MXene COATED HYDROPHILIC FIBER MEMBRANE-BASED COMPLEX GENERATOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

Abstract

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a novel concept complex generator enabling high-efficient power generation by applying a polar solution to a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator, and a manufacturing method thereof. Specifically, a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based electrical energy generation device uniformly applies MXene particles to fiber strand surfaces of hydrophilic fiber membranes through a dipping process to form a MXene layer.

Claims

1. A complex generator comprising: a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, wherein electrical energy is generated by an asymmetric wetting structure of a polar solution for the hydrophilic fiber membrane.

2. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein, in the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, a region wetted by the polar solution and a dry region form opposite poles to generate electrical energy.

3. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein, in the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, electrical energy is generated by using a voltage difference due to the presence or absence of an electrical double layer between a MXene layer region wetted by the polar solution and a MXene layer region non-wetted by the polar solution.

4. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein, in the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, a current is generated in the course of diffusion of the polar solution from the MXene layer region wetted by the polar solution to the MXene layer region non-wetted by the polar solution, and the current is used to generate electrical energy.

5. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the asymmetric wetting structure comprises a structure which wets an area covering a range of 0.1% to 99% with respect to a total volume of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane.

6. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the polar solution comprises one or a mixture of two or more among acetone, acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, methanol, isopropanol, and pyridine.

7. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the polar solution comprises a solution in which one or two or more electrolytes among NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, and CaCl.sub.2 are dissolved.

8. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein MXene materials constituting the Maxine layer comprise at least one among Ti.sub.2C, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, V.sub.2C, Nb.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2N, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.3CN, Zr.sub.3C.sub.2, Hf.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.4N.sub.3, Nb.sub.4C.sub.3, Ta.sub.4C.sub.3, Mo.sub.2TiC.sub.2, Cr.sub.2TiC.sub.2, and Mo.sub.2Ti.sub.2C.sub.3.

9. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the MXene layer is formed by mixing MXene materials and conductive polymers, the conductive polymers comprise at least one conductive polymer material selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), Poly(acetylene)s (PAC), and poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS).

10. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the MXene layer is coated on the hydrophilic fiber membrane by loading the hydrophilic fiber membrane with MXene materials in a range of 0.9 mg/cm.sup.3 to 0.007 mg/cm.sup.3 per unit volume, and the amount of MXene materials to be loaded is controlled to vary the resistance of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, thereby enabling control of voltage and current to be generated.

11. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic fiber membrane has the ability to absorb and contain water, and comprises at least one among cotton fabric, mulberry paper, polypropylene membrane, oxygen plasma treated nonwoven fabric, hydrophilic surface treated fabric, and nanofibers.

12. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic fiber membrane is made of fiber strands for increasing a specific surface area, and surfaces of the individual fibers are coated with the MXene layer bonded thereto.

13. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands constituting the hydrophilic fiber membrane has a diameter of 50 nm to 500 μm.

14. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic fiber membrane has a thickness of 10 μm to 1 mm.

15. The complex generator of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic fiber membrane has a width to height aspect ratio of 1 or more for the asymmetric wetting structure.

16. A complex generator in which two or more complex generators according to claim 1 are stacked or connected in series.

17. A method of manufacturing a complex generator, the method comprising: preparing a MXene coating solution to form a MXene layer; dipping a hydrophilic fiber membrane into the MXene coating solution to coat the hydrophilic fiber membrane with the MXene layer; and drying the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, wherein electrical energy is generated by an asymmetric wetting structure of a polar solution for the hydrophilic fiber membrane.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising asymmetrically dropping the polar solution onto the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane to generate electrical energy.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the generating of electrical energy comprises: asymmetrically dropping the polar solution onto one of two electrodes connected to the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, so that the electrode of a wetted region and the electrode of a dry region are connected to each other to form a circuit, thereby generating DC voltage, DC current, and power.

20. The method of claim 17, further comprising stacking two or more of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membranes or connecting those MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membranes together in series and parallel.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the detailed description for the purpose of understanding the disclosure, provide embodiments for the disclosure and, together with the description, explain the technical idea of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of manufacturing a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator, which is a manufacturing process of the disclosure;

[0022] FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator operated by a polar solution according to an embodiment of the disclosure;

[0023] FIG. 3 is an image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0024] FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a continuous self-powered energy generation mechanism of a MXene-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator;

[0026] FIG. 6 is a graph of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and resistance measured when water is applied to a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0027] FIG. 7 is a graph showing the absorption capacity of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure, a pure hydrophilic membrane, a hydrophilic membrane to which a surfactant is added, and a carbon particle-coated hydrophilic membrane;

[0028] FIG. 8 is a graph of open-circuit voltage measured when water is applied to Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0029] FIG. 9 is a graph of short-circuit current measured when water is applied to Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0030] FIG. 10 shows the maximum values of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current measured when water is applied to Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0031] FIG. 11 shows power values measured when water is applied to Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0032] FIG. 12 shows the values of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current measured when an aqueous solution containing an electrolyte is applied to Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0033] FIG. 13 is a graph of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and voltage measured when water is applied to ketjen black-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generators having different resistances manufactured according to Comparative Example 1 of the disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 14 is a scanning electron microscope image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 2 of the disclosure;

[0035] FIG. 15 is a graph of power measured by adjusting a weight ratio of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 to PANi of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 2 of the disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 16 is a graph comparing power generated when water and seawater drop in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 3 of the disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 17 is an image of a blue LED driven using high power generated when seawater is dropped in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 4 of the disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 18 is an image of a 1 F super capacitor charged using high power generated when seawater is dropped in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 4 of the disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 19 is a graph of voltage for charging a 1 F super capacitor using high power generated when seawater is dropped in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 4 of the disclosure; and

[0040] FIG. 20 is an image of charging a commercialized battery using high power generated when seawater is dropped in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 4 of the disclosure.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0041] The disclosure may be variously modified and may have various embodiments, and specific embodiments will now be described in detail based on the accompanying drawings.

[0042] In describing the disclosure, when it is determined that a detailed description of the related art may obscure the gist of the disclosure, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.

[0043] Hereinafter, a MXene (hereinafter ‘MXene’) layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator and a manufacturing method thereof will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0044] An embodiment of the disclosure provides a complex generator including a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, wherein electrical energy is generated by an asymmetric wetting structure of a polar solution for the hydrophilic fiber membrane.

[0045] According to one aspect, in the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, a wetted region and a dry region separated by the polar solution may form opposite poles to generate electrical energy.

[0046] According to another aspect, in the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, electrical energy may be generated by using a voltage difference due to the presence or absence of an electrical double layer between a MXene layer in a region wetted by the polar solution and a MXene layer in a region non-wetted by the polar solution.

[0047] According to yet another aspect, electrical energy may be generated using current generated during diffusion of the polar solution from the wetted side to the dry side in the asymmetric wetting structure.

[0048] According to another aspect, the asymmetric wetting structure may include a structure which wets an area covering a range of 0.1% to 99% with respect to a total volume of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane.

[0049] According to another aspect, the polar solution may contain one or a mixture of two or more among acetone, acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, methanol, isopropanol, and pyridine.

[0050] According to another aspect, the polar solution may include a solution in which one or more electrolytes among NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, and CaCl.sub.2 are dissolved.

[0051] According to still another aspect, MXene materials constituting the MXene layer may include at least one among Ti.sub.2C, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, V.sub.2C, Nb.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2N, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.3CN, Zr.sub.3C.sub.2, Hf.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.4N.sub.3, Nb.sub.4C.sub.3, Ta.sub.4C.sub.3, Mo.sub.2TiC.sub.2, Cr.sub.2TiC.sub.2, and Mo.sub.2Ti.sub.2C.sub.3.

[0052] According to still another aspect, the MXene layer may be formed by mixing a MXene material and a conductive polymer, and the conductive polymer may include at least one conductive polymer material selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), Poly(acetylene)s (PAC), and poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS).

[0053] According to yet another aspect, the MXene layer may be coated on the hydrophilic fiber membrane by loading the hydrophilic fiber membrane with a MXene material in a range of 0.9 mg/cm.sup.3 to 0.007 mg/cm.sup.3 per unit volume, and the amount of the loaded MXene material may be adjusted to change the resistance of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane to control generated voltage and current.

[0054] According to another aspect, the hydrophilic fiber membrane may have the ability to absorb and contain water, and include at least one among cotton fabric, mulberry paper, polypropylene membrane, oxygen plasma treated nonwoven fabric, hydrophilic surface treated fabric, and nanofiber.

[0055] According to another aspect, the hydrophilic fiber membrane may be made of fiber strands for increasing a specific surface area, and may be coated with a MXene layer bonded to surfaces of the individual fibers.

[0056] According to another aspect, the fiber strands constituting the hydrophilic fiber membrane may have a diameter of 50 nm to 500 μm.

[0057] According to another aspect, the hydrophilic fiber membrane may have a thickness of 10 μm to 1 mm.

[0058] According to another aspect, the hydrophilic fiber membrane may have a width to height aspect ratio of 1 or more for the asymmetric wetting structure.

[0059] According to another embodiment, there may be provided a complex generator formed by stacking two or more of the above-described complex generators or connecting the complex generators in series.

[0060] A method of manufacturing a complex generator according to an embodiment of the disclosure may include preparing a MXene coating solution to form a MXene layer, dipping a hydrophilic fiber membrane into the MXene coating solution to coat the hydrophilic fiber membrane with the MXene layer, and drying the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, wherein electrical energy is generated by an asymmetric wetting structure of a polar solution for the hydrophilic fiber membrane.

[0061] According to one aspect, the method may further include asymmetrically dropping the polar solution onto the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane to generate electrical energy.

[0062] According to another aspect, the step of generating electrical energy may include asymmetrically dropping the polar solution onto one of two electrodes connected to the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane, so that the electrode of the wetted region and the electrode of the dry region are connected to each other to form a circuit, thereby generating DC voltage, DC current and power.

[0063] According to another aspect, the method of manufacturing a complex generator may further include stacking two or more of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membranes or connecting the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membranes in series and parallel.

[0064] According to yet another aspect, the MXene coating solution may be prepared by dispersing at least one MXene material among Ti.sub.2C, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, V.sub.2C, Nb.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2N, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.3CN, Zr.sub.3C.sub.2, Hf.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.4N.sub.3, Nb.sub.4C.sub.3, Ta.sub.4C.sub.3, Mo.sub.2TiC.sub.2, Cr.sub.2TiC.sub.2, and Mo.sub.2Ti.sub.2C.sub.3 in water.

[0065] According to still another aspect, the MXene layer may be formed by mixing a MXene material and a conductive polymer, and the conductive polymer may include at least one conductive polymer material selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), Poly(acetylene)s (PAC), and poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS).

[0066] According to yet another aspect, the content of the MXene material in the MXene coating solution is in the range of 0.1 to 10 wt % with respect to the polar solvent.

[0067] According to another aspect, the hydrophilic fiber membrane may be cut to have a width to height aspect ratio of 1 or more.

[0068] According to yet another aspect, the step of applying the MXene layer may include adjusting the cycle of dipping the hydrophilic fiber membrane into the MXene coating solution to control the loading amount of the MXene material.

[0069] According to another aspect, in the step of drying, the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane is placed flat on a tray and then subjected to drying in an oven.

[0070] Energy generation devices developed to date generate electrical energy in the form of high-frequency AC voltage and current. This is because piezoelectric elements and frictional electrical energy generation devices in which electrical energy is generated by mechanical deformation and friction form a voltage difference instantaneously only when the deformation and friction is applied thereto, and when the applied mechanical action is removed, a voltage difference having an opposite sign is formed again. Such an energy generation device that generates high-frequency AC power has a disadvantage in that a separate rectifier circuit or an energy storage device always need to come along in order to drive electronic devices. In addition, sustained mechanical deformation, friction, or heating damages devices and deteriorates energy generation efficiency of energy generation devices. Furthermore, there is a problem that mechanical deformation, friction, and heat flow cause an energy generation material to be delaminated from a current collector substrate, resulting in poor energy generation efficiency.

[0071] In contrast, a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator, which operates based on the principle of an electrical double layer, may generate electrical energy by simply applying a small amount of a polar solution to an energy generation device, and may thus continuously create a voltage differential without damaging the energy generation device. In addition, since the electrical energy is generated in the form of DC, power may be directly supplied to electronic devices without an additional rectifier circuit.

[0072] Embodiments of the disclosure may greatly improve energy generation efficiency by applying a large-surface-area MXene layer to a hydrophilic fiber membrane having a large specific surface area, and obtain electrical energy in the form of DC by applying a polar solution to the MXene layer. The electrical energy in the form of DC generated using the complex generator may be directly connected to electronic devices and driven without a separate rectifier circuit. In embodiments of the disclosure, a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane may be mass-produced at low cost through a simple dipping process. It is easy to manufacture a large area, and it is advantageous to easily increase the capacity of a generator through stacking.

[0073] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of manufacturing a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator to which a polar solution is applied, which is a manufacturing process of the disclosure. A hydrophilic fiber membrane 101 cut to a certain size is dipped into a MXene coating solution 102 in which MXene particles are dispersed. During the dipping process, the cycle of dipping may be adjusted to control the amount of MXene particles applied to a surface of the hydrophilic fiber membrane. A dipped MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane 103 is completed after undergoing a drying process 104 in a drying oven. The resistance of a hydrophilic fiber membrane electrical energy generation device after drying may be in a range of 100Ω to 100 MΩ, and it is advantageous to have a resistance which is preferably in a range of 10 kΩ to 20 MΩ in order to obtain high voltage and current characteristics. FIG. 1 illustrates a MXene layer formed of MXene particles. The MXene particles may be one or a mixture of two or more selected from Ti.sub.2C, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, V.sub.2C, Nb.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2C, Mo.sub.2N, (Ti.sub.0.5, Nb.sub.0.5).sub.2C, Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.3CN, Zr.sub.3C.sub.2, Hf.sub.3C.sub.2, Ti.sub.4N.sub.3, Nb.sub.4C.sub.3, Ta.sub.4C.sub.3, Mo.sub.2TiC.sub.2, Cr.sub.2TiC.sub.2, and Mo.sub.2Ti.sub.2C.sub.3. The MXene materials are not limited to specific materials as long as the MXene materials have excellent electrical conductivity and are well bonded to a hydrophilic fiber membrane, and the MXene particles may be used alone or in combination. MXene materials constituting the MXene layer may be mixed with conductive polymers to be used, and the conductive polymers to be used may include at least one conductive polymer material selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), poly(acetylene)s (PAC), and poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS). In the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator to which a polar solution is applied, a MXene material coated on individual fibers constituting hydrophilic fibers is preferably uniformly coated with MXene particles having a large specific surface area, and the process is most simple in terms of a manufacturing process. A polar solution is dropped into the dipped hydrophilic fiber membrane coated with a dried MXene layer at only one of both ends of the membrane where two electrodes are to be engaged. As the polar solvent, one or two or more polar solvents selected from acetone, acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, methanol, isopropanol and pyridine may be used in combination with each other. It may also be possible to use a solution in which one or two or more electrolytes among NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, and CaCl.sub.2 are dissolved.

[0074] When the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator is completely wetted by overly dropping the polar solution, a voltage difference is not created at both electrodes to prevent power generation, and therefore, the amount of the polar solution is appropriate in such an amount that the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator may be wetted by half. The amount of applied polar solution may vary depending on an area of the fiber membrane. In the case of a cotton fiber-based MXene layer-hydrophilic membrane having a size of 0.5 cm×7 cm, 30 μl of polar solution is preferably applied.

[0075] FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator operated by a polar solution according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As seen from FIG. 2, the method includes the steps of preparing a MXene coating solution to form a MXene layer (201), cutting a hydrophilic membrane to a designed size (202), dipping the hydrophilic fiber membrane into the MXene coating solution to coat surfaces of individual fibers constituting the hydrophilic fiber membrane with the MXene layer (203), drying the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic membrane in an oven (204), stacking two or more MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane generators to manufacture a stack generator (205), and connecting the stacked membrane generators in series and parallel and asymmetrically dropping a polar solution around only one electrode connected to the generators to form DC voltage and current (206). Here, the asymmetric dropping of the polar solvent may include dropping the polar solvent around only one electrode connected to the generators.

[0076] The disclosure is described in detail below through Examples. Examples are merely intended to illustrate the disclosure, and the disclosure is not limited to Examples below.

[0077] Manufacture of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator

[0078] 0.2 g of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 is mixed with 20 mL of deionized water to prepare a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 coating solution. The cotton fiber membrane was cut in a size of 0.5 cm (height)×7 cm (width) with an aspect ratio of 14. Each cut membrane was dipped once into a solution in which MXene particles were dispersed. The dipped Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane was placed on a flat tray and subjected to a drying process at 80° C. in a drying oven to finally manufacture a MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator in which Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 particles were coated on surfaces of individual fibers constituting the cotton fiber membrane. To evaluate power generation properties, open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current properties were evaluated using a potentiostat after dropping 30 μl of deionized water to one electrode of the MXene layer-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generators.

[0079] FIG. 3 is an image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. By varying concentration or adjusting the cycle of impregnation, it was possible to control the amount by which MXene is coated on cotton fibers, and a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 uniformly-coated cotton fiber membrane having a size of 0.5 cm (height)×7 cm (width), which is black, was observed.

[0080] FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. It is confirmed that Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 particles were evenly applied to a 10 μm diameter cotton fiber strand.

[0081] FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an energy generation mechanism of a MXene-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator. On a surface of the MXene particles in a wetted region by water, the surface thereof takes on a negative charge and forms a negative potential due to an electrical double layer. This creates a potential difference between the electrode wetted with water and the electrode connected to a dry region. In this case, when the two electrodes are connected through a circuit, DC voltage, DC current, and power may be generated.

[0082] FIG. 6 is a graph showing changes in open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and resistance measured when deionized water is dropped onto a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. Since the principles of generating voltage and current are different, it is confirmed that the graph outline of voltage and current is different. Since hydrophilic MXene is used and no surfactant is used, a high capillary diffusion is observed to show a current characteristic of 120 uA. This shows about 120 times improved performance over carbon-based complex generators.

[0083] FIG. 7 shows that a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure provides superior capillary absorption performance to pure cotton fibers, surfactant-containing cotton fibers, and carbon-coated cotton fibers.

[0084] FIG. 8 is a graph showing open-circuit voltage according to a change in resistance of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. An electrical double layer energy generation device to which a polar solution is applied varies the efficiency of electrical energy generation according to the resistance of the energy generation device. As described in Example 1, the resistance of the a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator was adjusted by varying the cycle of impregnating the cotton fiber membrane with a solution in which Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 was dispersed. As the cycle of impregnation increases, the amount of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 particles coated on the surface becomes larger to lower the resistance, and a total of seven samples having resistances of 0.15 kΩ, 0.5 kΩ, 0.9 kΩ, 2.1 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 18.5 kΩ, and 118 kΩ are prepared. As seen from the open-circuit voltage graph of FIG. 8, the higher the resistance of the generator, the higher open-circuit voltage (sample 118 kΩ:0.5 V) characteristics were observed, and the lower open-circuit voltage characteristics of the level of 0.22 V were observed in sample 0.15 kΩ with the lowest resistance. It is seen that the adjustment of the base resistance of the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane complex generator is important in order to obtain high open-circuit voltage characteristics.

[0085] FIG. 9 is a graph showing short-circuit current according to a change in resistance of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. According to the graph of the short-circuit current characteristic according to the change in resistance of FIG. 7, it is confirmed that the highest short-circuit current (65 μA) characteristic is observed in the generator having a resistance of 0.15 kΩ, and the magnitude of the short-circuit current increases as the resistance decreases.

[0086] FIG. 10 is a graph showing power of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure according to a change in resistance. Since the power is determined by the product of current and voltage, it is important to provide high open-circuit voltage and high short-circuit current characteristic values together. In the case of the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator, the maximum value is observed at the resistance value where the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current values are opposite to each other, and the decrease in the short-circuit current values occurs when the resistance values become equal to or lower than a certain level, so that a power graph is provided as shown in FIG. 11 in order to observe a resistance region capable of obtaining optimum power. A maximum power Pmax showed a value of about 6.6 μW in a generator having 27Ω. It is therefore important to manufacture a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator having optimum resistance region in generating voltage, current and power. In the case of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, when the resistance is less than 27Ω, maximum generated power is 6.6 μW due to a decrease in performance.

[0087] FIG. 12 is a graph showing voltage and current generated when an aqueous solution containing various kinds of electrolytes is dropped in a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 1 of the disclosure. When 1 M solution of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl.sub.2 and CaCl.sub.2 was dropped in addition to water, it is confirmed that the voltage and the current rose by 2 times or more and 50 times or more, respectively, and in particular, it is confirmed that the smaller the cation size of the added electrolyte, the larger the generated voltage size.

Comparative Example 1: Manufacture of a Ketjen Black-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator, and Comparison of Performance of a Ketjen Black-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator with the Ti.SUB.3.C.SUB.2.-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator

[0088] 0.2 g of Ketjen black and 0.05 g of surfactant (SDBS, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) were mixed with 20 ml of deionized water to prepare a Ketjen black coating solution. The mixed Ketjen black solution was evenly mixed and dispersed through ultrasonic treatment to prepare a solution in which Ketjen black was dispersed. The cotton fiber membrane was cut into a size of 0.5 cm (height)×7 cm (width) with an aspect ratio of 14. Each cut membrane was dipped once into a solution in which Ketjen black particles were dispersed. The dipped Ketjen black-coated cotton membrane was placed on a flat tray and subjected to a drying process at 80° C. in a drying oven to finally produce a hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator in which Ketjen black particles were coated on surfaces of individual fibers constituting the cotton fiber membrane. To evaluate power generation characteristics, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and voltage characteristics were evaluated using a potentiostat after dropping 0.25 ml of deionized water onto one electrode of the Ketjen black-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator.

[0089] FIG. 13 is a graph showing voltage, current, and power generated when water is dropped onto a ketjen black-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Comparative Example 1 of the disclosure according to resistance. Examples and Comparative Example experiments indicate that in the case of a complex generator having a MXene layer, the magnitude of the voltage is slightly reduced, while the magnitude of the current greatly rises due to high conductivity, and thus, the complex generator having a MXene layer exhibit higher power generation than a complex generator having a Ketjen black layer.

Example 2: Manufacture of a Ti.SUB.3.C.SUB.2./PANi Mixture-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator

[0090] 0.2 g of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 and 0.2 g PANi were mixed with 20 ml of deionized water to prepare a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi mixed coating solution. The cotton fiber membrane was cut into a size of 0.5 cm (height)×7 cm (width) with an aspect ratio of 14. Each cut membrane was dipped once into the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi mixed coating solution. The dipped Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton membrane was placed on a flat tray and subjected to a drying process at 80° C. in a drying oven to finally manufacture a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator in which Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi mixtures were coated on surfaces of individual fibers constituting the cotton fiber membrane. To evaluate power generation characteristics, open-circuit voltage and short circuit current characteristics were evaluated using a potentiostat after dropping 30 μl of deionized water to one electrode of the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator.

[0091] FIG. 14 shows an image of a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator manufactured according to Example 2 of the disclosure. In FIG. 3, it is seen that, due to the addition of PANi in the form of black powder, the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator has a much darker color than the sample containing Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 alone.

[0092] FIG. 15 is a graph showing the magnitude of power measured by changing the ratio of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 to PANi for Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi manufactured according to Example 2 of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 15, it is seen that when PANi is added in a greater amount than pure Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, the performance gets improved, and the highest efficiency is shown when the weight ratio is 2:1. It is also seen that PANi used in this case does not have higher conductivity than Ti.sub.3C.sub.2, and accordingly, the addition of excess PANi rather shows a deterioration in performance. Thus, it is confirmed that, under the same conditions, the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator exhibits superior electricity generation efficiency to the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2-coated cotton fiber membrane-based complex generator.

Example 3: Improved Energy Performance of a Ti.SUB.3.C.SUB.2./PANi Mixture-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator Using Seawater

[0093] FIG. 16 is a graph comparing power generated when water and seawater are applied to a Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generator manufacture according to Example 2 of the disclosure. In seawater, a large amount of NaCl is dissolved, which helps to form an electrical double layer, resulting in an enhanced voltage effect. In addition, Na ions may move together during the diffusion of water, and the moved ions may be converted into additional power. This overlapping effect of voltage and current has shown a power enhancement effect of about 50 times, and has shown the highest efficiency out of existing power generation attempts using water.

Example 4: Driving LED, and Charging a Super Capacitor and a Battery Using a Ti.SUB.3.C.SUB.2./PANi Mixture-Coated Cotton Fiber Membrane-Based Complex Generator Using Seawater

[0094] Connecting Ti.sub.3C.sub.2/PANi-coated hydrophilic fiber membrane-based complex generators manufactured according to Example 2 in series and parallel allows the magnitude of generated voltage and current to be greatly amplified. In the case of an existing carbon (ketjen black)-coated complex generator, generated power is small only to turn on Red LED, but it is seen from FIG. 17 that, six MXene-coated complex generators may be connected in series to drive a blue LED. Each of the six MXene-coated complex generators may be configured with three MXene-coated generators connected in parallel.

[0095] As a result of charging the super capacitor of 1 F with the carbon complex generator and the MXene complex generator (FIG. 18) having the same volume, it is seen from FIG. 19 that the time required for charging up to 1 V is reduced by about three times or more.

[0096] A minimum of 5 V, 1 A of power is required to charge a battery. In order to satisfy the condition, about 10000 or more carbon-based complex generators are required, but the use of a high-performance MXene-based complex generator, as seen in FIG. 20, enabled 160 complex generators to charge a small battery (30 mAhr) up to 19% to 33% for 25 minutes, thereby making it possible to find the superiority of the MXene-based complex generator.

[0097] Although the embodiments have been described above with reference to the limited embodiments and drawings, various modifications and variations are possible to those skilled in the art from the above description. For example, appropriate results may be achieved even when the described techniques are performed in a different order than the described methods, and/or when components of the described systems, structures, devices, circuits, etc. are bonded or combined in different forms from the described method, or replaced or substituted by other components or equivalents.

[0098] Therefore, other implementations, other embodiments, and equivalents to the claims are within the scope of the following claims.