting movement of a sample solution between the two temperature zones; a pair of liquid delivery mechanisms that allow the sample solution to move between the two temperature zones and that are configured to be open to atmospheric pressure when liquid delivery stops; a substrate on which the chip for nucleic acid amplification according to claim 2 can be placed; and a control mechanism that controls driving of each liquid delivery mechanism by receiving an electrical signal from the fluorescence detector relating to movement of the sample solution from the control mechanism; the device being capable of performing real-time PCR by measuring fluorescence intensity for each thermal cycle.

Claims

1. A method for controlling a stop position of a PCR sample solution in an extension/annealing temperature zone in a microchannel of a PCR chip, wherein the microchannel comprises: (i) curved-channel portions corresponding to a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone, (ii) a linear intermediate-channel portion connecting the curved-channel portions, and (iii) connection portions connectable to a microblower at both ends of the microchannel, the method comprising: using a microblower to deliver the PCR sample solution from the denaturation temperature zone to the extension/annealing temperature zone in the microchannel, and stopping the microblower upon confirming the passage of the sample solution at one place of the linear intermediate-channel portion by a fluorescence detector, thereby controlling the stop position of the PCR sample solution in the extension/annealing temperature zone in the microchannel of the PCR chip.

2. A method for controlling a stop position of a PCR sample solution in a denaturation temperature zone in a microchannel of a PCR chip, wherein the microchannel comprises: (i) curved-channel portions corresponding to a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone, (ii) a linear intermediate-channel portion connecting the curved-channel portions, and (iii) connection portions connectable to a microblower at both ends of the microchannel, the method comprising: using a microblower to deliver the PCR sample solution from the extension/annealing temperature zone to the denaturation temperature zone in the microchannel, and stopping the microblower upon confirming the passage of the sample solution at one place of the linear intermediate-channel portion by a fluorescence detector, thereby controlling the stop position of the PCR sample solution in the denaturation temperature zone in the microchannel of the PCR chip.

3. A method for nucleic acid amplification using a thermal cycle in which a sample solution is reciprocated between a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone, comprising: using a microblower or a fan to deliver the sample solution from the denaturation temperature zone to the extension/annealing temperature zone in a microchannel, and using a microblower or fan to deliver the sample solution from the extension/annealing temperature zone to the denaturation temperature zone in the microchannel, wherein the denaturation temperature zone and the extension/annealing temperature zone are disposed on a flat surface, wherein the microchannel is connected to the denaturation temperature zone and the extension/annealing temperature zone, and wherein both ends of the microchannel are open to atmospheric pressure when a microblower or a fan is stopped.

4. A chip for nucleic acid amplification comprising at least one microchannel, wherein the at least one microchannel comprises: (i) only one curved-channel portion corresponding to a denaturation temperature zone, (ii) only one curved-channel portion corresponding to an extension/annealing temperature zone, (iii) only one linear intermediate-channel portion connecting the two curved-channel portions, and (iv) connection portions that can be connected to a mechanism for liquid transfer at both ends of the at least one microchannel, wherein the chip allows measurement of fluorescence intensity of a sample solution in the microchannel at the linear intermediate-channel portion, and wherein the chip comprises a substrate that comprises the microchannel formed by injection molding on a surface of the substrate.

5. The chip for nucleic acid amplification according to claim 4, wherein the chip consists essentially of plastic.

6. The chip for nucleic acid amplification according to claim 5, wherein the chip comprises a substrate that comprises the microchannel, wherein a seal is joined to the surface of the substrate on which the microchannel is formed by injection molding.

7. A chip for nucleic acid amplification comprising at least one microchannel, wherein the at least one microchannel comprises: (i) only one curved-channel portion corresponding to a denaturation temperature zone, (ii) only one curved-channel portion corresponding to an extension/annealing temperature zone, (iii) only one linear intermediate-channel portion connecting the two curved-channel portions, and (iv) connection portions that can be connected to a mechanism for liquid transfer at both ends of the at least one microchannel, wherein the chip allows measurement of fluorescence intensity of a sample solution in the microchannel at the linear intermediate-channel portion, and wherein the chip consists essentially of plastic.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the configuration of a nucleic acid amplification device.

(2) FIG. 2 shows the configuration of a PCR chip.

(3) FIG. 3 shows amplification of nucleic acids in high-speed, real-time PCR.

(4) FIG. 4 shows a calibration curve of Escherichia coli (E. coli) for use in high-speed, real-time PCR.

(5) FIG. 5 shows retention time plotted against each target DNA length, the retention time allowing sufficient amplification of target DNA without exhibiting any changes in Ct values even when annealing time and extension reaction time are shortened.

(6) FIG. 6 shows multiplex PCRs of pathogenic microorganisms A and B and β actin gene.

(7) FIG. 7 shows nucleic acid amplification of RNA comprising a norovirus G1 or G2 gene sequence in high-speed, one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR using different reverse transcriptases.

(8) FIG. 8 shows nucleic acid amplification from different initial concentrations of RNA comprising a norovirus G1 or G2 gene sequence in high-speed, one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR.

(9) FIG. 9 shows calibration curves obtained from the number of cycles Ct in which fluorescence intensity rapidly amplifies and rises in high-speed, one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR, plotted against RNA comprising a norovirus G1 or G2 gene sequence.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(10) One embodiment of the reactor of the present invention is explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9.

(11) As shown in FIG. 1, the device used in high-speed, real-time PCR is configured to comprise a substrate for placing a PCR chip thereon (not shown), a temperature control section for a PCR chip, liquid delivery microblowers as liquid delivery mechanisms, a fluorescence detector, a control computer as a control mechanism, and a battery for power supply.

(12) The temperature control section for a PCR chip is configured to comprise two cartridge heaters disposed in parallel with an interval of 10 mm therebetween so as to be in contact with the sealing surface side of the serpentine microchannels of a PCR chip without any space therebetween. To control the temperatures of the two heaters, each heater comprises a K-type thermocouple joined thereto.

(13) A cartridge heater 1 is controlled by means of a control computer to a temperature necessary for a DNA denaturation reaction essential for PCR. The temperature (denaturation temperature zone) is preferably 90 to 100° C., and particularly preferably 95° C. A cartridge heater 2 is controlled to a temperature necessary for an annealing reaction and an extension reaction of DNA (an extension/annealing temperature zone) by a control computer. This temperature is preferably 40 to 75° C., and particularly 55 to 65° C. The temperature zone for DNA denaturation reaction and the temperature zone for annealing reaction and extension reaction are preferably controlled at constant temperatures. For example, the temperature zones are retained at constant temperatures by PID (proportion-integration-differential) control.

(14) The PCR solution to be delivered is quantified using a micropipette or the like to the required amount within the range of 5 to 50 μL, and more preferably 5 to 25 μL. With the PCR sample solution being contained in the micropipette, the disposable tip of the micropipette is mounted on one end of a microchannel. After the micropipette body is removed, an air pressure tube connected to a liquid delivery microblower is connected instead and pressure is applied by blowing air, so that a sample solution can be fed into the microchannel of the PCR chip.

(15) The PCR sample solution is a premixed product of components necessary for PCR with a fluorescent probe, such as TaqMan probe, Cycleave probe, or E Probe®, and a fluorescent dye, such as SYBR GREEN, so as to enable real-time PCR. As such fluorescent probes, reagent kits for real-time PCR and products synthesized by an outsourcing company can be used.

(16) The fluorescence detector is disposed to measure the fluorescence intensity at one detecting point on a linear microchannel that is disposed at the center of each microchannel. When the PCR solution delivered from one of the serpentine microchannels by applying pressure passes through a detecting point, liquid delivery microblowers are stopped, so that the PCR solution can be retained in the other serpentine microchannel for a certain period of time.

(17) The control computer can be programmed to simultaneously control two microblowers connected to each microchannel. While continuously monitoring the fluorescence intensity at a detecting point at the center of each microchannel, the microblowers are alternately switched to alternately move the PCR sample solution to each serpentine microchannel above each heater for a predetermined period of time and perform thermal cycling. Further, in the real-time PCR method, the control computer simultaneously records changes in fluorescence intensity per cycle, which increases as the target DNA is amplified by thermal cycling in the real-time PCR method, and calculates the number of cycles (Ct value) in which the fluorescence intensity crosses a certain threshold, thus quantifying the initial amount of target DNA.

(18) The PCR chip for use in high-speed, real-time PCR (chip for nucleic acid amplification) is configured to comprise a COP resin substrate, which comprises four microchannels formed in parallel by injection molding, and a polyolefin transparent seal applied to the substrate.

(19) Each microchannel is configured to meander and turn back in two sections with a width as shown in FIG. 2 and a depth of 700 μm. Each serpentine microchannel is turned back four times in such a manner that the linear microchannel at the center of each microchannel is sandwiched between the serpentine microchannels, and at least 25 μL of the solution can be accommodated in each serpentine microchannel portion alone.

(20) The regions encompassed by dotted lines (a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone) in FIG. 2 were heated by heaters for thermal cycling in real-time PCR.

(21) Both ends of the microchannel are individually connected to apertures penetrating a resin substrate (connections to liquid delivery mechanisms). Even after the entire microchannel-side surface of the resin substrate is joined by a polyolefin transparent seal, the reaction solution and air can pass through the apertures into each microchannel.

(22) The aperture is configured to permit the mounting of a disposable tip for micropipettes generally used in biochemistry experiments. After 5 to 25 μL of a PCR solution is measured, the disposable tip is directly connected, whereby the PCR solution can be introduced without the necessity of using a special instrument and without contamination, etc.

(23) An interruption analysis is made possible by forming two or more microchannels on a flat substrate or disposing in parallel two or more flat substrates each comprising a microchannel, so that the operation of liquid delivery through each of the microchannels can be independently controlled.

(24) The microchannel preferably comprises a material that has relatively high thermal conductivity, is stable in the temperature range necessary for PCR, is resistant to erosion by electrolytic solutions and organic solvents, and does not absorb nucleic acids or proteins. Examples of materials include glass, quartz, silicon, and various plastics. The shape of the microchannel that is in contact with multiple temperature zones may be not only a linear microchannel but also a curved microchannel, such as a serpentine microchannel having a loop shape, or a spiral microchannel. The width or depth of the microchannel does not have to be constant and the microchannel may have a partially different width or depth.

(25) The detection of the passing of the sample solution through the microchannel into a different temperature zone and the measurement of fluorescence intensity for each thermal cycle are preferably performed using the same fluorescence detector, but may be performed using different fluorescence detectors. The method for detecting the passing of the sample solution between the temperature zones is not limited to fluorescence detection and may be an optical methodology, such as colorimetry and optical absorption, or electric methods utilizing, for example, changes in capacitance or including electrochemical reactions. Two or more temperature zones in contact with the microchannel may be in contact from the outside of the microchannel or may be included inside the microchannel.

(26) In the microchannel shown in FIG. 2, two serpentine microchannels for a denaturation temperature zone and an extension/annealing temperature zone are connected to each other via a linear intermediate-microchannel, and the passing of the sample solution and fluorescence are detected in the internal microchannel. In FIG. 2, an intermediate-microchannel is disposed along a straight line connecting two apertures (connections to liquid delivery mechanisms), and the passing of the test solution and fluorescence are detected in the intermediate-microchannel. Accordingly, even if the PCR chip (chip for nucleic acid amplification) is turned upside down (turned 180 degrees) and disposed on the substrate, fluorescence can be detected using a fluorescence detector.

(27) For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a PCR chip may be fixed to the two heaters in such a manner that the sealing surface of each serpentine microchannel portion encompassed by a dotted line is attached, and, after use, the PCR chip may be removed, disposed, and replaced for the intended use. Two liquid delivery microblowers are used for each microchannel of the PCR chip. Each of the microblowers is connected via an air pressure tube to disposable tips connected to both ends of the microchannel. The microblowers are operated alternately, thus enabling bi-directional delivery of a liquid. It is also possible to simultaneously subject different samples to thermal cycling, for example, to perform multiple PCR, by increasing the number of liquid delivery microblowers in accordance with the number of microchannels.

(28) The term “multiplex PCR” in the context of the present invention refers to PCR using a primer set comprising two or more types of forward and reverse primers in a single reaction solution. The term “primer set” in the context of the present invention refers to a combination of one type or two or more types of forward primers and reverse primers. In the present invention, a primer set comprising even only one type of reverse primer can also be used as a primer set for multiplex PCR as long as different amplification products are produced by using the reverse primer in combination with two or more types of forward primers (as primer pairs).

(29) In the multiplex PCR of the present invention, fluorescence intensities are simultaneously measured to detect amplification of the target genes corresponding to different fluorescence wavelengths. Although detection can be performed using multiple fluorescence detectors, detection is feasible even using one wavelength of light.

(30) The present invention is described below more specifically with reference to Examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the Examples.

Example 1: Quantification of Escherichia coli

(31) Using a PCR chip for high-speed, real-time PCR and the device of the present invention, Escherichia coli (E. coli) was quantified.

(32) Escherichia coli (DH5α strain) was cultured overnight in a Lecithin bouillon liquid medium. After an Escherichia coli suspension in a concentration of 1×10.sup.4 cfu/μL was prepared based on the colony count by an agar plate medium assay, a series of 10-fold dilutions was made and used as a standard sample for quantitative identification.

(33) The target DNA amplified in real-time PCR was a 106 bp DNA sequence of Escherichia coli-specific uid A gene (Accession Number: NC_000913.3). Using 5′-GTG TGA TAT CTA CCC GCT TCG C-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) as a forward primer for PCR and using 5′-AGA ACG GTT TGT GGT TAA TCA GGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) as a reverse primer, the final concentration of each primer in the PCR solution was adjusted to 300 nM. The sequence of TaqMan® probe for real-time PCR was 5′-FAM-TCG GCA TCC GGT CAG TGG CAG T-MGB-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3). The final concentration of the probe in the PCR solution was adjusted to 200 nM.

(34) As another reagent, SpeedSTAR® HS DNA polymerase of Takara Bio, Inc. was used in a final concentration of 0.1 U/μL. FAST Buffer I and dNTP Mixture included in the product package were mixed in a concentration in accordance with a product manual and used as a premixture for PCR. After 0.5 μL of an Escherichia coli suspension in various concentrations was mixed with 12 μL of the premixture for PCR using a micropipette, the end of a disposable tip of the micropipette having a PCR solution absorbed therein was inserted into an aperture at first end of the microchannel of the PCR chip and the disposable tip and the micropipette were released. Another empty disposable tip for the micropipette was mounted on a second end of the microchannel on the first end of which the disposable tip for the micropipette containing the PCR solution has been mounted. Tubes of liquid delivery microbrewers were connected to the disposable tips. As thermal cycling conditions in high-speed, real-time PCR, a process comprising heating at 98° C. for 30 seconds for the hot-starting of DNA polymerase, further heating at 98° C. for 2 seconds and then heating at 58° C. for 4 seconds was set to be repeated for 45 cycles. High-speed, real-time PCR was performed by program control of liquid delivery microblowers.

(35) As shown in FIG. 3, fluorescence intensity per cycle in high-speed, real-time PCR drew a sigmoid curve similar to that obtained by using a known real-time PCR device. The fluorescence amplification rate varied depending on the initial concentration of E. coli.

(36) When the number of cycles that crosses the desired threshold of fluorescence intensity was defined as Ct and a calibration curve was plotted against the initial concentration of E. coli, a good linearity was obtained, as shown in FIG. 4. Since the Ct value of the no template control (NTC), which is 0 cfu/μL, was 45 cycles or more, the results confirmed that quantification is feasible even at a concentration of 100 cfu/μL. The detection sensitivity was confirmed to be equivalent to that of existing real-time PCR devices.

(37) The high-speed, real-time PCR processing time was 6 minutes and 40 seconds per 45 cycles. In contrast, the PCR processing time of even a high-speed thermal cycling device among existing commercially available devices is 45 minutes per 45 cycles. The present invention thus achieved a high-speed, real-time PCR capable of quantifying a microorganism or DNA at an extremely high speed.

Example 2: Examination of Conditions for High-Speed PCR Amplification

(38) High-speed, real-time PCR was performed by repeating three steps consisting of a DNA denaturation reaction, an annealing reaction, and an extension reaction in which each primer is extended from the 3′-end for replication by a DNA polymerase in accordance with a DNA template sequence. Among these, the DNA denaturation reaction and the annealing reaction do not depend on the length of the target DNA and are completed in a short time. However, the extension reaction requires time depending on the length of the target DNA and enzyme activity of the DNA polymerase used. An appropriate time setting for thermal cycling is also necessary in high-speed, real-time PCR.

(39) 10.sup.4 copies of 16S ribosomal RNA gene (Accession Number KC_768803.1) of E. coli (DH5α strain) were used as template DNA. Changing the length of the target DNA in the range of about 200 to 800 bp among the obtained template DNA, 45 cycles of high-speed, real-time PCR were performed.

(40) 5′-GTT TGA TCC TGG CTC A-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) was used as a common forward primer sequence and 5′-FAM-CGG GTG AGT AAT GTC TGG-TAMRA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) was used as a common TaqMan® probe. The following reverse primers were used in combination therewith depending on the length of the target DNA. The reverse primer sequence for a target DNA length of about 200 bp was 5′-CTT TGG TCT TGC GAC G-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6). The reverse primer sequence for about 400 bp target DNA was 5′-GCA TGG CTG CAT CAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7). The reverse primer sequence for about 600-bp target DNA was 5′-CTG ACT TAA CAA ACC GC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8); and a reverse primer sequence for about 800-bp target DNA was 5′-TAC CAG GGT ATC TAA TCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9). The Tm values were all set to about 50° C.

(41) FIG. 5 is a graph plotting retention time against each target DNA length, the retention time allowing sufficient amplification of target DNA without exhibiting any changes in Ct values even when the annealing time and extension reaction time are shortened. For about 100-bp short target DNA, the results of the above-mentioned uid A gene were used and plotted on the same graph. FIG. 5 shows that even when the length of the target DNA is the same, the annealing reaction time and extension reaction time vary depending on the activity of the DNA polymerase used. When the SpeedSTAR® HS DNA polymerase was used, the extension rate was about 78 bp per second. When ExTaq HS DNA polymerase was used, the extension rate was about 22 bp per second.

(42) Theoretically, when the length of the target DNA was 0 bp, which corresponds to the X-intercept in FIG. 5, the annealing reaction time excluding the extension reaction was about 2.7 seconds, regardless of the kind of DNA polymerase. This result is consistent with the above-described previous finding.

(43) Accordingly, theoretically, the highest-speed, real-time PCR can be performed by setting the time based on FIG. 5 in accordance with the length of the target DNA.

Example 3: Multiplex PCR High-Speed, Real-Time PCR

(44) As an application example of high-speed, real-time PCR to a multiplex PCR method for confirming the presence or absence of multiple target DNAs from the same sample, simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and human-leukocyte-derived β actin gene was examined using a multicolor fluorescence detector that can simultaneously detect three kinds of fluorescence.

(45) A multicolor fluorescence detector is capable of coaxially quantifying each fluorescence of blue excitation, green excitation, and red excitation. The detector can individually detect fluorescence amplification by 3 kinds of fluorescent probes, i.e., a FAM-labeled probe, a Texas red-labeled probe, and a Cy5-labeled probe at the same detecting point of a microchannel on the PCR chip. Even when a multicolor fluorescence detector is used, the detector is disposed in such a manner that 3 types of fluorescence intensity can be simultaneously detected at one detecting point on a linear microchannel located at the center of the microchannel. When the PCR solution delivered from one serpentine microchannel portion by applying pressure has passed through the detecting point, liquid delivery microblowers are stopped, so that the PCR solution can be retained in the other serpentine microchannel for a certain period of time.

(46) The length of the target DNA for each of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and β actin gene, and the Tm values of each of the primers and fluorescent probes were unified so as not to make a difference in amplification efficiency.

(47) As fluorescent probes for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and β actin gene, Texas red-, Cy5-, and FAM-labeled TaqMan® probes were used, and the final concentration of each probe in the PCR solution was adjusted to 200 nM.

(48) The final concentration of each of three kinds of forward primers and reverse primers for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and β actin gene in the PCR solution was adjusted to 300 nM. As another reagent, SpeedSTAR® HS DNA Polymerase produced by Takara Bio, Inc. was used in a final concentration of 0.2 U/μL, and FAST Buffer I and dNTP Mixture included in the polymerase kit were mixed in the concentrations specified by the manual to form a premixture for PCR.

(49) As template DNAs for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and β actin, synthetic plasmids comprising each target DNA sequence were prepared. 4 ng/μL of each plasmid was used in positive controls. Sterile water was mixed instead of plasmid in NTC. A high-speed, real-time PCR was thus performed. The thermal cycling conditions were such that after heating at 96° C. for 20 seconds for hot-starting, heating at 96° C. for 3 seconds and heating at 60° C. for 8 seconds were performed, and this process was repeated for 45 cycles. The thermal cycling time for 45 cycles under these conditions was 9 minutes and 40 seconds.

(50) FIG. 6 shows the results of multiplex PCR for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and β actin gene using high-speed, real-time PCR. Since the sensitivity of a multicolor fluorescence detector to three fluorescent dyes varies, the results obtained by dynamic range correction are shown. In FIG. 6, the three thicker lines show changes in fluorescence intensities for three kinds of fluorescence when all template DNA were included. Compared with fluorescent signals in NTC, which are indicated by thinner lines, clear amplification was obtained and multiple-item simultaneous measurement from the same sample was achieved.

(51) In this Example, three fluorescence intensities were simultaneously measured to detect the amplification of the target genes corresponding to each fluorescence wavelength. If liquid delivery microblowers are stopped immediately after the PCR solution delivered from one serpentine microchannel by applying pressure has passed through the detecting point and the passing of the solution is detected, it is not necessary to use all of the fluorescence detectors, and the detection is feasible even with a detection signal using one wavelength of light.

Example 4: One-Step Reverse Transcription Real-Time PCR

(52) A technique in which a reverse transcription reaction from RNA and a real-time PCR method are conveniently performed using a single reaction solution, which is prepared by mixing a reverse transcriptase with a PCR solution beforehand, is called a one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR method. This method has been used for detecting RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses and noroviruses. In the one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR method, two-stage steps as in a general RT-PCR method are combined into one to remarkably simplify the operation. However, this method has a problem in that reverse transcriptase of the reverse transcription reaction and DNA polymerase of the real-time PCR method interfere with each other, thus resulting in poor PCR efficiency. However, quick shifting to the optimum temperatures for the activity of reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase by high-speed temperature control allows the reverse transcription reaction and the real-time PCR method to be performed efficiently in order, thus effectuating a highly efficient one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR method. Using the PCR chip for high-speed, real-time PCR and the device of the present invention, quantification of norovirus G1 gene and G2 gene by a one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR method was actually examined.

(53) As RNA comprising a target G1 gene or G2 gene sequence, a standard product included in a commercially available TaKaRa qPCR Norovirus (GI/GII) Typing Kit, or RNA, which is a transcription product of synthetic DNA, was used. A dilution series of the RNA was prepared using an RNase-free sterile water.

(54) The sequences disclosed in the method for detecting noroviruses provided by the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan were used as the primer and probe sequences. For the norovirus G1 gene, the forward primer sequence was 5′-CGY TGG ATG CGN TTY CAT GA-3′ of COG-1F (SEQ ID NO: 10); the TaqMan® probe sequences were 5′-AGA TYG CGA TCY CCT GTC CA-3′ of RING1-TP (a) (SEQ ID NO: 11) and 5′-AGA TCG CGG TCT CCT GTC CA-3′ of RING1-TP (b) (SEQ ID NO: 12); and the reverse primer sequence was 5′-CTT AGA CGC CAT CAT CAT TYA C-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 13). For the norovirus G2 gene, the forward primer sequence was 5′-CAR GAR BCN ATG TTY AGR TGG ATG AG-3′ of COG-2F (SEQ ID NO: 14); the TaqMan® probe sequence was 5′-TGG GAG GGS GAT CGC RAT CT-3′ of RING2 AL_TP (SEQ ID NO: 15); and the reverse primer sequence was 5′-TCG ACG CCA TCT TCA TTC ACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) of COG-2R.

(55) As fluorescent probes for G1 gene and G2 gene, FAM-labeled TaqMan® probes were used. The final concentration of each probe in the PCR solution was adjusted to 200 nM.

(56) The final concentrations of the forward primer and reverse primer for the G1 gene or G2 gene in the PCR solution were adjusted to 300 nM. For other reagents, PrimeScrip® Reverse Transcriptase of Takara Bio, Inc. or SuperScript® Reverse Transcriptase of Life Technologies Corporation was used in a final concentration of 5 U/μL; an RNase inhibitor was used in a final concentration of 1 U/μL; and SpeedSTAR® HS DNA polymerase was used in a final concentration of 0.2 U/μL. FAST Buffer I and dNTP Mixture included in the product package were mixed in the concentrations specified by the manual, and used as a premixture for one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR.

(57) The thermal cycling conditions were set as follows. When PrimeScrip® Reverse Transcriptase of Takara Bio, Inc. was used for the reverse transcription reaction, the reaction was performed at 42° C. for 10 seconds. When SuperScript® Reverse Transcriptase of Life Technologies Corporation was used, the thermal cycle conditions were 55° C. for 10 seconds. These reverse transcription reactions were performed in a serpentine microchannel located on a lower temperature heater of a PCR chip for high-speed, real-time PCR. After completion of the reverse transcription reaction, the temperature of the lower temperature heater was raised to 56° C. and the liquid was continuously delivered, whereby the process comprising heating at 96° C. for 10 seconds for hot starting and then further heating at 96° C. for 3 seconds and at 56° C. for 8 seconds was repeated for 45 cycles. The time required for 45 cycles of one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR under these conditions was 10 minutes and 20 seconds or less.

(58) The fluorescence intensity for each cycle in the high-speed, one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR was as shown in FIG. 7. When the initial concentrations of norovirus G1 and G2 genes are the same, similar sigmoid curves are obtained without depending on the type of reverse transcriptase used, and the number of cycles in which the fluorescence intensity rapidly amplified and rose was the same for both of the norovirus G1 and G2 genes.

(59) Next, high-speed, one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR was performed by changing the initial concentrations of the RNA of norovious G1 and G2 genes. As shown in FIG. 8, the number of cycles in which fluorescence intensity rapidly amplified and rose varied depending on the initial concentration of the norovious G1 gene. The number of cycles in which rapid amplification and rise of the fluorescence intensity are observed is in the order of highest to lowest initial concentration of RNA. Accordingly, the initial concentration of RNA can be generally quantified through Ct value, which is the number of cycles in which fluorescence intensity rapidly amplifies and rises.

(60) However, the amplification curve for the norovirus G1 gene shown in FIG. 8 confirms that the baseline is an upward-sloping curve in such a manner that the fluorescence intensity amplifies gently in accordance with thermal cycling, and then the fluorescence intensity rapidly increases from a certain number of cycles. Accordingly, it is difficult to estimate an accurate Ct value by using a usual method in which a certain level of fluorescence intensity is defined as the threshold and the number of cycles that provides a fluorescence intensity higher than the threshold is defined as the Ct value.

(61) Accordingly, in order to detect the Ct value during the one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR even when the baseline is not a constant value, i.e., the baseline increases proportionally, the Ct value was deduced from a matrix of fluorescence intensity (two-dimensional array of the amplification curve) determined for each number of thermal cycles.

(62) To detect the slope that rapidly rises relative to the slope below the Ct value in a two-dimensional array of the amplification curve, the following may be performed. When there is a great variation in fluorescence intensity, the running average may be obtained, if necessary. While doing so, a first forward differentiation is performed for each thermal cycle. Of the new two-dimensional array of the obtained slope, the root mean square (which may alternatively be the weighted average) of the slope of the initial stage (for example, 5 to 15 cycles, or 5 to 15 cycles immediately before each cycle) and the slope after the initial stage were compared. When a significant (for example, 5-fold or more, which may alternatively be 2-fold or more) increase in the number of cycles was observed, it was deduced as the number of cycles Ct in which the fluorescence intensity rapidly amplifies and rises.

(63) FIG. 9 shows calibration curves prepared from the obtained Ct values against initial concentrations of norovirus G1 and G2 genes. Good linearity is obtained relative to each RNA concentration of the norovirus G1 and G2 genes. The Ct value can be promptly determined even during one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR, when fluorescence intensity rises rapidly. The initial RNA concentration can be calculated from the Ct value.

(64) A feature of the present invention is a system in which the entire PCR solution passes through a microchannel in such a manner that the solution passes a fluorescence detecting point for each thermal cycle. Accordingly, even if a fluorescent dye generated by real-time PCR is non-uniformly dispersed as a fluorescent dye concentration in a PCR solution due to a lack of time to uniformly disperse the fluorescent dye in the PCR solution, which results from faster thermal cycling, all the fluorescent dyes is detected by a fluorescence detector and integrated to thereby accurately quantify the fluorescence amount for each cycle.

(65) Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 9, in the calibration range, error bars for Ct values in the measurement of RNA concentration are very small and exact quantification with excellent reproduciblity is confirmed to be feasible.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

(66) The device according to the present invention is transportable and allows high-speed, real-time PCR to be performed at low cost in a clinical setting or on the spot where an infectious disease occurs. More specifically, the spread of infection can be prevented by quick confirmation of therapeutic effects and early detection of infectious diseases in livestock and poultry.