METHOD FOR CANCER SCREENING USING CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLE
20230332238 · 2023-10-19
Inventors
- Guolin Zhong (Shenzhen, CN)
- Mao Mao (Shenzhen, CN)
- Yan Chen (Shenzhen, CN)
- Shiyong Li (Shenzhen, CN)
- Yumin Feng (Shenzhen, CN)
- Wei Wu (Shenzhen, CN)
Cpc classification
C12N15/1065
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
G01N33/57484
PHYSICS
C12N15/1003
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
Abstract
The disclosure relates to a method for separating circulating free nucleic acid (e.g., circulating free DNA, cfDNA) from capillary blood sample (e.g., capillary blood plasma) and methods of determining and/or assessing the risk of cancer in a subject.
Claims
1. A method of isolating circulating free nucleic acid from a capillary blood plasma sample, the method comprising: (1) diluting no more than 500 μL of capillary blood plasma sample to a final volume of about 1 mL using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), thereby obtaining a diluted capillary blood plasma sample; (2) lysing the diluted capillary blood plasma sample using protease K and buffer ACL, thereby obtaining a lysed capillary blood plasma sample; (3) mixing the lysed capillary blood plasma sample with a binding buffer; (4) loading the mixture in step (3) to a silica membrane column, to allow the binding of DNA to the silica membrane column; (5) washing and drying the silica membrane column bound by DNA in step (4); (6) eluting the DNA bound to the silica membrane column using 50-100 μL, preferably 50-60 μL of nuclease-free water (ddH.sub.2O), thereby obtaining an eluted sample; (7) loading the eluted sample to the silica membrane column, thereby obtaining the circulating free nucleic acid from the capillary blood sample.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lysing comprises: (a) mixing the protease K, a carrier RNA, a lysis buffer, and the diluted capillary blood plasma sample, (b) incubating the mixture of (a) for about 30 minutes at about 60° C., wherein the diluted capillary blood plasma sample has a volume of about 0.5-1.5 mL, the protease K has a volume of about 80-120 μL, the lysis buffer has a volume of about 750-850 μL, and the carrier RNA is used in an amount of about 0.5-1.5 μg.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture in step (3) is incubated on ice for about 5 minutes before step (4), and/or the drying of step (5) is performed in a metal bath under 56° C. for about 10 minutes.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises detecting and/or quantifying one or more protein tumor markers, wherein the protein tumor markers are selected from CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma sample is obtained using the following steps: (i) collecting no more than 500 μL of capillary blood using a tube containing K2-EDTA anticoagulant; (ii) performing centrifugation on the capillary blood under 1600 g and 4° C. for about 10 minutes, collecting the supernatant and removing the blood cells; (iii) performing centrifugation on the supernatant obtained in step (ii) under 16000 g for about 10 minutes, collecting the supernatant and removing impurities including cell debris, thereby obtaining the plasma.
6. A method for preparing a circulating free nucleic acid sequencing library from a capillary blood sample, the method comprising: (a) end repairing and A-tailing the circulating free nucleic acid of claim 1, thereby obtaining A-tailed circulating free nucleic acid, wherein the starting amount of the circulating free nucleic acid is about 0.5-2.5 ng; (b) ligating an adapter to the A-tail of the circulating nucleic acid, thereby obtaining an adapter-ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid; (c) amplifying the adapter-tagged nucleic acid in the library.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein in step (b), the concentration of adapter can be determined using the formula:
(C.sub.iV.sub.i):(M.sub.j/(2L.sub.jMW.sub.j))=about 100:1˜200:1 (e.g., about 162:1), wherein C.sub.i is the molarity of the adapter, V.sub.i is the volume of the adapter, M.sub.j is the mass of the input cfDNA, L.sub.j is the length of the input cfDNA, and MW.sub.j is the molecular weight of the dNTP; and/or in step (c), the number of PCR cycles can be determined using the formula:
M.sub.iCR.sub.iAR.sub.iPR.sub.i1PR.sub.i2(2.sup.n−2n)=M.sub.j wherein M.sub.i is the mass of input DNA, CR.sub.i is the library conversion efficiency, AR.sub.i is the PCR amplification rate, PR.sub.i1 is the purification rate of the ligation products, PR.sub.i2 is the purification rate of the PCR products, n is the PCR cycle, and M.sub.j is the mass of the PCR product.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein in step (b), when the starting amount of the circulating free nucleic acid is not less than 0.5 ng and less than 1 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the ligation is about 100-200 nM; when the starting amount of the circulating free nucleic acid is not less than 1 ng and less than 2.5 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the ligation is 700-800 nM; and/or wherein in step (c), when the starting amount of the circulating free nucleic acid is not less than 0.5 ng and less than 1 ng, the amplification is performed for 10-15 rounds; when the starting amount of the circulating free nucleic acid is not less than 1 ng and less than 2.5 ng, the amplification is performed for 8-12 rounds.
9. A method of sequencing circulating free nucleic acid in a capillary blood sample, the method comprising: preparing a sequencing library using the method of claim 6; and sequencing the library thereby obtaining sequencing data.
10. The method of claim 9, the method further comprises: analyzing the sequencing data to obtain information on genetic copy number variation and fragmentation pattern of the nucleic acid.
11. A method of detecting or assessing the risk of cancer in a subject, the method comprising: (1) obtaining no more than 500 μL of a capillary blood plasma sample in the subject; (2) diluting no more than 100 μL of plasma to obtain a diluted plasma sample, wherein the plasma is diluted about 1 to about 5 folds (preferably 4 folds); (3) analyzing the diluted plasma sample to detect and/or quantify one or more protein tumor markers; wherein the protein tumor markers are one or more of CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1; (4) sequencing and analyzing circulating free nucleic acid in the remaining plasma sample to obtain information on gene copy number variation and fragmentation pattern; and (5) detecting and/or assessing the risk of cancer in the subject based on the detection of the protein tumor markers, information on gene copy number variation and the fragmentation pattern.
12. A device for sequencing the circulating free nucleic acid from capillary blood sample, the device comprising: a device for preparing a sequencing library for carrying out the method of claim 6; and a sequencing device for sequencing the library to obtain sequencing data.
13. The device of claim 12, further comprising: a device for analyzing the sequencing data to obtain information on gene copy number variation and fragmentation pattern.
14. A system for determining the probability of having cancer in a subject, the system comprising: a device to obtain no more than 500 μL of capillary blood plasma sample; a protein analyzing device, the device is designed to: dilute no more than 100 μL, preferably 80 μL of the plasma sample, thereby obtaining a diluted plasma sample, wherein the sample is diluted 1-5 times; and detect protein tumor markers in the diluted plasma sample, wherein the protein tumor markers are one or more of CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1; a device for sequencing and analyzing circulating free nucleic acid in the rest of the capillary blood plasma sample, to obtain information on gene copy number variation and fragmentation pattern; a device for analyzing the results of the detection of the protein tumor markers, gene copy number variation and fragmentation pattern, thereby obtaining the probability of having cancer in a subject.
15. A sequencing library, prepared by the method of claim 6.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the circulating free nucleic acid is circulating free DNA (cfDNA).
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the capillary blood plasma sample is obtained from a subject having cancer, and cfDNA isolated from every 100 μL of blood sample is about 0.5-100 ng.
18. The method of claim 6, further comprising one or more purifying step(s) of the ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid to remove excess adapters.
19. The method claim 18, wherein the purifying step(s) is performed using magnetic beads.
20. The method claim 19, wherein the ratio of the volume of the magnetic beads and the volume of the ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid is about 0.8:1.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0063] The disclosure provides a simple and convenient blood collection operation, less blood consumption, low-cost cancer screening method, to facilitate cancer screening method based on the next-generation sequencing to be more easily accepted by the public.
[0064] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of extracting/isolating circulating free nucleic acid from the capillary blood. The method includes the steps of (1) fixing the volume of the capillary blood plasma to 1 mL by adding PBS so as to obtain a plasma diluent; (2) carrying out lysis treatment on the plasma diluent by using protease K and buffer ACL (QIAGEN) so as to obtain lysis solution; (3) mixing the lysis solution with binding buffer solution; (4) loading a mixture obtained in the step (3) to a silica gel membrane column, and enabling the silica-gel membrane column to adsorb DNA; (5) sequentially cleaning and drying the silica-gel membrane column adsorbed with the DNA obtained in the step (4); (6) carrying out primary elution treatment on the silica gel membrane column adsorbed with the DNA by using nuclease-free water so as to obtain a primary eluent; and (7) carrying out secondary elution treatment on the silica gel membrane column subjected to primary elution by utilizing the primary eluent so as to obtain a solution containing the circulating free nucleic acid. Optionally, adjust 50 μL˜500 μL of plasma to 1 mL by adding PBS at step (1).
[0065] Also provided herein is a method of isolating circulating free nucleic acid from a capillary blood plasma sample, the method comprising: [0066] (1) diluting no more than 500 μL of capillary blood plasma sample to a final volume of about 0.5-1.5 mL (preferably 1 mL) using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), thereby obtaining a diluted capillary blood plasma sample; [0067] (2) lysing the diluted capillary blood plasma sample using protease K and buffer ACL, thereby obtaining a lysed capillary blood plasma sample; [0068] (3) mixing the lysed capillary blood plasma sample with a binding buffer; [0069] (4) loading the mixture in step (3) to a silica membrane column, to allow the binding of DNA to the silica membrane column; [0070] (5) washing and drying the silica membrane column bound by DNA in step (4); [0071] (6) eluting the DNA bound to the silica membrane column using 50-100 μL, preferably 50-60 μL of nuclease-free water (ddH.sub.2O), thereby obtaining an eluted sample; [0072] (7) loading the eluted sample to the silica membrane column, thereby obtaining the circulating free nucleic acid.
[0073] In some embodiments, the washing and/or the eluting steps are repeated one or more times. In some embodiments, steps (5) and (6) are repeated one or more times using the loaded silica membrane column in step (4).
[0074] In some embodiments, the first elution treatment and the secondary elution treatment are performed independently by centrifugation at 200,000 g for about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the first elution treatment and the secondary elution treatment are performed independently by centrifugation at 200,000 g for about 1 minute. One of the advantages of the methods described herein is that sufficient nucleic acid samples can be obtained from relatively low levels of capillary blood. The sequencing results of circulating free DNA library indicate that the results obtained by the method are consistent with the test results of venous peripheral blood. So, the disclosure provides a simple and convenient blood collection operation, less blood consumption, low-cost cancer screening method, to facilitate cancer screening method based on the next-generation sequencing to be more easily accepted by the public.
[0075] In some embodiments, the lysis treatment further comprises: mixing protease K, carrier RNA, lysis buffer, and plasma dilution, incubating the mixture for about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or more minutes at about 60° C. In some embodiments, the lysis treatment further comprises: mixing protease K, carrier RNA, lysis buffer, and plasma dilution, incubating the mixture for about 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 minutes at about 60° C.
[0076] In some embodiments, the amount of protease K is about 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 or 150 μl; the amount of lysis buffer is about 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 μl; and the amount of carrier RNA is about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 μg for every 1 mL plasma diluent extraction.
[0077] In some embodiments, the lysis step (2) includes: (a) mixing the protease K, a carrier RNA, a lysis buffer, and the diluted capillary blood plasma sample, (b) incubating the mixture of (a) for about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 minutes at about 60° C., wherein the diluted capillary blood plasma sample has a volume of about 0.5-1 mL, the protease K has a volume of about 80-120 μL, the lysis buffer has a volume of about 750-850 μL, and the carrier RNA is used in an amount of about 0.5-1.5 μg.
[0078] In some embodiments, the amount of protease K is about 100 μl; the amount of lysis buffer is about 800 μl; and the amount of carrier RNA is about 1.0 μg for every 1 mL plasma diluent extraction.
[0079] In some embodiments, the mixture obtained in step (3) is pre-incubated on ice for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 minutes before performing step (4). In some embodiments, the mixture obtained in step (3) is pre-incubated on ice for about 5 minutes before performing step (4).
[0080] The drying treatment can be carried out in any suitable temperature. In some embodiments, in step (5), the drying treatment is carried out in a metal bath at about 56° C.
[0081] In some embodiments, the plasma is obtained following these steps: (i) using a K2-EDTA anticoagulant blood collection tube to collect about 50 μL to about 1000 μL of capillary blood sample. Preferably, 500 μL of capillary blood sample is obtained. Preferably, the collection tube is BD microtainer; (ii) The capillary blood is centrifuged at about 1,600 g of about 4° C. for about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 minutes, then transferring the supernatant. (iii) The supernatant obtained in step (ii) is centrifuged at about 16,000 g of about 4° C. for about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 minutes to further remove cell fragments and other impurities.
[0082] In some embodiments, the plasma is obtained following these steps: (i) using a K2-EDTA anticoagulant blood collection tube to collect about 50 μL to about 1000 μL of capillary blood sample. Preferably, 500 μL of capillary blood sample is obtained. Preferably, the collection tube is BD microtainer; (ii) The capillary blood is centrifuged at 1,600 g of 4° C. for about 10 minutes, then transferring the supernatant. (iii) The supernatant obtained in step (ii) is centrifuged at 16,000 g of 4° C. for about 10 minutes to further remove cell fragments and other impurities.
[0083] In some embodiments, the capillary blood plasma sample is obtained from a subject having cancer. In some embodiments, the capillary blood plasma sample is obtained from a subject that does not have cancer.
[0084] The volume of the blood sample in the methods described herein can be, for example, about 10 μL to about 5000 μL, about 50 μL to about 5000 μL, about 100 μL to about 5000 μL, about 500 μL to about 5000 μL, about 1000 μL to about 5000 μL, about 100 μL to about 3000 μL, about 500 μL to about 3000 μL, about 1000 μL to about 3000 μL, about 100 μL to about 1000 μL, about 100 μL to about 500 μL, about 200 μL to about 500 μL, about 300 μL to about 500 μL, or about 400 μL to about 500 μL.
[0085] In some embodiments, the volume of the capillary blood sample in the methods described herein is about 50 μL, about 100 μL, about 150 μL, about 200 μL, about 250 μL, about 300 μL, about 350 μL, about 400 μL, about 450 μL, about 500 μL, about 550 μL, about 600 μL, about 650 μL, about 700 μL, about 750 μL, about 850 μL, about 900 μL, about 950 μL, or about 1000 μL.
[0086] In some embodiments, about 5 μL, about 10 μL, about 15 μL, about 20 μL, about 25 μL, about 30 μL, about 35 μL, about 40 μL, about 45 μL, about 50 μL, about 100 μL, about 150 μL, about 200 μL, about 250 μL, about 300 μL, about 350 μL, about 400 μL, about 450 μL, about 500 μL, about 550 μL, about 600 μL, about 650 μL, about 700 μL, about 750 μL, about 850 μL, about 900 μL, about 950 μL, or about 1000 μL of plasma sample is obtained from the capillary blood sample.
[0087] The methods described herein provides a simple and effective way of isolating circulating free nucleic acid (e.g., cfDNA) from a relatively low volume of blood sample (capillary blood plasma sample). In some embodiments, the circulating free nucleic acid (e.g., cfDNA) isolated from every 100 μL of blood sample is about 0.5-100 ng, about 0.5-50 ng, about 0.5-10 ng, about 0.5-1 ng, about 1-100 ng, about 1-50 ng, about 1-10 ng, about 10-100 ng, or about 10-50 ng.
[0088] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of constructing sequencing library for cfDNA of capillary blood. In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) obtaining cfDNA according to the method described herein; (b) end repairing and A-tailing the cfDNA to obtain end-repaired, 5′phosphorylated, 3′-dA-tailed cfDNA fragments; (b) ligating adapters to the 3′-dA-tailed cfDNA fragments, thereby obtaining the ligation products with adapter; and (c) amplifying the ligation products to obtain sequencing library for cfDNA of capillary blood. In some embodiments, after step (b), the ligation product is purified. In some embodiments, after step (c), the sequencing library for cfDNA of capillary blood is purified.
[0089] In some embodiments, the purifying step(s) are carried out using magnetic beads. In some embodiments, the ratio of the volume of the magnetic beads and the volume of the ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid is about 0.8:1. In some embodiments, the purifying step(s) are carried out using magnetic beads. In some embodiments, the ratio of the volume of the magnetic beads and the volume of the ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid is about 1:1. In some embodiments, the purifying step(s) are carried out using magnetic beads. In some embodiments, the ratio of the volume of the magnetic beads and the volume of the ligated library of circulating free nucleic acid is about 2:1.
[0090] In some embodiments, the input of cfDNA in the methods described herein is about 0.5 to about 2.5 ng. In some embodiments, the input cfDNA is used to construct library and for sequencing.
[0091] In some embodiments, in step (b), the ligation reaction system contains about 10 μL, about 20 μL, about 30 μL, about 40 μL, or about 50 μL of ligation buffer; about 5 μL, about 10 μL, about 15 μL, or about 20 μL of DNA ligase; about 5 μL, about 10 μL, or about 15 μL of nuclease-free water; about 100 nM, about 150 nM, about 200 nM, about 250 nM, about 300 nM, about 350 nM, about 400 nM, about 450 nM, about 500 nM, about 550 nM, about 600 nM, about 650 nM, about 700 nM, about 750 nM, about 800 nM, about 850 nM or above of adapters (in a volume of about 5 μL, about 10 μL, or about 15 μL).
[0092] In some embodiments, in step (b), the ligation reaction system contains about 30 μL of ligation buffer, about 10 μL of DNA ligase, about 5 μL of nuclease-free water, about 5 μL of adapters (in a concentration of about 100-200 nM or about 700-800 nM, e.g., 150 nM for input DNA that is ≥0.5 ng and <1 ng; or 750 nM for input DNA that is ≥1 ng and ≤2.5 ng).
[0093] In some embodiments, when the input DNA is ≥0.5 ng and <1 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the method described herein is about 100-200 nM. In some embodiments, when the input DNA is ≥1 ng and ≤2.5 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the method described herein is about 700-800 nM.
[0094] In some embodiments, when the input DNA is ≥0.5 ng and <1 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the method described herein is about 150 nM. In some embodiments, when the input DNA is ≥1 ng and ≤2.5 ng, the concentration of the adapter used in the method described herein is about 750 nM.
[0095] In some embodiments, the adapter-ligated cfDNA fragments are amplified. In some embodiments, the amplification is carried out using PCR. Any suitable number of cycles of the PCR reaction can be used in the methods described herein. For example, the number of PCR cycles in the amplification can be 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more. In some embodiments, in step (c), when the input DNA is ≥0.5 ng and <1 ng, the PCR cycle is set as 10-12; when the input DNA is ≥1 ng and 2.5 ng, the PCR cycle is set as 8-10. In some embodiments, in step (c), when the input DNA is ≥0.5 ng and <1 ng, the PCR cycle is set as 12; when the input DNA is ≥1 ng and ≤2.5 ng, the PCR cycle is set as 10.
[0096] In some embodiments, the blood sample used in the methods described herein is obtained from a subject having cancer. In some embodiments, the blood sample is a capillary blood sample.
[0097] In some embodiments, the cfDNA concentration obtained from the tumor blood sample correlates positively with the amount of blood sample (or the plasma sample obtained from the blood sample) used. In some embodiments, the existence of positive correlation indicates the presence of a tumor or cancer.
[0098] In some embodiments, the cfDNA isolated from every 100 μL of blood sample (e.g., the blood sample from the subject having tumor) is about 0.5-100 ng.
[0099] In some embodiments, the concentration of the cfDNA obtained from a subject can be used to determine, and/or assess the risk of cancer in a subject. In some embodiments, a subject is determined or predicted to have cancer if the cfDNA concentration obtained from the subject positively correlates with the amount of blood and/or plasma sample used to isolate the cfDNA.
[0100] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method for sequencing the cfDNA of capillary blood. In some embodiments, the method comprises: constructing a sequencing library according to the method described herein; and sequencing the library in order to obtain sequencing data. In some embodiments, the library constructed is uses to sequence and analyze the sequencing data to assess the risk and probably of a subject having cancer.
[0101] In some embodiments, the method further comprises analyzing the sequencing data to analyze gene copy number variation and fragmentation patterns.
[0102] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of assessing the risk of cancer earlier based on cfDNA of capillary blood. In some embodiments, the method includes: acquiring no more than 500 μL plasma from the individual to be tested; adding a sample diluent to dilute no more than 100 μL plasma to obtain a plasma dilution, and the dilution ratio is about 1 to 5 fold; the plasma diluent is used to detect protein tumor markers. The tumor markers include one or more of CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1;
[0103] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further include sequencing and analyzing the mutation of cfDNA of capillary blood according to the method described herein to obtain the information of gene copy number variation and fragmentation patterns; assessing the cancer risk of the subjects based on the results of gene copy number variation, fragmentation patterns and protein tumor markers. The protein tumor marker used in the methods described herein are efficient and provide accurate test results for capillary blood samples such as fingerstick capillary blood.
[0104] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a device for sequencing the cfDNA of capillary blood. In some embodiments, the device comprises: a library construction system which is suitable for either of the preceding methods; a sequencing device which is suitable for the obtained libraries and is used to acquire sequencing data. Using this device, the method of sequencing cfDNA of capillary blood can be implemented effectively.
[0105] In some embodiments, the device further comprises: sequencing data analysis method for analyzing the sequencing data to obtain gene copy number variation and fragmentation patterns.
[0106] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of detecting cancer in a subject, assessing the risk of cancer in a subject, and/or determining the probability of a subject of having cancer by detecting tumor markers in a capillary blood sample. In some embodiments, the method includes: separating plasma from a capillary blood sample in the subject; diluting the plasma to obtain a diluted plasma sample, wherein the plasma is diluted about 1 to about 5 folds (preferably 4 folds); analyzing the diluted plasma sample to detect and/or quantify one or more tumor markers; and detecting and/or assessing the risk of cancer in the subject.
[0107] In some embodiments, the volume of the plasma sample is no more than 100 μL. In some embodiments, about 10 to about 100 μL of plasma sample is obtained from the subject. In some embodiments, about 80 μL of plasma sample is obtained from the subject.
[0108] The plasma sample is diluted before the detection and analysis of the tumor markers. In some embodiments, the plasma sample is diluted about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 folds. In some embodiments, the plasma sample is diluted about 4 folds.
[0109] In some embodiments, the final volume of the diluted plasma sample is no more than 300 μL. In some embodiments, the final volume of the diluted plasma sample is about 100 μL to about 300 μL. In some embodiments, about 80 μL of plasma sample is obtained from the subject and is diluted to a final volume of about 300 μL.
[0110] Any suitable tumor markers can be used for the detection and/or assessing of the risk of cancer described herein. In some embodiments, the protein tumor markers used in the methods described herein include CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1.
[0111] In some embodiments, the detection and/or analysis of the tumor markers are performed using artificial intelligence (AI) methods.
[0112] In some embodiments, the methods described herein includes quantifying the level(s) of tumor markers (e.g., protein tumor markers) for the detection and/or assessing of the risk of cancer. Methods of quantifying tumor markers are known in the art.
[0113] In some embodiments, the methods described herein further includes sequencing and analyzing the mutation of cfDNA of capillary blood according to the method described above to obtain the information of gene copy number variation and fragmentation patterns. In some embodiments, the assessing of the risk of having cancer in the subject is based on the results of gene copy number variation, fragmentation patterns and the detection and analysis of the protein tumor markers.
[0114] Also provided herein are systems that can effectively carry out the methods described herein using capillary blood samples.
[0115] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a sequencing library that is constructed in accordance with the method described herein.
[0116] The methods an devices provided herein have certain advantages compared to other methods of isolating and analyzing circulating free nucleic acids. For example, the sample volume is lower than 500 μL, which allows the centrifugation to be carried out by a desktop high speed centrifuge. Compared to a large-volume high-speed centrifuge (usually 6-8 channels), the capacity of the desktop high speed centrifuge is greater and it save separation time. The capacity of the current methods and devices could reach 48 channels and the sample processing time can be as fast as about 10 minutes. This can prevent plasma from being degraded due to a long time at room temperature.
[0117] In some embodiments, about 10 to about 48 channels (each containing a separate plasma sample) are simultaneously processed. In some embodiments, the sample processing time is about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the sample processing includes obtaining plasma from a blood sample (e.g., capillary blood sample).
[0118] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of detecting or assessing the risk of cancer in a subject, the method comprising one or more of the following steps: obtaining a capillary blood plasma sample in the subject; diluting the plasma to obtain a diluted plasma sample, wherein the plasma is diluted to more than 300 uL; analyzing the diluted plasma sample to detect and/or quantify one or more protein tumor markers; detecting and/or assessing the risk of cancer in the subject (e.g., using artificial intelligence). In some embodiments, the protein tumor markers are one or more of CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1.
[0119] Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will be given in part of the following description, and will become apparent from the following description, or known through the practice of the invention.
[0120] All numeric values in the disclosure are herein assumed to be modified by the term “about”, whether or not explicitly indicated. As used herein, the term “about” generally refers to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value (i.e., having the same function or result). In some embodiments, the terms “about” may include numbers that are rounded to the nearest significant figure. In some embodiments, the terms “about” may include numbers that are ±10%, ±20%, or ±30% of the value.
[0121] In the description of this specification, references to the terms “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “examples”, “concrete examples”, or “some examples”, etc. mean that the specific features, structures, materials, or features described in combination with such embodiments or examples are contained in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, indicative representations of the above terms do not need refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials or features described may be combined in an appropriate manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, in the case of non-conflict, technicians in the field may combine together the different embodiments or examples described in this specification or the characteristics of the different embodiments or examples.
EXAMPLES
[0122] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
Example 1: Methods
Finger Stick Blood Collection
[0123] Required consumables: BD Microtainer (a disposable capillary blood collection container (Brand: BD, catalog number: 365974)), disposable blood collection device (Brand: BD, catalog number: 366594), alcohol pad.
[0124] The puncture site was found and an alcoholic pad was used to disinfect the puncture site. A disposable blood collection device was used. The disposable blood collection device was aimed at the puncture site and not removed before hearing the snap. A BD Microtainer was used and 500 μL of capillary blood was collected. The tube was inverted several times to mix the blood and avoid hemolysis by strenuous shaking.
Plasma Separation
[0125] The equipment, reagents, and consumables needed for the experiment were prepared, and a high speed tabletop refrigerated centrifuge was pre-cooled to 4° C. in advance. The capillary blood was transferred from the collection tube to 500 μL centrifuge tube. The parameters were set to be: temperature at 4° C., centrifugal force of 1600 g, time for 10 min. After balancing the centrifuge tube, it was placed in a centrifuge for centrifugation. After the centrifugation was completed, the centrifuge tube was placed on a centrifuge tube rack in biological safety cabin. The supernatant was transferred into a new 500 μL centrifuge tube, and marked with the sample number and operating time on the tube wall. The supernatant should be carefully collected to avoid sucking in white blood cells. The parameters were set as: temperature at 4° C., centrifugal force of 16,000×g, and time for 10 min. The 500 μL centrifuge tube containing the supernatant was balanced and placed into a centrifuge for centrifugation. After the centrifugation was completed, the centrifuge tube containing the supernatant was placed on a centrifuge tube rack in the biological safety cabin. Transfer the supernatant into a new 5 mL tube. The supernatant should be carefully collected to avoid sucking in the precipitate. The purpose of this step was to remove impurities such as cell debris in the plasma. The plasma and blood cells were placed in a refrigerator at −80° C. for later use.
Circulating-Free DNA (cfDNA) Extraction
[0126] The equipment, reagents, and consumables required for the experiment were prepared. A water bath was switched on and adjusted to the temperature of 60° C. A heating block was switched on and adjusted to the temperature of 56° C. Extraction was performed using the QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (Brand: Qiagen, catalog number: 55114), prepare buffers and reagents (Buffer ACB, Buffer ACW1, Buffer ACW2, ACL mixture and dissolve carrier RNA to Buffer ACL) per the manufacturer's instructions.
[0127] Phosphate-buffered saline was added into plasma to a final volume of 1 mL. 100 μL proteinase K was pipetted into the above centrifuge tube, and vortexed intermittently for 30 s. 0.8 mL Buffer ACL (containing 1.0 μg carrier RNA) was added. The cap was closed and mixed by pulse-vortexing for 30 s. Make sure that a visible vortex forms in the tube. To ensure efficient lysis, it was essential that the sample and Buffer ACL were mixed thoroughly to yield a homogeneous solution. Note: Do not interrupt the procedure at this time. Lysis incubation was performed immediately after and the sample was incubated at 60° C. for 30 min. 1.8 mL Buffer ACB was added to the lysate in the tube. The cap was closed and mixed thoroughly by pulse-vortexing for 15 s. The lysate-Buffer ACB mixture was incubated in the tube for 5 min on ice or in refrigerator.
Assembling of the Suction Filtration Device:
[0128] The QIAvac 24 Plus was connected to a vacuum source. A VacValve was inserted into each luer slot of the QIAvac 24 Plus. A VacConnector was inserted into each VacValve. The QIAamp Mini columns were inserted into the VacConnectors on the manifold. Finally, a tube extender (20 mL) was inserted into each QIAamp Mini column. Make sure that the tube extender was firmly inserted into the QIAamp Mini column to avoid leakage of sample. Note: the 2 mL collection tube was remained for the subsequent operation. The sample number was marked on the QIAamp Mini silica membrane column. VacValve ensured a steady flow rate. VacConnectors prevented direct contact between the spin column and VacValve during purification, thereby avoiding any cross-contamination between samples. The QIAamp Mini silica membrane column adsorbs DNA, and the tube extender can hold large volumes of plasma. The lysate-Buffer ACB mixture was carefully applied into the tube extender of the QIAamp Mini column. The vacuum pump was switched on. When all lysates have been drawn through the columns completely, the vacuum pump was switched off and the exhaust valve was opened to release the pressure to 0 mbar. The tube extender was carefully removes and discarded. 600 μL Buffer ACW1 was applied to the QIAamp Mini column. The exhaust valve was closed and the vacuum pump was switched on. After all of Buffer ACW1 have been drawn through the QIAamp Mini column, the vacuum pump was switched off and the exhaust valve was opened to release the pressure to 0 mbar.
[0129] 750 μL Buffer ACW2 was applied to the QIAamp Mini column. The exhaust valve was closed and the vacuum pump was switched on. After all of Buffer ACW2 have been drawn through the QIAamp Mini column, the vacuum pump was switched off and the exhaust valve was opened to release the pressure to 0 mbar. 750 μL ethanol (96-100%) was applied to the QIAamp Mini column. The exhaust valve was closed and the vacuum pump was switched on. After all of the ethanol have been drawn through the QIAamp Mini column, the vacuum pump was switched off and the exhaust valve was opened to release the pressure to 0 mbar. The lid of the QIAamp Mini column was closed and removed from the vacuum manifold. The VacConnector was discarded. Place the QIAamp Mini column in a clean 2 mL collection tube, and centrifuged at full speed (20,000×g; 14,000 rpm) for 3 min. The QIAamp Mini Column was placed into a new 2 mL collection tube. The lid was opened, and the assembly was incubated at 56° C. for 10 min to dry the membrane completely. The QIAamp Mini column was placed in a clean 1.5 mL elution tube (included in the kit), and the 2 mL collection tube was discarded. 55 μL of nuclease-free water was carefully applied to the center of the QIAamp Mini membrane. The lid was closed and incubated at room temperature for 3 min and centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at full speed (20,000×g; 14,000 rpm) for 1 min to elute the nucleic acids. The elution buffer from above steps was carefully applied to the center of the QIAamp Mini membrane. The lid was closed and incubated at room temperature for 3 min and centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at full speed (20,000×g; 14,000 rpm) for 1 min to elute the nucleic acids.
CfDNA Library Construction
[0130] Preparation Before the Library Construction:
[0131] The magnetic beads were taken out of the refrigerator at 4° C. and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes before use. End Repair & A-Tailing Buffer and End Repair reagent & A-Tailing Buffer enzyme mix were taken out of the refrigerator at −20° C. and thawed on the ice box. The details about the name, sampling date, and DNA concentration were recorded on the experimental record books and each sample numbered. Some 200 μL PCR tubes were taken and marked with numbers (both the cap and the wall of the tube were labeled). The KAPA Hyper Prep Kit (Roche, Cat. No. kk8504) was used for the sequencing library construction.
End Repair & A-Tailing
[0132] The end repair & A-Tailing reaction system was prepared according to Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 End repair & A-Tailing reaction systems 8 reaction systems Component 1 reaction system (excess 5%) End Repair & 7 μL 58.8 μL A-Tailing Buffer End Repair & 3 μL 25.2 μL A-Tailing enzyme mix Total volume 10 μL 84 μL
[0133] 10 μL of the above-mentioned end repair reaction system was added to each 200 μL PCR tube with 50 μL cfDNA from above steps, mixed well, and centrifuged at low speed. The thermocycler was set to perform the program as shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 End Repair and A-Tailing Step Temperature Time End Repair and A-Tailing 20° C. 30 min 65° C. 30 min HOLD 4° C. ∞
[0134] The reaction system was taken out of the thermocycler and placed on the small yellow plate, and carried out an adapter ligation reaction.
[0135] Adapter Ligation Reaction System:
[0136] The adapter ligation reaction system was prepared according to Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 The adapter ligation reaction system 8 reaction systems Component 1 reaction system (excess 5%) Ligation Buffer 30 μL 252 μL DNA Ligase 10 μL 84 μL Nuclease-Free water 5 μL 42 μL Total volume 45 μL 378 μL
[0137] 40 μL of the above reaction system was added to each reaction tube, mixed gently, and centrifuged at low speed.
[0138] An appropriate amount of adapter corresponding to the amount of input DNA was added. Adapter and insert molar ratio were as shown in Table 4. 5 μL of the adapter was added to each reaction tube. In addition, according to the sequencing requirements, each sample was added with a unique adapter, to avoid the situation that two samples using the same adapter occurred on the same lane. The information about the adapters used in each sample was well recorded.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Adapter and insert molar ratio The amount of input DNA Adapter concentration 1 ng ≤ X ≤ 2.5 ng 750 nM 0.5 ng ≤ X < 1 ng 150 nM
[0139] The above reaction system was mixed well and placed into the PCR amplifier, the temperature was set to be 20° C., and reacted for 15 min.
DNA Purification
[0140] 80% ethanol (for example, 50 mL of 80% ethanol: 40 mL of absolute ethanol+10 mL of nuclease-free water) was prepared before use.
[0141] The corresponding number of 1.5 mL sample tubes was prepared and marked.
[0142] The magnetic beads, which have been pre-equilibrated at room temperature, were fully vortexed and mixed, 88 μL of which was added into each tube.
[0143] The above DNA mixture was mixed with the magnetic beads, and incubated at room temperature for 10 min.
[0144] The 1.5 mL tube was placed on the magnet to capture the magnetic beads until the liquid became clear.
[0145] The supernatant was carefully removed and discarded, then 200 μL of 80% ethanol was added into the tube. The tube was rotated 360 degrees horizontally and incubated on the magnet at room temperature for 30 s, and then the supernatant was discarded. (During this process, the centrifuge tube had been kept on the magnet.)
[0146] The above steps were repeated once.
[0147] The residual ethanol was removed without disturbing the beads. The cap of the tube was open to dry the magnetic beads at room temperature and volatilized the ethanol, preventing the effect of the enzyme in the subsequent reaction system from being affected by the excess ethanol. Note: the magnetic beads should not be excessively dried, otherwise the DNA will not be easily eluted from the magnetic beads, resulting in reduced yield. The drying should be stopped once the surface of the magnetic beads is no longer shiny.
[0148] 21 μL of nuclease-free water was added into each sample tube to resuspend the magnetic beads. They were mixed well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min.
[0149] A new batch of 200 μL PCR tubes was prepared and marked with the corresponding sample number on the wall and cap of the tube.
[0150] The tube was placed on the magnet to capture the magnetic beads until the solution was clear, then the supernatant was transferred to the corresponding PCR tube as a template for the PCR experiment.
Library Amplification
[0151] The library amplification reaction system was prepared according to Table 5.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 The library amplification reaction system 8 reaction systems Component 1 reaction system (excess 5%) 2 × KAPA HiFi Hotstart 25 μL 210 μL Ready Mix 10 × KAPA Library 5 μL 42 μL Amplification Primer mix Total master mix volume 30 μL 252 μL
[0152] 30 μL of Pre-PCR amplification reaction system was added to each 200 μL PCR tube containing cfDNA-adapter products, mixed gently and centrifuged at low speed, and then placed in the thermocycler for reaction.
[0153] The thermocycler was set as the following program, and the PCR cycles were be adjusted appropriately according to the amount of input DNA, as shown in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 PCR reaction system Reaction Step Temperature time Cycle number Preliminary 98° C. 45 s 1 denaturation Denaturation 98° C. 15 s Refer to the cycle Annealing 60° C. 30 s number selection reference Elongation 72° C. 30 s table for specific cycle number Final elongation 72° C. 1 min 1 Storage 4° C. ∞ 1
The selection of cycle number was shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Selection of cycle number The amount of input DNA PCR cycles 1 ng ≤ X ≤ 2.5 ng 10 0.5 ng ≤ X < 1 ng 12
[0154] After the Pre-PCR reaction was finished, the library purification began.
DNA Library Purification
[0155] The corresponding number of 1.5 mL sample tubes was prepared and marked.
[0156] The magnetic beads, which have been pre-equilibrated at room temperature, were fully vortexed and mixed, 50 μL of which was added into each tube.
[0157] The above DNA mixture was mixed with the magnetic beads, and incubated at room temperature for 10 min.
[0158] The 1.5 mL tube was placed on the magnet to capture the magnetic beads until the liquid become clear.
[0159] The supernatant was carefully removed and discarded, then 200 μL of 80% ethanol was added into the tube. The tube was rotated 360 degrees horizontally and incubates on the magnet at room temperature for 30 s, and then the supernatant was discarded. (During this process, the centrifuge tube had been kept on the magnet.)
[0160] The above steps were repeated once.
[0161] All residual ethanol was removed without disturbing the beads. The cap of the tube was open to dry the magnetic beads at room temperature and volatilize the ethanol, preventing the effect of the enzyme in the subsequent reaction system from being affected by the excess ethanol. Note: the magnetic beads should not be excessively dried, otherwise the DNA will not be easily eluted from the magnetic beads, resulting in reduced yield. The drying should be stopped once the surface of the magnetic beads is no longer shiny.
[0162] 35 μL of nuclease-free water was added into each sample tube to resuspend the magnetic beads, mixed well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min.
[0163] A new batch of 200 μL PCR tubes was prepared and marked with the corresponding sample number on the wall and cap of the tube.
[0164] The tube was placed on the magnet to capture the magnetic beads until the solution was clear, then the supernatant was transferred to the corresponding PCR tube as a template for the PCR experiment.
[0165] 1 μL of cfDNA library was taken for quantitative determination and insert DNA size was detection using Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. Record the information.
[0166] The samples were placed in the freezer boxes of the corresponding item and stored at −20° C.
Library Pooling and Sequencing
[0167] The equipment, reagents, and consumables needed for the experiment were prepared. A pooling volume of each sample was calculated according to the concentration of library and the sequence depth. A new 1.5 mL centrifuge tube was taken and labeled. Each sample was subjected to pooling in the same 1.5 mL centrifuge tube according to the calculated volume. Ensure the adapter of the samples were unique in a pool. After mixing thoroughly to yield a homogeneous solution, the concentration was measured, and the information was recorded. The above pooled library was diluted and denatured with Tris-HCl and NaOH, and then sequenced on an Illumina sequencing system with 2×150 bp for WGS.
Analysis of Sequencing Data
[0168] (1) According to the method of the above embodiment, sequencing data was obtained. After filtering out low-quality reads, an alignment software (BWA) was used to align these sequencing reads to the human reference genome (hg19). [0169] (2) The mapping results were filtered, a mapping quality score was required to be greater than 30, and duplicate reads as well as reads that were not proper pair alignment, etc., were removed. The reference genome was divided into bins, each of the bins was 10,000 bp, and the comparison reads of each bin were counted. [0170] (3) The filtering of bins includes: 1) mappability >0.5; 2) a ratio of N<0.5; 3) not in the region files wgEncodeDacMapabilityConsensusExcludable.bed and wgEncodeDukeMapabilityRegionsExcludable.bed downloaded from UCSC; 4) filtering out X and Y chromosomes; 5) filtering out bins with large standard deviation of all bins; [0171] (4) According to GC ratio of each bin: the number of A, T, C, and G bases in each window (bin), and the number of G and C were counted. Mappability calculation: according to the ENCODE's mappability bigwig file downloaded from UCSC, the mappability of each region in the file was compared with the bin, and an average mappability of all regions in each bin was calculated as the mappability value of the bin. [0172] (5) The GC ratio and mappability of each bin were combined, the bins were grouped according to the combination thereof, and a median number of reads of all bins corresponding to each combination of GC and mappability. [0173] (6) Using a generalized cross-validation method, the bins were divided into 10 parts on average, most parts (such as 9) of which were used to fit non-parametric regression curve by locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), and the remaining 1 part was used as the test set to predict, calculate AIC. The optimal value (AIC minimum) of locally weighted nonparametric regression parameters was determined. The fitted curves were constructed and finally the corrected values were obtained by dividing the standardised depths of each bins by the values predicted by the curves. [0174] (7) In the healthy cohort, the corrected depths at the same bin satisfy the normal distribution. Therefore, calculate the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the normal distribution of each bin based on the healthy cohort. Z-score of each bins was calculated by subtracting the mean value and dividing it by SD value. If the absolute value of the subject's Z-score is greater than 3, it is considered that this bin of the sample was deletion or amplification in this region, as show in
Detection of Protein Tumor Markers
[0176] 80 μL plasma obtained from the fingerstick capillary blood sample was decanted for detection of protein tumor markers. The protein tumor markers include CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1. The Cobas e411 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) was utilized to measure the concentration of these seven protein tumor markers with the test reagents supporting the platform.
[0177] The routine maintenance, calibration and quality control of the instruments were carried out regularly before sample testing.
[0178] Then add 240 μL dilution buffer into 80 μL plasma for a 4-fold dilution. And the mixture was decanted for analyze these seven protein tumor markers.
[0179] The protein quantification before dilution was obtained by multiplying the detection result by dilution factor 4.
Example 2: Capillary Blood Collection Container Selection
[0180] The method described herein includes exploring a variety of capillary blood collection containers, including: Microtainer (Brand: BD), Vaccutee MiniColect (Brand: Greiner Bio One), Impromini (Brand: Improve Medical), GD005 (Brand: U-Real Medical), Safe Lock Tubes (Brand: Eppendorf International).
Example 3: Plasma Separation from Capillary Blood
[0181] In the method described herein, the total blood volume was lowered to about 500 μL, compared to other traditional methods, so that centrifugation could be carried out by a desktop high speed centrifuge, and the capacity could reach 48 channels. Compared with a large-volume high-speed centrifuge (usually 6-8 channels), the capacity of the desktop high speed centrifuge is greater and it save separation time. This can prevent plasma from being degraded due to a long time at room temperature. The processing time for plasma separation (e.g., for at least 64 samples) can be about or less than 10 minutes.
Example 4. Extraction of Low-volume Plasma and Library Construction
[0182] The method described herein used a normal sample and a cancer sample and separates plasma from capillary blood, respectively. 50 μL, 100 μL, and 500 μL capillary blood sample were used for cfDNA extraction, respectively, and then used to construct libraries, and the cfDNA concentration is shown in Table 8 below.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 cfDNA concentration cfDNA concentration (ng/μL) Sample Plasma volume No. 50 μL 100 μL 500 μL T1 0.232 0.34 1.24 N1 0.168 0.14 0.162
[0183] Surprisingly, the results of the method described herein shows that in T1 (tumor samples), the cfDNA concentration was positively correlated with plasma, but this relationship was not present in N1 (normal human sample), which may be due to adding Carrier RNA during our extraction process. The Carrier RNA was a kind of Poly-A, which was 0.5-4 kb, mainly to promote the cfDNA binding to the filter column membrane and reduce some non-specific binding during extraction. This carrier RNA still existed in the extracted cfDNA, and would also be quantified by the Qubit fluorescent. In normal people, the cfDNA content was very low, so the concentration detected by Qubit was not correlated with the amount of plasma. And because Carrier RNA was a single-strand, the adapter ligation reaction could not be performed during the subsequent library construction. So, the residual Carrier RNA will not influence the library construction and the sequencing data analysis. At the same time, the final elution was carried out twice during the cfDNA extraction process, and 55 μL of Nuclease-Free water was added to the filtration column, and after centrifugation, the eluate was added to the filtration column for centrifugation again. The purpose of 2 times of elution was to increase the elution efficiency and reduce cfDNA residues on the filter column membrane. The filtration column was QIAamp Mini column which was used in the steps of cfDNA extraction. The binding buffer prompted the cfDNA to bind to the membrane, and some impurities were removed using different concentrations of buffer and ethanol. Finally, the DNA was eluted from the membrane with water.
[0184] As can be seen from the following results, the cfDNA concentration of the 2 times of elution was significantly higher than 1 time elution. 23% higher than the overall average, and the details are shown Table 9 below.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Elution systems Comparison of the cfDNA concentration of elution of one time and two times First elution Second elution Sample concentration Volume-1 concentration Volume-2 Percentage No. (ng/μL) (μL) (ng/μL) (μL) increase S1 0.87 54 1.11 53 25% S2 0.354 54 0.414 53 15% S3 0.55 54 0.65 53 16% S4 4.14 54 5.74 53 36% S5 0.244 54 0.356 53 43% S6 0.43 54 0.494 53 13% S7 0.55 54 0.622 53 11% S8 0.31 54 0.414 53 31% S9 0.338 54 0.448 53 30% S10 0.696 54 0.834 53 18% S11 0.652 54 0.77 53 16% Average 23%
[0185] These cfDNA fragments were further tested for fragment size distribution.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Library comparison cfDNA Input adapter Library Library Serial concentration cfDNA concentration PCR concentration volume No. Sample No. (ng/μL) (ng) (μM) cycle (ng/μL) (μL) 1 T1-50 μL 0.232 11.6 3 7 12.8 35 plasma 2 T1-100 μL 0.34 17 7.5 7 24.4 35 plasma 3 T1-500 μL 1.24 31 7.5 6 26 35 plasma 4 N1-50 μL 0.168 8.4 3 8 1.12 35 plasma 5 N1-100 μL 0.14 7 3 8 1.81 35 plasma 6 N1-500 μL 0.162 8.1 3 8 7.44 35 plasma
[0186]
Example 5: Comparison of Sequencing Data
[0187] First, gene copy number variation (CNV) of the low plasma amount was analyzed and the result compared with the result of cfDNA from 4000 μL plasma.
[0188] Next, the fragment size distribution of the low plasma was analyzed, and the result compared with the fragment size distribution of cfDNA from 4000 μL plasma.
Example 6: Input DNA and the Amount of Reagents for Library Construction
[0189] Due to the decrease of plasma, the amount of cfDNA will decrease. In order to prove the same detection effect can be achieved by reducing the amount of reagent in the library, we have done a series of experiments. The details are shown in Table 11:
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Library construction systems cfDNA Sampling Water Input Index Library Serial Sample concentration volume volume cfDNA The amount concentration PCR concentration No. No. (ng/μL) (μL) (μL) (ng) of Reagent (μM) cycle (ng/μL) 1 T2 2.2 20 30 44 1 7.5 μM 5 19.9 2 T2 2.2 0.91 9.09 2 1/5 750 nM 10 20.2
[0190] First, gene CNV was analyzed.
[0191] Next, the fragment size distribution of was analyzed.
Example 7: Optimization of Library Construction
[0192] The amount of adapter in the ligation reaction, the amount of magnetic beads in the library purification step after ligation reaction, and the PCR cycle number in PCR amplification reaction were optimized.
[0193] (1) The Amount of Magnetic Beads in the Purification Step after the Ligation Reaction:
[0194] Generally, slightly excessive adapter is added in the process of ligation reaction to improve the efficiency of ligation reaction, which causes some adapter dimer remaining in the ligation reaction. So it needs to be removed by adjusting the amount of magnetic beads in the subsequent purification step. The principle of magnetic beads separating DNA is that the buffer of suspended magnetic beads contains PEG and salt ions which drive DNA can be adsorbed to the surface of carboxyl modified polymer magnetic beads. This process is reversible. Under appropriate conditions, the bound DNA molecule can be eluted. DNA of different fragment sizes can be adsorbed to magnetic beads by adjusting the amount of magnetic beads and buffer, thus achieving the purpose of DNA sorting. And the longer DNA fragment preferentially be absorbed on the beads. As the amount of beads increasing, the smaller the DNA fragment is adsorbed to the magnetic beads.
[0195] In the current experiment, 2×, 1× and 0.8× magnetic beads (v/v, compared to the volume of the cfDNA-containing sample, e.g. ligated-cfDNA sample) were used for subsequent purification steps. For example, the reaction system of the adapter ligation including ligated-cfDNA was 110 and 110 μL of magnetic beads were added in, and this is called the 1× group. The size of the purified fragments was detected by LabChip. According to the analysis of adapter dimer residues in the purified products, it can be seen from
[0196] (2) Optimization of the Amount of Adapter in the Ligation Reaction and the Number of PCR Cycles in PCR Amplification:
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Library construction parameter tests Input Index Library Library Sample cfDNA concentration PCR concentration volume No. (ng) (μM) cycle (ng/μL) (μL) S12 0.5 150 nM 16 55 35 S13 0.5 150 nM 16 64 35 S14 0.5 150 nM 14 30.4 35 S15 0.5 150 nM 14 39.6 35 S16 0.5 150 nM 14 40.4 35 S17 0.5 150 nM 14 29 35 S18 0.5 150 nM 14 22.6 35 S19 0.5 150 nM 14 31 35 S20 0.5 150 nM 14 40.2 35 S21 1 100 nM 13 39.6 35 S22 1 100 nM 13 41.2 35 S23 1 100 nM 13 42.8 35 S24 1 100 nM 13 45.6 35 S25 2 750 nM 14 77.2 35 S26 2 750 nM 14 68.6 35 S27 2 750 nM 10 10.3 35 S28 2 750 nM 10 10.2 35 S29 2 750 nM 10 12.8 35 S30 2 750 nM 10 20.4 35 S31 2 750 nM 10 20.2 35 S32 2 750 nM 10 14.6 35
[0197] Through the above tests, it was found that the adapter concentration and the PCR cycles should be adjusted to prevent adapter residual for high concentration of adapter, and to prevent a high duplication rate for overmuch PCR cycles. That will influence the sequencing output and data.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Library construction parameter optimization Input Library Sample cfDNA Adapter PCR concentration No. (ng) concentration cycles (ng/ul) S33 0.5 750 nM 14 35 0.5 375 nM 14 29.4 0.5 150 nM 14 30.7 S34 2.5 1.5 μM 12 38.5 2.5 750 nM 12 32.1 2.5 375 nM 12 17.8
[0198] LabChip was used to detect the size of the purified fragments and analyze the residual adapter dimer in the library. It can be seen from
[0199] The calculation of the molar ratio between the adapters and insert cfDNA fragments is:
adapter:insert molar ratio=(C.sub.iV.sub.i):(M.sub.j/(2L.sub.jMW.sub.j))
[0200] C.sub.i is the molarity of the adapter, V.sub.i is the volume of the adapter, M.sub.j is the mass of the input cfDNA, L.sub.j is the length of the input cfDNA, MW.sub.j is the molecular weight of the dNTP. Because the cfDNA is double strand DNA, so it was multiplied by 2. Based on this formula, the adapter:insert ratio used in the method described herein has a molar ratio of about 100:1˜200:1 (e.g., about 162:1).
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Library construction parameter optimization Input Library Sample cfDNA Adapter PCR concentration No. (ng) concentration cycles (ng/ul) S35 0.5 150 nM 14 25 0.5 150 nM 13 11.5 0.5 150 nM 12 3.4 0.5 150 nM 11 1.08 S36 2.5 750 nM 12 38.2 2.5 750 nM 11 26.5 2.5 750 nM 10 7.6 2.5 750 nM 9 1.32
[0201] It can be seen from the above results, with the increase of PCR cycle number, library yield increases significantly. But overmuch PCR cycles will reduce the detection rate for original DNA, and it is not enough for quality requirements of sequencing by less PCR cycles (the sequencing service requires 50 ng for each library for sequencing two times. In case of insufficient data amount of the first sequencing, supplementary test is required. That is, library concentration should not be less than 1.43 ng/μL).
[0202] The number of PCR cycles can be determined using the formula:
M.sub.iCR.sub.iAR.sub.iPR.sub.i1PR.sub.i2(2.sup.n−2n)=M.sub.j
[0203] wherein M.sub.i is the mass of input DNA, CR.sub.i is the library conversion efficiency, AR.sub.i is the PCR amplification rate, PR.sub.i1 is the purification rate of the ligation products, PR.sub.i2 is the purification rate of the PCR products, n is the PCR cycle, M.sub.j is the mass of the PCR product. M.sub.j should be more than 50 ng.
[0204] Due to the carrier RNA present in the eluted cfDNA sample, the mass of cfDNA in the sample is very low. Therefore, when the volume of the plasma is less than 1 mL in the steps of cfDNA extraction, M.sub.i should be multiplied by 0.2, which is the approximate fraction of cfDNA in the sample; when the volume of the plasma is about 1 mL to 2 mL in the steps of cfDNA extraction, M.sub.i should be multiplied by 0.6, which is the approximate fraction of cfDNA in the sample; when the volume of the plasma is about 2 mL to 3 mL in the steps of cfDNA extraction, M.sub.i should be multiplied by 0.8, which is the approximate fraction of cfDNA in the sample. The above formula can be applied directly when the volume of the plasma is more than 3 mL.
[0205] In the method described herein, the library conversion efficiency is about 60%, the PCR amplification rate is about 95%, the purification rate of the ligation products is about 80%, and the purification rate of the PCR products is about 80%.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Index concentration adjustment Index PCR Input cfDNA concentration cycle 1 ng ≤ X ≤ 2.5 ng 750 nM 10 0.5 ng ≤ X < 1 ng 150 nM 12
Example 8: Protein Tumor Marker Detection
[0206] This experiment was performed to evaluate the performance of the Roche Cobas E411 platform for detecting tumor protein markers at low plasma levels. The platform is an electrochemistry luminescence automatic immunoassay analyzer. It has certain requirements for sample volumes depending on the types and quantities of the project. The 7 protein tumor markers CEA, AFP, CA 125, CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1 were detected in the method described herein, and the minimum plasma volume was 300 μL. But capillary blood contained little plasma, and it was speculated that it could achieve the same detection effect by adding the sample diluent into the plasma. 8 samples were selected and 80 μL plasma of each sample was pipetted and 240 μL the dilution was added to achieve 4 times dilution. The sample was then loaded on the machine to detect the seven protein tumor markers.
[0207] The following is the test results of each sample:
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Tumor marker detection Sample CA 19- CA CA 15- CYFRA CA 72- name AFP < 11.3 CEA < 4 9 < 27 125 < 35 3 < 25 21-1 < 3.3 4 < 6.9 Note S1 0.771 204.9 414.1 103.8 31.82 3.09 3.83 The result of S1 <0.500 57.22 97.15 28.36 6.03 1.02 2.04 The result of S1 with dilution <2.0 228.88 388.6 113.44 24.12 4.08 8.16 The result of S1 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S2 612.4 3.42 26.28 322.7 22.14 1.61 53.98 The result of S2 166.3 0.7 8.45 83.11 3.94 0.522 12.74 The result of S2 with dilution 665.2 2.8 33.8 332.44 15.76 2.088 50.96 The result of S2 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S3 1.53 2.02 3.36 1311 75.48 15.33 102.3 The result of S3 <0.500 0.29 3 373.4 19.62 4.88 23.18 The result of S3 with dilution <2.0 1.16 12 1493.6 78.48 19.52 92.72 The result of S3 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S4 1.42 33.98 10.06 13.56 4.96 5.24 43.61 The result of S4 <0.500 9.41 4.84 3.68 <1.00 1.64 12.09 The result of S4 with dilution <2.0 37.64 19.36 14.72 <4.00 6.56 48.36 The result of S4 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S5 1.09 166.8 8.76 111.6 29.32 1.98 0.872 The result of S5 <0.500 46.4 4.35 29.28 5.56 0.563 1.31 The result of S5 with dilution <2.0 185.6 17.4 117.12 22.24 2.252 5.24 The result of S5 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S6 6.23 6.47 212 27.09 16.79 9.7 4.59 The result of S6 0.73 1.42 62.51 6.89 2.34 2.9 2.15 The result of S6 with dilution 2.92 5.68 250.04 27.56 9.36 11.6 8.6 The result of S6 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S7 708.3 1.27 28.26 8.9 10.64 3.86 1.62 The result of S7 207.5 <0.200 9.49 2.63 1.28 1.33 1.34 The result of S7 with dilution 830 <0.800 37.96 10.52 5.12 5.32 5.36 The result of S7 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio S8 619.4 1.59 30.43 18.9 49.96 10.56 2.65 The result of S8 165.2 <0.200 10.26 5.29 11.46 3.33 1.7 The result of S8 with dilution 660.8 <0.800 41.04 21.16 45.84 13.32 6.8 The result of S8 with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio
[0208] At the same time, we compared the result of each sample with dilution multiplies the dilution ratio with the result of the origin sample. The result is shown in
[0209] In conclusion, the present disclosure has established a method of cancer screening from capillary blood samples. This method uses BD Microtainer (a disposable capillary blood collection container) (Brand: BD, catalog number: 365974) and disposable blood collection device (Brand: BD, catalog number: 366594) to collect capillary blood. Carrier RNA and 2 elution operations were added in the cfDNA extraction process to increase cfDNA extraction efficiency. Through a series of tests, the appropriate adapter concentration and the PCR cycles were found to improve the library construction efficiency. At the same time, it was found through the test that the same detection outcome could be achieved when the amount of library construction reagent was reduced for little cfDNA and this reduced the cost. The use of sample diluents to dilute the samples enabled detection of protein tumor markers using the Roche Cobas E411 instrument even in very small volumes.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0210] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.