AN RNA G-QUADRUPLEX STRUCTURE IN PRE-miRNA-1229 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND VARIOUS CANCERS

Abstract

Provided is an agent that binds to a wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 comprising a G-quadruplex (GQ) structure, wherein binding of the agent to the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 stabilizes the GQ structure of the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229. In some embodiments, the variant is rs2291418. Provided is a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the agent to the subject. In some embodiments, the disease is Alzheimer's disease, cancer or coronary artery calcification.

Claims

1. An agent that binds to a wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 comprising a G-quadruplex (GQ) structure, wherein binding of the agent to the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 stabilizes the GQ structure of the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229.

2. The agent of claim 1, wherein the variant is rs2291418.

3. The agent of claim 1, wherein the agent comprises an engineered protein nucleic acid (PNA).

4. The agent of claim 3, wherein the PNA is a gamma PNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: TABLE-US-00010 (SEQ ID NO: 5) AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 6) UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU; and (SEQ ID NO: 7) GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC

5. The agent of claim 3, wherein the PNA is a gamma PNA comprising a C-terminal lysine residue and comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: TABLE-US-00011 (SEQ ID NO: 5) H.sub.2N-Lys AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA-H (SEQ ID NO: 6) H.sub.2N-Lys UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU-H; and (SEQ ID NO: 7) H.sub.2N-Lys GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC-H.

6. The agent of claim 1, wherein the agent comprises 2′-deoxy 2′-fluoroarabino oligonucleotides.

7. The agent of claim 6, wherein the agent comprises an oligonucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: TABLE-US-00012 (SEQ ID NO: 8) AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU; and (SEQ ID NO: 10) GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC.

8. The agent of claim 1, wherein the agent comprises a small molecule.

9. A method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of claim 1 to the subject.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the disease is Alzheimer's disease, cancer or coronary artery calcification.

11. A composition comprising the agent of claim 1.

12. A method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 11 to the subject.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the disease is Alzheimer's disease, cancer or coronary artery calcification.

14. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease, cancer or other disease and mitigating their progression, comprising: stabilizing or destabilizing a novel therapeutic target, comprising: a pre-miRNA-1229 sequence, comprising: a G-quadruplex structure; and a canonical hairpin structure, wherein the G-quadruplex and the canonical hairpin structures co-exist in equilibrium in the guanine-rich region of the pre-miRNA-1229 sequence; controlling the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p; and correspondingly regulating sortilin-related receptor protein.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the regulating sortilin-related receptor protein comprises upregulation of expression of the sortilin-related receptor for Alzheimer's disease.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the stabilizing or destabilizing of the G-quadruplex structure includes a single nucleotide polymorphism rs2291418 effective to change the equilibrium between the G-quadruplex structure and the canonical hairpin structure.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the change in equilibrium favors the canonical hairpin structure.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein for Alzheimer's disease, the method comprises stabilizing the G-quadruplex structure, lowering the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p to a level corresponding to a normal level, and increasing the SORL1 protein to a level corresponding to a normal level.

19. A method of controlling miRNA dysregulation to reduce effects of Alzheimer's disease, cancer or other disease, comprising: targeting a G-quadruplex structure in equilibrium with a canonical hairpin structure in a guanine-rich region of a pre-miRNA-1229 sequence; regulating rs2291418 single nucleotide polymorphism located in the pre-miRNA 1229 sequence; changing the equilibrium between the G-quadruplex structure and the canonical hairpin structure to favor the G-quadruplex structure or the canonical hairpin structure; controlling the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p; and correspondingly upregulating or downregulating a sortilin-related receptor protein.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein for Alzheimer's disease, the method comprises stabilizing the G-quadruplex structure to favor the G-quadruplex, lowering the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p to a level corresponding to a normal level and upregulating the sortilin-related receptor protein to a level corresponding to a normal level.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C show predicted secondary structures of pre-miRNA-1229 sequences. FIGS. 1A and 1B, based on RNA structure prediction software, show the most likely hairpin structures for full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT and pre-miRNA-1229_SNP, respectively. Pre-miRNA-1229_WT has multiple G-tracts, numbered 1 to 6 in FIG. 1A. G-tracts are also numbered 1 to 6 in FIG. 1B for pre-miRNA-1229_SNP. FIG. 1C shows the GQ structure of full-length pre-miRNA-1229 predicted using QGRS Mapper software; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0024] FIGS. 2A and 2B show biophysical characterization of the truncated pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ sequence for .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, demonstrating the formation of a GQ structure; FIG. 2C shows the UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition of 10 μM RNA in 150 mM KCl, to determine a T.sub.m of −80° C.; FIG. 2D shows the T.sub.m values plotted as a function of the RNA concentration, which shows formation of an intramolecular GQ structure; FIG. 2E shows nondenaturing gel electrophoresis visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) dye (right panel), revealing the formation of a GQ structure at all KCl concentrations; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0025] FIGS. 3A-3D show biophysical characterization of the full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL sequence; FIGS. 3A and 3B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, revealing an equilibrium between hairpin and GQ structures after annealing the RNA in 150 mM KCl; FIG. 3C shows UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition of 10 μM RNA in 100 mM KCl, to determine a T.sub.m of −85° C.; FIG. 3D shows nondenaturing gel electrophoresis visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye, revealing the formation of multiple GQ structures; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0026] FIG. 4A shows time-dependent .sup.1H NMR spectra of full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL in the presence of 150 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2; FIG. 4B shows an overlay of the spectra; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0027] FIGS. 5A and 5B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, demonstrating the formation of a GQ structure; FIG. 5C shows the UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition of 10 μM RNA in 150 mM KCl, to determine a T.sub.m of ˜78° C.; FIG. 5D shows the T.sub.m values plotted as a function of the RNA concentration revealing that an intramolecular GQ structure is formed; FIG. 5E shows nondenaturing gel electrophoresis visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye (right panel), revealing the formation of a GQ structure at all KCl concentrations; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0028] FIGS. 6A and 6B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5 reveal an equilibrium between hairpin and GQ structures after annealing the RNA in 150 mM KCl; FIG. 6C shows UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition of 10 μM RNA in 100 mM KCl, to determine a T.sub.m of −86° C.; FIG. 6D shows nondenaturing gel electrophoresis visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye (right panel), revealing the formation of multiple GQ structures as well as a hairpin structure; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 7A shows time-dependent NMR spectra of full-length pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL in the presence of 150 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2.

[0030] FIG. 7B shows an overlay of the spectra; in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0031] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications and patents referred to herein are incorporated by reference.

[0032] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” may refer to one or to more than one (e.g. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.

[0033] As used herein, “about” may generally refer to an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Example degrees of error are within 5% or 1% of a given value or range of values.

[0034] Embodiments described herein as “comprising” one or more features may also be considered as disclosure of the corresponding embodiments “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” such features.

[0035] As used herein, a “subject” is an animal which is capable of suffering from or afflicted with a disease. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, for example, a human, non-primate, dog, cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, cat, mouse, rabbit, rat, or transgenic non-human animal.

[0036] As used herein, the term “treat” means to relieve, reduce or alleviate at least once symptom of a disease in a subject.

[0037] As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” of a therapeutic agent, or combinations thereof, is an amount sufficient to treat disease in a subject. For example, for an agent for treating Alzheimer's disease, a therapeutically effective amount can be an amount that has been shown to provide an observable therapeutic benefit compared to baseline clinically observable signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

[0038] As used herein, the term “PNA” means a peptide nucleic acid. PNAs are nucleic acid analogs in which the sugar phosphate backbone of natural nucleic acid has been replaced by a synthetic peptide backbone. In some embodiments, gamma PNAs are employed. PNAs and gamma PNAs are described in Oyaghire, S. N. et al. (2016) Biochemistry, 55, 1977-1988, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the PNA or gamma PNA further comprises a C-terminal lysine residue.

[0039] Concentrations, amounts, volumes, percentages and other numerical values may be presented herein in a range format. It is also to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited.

[0040] Provided is a G-quadruplex (GQ) structure within pre-miRNA-1229 as a novel therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD), various cancers, and other diseases, and for methods of treating AD, various cancers, and other diseases, as well as methods of mitigating the progression or precluding the onset of AD, various cancers, and other diseases.

[0041] Among the pre-miRNAs with G-rich sequences that have the potential to form GQ structures is pre-miRNA-1229, whose mature miRNA product, miRNA-1229-3p, has been shown to directly control the expression of SORL1. Moreover, the allelic guanine to adenine rs2291418 variant (cytosine to uracil in the RNA) within pre-miRNA-1229 is associated with AD and this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) enhances the production of miRNA-1229-3p and decreases the levels of SORL1, as further detailed below.

[0042] Gene expression is regulated by miRNAs that repress the translation of specific messenger RNA targets. In various diseases, dysregulation in the biogenesis of precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA) results in either an upregulation or a downregulation of mature miRNAs. Approximately 13-16% of human pre-miRNA sequences contain guanine-rich (G-rich) regions that have the potential to form GQ structures. GQs are non-canonical secondary structures formed by stacking of two or more cyclic, planar G-quartet arrangement of four guanine residues and stabilized by Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds, 7E-7E stacking interactions, and intercalating monovalent cations.

[0043] The inventors have found that a GQ structure exists in the G-rich region of pre-miRNA-1229 that could alter the efficiency of mature miRNA production. Pre-miRNA-1229 is the immediate precursor in the formation of mature miRNA-1229-3p. As a result of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) correlated with AD, the level of mature miRNA-1229-3p is increased as compared to corresponding normal levels in subjects that do not have this SNP.

[0044] Furthermore, it has been shown that the GQ structure co-exists in equilibrium with a canonical hairpin structure. The mutation in the AD-associated rs2291418 pre-miRNA-1229 SNP shifts the equilibrium towards the hairpin structure. As a result, it has been proposed that the rs2291418 variant enhances the production of miRNA-1229-3p and decreases levels of sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). The downregulated expression of SORL1 results in APP being sorted into Aβ-generating pathways.

[0045] Since only the hairpin structure of pre-miRNA-1229 is processed into the mature miRNA-1229-3p, the presence of the GQ structure serves as a fine-tuning mechanism that controls the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p and ultimately, regulation of SORL1 protein. Thus, for AD, the GQ should be stabilized to decrease the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p to a level observed in normal subjects that do not have AD and ultimately, to upregulate the SORL1 protein. In certain other diseases, the GQ should be destabilized to increase the production of mature miRNA-1229-3p to a level observed in normal subjects that do not have the disease and ultimately, SORL1 protein is downregulated.

[0046] Thus, in accordance with the invention, formation of GQ structures and control of the equilibrium between the GQ and hairpin structures are effective to control the levels of mature miRNA-1229 that, in turn, regulates SORL1 translation to decrease or preclude APP being sorted into Aβ-generating pathways, thereby impacting AD. The mature miRNA-1229-3p exerts a fine-tuning regulation in the translation of SORL1 in normal subjects, whereas its overproduction observed in AD due to the SNP rs2291418 in pre-miRNA-1229 results in a downregulation of the SORL1 production that in turn affects the clearance of the Aβ complex. Additionally, since expression levels of miRNA-1229 are correlated with increased severity of coronary artery calcification and increased tumor size in colorectal and breast cancer, this mechanism for AD is also applicable to various cancers and other diseases. In other diseases, such as but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism, and Down syndrome, dysregulation in biogenesis of pre-miRNAs results in either an upregulation or a down regulation of mature miRNAs. Thus, stabilization or destabilization of the GQ in the pre-miRNA-1229 would either decrease or increase, respectively, the production of the mature miRNA-1229 to levels observed in normal subjects that do not have the disease.

[0047] The GQ structure is provided as a therapeutic target, whereby targeting the GQ structure reduces the level of mature miRNA-1229 and restores the level of SORL1 protein to those observed in normal subjects. This approach is more advantageous than targeting Aβ depletion, because it does not preclude Aβ from exerting its beneficial functions.

[0048] Provided is an agent that binds to a wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 comprising a G-quadruplex (GQ) structure, wherein binding of the agent to the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 stabilizes the GQ structure of the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229. In some embodiments, the variant is rs2291418. This will result in producing less of the mature miRNA-1229, since when folded in the GQ structure, pre-miRNA-1229 cannot be processed by Dicer.

[0049] In some embodiments, the agent comprises an engineered protein nucleic acid (PNA). In further embodiments, the PNA is a gamma PNA.

[0050] In some embodiments, the PNA or gamma PNA is selected from the group consisting of:

TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 5) AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 6) UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU; and (SEQ ID NO: 7) GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC.

[0051] In some embodiments, the PNA or gamma PNA comprises a C-terminal lysine residue, and is selected from the group consisting of (the bolded C repeats target the G repeats forming the GQ):

TABLE-US-00005 (SEQ ID NO: 5) H.sub.2N-Lys AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA-H (SEQ ID NO: 6) H.sub.2N-Lys UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU-H; and (SEQ ID NO: 7) H.sub.2N-Lys GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC-H.

[0052] In some embodiments the agent comprises 2′-deoxy 2′-fluoroarabino (2′-FANA) oligonucleotides. In further embodiments the 2′-FANA oligonucleotides comprise a sequence selected from the group consisting of:

TABLE-US-00006 (SEQ ID NO: 8) AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU; and (SEQ ID NO: 10) GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC.

[0053] FANA oligonucleotides have the ability to penetrate the cell membrane by gymnosis, which is the process by which antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are delivered to cells, in the absence of any carriers or conjugation (Souleimanian, N. et al. (2012) Mol. Ther.—Nucleic Acids, 1, e43).

[0054] In some embodiments, the agent comprises a small molecule. Small molecules that stabilize the GQ structure of the wild type or variant pre-miRNA-1229 may be identified through using a small molecule microarray (SMM) high throughput screening platform.

[0055] Provided is a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of any one of the previous embodiments to the subject. In some embodiments, the disease is Alzheimer's disease, cancer or coronary artery calcification. In further embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer or colorectal cancer.

[0056] Also provided is a composition comprising the agent of any one of the embodiments described herein.

[0057] Provided is a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition comprising the agent of any one of the embodiments described herein to the subject. In some embodiments, the disease is Alzheimer's disease, cancer or coronary artery calcification. In further embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer or colorectal cancer.

EXAMPLES

[0058] In these experiments, various biophysical techniques were used to show that a GQ structure forms in pre-miRNA-1229 which coexists in equilibrium with a canonical extended hairpin structure, and that this equilibrium is shifted in the rs2291418 variant towards the hairpin structure. The results indicate a mechanism leading to increased production of the mature miRNA-1229-3p in AD with the correlated rs2291418 SNP in pre-miRNA-1229 and suggest using the GQ structure within pre-miRNA-1229 as a therapeutic target in these cases.

Materials and Methods

In Vitro RNA Synthesis

[0059] Pre-miRNA sequences (Table 1) were produced by in vitro transcription reactions using T7 RNA polymerase (synthesized in-house), following a procedure by Milligan and Uhlenbeck. The DNA templates for each sequence were chemically synthesized by TriLink Biotechnologies, Inc. (San Diego, Calif., USA). The RNA oligonucleotides were purified by 20%-8 M urea denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and electrophoretic elution, followed by extensive dialysis against 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5. The concentration of each oligonucleotide was measured using a NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA), and their purity was checked by denaturing gel electrophoresis.

.SUP.1.H NMR Spectroscopy

[0060] One-dimensional (1D) proton (.sup.1H) NMR spectroscopy experiments were performed on a 500 MHz Bruker AVANCE spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, Mass., USA) at 25° C. using Topspin 3.2 software. Water suppression was carried out by using the Watergate pulse sequence. Pre-miRNA samples with concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μM were prepared in a volume of 250 μL 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, in a 90:10 ratio of H.sub.2O:D.sub.2O. GQ formation was observed by titrating increasing concentrations of KCl from a 2 M stock solution to each sample. The samples containing 150 mM KCl were also annealed by boiling at 95° C. for 5 minutes and cooling on the bench for 15 minutes. Time-dependent NMR spectroscopy studies were conducted following the addition of 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 to each sample and incubating at 37° C. while acquiring spectra over time.

Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

[0061] Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy experiments were recorded on a Jasco J-810 spectropolarimeter (JASCO, Easton, Md., USA) at 25° C. Pre-miRNA samples were prepared in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5 to a final RNA concentration of 10 μM in a volume of 200 μL. GQ formation was monitored by titrating increasing amounts of KCl from a 2 M stock solution to each sample and subsequently annealing the sample at 95° C. for 5 minutes once a final KCl concentration of 150 mM was reached. Spectra were measured between 200 and 300 nm and corrected for solvent contributions. Each spectrum was scanned seven times with a 1 second response time and a 2 nm bandwidth. CD spectroscopy experiments were performed in duplicate (n=2) for each RNA.

UV Spectroscopy Thermal Denaturation

[0062] Thermal denaturation experiments were conducted using a Varian Cary 3E UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif., USA) equipped with a Peltier cell. RNA samples were annealed in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, containing 100-150 mM KCl. Samples were heated from 25 to 95° C. at a rate of 0.2° C. min.sup.−1, recording points every 1° C. at 295 nm, a wavelength previously identified to be sensitive to G-quadruplex dissociation. To determine if the structures folded into intermolecular or intramolecular conformations, the melting temperatures of the G-quadruplex structures were determined at various RNA concentrations. The transitions of each dissociation were identified and fitted with Equation (1):

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}A\left(T\right)=\frac{A_{\mu }+A_F{e}^{-\Delta \mathrm{H°}/\mathrm{RT}}{e}^{\Delta \mathrm{S°}/R}}{e^{-\Delta \mathrm{H°}/\mathrm{RT}}{e}^{\Delta \mathrm{S°}/R}+1}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where A.sub.U and A.sub.F represent the absorbance of the unfolded and native GQ RNA, respectively, and R is the universal gas constant.

Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

[0063] RNA samples were prepared with varying KCl concentrations and a constant RNA concentration of 10 μM, followed by heating for 5 minutes at 95° C. and slow cooling to room temperature. Samples were run on 15% or 20% acrylamide gels and visualized using an AlphaImager (ProteinSimple, San Jose, Calif., USA) by UV shadowing at 254 nm. Gels were subsequently stained in N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM), a GQ-specific fluorescent probe, and visualized to determine if the GQ structure formed at various concentrations of KCl. Gel electrophoresis experiments were performed in triplicate (n=3) for each RNA.

Example 1: The G-Rich Region of Pre-miRNA-1229 Folds into a GQ Structure

[0064] The formation of GQ structures in pre-miRNA sequences was proposed to alter the efficiency of miRNA production. Since pre-miRNA-1229 has multiple G-tracts, numbered 1 to 6 in FIG. 1A, the online QGRS Mapper (bioinformatics.ramapo.edu/QGRS/analyze.php) software was used, which predicted that a three-plane GQ structure can form in this pre-miRNA using the G-tracts 2, 3, 4, and 5 (FIGS. 1 A,C). A truncated sequence spanning nucleotides 1-42 of pre-miRNA-1229 that contains the six G-tracts that could participate in GQ structure formation (named pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ, Table 1), was investigated to determine if this G-rich region of pre-miRNA-1229 indeed folds into the predicted GQ structure. With respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B, RNAStructure prediction software (rna.urmc.rochester.edu/RNAstructureWeb/) was used to determine the most likely hairpin structures for full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT (FIG. 1A) and pre-miRNA-1229_SNP (FIG. 1B). G-tracts are numbered and highlighted by shaded boxes. The location of the SNP is indicated with an arrow in both structures. The predicted GQ structure of full-length pre-miRNA-1229 was determined using the online QGRS Mapper software (FIG. 1C). Nucleotides involved in GQ formation are shown and the location of SNP is indicated with an arrow.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 1 RNA sequences used in this study. G-rich areas within pre-miRNA sequences with potential to form G-quadruplex SNP structures are underlined.  The mutation locations are highlighted in bold and italic. SEQ ID NO Name Sequence 1 pre-miRNA- 5′GGGUAGGGUUUGGGGGAGAG GUGGGCUGGGGUUCA 1229_WTGQ GGGACA-3′ 2 Pre-miRNA- 5′GGUGGGUAGGGUUUGGGGGAGAG GUGGGCUGGGG 1229_WTFL UUCAGGGACACCCUCUCACCACUGCCCUCCCACAG 3′ 3 Pre-miRNA- 5′GGGUAGGGUUUGGGGGAGAG GUGGGCUGGGGUUCA 1229_SNPGQ GGGACA-3′ 4 Pre-miRNA- 5′GGUGGGUAGGGUUUGGGGGAGAG GUGGGCUGGGG 1229_SNPFL UUCAGGGACACCCUCUCACCACUGCCCUCCCACAG 3′

[0065] The pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ RNA was characterized using 1D .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy focusing on the imino proton resonance region between 10 and 15 ppm and titrating increasing KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM, as K.sup.+ ions stabilize GQ structures (FIG. 2A). Broad resonances were apparent even at 0 mM KCl in the 10-12 ppm region corresponding to guanine imino protons involved in Hoogsteen base pairs in GQ structures. Another resonance was also evident around 13.3 ppm, within the imino proton region 12-14.5 ppm assigned to imino protons involved in Watson-Crick base pairs (FIG. 2A, bottom spectrum). It was hypothesized that this resonance has arisen from Watson-Crick loop-loop interactions within the GQ structure. Increasing KCl concentrations did not seem to have an effect on the intensity of the resonances in the GQ region (FIG. 2A), indicating that a GQ structure was stably formed even in the absence of K.sup.+. RNA sequences have been shown to form stable GQ structures even in the absence of K.sup.+ ions, while these ions are required for GQ formation in DNA of identical sequence. FIGS. 2A and 2B show biophysical characterization of the truncated pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ sequence for .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, demonstrating the formation of a GQ structure. FIG. 2C showing the UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition at 10 μM RNA in 150 mM KCl was fit using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods), to determine a T.sub.m of −80° C. FIG. 2D shows the T.sub.m values plotted as a function of the RNA concentration revealed that an intramolecular GQ structure is formed. FIG. 2E shows nondenaturing gel electrophoresis visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) dye (right panel), revealing the formation of a GQ structure at all KCl concentrations.

[0066] While both parallel and anti-parallel GQ structures have been observed in DNA, RNA GQs typically only adopt a parallel directionality. To determine the directionality of the GQ structure in pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy experiments were performed. Parallel GQ structures showed a positive band at ˜265 nm and a negative band at ˜240 nm, whereas the signatures of an antiparallel GQ were a positive band at ˜295 nm and a negative band at ˜260 nm. The experiments confirmed that a parallel GQ forms within pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ, as there was observed a positive band at ˜265 nm and a negative one at ˜240 nm. Moreover, the intensity of these bands changed minimally as the KCl concentration was increased (FIG. 2B), consistent with the .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy results (FIG. 2A), indicating that the GQ structure formed by pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ was stable even in the absence of K.sup.+ ions. Helical structures in A-RNA gave rise to a positive band at 260 nm, a negative band at 210 nm, and a small negative CD between 290 and 300 nm. A low intensity negative band at ˜210 nm was observed, however, since the intensity of this band was too low with respect to that of the positive band at 260 nm and a small negative CD between 290 and 300 nm was not observed, the formation of a hairpin structure in pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ was ruled out. Similar to the .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy single resonance at 13.3 ppm, the origin of the 210 nm small intensity band was assigned to Watson-Crick loop-loop interactions within the GQ structure.

[0067] To determine the overall stability of the GQ structure formed in pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ, UV thermal denaturation experiments at 295 nm, wavelength sensitive to GQ structure dissociation, at a fixed KCl concentration of 150 mM and a range of RNA concentrations from 5 to 50 μM were performed. At all RNA concentrations investigated, a single hypochromic transition corresponding to the unfolding of a GQ structure was observed. The melting temperature (T.sub.m) of the GQ structure at each RNA concentration was determined by fitting this hypochromic transition with Equation (1) (Materials and Methods) (FIG. 2C) to be ˜80° C. at all RNA concentrations investigated (FIG. 2D), indicating that pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ formed an intramolecular GQ structure.

[0068] The pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ was then analyzed by 20% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at various KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM (FIG. 2E). A main band was observed at each KCl concentration when the gel was visualized by UV shadowing (FIG. 2E, left panel). This band stained in N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM), a GQ-specific dye (FIG. 2E, right panel), revealing that it corresponds to a GQ structure. Additionally, a lower band became clearly visible in the NMM stained gel, indicating the formation of an alternate GQ structure. While FIG. 1C depicts the most stable GQ structure predicted by the QGRS Mapper software, multiple GQ structures could be formed in pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ because it contains six G-tracts and only four of these are required for the formation of a GQ structure. A negative control RNA that cannot form a GQ structure (NoGQ) was visible when the gel was visualized by UV shadowing (FIG. 2E, left panel), but absent when stained with NMM (FIG. 2E, right panel). Taken together, the results from these biophysical studies confirm the formation of a parallel, intramolecular GQ structure with a T.sub.m of ˜80° C. in 150 mM KCl in the truncated pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ sequence.

Example 2: Full-Length Pre-miRNA-1229 Forms a GQ Structure that Coexists in Equilibrium with an Extended Hairpin Structure

[0069] These experiments investigated if the GQ structure formed by the G-rich region of pre-miRNA-1229 is retained within the full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT sequence (pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL, Table 1), where additional nucleotides past position 42 compete for the formation of the canonical extended hairpin structure. 1D.sup.1H NMR spectroscopy experiments were performed to monitor secondary structure formation by observing the imino proton resonance region while titrating increasing KCl concentrations (FIG. 3A). Multiple resonances between 12 and 14.5 ppm, which indicate the formation of a hairpin structure, were observed for pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL, these resonances being absent in pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ (compare FIGS. 2A and 3A). The broadness of these resonances could be due to the size of the RNA investigated, but it could also indicate possible exchange between different conformations. Sharper resonances on a broad envelope background were also observed in the range of 10-12 ppm. As discussed above, resonances in the range of 10-12 ppm were assigned to guanine imino protons involved in Hoogsteen base pairs in GQ structures. However, in sequences that cannot form GQ structures, sharper resonances in these regions were assigned to GU wobble base pairs or side-by-side GG/GA base pairs, while broader resonances were assigned to unpaired G or U imino protons located in hairpin loops. Moreover, although Watson-Crick imino protons are observed typically in the range of 12-14.5 ppm, there are instances where the imino proton of a guanine involved in a GC base pair immediate to an internal loop could give rise to a resonance around 11.9 ppm. The predicted extended hairpin structure of pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL (FIG. 1A) contained internal loops where GG or GA base pairs could form, unpaired G and U residues in the terminal loop, as well as GC Watson-Crick base pairs immediately adjacent to internal loops, all of which could give rise to the sharper resonances observed in the 10-12 ppm region. The presence of a broader envelope resonance centered around 11 ppm, visible especially upon addition of higher KCl concentrations, suggested also the presence of a GQ structure (FIG. 3A). However, the GQ structure signatures become clearly visible only once the sample was annealed in the presence of 150 mM KCl, as the intensity of the broad resonance around 11 ppm increased with the concomitant decrease of the resonances in the Watson-Crick imino proton region (FIG. 3A, top spectrum). These results indicate that pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL formed a GQ structure coexisting in equilibrium with a hairpin structure, with the GQ structure being stabilized by annealing the RNA in the presence of KCl. With respect to FIGS. 3A-3D, biophysical characterization of the full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL sequence is shown. FIGS. 3A and 3B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, revealing an equilibrium between hairpin and GQ structures after annealing the RNA in 150 mM KCl. The UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition shown in FIG. 3C at 10 μM RNA in 100 mM KCl was fit using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods), to determine a T.sub.m of ˜85° C. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis shown in FIG. 3D is visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye, revealing the formation of multiple GQ structures.

[0070] CD spectroscopy experiments were performed for pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL at varying KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM (FIG. 3B), revealing a positive band at ˜265 nm, a negative band at ˜235 nm, an intense negative band at 210 nm, and a small negative CD between 290 and 300 nm. These bands, which did not change significantly with the KCl titrations, were consistent with the presence of both a hairpin and a GQ structure coexisting in equilibrium. Additionally, consistent with .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy results (FIG. 3A, top spectrum), only when the sample was annealed at 95° C. in 150 mM KCl was a noticeable difference observed in the CD spectrum, with an increase in the intensity of the positive band at ˜265 nm and a decrease in the intensity of the negative band at ˜210 nm, indicating a shift of the equilibrium towards the GQ structure.

[0071] UV thermal denaturation experiments were performed at 295 nm to determine the stability of the GQ structure formed within the pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL sequence. A hypochromic transition corresponding to GQ structure dissociation was observed between 79 and 95° C., and a hyperchromic transition was observed between 46 and 79° C., corresponding to the hairpin structure dissociation (FIG. 3C). These experiments were performed in the presence of 100 mM KCl, as at 150 mM KCl, the GQ structure was too stable, resulting in an incomplete hypochromic transition (data not shown). The GQ dissociation transition was fit using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods) (FIG. 3C) to determine a T.sub.m of ˜85° C.

[0072] To further characterize the equilibrium between the hairpin and GQ structures in pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL, 15% nondenaturing gel electrophoresis at various concentrations of KCl (FIG. 3D) was performed. When the gel was visualized by UV shadowing, a single main band was evident at all concentrations of KCl, with very faint upper bands also apparent (FIG. 3D, left panel). When the gel was stained in the GQ-specific NMM dye, the main band stained, but multiple upper bands and a lower band also became clearly visible (FIG. 3D, right panel), indicating the presence of multiple GQ structure conformations due to the presence of six G-tracts in the sequence (FIG. 1A), as well as possible stacking interactions between GQ structures.

[0073] The results from these biophysical characterization studies showed that GQ structures were retained in the context of the full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL sequence, which coexist in equilibrium with the canonical extended hairpin structure. Additionally, while the GQ structure can form in the absence of K.sup.+ ions, it was stabilized by annealing the RNA in the presence of 150 mM KCl (FIG. 3A).

[0074] To monitor the equilibrium between the GQ and hairpin structures in ionic conditions closer to physiological conditions, 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 was added to the NMR sample previously annealed in the presence of 150 mM KCl (FIG. 4A, bottom spectrum), acquiring time-dependent spectra over the course of 6 days, during which time the sample was incubated at 37° C. (FIG. 4). Mg.sup.2+ ions stabilize various RNA structures, including hairpins, and this was observed for pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL since the imino proton resonances corresponding to Watson-Crick base pairs became sharper over time (FIG. 4A). However, the broad resonances centered around 11 ppm, corresponding to guanine imino protons engaged in Hoogsteen base pairs in the GQ structure, increased in intensity, suggesting that the equilibrium was shifted towards the GQ structure over time (FIG. 4A and overlay of spectra in FIG. 4B).

[0075] These studies together show for the first time that a GQ structure coexists in equilibrium with a hairpin structure within the G-rich pre-miRNA-1229 sequence. GQ structure formation within pre-miRNAs has been previously shown to reduce the levels of mature miRNA production, thus, the results suggest that the GQ structure within pre-miRNA-1229 could provide a fine-tuning control mechanism for the production of mature miRNA-1229. The results of this study have implications for AD, as the mature miRNA-1229 has been shown to regulate the translation of SORL1, a protein whose downregulated expression has been shown to result in APP being sorted into Aβ-generating pathways. Thus, the GQ structure characterized within pre-miRNA-1229 could potentially become a therapeutic target in AD, as molecules that stabilize it could ultimately reduce the levels of mature miRNA-1229. FIG. 4A shows time-dependent .sup.1H NMR spectra of full-length pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL in the presence of 150 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2. After approximately 140 h, the GQ structure is the preferred structure, as indicated by the increased intensity of the imino proton resonances corresponding to Hoogsteen base pairs in the GQ structure compared to those assigned to Watson-Crick imino proton resonances. An overlay of the spectra is shown in FIG. 4B.

Example 3: The GQ Structure Formed by the G-Rich Region of Pre-miRNA-1229 is Retained in the AD-Associated rs2291418 Variant

[0076] Ghanbari et al. (Sci. Rep. 2016, 6: 28387) demonstrated not only that miRNA-1229 is implicated in AD by regulating the translation of SORL1, but also that the pre-miRNA-1229 variant rs2291418 (cytosine to uracil in the RNA, indicated by arrows in FIGS. 1B-1C), which results in increased levels of mature miRNA-1229-3p, is associated with AD. Given that the rs2291418 SNP is located within the G-rich region of pre-miRNA-1229 (arrows in FIGS. 1A-1C), the present inventors hypothesized that this variant could potentially change the equilibrium between the GQ and hairpin structures within pre-miRNA-1229 and consequently, dysregulate the control of the mature miRNA-1229 production. Similar to investigation of the truncated 42-nt pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ, a truncated pre-miRNA-1229_SNP sequence (named pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ, Table 1) was generated and characterized using similar biophysical techniques. .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy experiments of pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ revealed broad imino proton resonances centered around 11 ppm which increased in intensity as KCl was titrated in the sample (FIG. 5A), indicative of the formation of a GQ structure that is stabilized by K.sup.+ ions. No resonances were observed in the region corresponding to Watson-Crick imino protons as was observed for the truncated WT sequence (compare FIGS. 2A and 5A), suggesting that the rs2291418 SNP disrupted the loop-loop interactions that were occurring within the wild-type sequence. FIGS. 5A-5D show biophysical characterization of the truncated pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ sequence. FIGS. 5A and 5B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5, demonstrating the formation of a GQ structure. The UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition shown in FIG. 5C at 10 μM RNA in 150 mM KCl was fit using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods), to determine a T.sub.m of ˜78° C. The T.sub.m values plotted as a function of the RNA concentration shown in FIG. 5D revealed that an intramolecular GQ structure is formed. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis shown in FIG. 5E, visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye (right panel), reveals the formation of a GQ structure at all KCl concentrations.

[0077] The directionality of the GQ structure formed by pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ was analyzed using CD spectroscopy (FIG. 5B), while titrating KCl in the range of 0-150 mM. The signature positive band at ˜265 nm and negative band at ˜240 nm corresponding to a parallel GQ were evident at all concentrations of KCl, and a noticeable increase in band intensity was observed upon the addition of 10 mM KCl, indicating further stabilization of this GQ structure by K.sup.+ ions and consistent with the .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy results (FIG. 5A). These results differed from the pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ results (compare FIGS. 2B and 5B), as the GQ formed within that sequence was stable even in the absence of K.sup.+ ions. Moreover, the small intensity negative band at 210 nm observed for pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ (FIG. 2B) was absent from the spectra of pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ (FIG. 5B), suggesting the absence of loop-loop interactions within the GQ structure formed within this sequence and consistent with the .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy results.

[0078] To determine the stability of the GQ structure formed by pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ, UV thermal denaturation experiments were performed at a fixed KCl concentration of 150 mM and RNA concentrations in the range of 5-50 μM. At all RNA concentrations, a single hypochromic transition corresponding to GQ structure dissociation was observed which was fit (FIG. 5C) using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods) to determine an average T.sub.m of ˜78° C. As with the wild-type pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ sequence, the GQ melting temperatures did not depend on the RNA concentration, indicating that pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ formed an intramolecular GQ structure (FIG. 5D). The T.sub.m values of the GQ structures formed by the wild-type and SNP truncated sequences of pre-miRNA-1229 were almost identical at 150 mM KCl, suggesting that the additional stabilization observed for the GQ structure formed by pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ originated from loop-loop interactions, potentially involving the mutated cytosine to uracil residue, interactions that were absent in pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ.

[0079] Then, 20% nondenaturing gel electrophoresis (FIG. 5E) was performed at various KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM. At each KCl concentration, a single main band was evident when the gel was visualized by UV shadowing (FIG. 5E, left panel). This band was also present when the gel was stained by NMM (FIG. 5E, right panel), indicating that it corresponded to a GQ structure. An additional lower band was also present in the NMM stained gel, indicating the formation of alternative GQ structures, as was seen with pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ (FIG. 2E).

[0080] Taken together, these results show that a parallel, intramolecular GQ structure formed within pre-miRNA-1229_SNP GQ, but this structure lacked the loop-loop interactions that stabilize the GQ structure formed within the wild-type pre-miRNA-1229_WT GQ sequence.

Example 4: The AD-Associated rs2291418 Mutation Within the Full-Length Pre-miRNA-1229 Shifts the Equilibrium from the GO Structure to the Extended Hairpin Structure

[0081] To determine if the GQ structure was retained in the full-length rs2291418 pre-miRNA-1229 sequence, the full 70-nucleotide sequence (named pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL, Table 1) was characterized. Similar to the full-length WT sequence, H NMR spectroscopy experiments (FIG. 6A, bottom spectrum) revealed imino proton resonances in both the GQ and Watson-Crick imino proton regions. The resonances in the Watson-Crick region were well defined and sharper than those observed for pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL at all concentrations (compare FIGS. 3A and 6A), indicating a stable hairpin structure formation. There was also observed sharper resonances in the 10-12 ppm region (FIG. 6A) that could have originated from GG base pairs within internal loops, unpaired G and U residues present in the terminal loop, as well as GC Watson-Crick base pairs adjacent to internal loops of pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL (FIG. 1B). However, in contrast to the spectra of pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL, these resonances had a completely flat baseline even at 150 mM KCl concentrations. Only when the sample was annealed at 150 mM KCl did broad envelope resonances appear clearly in the 10-12 pm region, with the concomitant decrease in intensity of the Watson-Crick resonances, indicating that a GQ structure did not stably form in pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL until the sample was annealed in the presence of K.sup.+ ions.

[0082] To determine the directionality of the GQ structure formed in pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL, CD spectroscopy experiments were performed at KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM (FIG. 6B). A positive band at ˜265 nm, a negative band at ˜235 nm, a negative band at ˜210 nm, and a small negative CD between 290 and 300 nm were observed, consistent with the presence of a hairpin structure. The presence of a GQ structure was not ruled out based solely on the CD data since the signature bands of a parallel GQ structure overlap to some extent with those of an A-type hairpin structure. However, the annealing of the sample in the presence of 150 mM KCl caused an increase of the intensity of the positive band at ˜265 nm with a concomitant decrease of the intensity of the negative band at ˜210 nm and a shift of the negative band from 235 to 240 nm, indicating the formation of a stable GQ structure which coexisted with the hairpin structure. These results are similar to those from the .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy experiments which showed that a stable GQ structure did not form in pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL until the sample was annealed in the presence of K.sup.+ ions.

[0083] UV thermal denaturation experiments were performed (FIG. 6C) at 100 mM KCl to determine the stability of the GQ structure formed within pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL. Similar to pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL, a hyperchromic transition corresponding to hairpin dissociation and a hypochromic transition corresponding to the GQ structure unfolding were observed (FIG. 6C, left). The hypochromic transition was fitted with Equation (1) (Materials and Methods) to determine a T.sub.m of ˜86° C. (FIG. 6C, right), which was comparable with the T.sub.m of the GQ structure formed by pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL. FIGS. 6A-6D shown biophysical characterization of the full-length pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL sequence. FIGS. 6A and 6B show .sup.1H NMR spectra and CD spectra, respectively, at various KCl concentrations in 10 mM cacodylic acid, pH 6.5 reveal an equilibrium between hairpin and GQ structures after annealing the RNA in 150 mM KCl. UV thermal denaturation hypochromic transition shown in FIG. 6C at 10 μM RNA in 100 mM KCl was fit using Equation (1) (Materials and Methods), to determine a T.sub.m of ˜86° C. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis shown in FIG. 6D visualized by UV shadow (left panel) and stained with the GQ-specific NMM dye (right panel), reveals the formation of multiple GQ structures as well as a hairpin structure.

[0084] A 15% nondenaturing gel electrophoresis was performed at various KCl concentrations in the range of 0-150 mM (FIG. 6D). When the gel was visualized by UV shadowing (FIG. 6D, left panel), a single main band was observed at 0 mM KCl, whereas a second, upper band was clearly visible with the addition of just 5 mM KCl (compare FIG. 6D lanes 1 and 2). As the concentration of KCl in the sample increased, the primary band seen at 0 mM KCl decreased in intensity, indicating an equilibrium between competing structures. When the gel was stained in NMM (FIG. 6D, right panel), the main band clearly observed at 0 mM KCl by UV shadowing stained faintly, indicating that a GQ structure formed. Since all the RNA samples were annealed prior to their loading on the gel, the annealing could have promoted formation of the GQ structures even at 0 mM KCl. Upon the addition of increasing KCl concentrations, the additional upper band observed when the gel was visualized by UV shadowing also stained in NMM, indicating that it originated from a GQ structure (FIG. 6E, right panel). Additional fainter upper bands and a lower band were also apparent in the NMM stained gel, indicating alternative GQ structures and/or GQ stacking interactions, as was observed with pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL (FIG. 3E, right panel). These results confirmed that pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL exists in equilibrium between a hairpin and GQ structures with the GQ conformations being stabilized when the RNA was annealed at 150 mM KCl.

[0085] To monitor the equilibrium between the GQ and hairpin structure in pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL in conditions that stabilize the hairpin conformation, time-dependent .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy experiments were performed in the presence of 150 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2 (FIG. 7A), while the sample was incubated at 37° C. In the presence of Mg′ ions, there was a stabilization of the hairpin structure reflected by sharper Watson-Crick imino proton resonances between 12 and 14.5 pm, however, the GQ broad imino proton resonances that centered around 11 ppm decreased over time (FIG. 7A and overlay of spectra in FIG. 7B), indicating that the equilibrium shifted towards the hairpin structure. In contrast, the time-dependent .sup.1H NMR spectroscopy experiments for pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL (compare to FIG. 4) indicated that the equilibrium shifted over time towards the GQ structure. FIG. 7A shows time-dependent NMR spectra of full-length pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL in the presence of 150 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl.sub.2. After 166 h, the hairpin structure is the preferred structure, as noted by the increased intensity of the Watson-Crick imino proton resonances compared to the decreased intensity of the imino proton resonances assigned to Hoogsteen base pairs in the GQ structure. An overlay of the spectra is shown in FIG. 7B.

[0086] The results indicate that while a hairpin and GQ structure coexist within the pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL sequence, the hairpin structure is ultimately favored in the rs2291418 AD-associated variant.

[0087] It was proposed that the observed increased levels of miRNA-1229-3p in the AD-associated rs2291418 SNP within pre-miRNA-1229 are due to the stabilization of the hairpin structure by the SNP. The predicted value of the minimum free energy of the SNP hairpin was ΔG°=−36.10 kcal/mol, whereas that of the WT was ΔG°=−31.90 kcal/mol. However, herein, when the pre-miRNA-1229_WT FL and pre-miRNA-1229_SNP FL were folded with the RNAStructure software (FIG. 1A,C), the two hairpin structures were predicted to have free energies of ΔG°=−36.0 kcal/mol and ΔG°=−36.7 kcal/mol, respectively, which differed only by 0.7 kcal/mol. Both of the wild-type and SNP pre-miRNA-1229 sequences formed GQ structures that coexisted in equilibrium with the canonical extended hairpin structure, and the GQ structure was destabilized in the rs2291418 variant, potentially due to the lack of loop-loop interactions, resulting in a shift in equilibrium towards the hairpin structure.

[0088] Investigating the molecular pathways and key mechanistic steps involved in AD pathogenesis is vital for the development of therapeutic interventions for the disease. Research in the field has shifted focus to the involvement of noncoding miRNAs in AD due to their contributions in regulating gene expression, Aβ and tau protein maintenance, inflammation, and cell death. A recent study suggested that miRNA-107 plays a neuroprotective role in AD progression and that its expression levels are reduced in an Aβ-induced AD model. Furthermore, a mechanism has been proposed in which the long noncoding RNA (IncRNA) NEAT1 binds to miRNA-107, leading to this downregulation. In this study, pre-miRNA-1229 was investigated due to the association of the rs2291418 variant with AD and subsequent upregulation of miRNA-1229-3p production, and a GQ structure present in both the wild-type and rs2291418 variant that is a new therapeutic target in AD was identified.

[0089] These results have implications beyond the AD context, as multiple other studies have determined that the upregulation of miRNA-1229 can be associated with various other diseases. Expression levels of miRNA-1229 were found to be correlated with increased severity of coronary artery calcification and increased tumor size in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, miRNA-1229 overexpression has been proposed to promote cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in breast cancer.

[0090] Thus, a mechanism in which the pre-miRNA-1229 equilibrium between GQ and extended hairpin structures is altered in the rs2291418 variant is proposed, potentially explaining the increased mature miRNA-1229-3p production observed in the AD-linked variant. Based on the results, RNA structure can potentially have downstream effects in disease pathogenesis, and GQ structures such as that found in pre-miRNA-1229, could ultimately be therapeutically targeted for intervention purposes.

[0091] Collectively, the biophysical characterization experiments performed in this study determined that pre-miRNA-1229 formed a GQ structure which coexisted in equilibrium with an extended hairpin structure. Described herein are G-rich pre-miRNA sequences shown to form GQ structures that could interfere with their processing by Dicer and the production of mature miRNA, ultimately providing a fine-tuned mechanism for regulating translation. Furthermore, the results show that while in the WT pre-miRNA-1229 the GQ structure is preferred, in the AD-associated rs2291418 pre-miRNA-1229 variant the equilibrium is shifted towards the extended hairpin structure which can be processed by Dicer, possibly explaining the observed increased production of the mature miRNA-1229-3p in this variant. The results elucidate a role of RNA secondary structure equilibrium in the AD pathogenesis and warrant therapeutic targeting of GQ structures.

Example 5: Stabilization of Wild Type Pre-miRNA-1229 or the Rs2291418 Variant

[0092] The GQ structure formed by either the wild type pre-miRNA-1229 or by the rs2291418 variant (cytosine to uracil in the RNA) are targeted for stabilization over the hairpin structure with which it is in equilibrium. This results in producing less of the mature miRNA-1229, as when folded in the GQ structure, pre-miRNA-1229 cannot be processed by Dicer.

[0093] GQ structures can be stabilized by modified PNAs (gamma PNAs) that are complementary to and target flanking sequences (for specificity) and two of the G repeats that are involved in the GQ formation. Thus, to target the pre-miRNA-1229 GQ structure the following PNA sequences are used (the bolded C repeats target the G repeats forming the GQ):

TABLE-US-00008 1. PNA1 GQ-1229 H.sub.2N-LysAGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA-H (SEQ ID NO: 5; targets G repeats 3 and 4) 2. PNA2 GQ-1229 H.sub.2N-LysUGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU-H (SEQ ID NO: 6; targets G repeats 4 and 5) 3. PNA3 GQ-1229 H.sub.2N-LysGGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC-H (SEQ ID NO: 7; targets G repeats 5 and 6)

[0094] The pre-miRNA-1229 GQ structure is also targeted with 2′-deoxy 2′-fluoroarabino (2′-FANA) oligonucleotides comprising the following sequences:

TABLE-US-00009 (SEQ ID NO: 8) AGCCCACGCUCUCCCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) UGAACCCCAGCCCACGCUCU; and (SEQ ID NO: 10) GGGUGUCCCUGAACCCCAGC.

[0095] The FANA oligonucleotides have the ability to penetrate the cell membrane by gymnosis, which is the process by which antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are delivered to cells, in the absence of any carriers or conjugation, making them excellent drug candidates.

[0096] Additionally, the GQ structure formed by either the wild type pre-miRNA-1229 or by the rs2291418 variant are targeted by small molecules which are identified through using a small molecule microarray (SMM) high throughput screening platform.

* * *

[0097] All publications and patents referred to herein are incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described subject matter will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to these embodiments. Indeed, various modifications for carrying out the invention are obvious to those skilled in the art and are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.