Patella Resection Guide with Independent Adjustment

Abstract

A patellar resection guide includes a frame, a first jaw, and a second jaw. The frame includes a first end, at which the first jaw is disposed, and a second end opposed to the first end at which the second jaw is disposed. The guide further includes an arm with a planar surface for guiding a cutting tool. The arm is either or both of rotatable and translatable relative to the frame.

Claims

1. (canceled)

2. A method of treating a patella comprising: positioning a patellar resection guide proximate the patella, the patellar resection guide comprising: a frame extending from a first end to a second end opposite the first end; a first jaw disposed at the first end of the frame; a second jaw disposed at the second end of the frame; and an arm including a planar surface, the arm being movably connected to the frame, engaging the first jaw and the second jaw to the patella; moving the arm relative to the frame until the planar surface is aligned with an intended patellar resection plane; and cutting the patella along the intended patellar resection plane by guiding a cutting tool along the planar surface.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein moving the arm includes rotating the arm relative to the frame.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein rotating the arm relative to the frame includes rotating the arm relative to the frame about a first axis and rotating the arm relative to the frame about a second axis transverse to the first axes.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein rotating the arm relative to the frame about the first axis causes an orientation of the second axis relative to the frame to change.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein moving the arm includes translating the arm relative to the frame such that the planar surface becomes closer to or further from a gripping plane, the gripping plane passing through the first jaw and the second jaw.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein cutting the patella along the intended patellar resection plane includes guiding the cutting tool along the planar surface within a cutting slot of the arm.

8. The method of claim 2, wherein moving the arm relative to the frame until the planar surface is aligned with the intended patellar resection plane includes determining a depth of the patella to be cut from a side of the patella not engaged by the first jaw and the second jaw.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein subsequent to the moving step, a stylus attached to the arm is positioned so that the stylus extends to a side of the patella opposite the arm to confirm the intended patellar resection plane.

10. A method of treating a patella comprising: positioning a patellar resection guide proximate the patella, the patellar resection guide comprising: a frame extending from a first end to a second end opposite the first end; a first jaw disposed at the first end of the frame, the first jaw including a first mandible and a second mandible, the first mandible being movable relative to the second mandible; and a second jaw disposed at the second end of the frame, engaging the first jaw and the second jaw to the patella, the engagement of the first jaw causing the first mandible to move relative to the second mandible to increase conformance of the first jaw to a contour of a patellar surface of the patella engaged by the first jaw; aligning a guide surface of the patellar resection guide with an intended patellar resection plane; and cutting the patella along the intended patellar resection plane.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein engaging the first jaw to the patella causes the first mandible and the second mandible to independently translate to increase conformance of the first jaw to the contour of the patellar surface engaged by the first jaw.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein engaging the first jaw to the patella causes the first mandible to translate along a track having a predetermined length, the track defining a maximal extent of translation of the first mandible.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein engaging the first jaw on the patella causes the first mandible to translate out of a biased condition with a spring operatively connected to the first mandible deforming with the translation of the first mandible.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein engaging the second jaw to the patella causes the second jaw to translate relative to the frame.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein engaging the first jaw and the second jaw to the patella includes engaging first teeth of the first jaw to the patella and second teeth of the second jaw to the patella.

16. A method of treating a patella comprising: positioning a patellar resection guide proximate the patella, the patellar resection guide comprising: a frame extending from a first end to a second end opposite the first end; a first jaw disposed at the first end of the frame; and a second jaw disposed at the second end of the frame, wherein a first plane passes through a portion of a first gripping edge of the first jaw and a portion of a second gripping edge of the second jaw; and moving a planar surface on the patellar resection guide to align the planar surface with an intended patellar resection plane, the intended patellar resection plane being at an angle relative to the first plane; and cutting the patella along the intended patellar resection plane by guiding a cutting tool along the planar surface.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein moving the planar surface includes rotating the planar surface about a first adjustment axis and a second adjustment axis, the second adjustment axis being non-parallel to the first adjustment axis.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein rotating the planar surface about the first adjustment axis changes an orientation of the second adjustment axis.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first adjustment axis is orthogonal to the second adjustment axis and does not cross the second adjustment axis.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein moving the planar surface includes translating the planar surface relative to the first plane.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein steps of rotating the planar surface about the first adjustment axis, rotating the planar surface about the second adjustment axis and translating the planar surface relative to the first plane are performed independently.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] FIG. 1 is an oblique perspective view of a guide according to an aspect of the disclosure.

[0048] FIG. 2A and 2B are views on a cross-section plane of the guide of FIG. 1 with a jaw conformed to different respective contours.

[0049] FIG. 2C is a close view on the cross-sectional plane of FIGS. 7A and 7B of a jaw of the guide of FIG. 1.

[0050] FIG. 3A is a top plan view of a portion of the guide of FIG. 1.

[0051] FIGS. 3B and 3C are side elevation views of the guide of FIG. 1.

[0052] FIGS. 4A and 4B are side elevation views of the guide of FIG. 1 adjusted to different respective positions about an axis.

[0053] FIGS. 5A and 5B are side elevation views of the guide of FIG. 1 adjusted to different respective positions about another axis.

[0054] FIGS. 6A and 6B are side elevation views of the guide of FIG. 1 adjusted to different respective positions about yet another axis.

[0055] FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective views of the guide of FIG. 1 in use with a stylus.

[0056] FIG. 8 is an oblique perspective view of the guide of FIG. 1 in use with a patella and cutting tool.

[0057] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a process for using the guide of FIG. 1.

[0058] FIGS. 10A-10F illustrate stages in a process of using a guide according to another aspect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] A patella resection guide 10 including a first end block 12 and a second end block 14 connected by a bracket 16, which collectively provide a frame of the guide 10, is illustrated in FIG. 1. The guide 10 is illustrated relative to a reference system including a height or vertical axis Z, a width or lateral axis Y, and a length or longitudinal axis X. Relative to this reference system, the first end block 12 provides a first end of the frame and the second end block 14 provides a second end of the frame opposed to the first end along the longitudinal axis X. The first end block 12 and second end block 14 both extend laterally in both directions, and curve slightly toward each other, away from their respective points of connection to the bracket 16. The first end block 12 and second end block 14 therefore define a generally elliptical receiving space 18 longitudinally between the first end block 12 and second end block 14, but aligned with the first end block 12 and second end block 14 on the vertical axis Z.

[0060] The bracket 16 defines a roughly arcuate shape on an X-Z plane, extending upward from and along the longitudinal axis X between the bracket's 16 respective points of attachment to the first end block 12 and the second end block 14. The bracket 16 therefore extends over the receiving space 18, and may be used as a handle for positioning the guide 10 to receive a patella in the receiving space 18.

[0061] The first end block 12 encloses a first slot 32 and the second end block 14 encloses a second slot 34. The slots 32, 34 both extend on an X-Y plane. FIGS. 2A-2C are all cross-sectional views oriented downward along the vertical axis Z from a plane on which upper surfaces of both slots 32, 34 are defined.

[0062] Turning to FIGS. 2A-2C, with continued reference to FIG. 1, the first slot 32 houses elements of a first jaw 20, and the second slot 34 houses a second jaw 30. The first jaw 20 includes a fixed mandible 22 connected to the first end block 12, and thus the frame of the guide 10, at a fixed position centered within the slot of the first block 12 along the lateral axis Y under the bracket's 16 point of attachment to the first end block 12. In the illustrated example, the fixed mandible 22 is integrally formed with the first end block 12, and is provided by teeth 40 extending from a portion of the first end block 12 defining the lower edge of the first slot 32 into the receiving space 18. In other arrangements, the fixed mandible 22 is either or both of a discrete element and disposed within the first slot 32.

[0063] Also included in the first jaw 20 are two movable mandibles 24 disposed within the first slot 32 on either lateral side of the fixed mandible 22. The movable mandibles 24 are independently translatable within the first slot 32, and thus relative to the frame of the guide 10, along the longitudinal axis X. The first end block 12 includes two pinholes 26 for receiving pins 36 that extend into tracks 38 of the movable mandibles 24 to guide the translation of the movable mandibles 24.

[0064] With specific reference to FIG. 2C, the tracks 38 cooperate with the outer geometry of the movable mandibles 24 to constrain the movable mandibles 24 to translation parallel to the longitudinal axis X. Widths of the tracks 38 are closely fitted to diameters of the pins 36, which are fixed or fastened to the first end block 12. Further, a vertical thickness of the movable mandibles 24 is closely fitted to the height of the first slot 32. Motion of each movable mandible 24 relative to the first end block 12 is therefore constrained to translating on an X-Y plane in a direction aligned with the movable mandible's 24 respective track 38. A pillar 42 located in the lateral center of the first slot 32 extends from the upper edge of the first slot 32 to the lower edge of the first slot 32, and flat laterally inner edges 44 of the movable mandibles 24 slide along flat laterally outer edges 46 of the pillar 42. Because the respective abutting lateral edges 44, 46 of the movable mandibles 24 and the pillar 42 are both linear from the perspective of FIGS. 2A-2C, the movable mandibles 24 cannot rotate on the X-Y plane. The movable mandibles 24 are further prevented from rotating on the X-Y plane by similar engagement between laterally outer edges of the movable mandibles 24 and laterally inner edges of the first slot 32. The tracks 38 therefore cannot be rotated away from being mutually parallel and parallel to the longitudinal axis X. Thus, the movable mandibles 24, being constrained to translation in the direction of their respective tracks 38, are constrained relative to the frame of the guide 10 to translation parallel to the longitudinal axis X. In the illustrated arrangement, the movable mandibles 24 are therefore independently translatable, and their motion relative to the first end block 12 is limited to translation parallel to the longitudinal axis. In various other arrangements, the movable mandibles 24 are any one or any combination of conjoined, and thus not independently movable, able to rotate about axes parallel to the vertical axis Z, translatable along non-parallel tracks, and translatable along tracks 38 not parallel to the longitudinal axis X.

[0065] The movable mandibles 24 can translate to extend partially out of an opening of the first slot 32 opposite from the receiving space 18, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. A leaf spring 28 is disposed on a side of the end block 12 opposite from the receiving space 18, attached to the pillar 42, and is biased toward a position at which the leaf spring 28 conforms to the side of the end block 12. Thus, the leaf spring 28 presses against the movable mandibles 24 if any portion thereof extends from the opening of the first slot 32 opposite from the receiving spaces 18. In the illustrated example, the leaf spring 28 specifically bears against round projections 47 at laterally outer corners of the movable mandibles 24, though in various arrangements the leaf spring 28 acts on any available surface of the movable mandibles 24. The leaf spring 28 thereby elastically biases the movable mandibles 24 longitudinally toward the second end block 14 and the second end of the frame of the guide 10. In other arrangements, biasing is achieved with biasing elements other than the leaf spring 28, or by one or more leaf springs attached in places other than that shown in FIGS. 2A-2C.

[0066] The movable mandibles 24 may be provided with a range of motion wherein the movable mandibles 24 extend from the opening of the first slot 32 opposite from the receiving space 18 at all positions within the range of motion, or at all positions except for the position closest to the second end block 14. Thus, each movable mandible 24 is biased by the leaf spring 28 toward a rest point, shown in FIG. 2A, which is the point within the movable mandible's 24 range of motion closest to the second end block 14, beyond which the leaf spring 28 cannot bias the movable mandible 24.

[0067] The mobility of the movable mandibles 24 enables the first jaw 20 to conform to a profile of a patella. Stability of the guide 10 relative to the patella generally improves as more teeth 40 sink into the patella, so the ability of the first jaw 20 to conform to the profile of the patella may improve the stability of the guide 10 while the patella is being cut. With both movable mandibles 24 in their respective rest position as illustrated in FIG. 2A, the teeth 40 of the first jaw 20 are arrayed in an arc on an X-Y plane, and are therefore prepared to engage an arcuate portion of a profile of a patella' s surface. In the rest position of FIG. 2A, both teeth 40 of each of the movable mandibles 24 extend further into the receiving space 18 from the first end block 12 than the teeth 40 of the fixed mandible 22, and in the receded position of FIG. 2B, only one tooth 40 of each of the movable mandibles 24 extends further into the receiving space 18 from the first end block 12 than the teeth 40 of the fixed mandible 22. Thus, the teeth 40 of the first jaw are arrayed in a shallower arc in the receded position of FIG. 2B, and are therefore prepared to engage a flatter arcuate portion of a profile of a patella's surface than when in the position of FIG. 2A.

[0068] A second jaw 30 is translatably disposed within the second slot 34. The second jaw 30 can translate parallel to the longitudinal axis X within the second slot 34 of the second end block 14, and therefore relative to the frame of the guide 10, toward and away from the first end block 12 and the first end of the frame. The second jaw 30 can therefore translate partially out of the receiving space 18 to allow a patella to enter the receiving space 18, then back into the receiving space 18 to cooperate with the first jaw 20 to engage the patella. Translating actuation of the second jaw 30 may be accomplished with apparatuses not illustrated, such as a screw, ratchet, pinion gear, or any other mechanical devices capable of providing sufficient clamping force to give the teeth 40 sufficient purchase on the bone.

[0069] The teeth 40 all end in respective points on a common X-Y plane, termed a frame plane because it is the plane at which the frame of the guide 10 engages the bone. The teeth 40 of the fixed mandible 22 extend from the first end block 12 along the frame plane, while the teeth 40 of the movable mandibles 24 and the second jaw 30 slope downward from their respective origins on their respective mandible or jaw onto the frame plane. Thus, the teeth 40 of both jaws 20, 30 will engage a patella on a common plane. In other arrangements, the teeth 40 do not all align on a single plane. In such arrangements, the frame plane is defined as the plane on which the greatest number of points of the teeth 40 exist, and at least one of those points is associated with each of the first jaw 20 and the second jaw 30.

[0070] Returning to FIG. 1, the guide 10 further includes an arm 48, with an upper planar surface 50 along which a bone cutting tool is guided to resect the patella. The arm 48 is movably connected to the frame of the guide 10, and the bracket 16 specifically, by a linkage including a first link 52 and a second link 54. The first link 52 is connected to the bracket 16 by a first screw 56, a second screw 58 governs the position of the second link 54 relative to the first link 52, and a third screw 60 governs the position of the arm 48 relative to the second link 54. By turning the third screw 60, the arm 48 may be rotated relative to the bracket 16, first link 52, and second link 54 about a first adjustment axis AX1. By turning the third screw 58, the second link 54 and the arm 48 may be rotated relative to the bracket 16 and the first link 52 about a second adjustment axis AX2, which extends parallel to the longitudinal axis X. The second adjustment axis AX2 extends parallel to the lateral axis Y at one position of the second link 54 relative to the first link 52 and bracket 16, but turning the second screw 58 also changes the orientation of the first adjustment axis AX1. Turning the first screw 56 causes the first link 52, second link 54, and arm 48 to translate relative to the bracket 16 along a third adjustment axis AX3, which extends parallel to the vertical axis Z.

[0071] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the linkage in greater detail, with the screws 56, 58, 60 omitted from FIG. 3A. Referring specifically to FIG. 3A, opposed hooks 62 extend from a lateral face of the bracket 16 over the second end block 14. The hooks 62 mirror each other to form a vertical track along which a flange 52a of the first link 52 slides. The first link 52 also includes an internally threaded bore 52b extending through the first link 52 parallel to the vertical track provided by the hooks 62. The threaded shank 56a of the first screw 56 extends through the bore 52b, as shown in FIG. 3B. The first screw 56 ends at a flat first screw head 56b bearing against an upper surface of the second end block 14. A narrowed portion of the first screw 56 between the threaded shank 56a and the head 56b is retained by a collar 66 extending from the same side of the bracket 16 as the opposed hooks 62. The head 56b is trapped between the collar 66 and the upper surface of the second end block 14, so the first screw 56 is unable to translate relative to the bracket 16. Turning the first screw 56 within the internally threaded bore 52b therefore causes the first link 52 to translate vertically relative to the bracket 16, with the flange 52a sliding along the vertical track provided by the two opposed hooks 62. The second link 54 and the arm 48 are both connected to the bracket 16 through the first link 52, so translation of the first link 52 relative to the bracket 16 causes the second linked 54 and the arm 48 to translate relative to the bracket 16 as well.

[0072] With continued reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B in particular, the second screw 58 governs rotation of the second link 54 relative to the first link 52. The first link 52 includes a vertical tab 52c that cooperates with a spool 58b at an end of the second screw 58. The spool 58b is provided by two discs 58c defining opposite sides of an annular groove 58d. The vertical tab 52c extends between the two discs 58c into the annular groove 58d, and is abutted on either side by the discs 58c. A threaded shank 58a of the second screw 58 extends from the spool 58b through an internally threaded first eye 54a of the second link 54. Because the discs 58c of the spool 58b abut either side of the vertical tab 52c, rotation of the threaded shank 58a of the second screw 58 within the internally threaded first eye 54a causes the first eye 54a to travel toward or away from the vertical tab 52c.

[0073] The second link 54 includes a cylindrical barrel 54b, a centerline of which defines the second adjustment axis AX2, and the barrel 54b is aligned within a channel 52d in the first link 52 that has an arcuate cross-sectional profile on planes perpendicular to the second adjustment axis AX2. The placement of the barrel 54b within the channel 52d and the extension of the vertical tab 52c into the spool 58b cooperate to limit travel of the second link 54 relative to the first link 52 to rotation about the second adjustment axis AX2. Thus, travel of the internally threaded first eye 54a toward or away from the vertical tab 52c caused by rotation of the threaded shank 58a of the second screw 58 within the first eye 54a corresponds to pivoting of the second link 54 relative to the first link 52 about the second adjustment axis AX2. Further, translation of the first link 52 along the third adjustment axis AX3 causes corresponding translation of the second adjustment axis AX2 as the barrel 54b travels along with the first link 52 and second link 54.

[0074] Turning to FIG. 3C, with continued reference to FIG. 3B, the arm 48 is rotatably connected to the second link 54 by a tube 64b integrally formed with the arm and a post 54e of the second link 54 that extends through the tube 64b. Because the tube 64b may rotate about the post 54e, the first adjustment axis AX1 is defined along a centerline of a cylindrical shape of the post 54e. The first adjustment axis AX1 therefore rotates about the second adjustment axis AX2 whenever the second link 54 rotates about the second adjustment axis AX2, and the first adjustment axis AX1 translates vertically whenever the first link 52 and second link 54 translate along the third adjustment axis AX3. At one position of the second link 54 about the second adjustment axis AX2, the post 54e and first adjustment axis AX1 extend parallel to the lateral axis Y.

[0075] The third screw 60 governs rotation of the arm 48 relative to the second link 54. The third screw 60 includes a threaded shank 60a extending through an internally threaded second eye 54c of the second link 54, and ends in a spool 60b that interacts with a rotatable tab 64a integrally connected to the tube 64b and the arm 48. The spool 60b of the third screw 60 includes two discs 60c defining opposite sides of an annular groove 60d. The rotatable tab 64a extends between the two discs 60c into the annular groove 60d, where it is abutted on either side by the discs 60c. Thus, rotation of the threaded shank 60a of the third screw 60 within the second eye 54c will cause a free end of the rotatable tab 64a to travel toward or away from the second eye 54c. Because the arm 48 and rotatable tab 64a are connected to the second link 54 by a close fit of the tube 64b around the post 54e, travel of the free end of the rotatable tab 64a toward or away from the second eye 54c corresponds to rotation of the rotatable tab 64a, tube 64b, and arm 48 about the first adjustment axis AX1.

[0076] After the guide 10 is fixed to the patella with the jaws 20, 30, the surgeon may use a driver 68 to orient the arm 48 to align the planar surface 50 with an intended resection plane as shown in FIGS. 4A-6B. In the illustrated example, the first screw 56a includes a hexagonal recess at an end of the threaded shank 56a opposite from the head 56b. Similarly, the second screw 58 includes a hexagonal recess at an end of the threaded shank 58a opposite from the spool 58b of the second screw 58, and the third screw 60 includes a hexagonal recess at an end of the threaded shank 60a opposite from the spool 60b of the third screw 60. Accordingly, the driver 68 of the illustrated example therefore ends in a projection for rotationally engaging the hexagonal recesses in the screws 56, 58, 60. However, in various other examples, the driver 68 is any other driving feature, such as a square head, flat head, Phillips head, or a shaped recess, and the screws 56, 58, 60 include whatever features other than a hexagonal recess that match the driver 68.

[0077] The surgeon may begin a process of positioning the arm 48 by engaging the driver 68 to the third screw 60, and using the driver 68 to turn the third screw 60 to rotate the arm 48 about the first adjustment axis AX1. First adjustment axis AX1 is generally parallel to a superior-inferior axis of the patella such that turning the third screw 60, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, causes arm 50 to rotate about first adjustment axis AX1 thereby adjusting the lateral-medial tilt of the resection plane. Next, the surgeon may engage the driver 68 to the second screw 58 and use the driver 68 to rotate the arm 48 about the second axis AX2. Second adjustment axis AX2 is generally parallel to the lateral-medial axis of the patella such that turning the second screw 58, as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, causes arm 50 to rotate about second adjustment axis AX2 thereby adjusting the superior-inferior tilt of the resection plane. As used here, the terms superior, inferior, medial, and lateral refer to anatomical directions relative to the body of the patient in one contemplated orientation of the guide 10 on a patella, but these terms are not limiting. That is, the guide 10 may be oriented otherwise on the patella, and other arrangements of the guide 10 may include various features at different positions relative to the patient. For example, the linkage may be connected to the bracket 16 at other positions, such as on an opposite side of the bracket 16 from what is illustrated, or over the first end block 12 instead of the second end block 14. Finally, the surgeon may engage the driver 68 to the first screw 56 and use the driver 68 to translate the arm 48 along the third adjustment axis AX3 downward or upward (i.e., anterior and posterior) as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, respectively. Translating the arm 48 along the third adjustment axis AX3 adjusts the depth of the resection and the respective thicknesses of the removed and remaining portions of the patella.

[0078] Though the process described above lists adjusting the arm 48 relative to the first adjustment axis AX1, then the second adjustment axis AX2, then the third adjustment axis AX3, the surgeon may adjust the arm 48 relative to the adjustment axes AX1, AX2, AX3, in any order. Positioning the arm 48 may involve iterative adjustment about each of the adjustment axes AX1, AX2, AX3, such as returning to a previously adjusted axis once or more after moving the arm 48 relative to either or both of the other two axes.

[0079] A positioning block 70 and stylus 72 may be used to aid the positioning process of the arm 48 described above as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The stylus 72 is slidably retained by the positioning block 70. The stylus 72 and positioning block 70 are respectively dimensioned such that the tip 74 of the stylus 72 will exist on the plane of the planar surface 50 of the arm 48 when the positioning block 70 is placed on the planar surface 50 and both the tip 74 and the positioning block 70 are oriented to extend normal to the planar surface 50 as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Thus, the tip 74 of the stylus 72 may be used to indicate where the resection plane corresponding to a given position of the arm 48 will intersect an object, such as the patella. The above described process of positioning the arm 48 may therefore include probing superior and inferior poles of the patella with the stylus 72 as shown in FIG. 7A, and probing medial and lateral edges of the patella 72 as shown in FIG. 7B. Arm 50 is adjusted as described above to ensure stylus contact at the desired positions so as to confirm and gauge the resection plane.

[0080] Finally, with the jaws 20, 30 engaged to a patella 76, a cutting tool 78 may be guided along the planar surface 50 of the arm 48 as shown in FIG. 8. A summary of a process 100 for using the guide 10 generally as described above is provided in FIG. 9. At block 110, the surgeon conforms the first jaw 20 to the patella 76. In the illustrated example, the first jaw 20 is conformed to a superior or inferior pole of the patella 76. Conforming the first jaw 20 to the patella 76 includes allowing or causing the movable mandibles 24 to translate relative to the first end block 12 to a position where the teeth 40 of the movable mandibles 24 and fixed mandible 22 are arrayed to generally match the profile of the portion of the patella 76 that the first jaw 20 is intended to engage. In some examples, block 110 is omitted, and in others, block 110 occurs as part of block 114.

[0081] At block 114, the first jaw 20 and second jaw 30 are engaged to the patella 76 by causing the teeth 40 of both jaws to sink into the patella 76. The engagement may include applying force to the second jaw 30 along the longitudinal axis X toward the first jaw 20 while applying an opposing force to the frame of the guide 10. Engaging the first jaw 20 may also include applying force directly to the movable mandibles 24 along the longitudinal axis X toward the second jaw 30.

[0082] At stage 118, the arm 48 is positioned relative to the patella 76 to align the planar surface 50 with the intended resection plane. Adjusting the position of the arm 48 includes using the driver 68 to adjust the arm 48 about the first adjustment axis AX1 at block 122, about the second adjustment axis AX2 at block 126, and along the third adjustment axis AX3 at block 130. At state 118, the surgeon may adjust the arm 48 about the first adjustment axis AX1 first, then the second adjustment axis AX2 second, followed by finally adjusting the arm along the third adjustment axis AX3. The surgeon may also adjust the arm 48 relative to the adjustment axes AX1, AX2, and AX3 in any other order, and may readjust relative to any of the adjustment axes AX1, AX2, AX3 as many times as necessary to place the arm 48 at an acceptable orientation. With the arm 48 so placed, the surgeon guides the cutting instrument 78 along the planar surface 50 to cut the patella 76 at block 134.

[0083] The features of the above described guide 10 may be varied, rearranged, or combined with features of other guides. For example, the first jaw 20 having movable mandibles 24 in cooperation with a fixed mandible 22 may be implemented in place of any stationary jaw in other patella resection guides. In another example, other patella resection guides may be provided with an arm having a planar surface for guiding a cutting tool movable in any one or any combination of the ways described above. Moreover, in other arrangements of the guide 10 of the present disclosure, individual features associated with either of the first end block 12 and the second end block 14 may be transferred to the other end block.

[0084] FIG. 10A illustrates a guide 210 according to another arrangement. The guide 210 is generally similar to the guide 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-8, with like numerals indicating like features (such as numerals 22 and 222 referring to a fixed mandible), except where specifically stated below. As such, not all numbered elements shown in FIGS. 10A-10F are specifically described herein. Further, the multiple differences between the guide 210 of FIG. 10A and the guide 10 of FIG. 1 may be implemented individually or in any combination.

[0085] The guide 210 includes two parallel arms 248 defining a cutting slot 250 therebetween. The two parallel arms 248 are both connected to the tube 264b and thus move together when adjusted in the same manner as described above with regard to the single arm 48 of the guide 10. The cutting slot 250 may therefore be used to guide a cutting instrument in generally the same manner as the planar surface 50 of the guide 10.

[0086] An actuator brace 280 extends backward from the bracket 216 along the longitudinal axis X and retains an actuator rod 282. The actuator rod 282 is disposed through a bore in the actuator brace 280 in a position aligning the actuator rod 282 parallel to the longitudinal axis X. The actuator rod 282 can be actuated to move longitudinally within the bore of the actuator brace 280 to bear on the second jaw 230. For example, the actuator rod 282 may be externally threaded to match internal threading of the bore of the actuator brace 280 and actuated by rotation, such as by manipulation of a knob such as that shown on the actuator rod 282 in the illustrated arrangement. The actuator brace 280 and actuator rod 282 thereby provide a mechanism for selectively tightening the second jaw 230 toward the fixed mandible 222 to engage a patella.

[0087] The tab 264a extending from the tube 264b includes a socket 284. Turning to FIG. 10B, the socket 284 can receive a peg of a computer recognizable orientation marker, being a navigation array 286 in the illustrated example, for use with a computer aided surgery system (CASS) before or after the jaws 220, 230 are engaged to the patella 76. Further, as shown in FIG. 10C, a probe 288 paired with the CASS can be used to map a topography of the patella 76. As shown in FIG. 10D, the probe 288 can also be contacted to three registration points 290 on one of the arms 248, which may be three predefined dimples 290. Because the tab 264a and the arms 248 are both connected at fixed relative positions to the tube 264b, the CASS can rely on the array 286 to determine the position and orientation of the arms 248 and cutting slot 250 relative to the patella 76. Thus, turning to FIG. 10E, the CASS may directly control the driver 268, or guide a surgeon in using the driver 268, to adjust the linkage generally as described above with regard to the guide 10 to put the arms 248 in a suitable position for cutting the patella 78 on an intended plane. Finally, as shown in FIG. 10F, the CASS or surgeon may guide the cutting tool 78 through the slot 250 to cut the patella 76.

[0088] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.