Abstract
Various embodiments relate to an antenna design enabling beam-steering antenna arrays for communication in a high radio frequency spectrum. A device may comprise a first layer of resonance structures; a second layer of resonance structures, wherein the resonance structures of the first layer are configured to be electromagnetically coupled with the resonance structures of the second layer; a feeding element configured to electromagnetically excite the first and the second layer of the electromagnetically coupled resonance structures, wherein the first and the second layers are stacked with the feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, and wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis. A device and a method of fabricating the device are disclosed.
Claims
1. A device for radio frequency communications, the device comprising: a first layer of resonance structures; a second layer of resonance structures, wherein resonance structures of the first layer are configured to be electromagnetically coupled with resonance structures of the second layer; and a feeding element configured to electromagnetically excite the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of resonance structures, wherein the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of resonance structures are stacked with the feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, and wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis.
2. The device of claim 1, further comprising: at least one additional layer comprising at least one resonance structure, wherein the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer is electromagnetically coupled with at least one resonance structure of at least one layer next to the at least one additional layer and stacked substantially symmetrically with respect to the axis, and wherein a distance of a geometrical center of the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer from the axis differs from the distances of the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer and the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the first layer of resonance structures comprises a different number of the resonance structures compared the resonances structures of the second layer.
4. The device of claim 2, wherein the first layer of resonance structures comprises resonance structures of a different size compared to at least one of the resonances structures of the second layer or the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer.
5. The device of claim 2, wherein the first layer of resonance structures comprises resonance structures of a different shape compared to the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the feeding element comprises: a patch antenna; and at least one of a probe feed or an electromagnetically coupled feed.
7. The device of claim 6, wherein the patch antenna comprises one of a circle ring shaped patch antenna, a rectangle ring shaped patch antenna, a solid circle shaped patch antenna, or a solid rectangle shaped patch antenna.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein a height of the device from a ground plane level to an outermost stacked element is less than or equal to 0.025λ, wherein λ is a wavelength associated with a frequency range of the radio frequency communications.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the axis perpendicular to the plane defined by the feeding element is aligned with a center of the feeding element.
10. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a gap between the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of the resonance structures.
11. An antenna array, comprising: a plurality of devices, wherein each device of the plurality of devices comprises: a first layer of resonance structures; a second layer of resonance structures, wherein resonance structures of the first layer are configured to be electromagnetically coupled with resonance structures of the second layer; and a feeding element configured to electromagnetically excite the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of resonance structures, wherein the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of resonance structures are stacked with the feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, and wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis.
12. A method for fabrication of a device for radio frequency communications, the method comprising: stacking a first layer of resonance structures and a second layer of resonance structures with a feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, wherein resonance structures of the first layer are configured to be electromagnetically coupled with resonance structures of the second layer, wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis, and wherein the feeding element is configured to electromagnetically excite the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of the resonance structures.
13. The antenna array of claim 11, wherein each device of the plurality of devices comprises: at least one additional layer comprising at least one resonance structure, wherein the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer is electromagnetically coupled with at least one resonance structure of at least one layer next to the at least one additional layer and stacked substantially symmetrically with respect to the axis, and wherein a distance of a geometrical center of the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer from the axis differs from the distances of the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer and the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis.
14. The antenna array of claim 13, wherein, for each device of the plurality of devices, the first layer of resonance structures comprises resonance structures of a different size compared to at least one of the resonances structures of the second layer or the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer.
15. The antenna array of claim 11, wherein, for each device of the plurality of devices, the feeding element comprises: a patch antenna; and at least one of a probe feed or an electromagnetically coupled feed; wherein the patch antenna comprises one of a circle ring shaped patch antenna, a rectangle ring shaped patch antenna, a solid circle shaped patch antenna, or a solid rectangle shaped patch antenna.
16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming at least one additional layer comprising at least one resonance structure, wherein the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer is electromagnetically coupled with at least one resonance structure of at least one layer next to the at least one additional layer and stacked substantially symmetrically with respect to the axis, and wherein a distance of a geometrical center of the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer from the axis differs from the distances of the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer and the geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first layer of resonance structures comprises resonance structures of a different size compared to at least one of the resonances structures of the second layer or the at least one resonance structure of the additional layer.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein the feeding element comprises: a patch antenna; and at least one of a probe feed or an electromagnetically coupled feed; wherein the patch antenna comprises one of a circle ring shaped patch antenna, a rectangle ring shaped patch antenna, a solid circle shaped patch antenna, or a solid rectangle shaped patch antenna.
19. The method of claim 12, wherein a height of the device from a ground plane level to an outermost stacked element is less than or equal to 0.025λ, wherein λ is a wavelength associated with a frequency range of the radio frequency communications.
20. The method of claim 12, wherein a gap exists between the first layer of resonance structures and the second layer of the resonance structures.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the example embodiments and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate example embodiments and, together with the description, help to explain the example embodiments. In the drawings:
[0021] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of feeding components of a device with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of an antenna patch of a device with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of a first layer of resonance structures of a device with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of a second layer of resonance structures of a device with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a cross-sectional view of a device with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates an S11 graph of an exciting patch, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of port isolation of cross-polarization for an annular and a solid antenna patch design, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a device comprising a double layer of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a cross-sectional view of a device comprising a double layer of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device comprising a two layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures arranged below a feeding element, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a cross-sectional view of a device comprising two layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures arranged below a feeding element, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 9A illustrates an example of a first layer of resonance structures with a different shape of resonance structures compared to a second layer of resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 9B illustrates an example of a second layer of resonance structures with a different shape of resonance structures compared to a first layer of resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a device comprising three layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of resonance frequencies of antenna elements with direct excitation of resonance structures, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of resonance frequencies of a device comprising a multilayer of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures with excitation by a patch, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a device with a multilayer multi-resonant structure with a cavity, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 14 illustrates another example of a device with a multilayer multi-resonant structure with a cavity, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of return loss and isolation between ports of dual-polarized antenna element, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 16 illustrates a gain graph in a frequency range of 24 GHz-30 GHz of a device with multilayer multi-resonant antenna structure, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a one by four elements linear array of four dual-polarized antennas, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a two by two elements array of four dual-polarized antennas, according to an embodiment of the disclosure; and
[0043] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a method for fabrication of a device for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
[0044] Like references are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0045] Reference will now be made in detail to example embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the embodiments and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the examples may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the examples and the sequence of operations for constructing and operating the examples. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.
[0046] An antenna, for example mmWave antenna, may be implemented in a module. The module may be assembled to a main circuit board of a UE, which is provided as an example of a device. The mmWave antenna module may comprise a PCB (printed circuit board) where a mmWave antenna array may be implemented. Direction of a main radiation beam the antenna array may be towards an end-fire direction of the antenna array, which may be parallel to a display of the UE. The mmWave antenna module may comprise also a RFIC (radio frequency integrated circuit). In some embodiments the RFIC and the antenna PCB may be integrated in a single package. A number of mmWave modules may be placed at different locations of the UE. Different mmWave modules may provide beamforming in corresponding angular ranges. This may enable to sufficiently cover as much of a sphere as possible. Dual-polarized antenna radiation may be provided by the mmWave module(s). A baseband modem may facilitate two independent data streams effectively utilizing dual polarizations to facilitate MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) communications. A broadside radiation beam array module may be placed for example next to the back cover of the UE. The back cover may be made of plastic, glass, ceramic, or other non-conductive material. The radiation beam of the antenna module may be configured to cover the back space of the UE as the broadside antenna array may radiate perpendicular to the UE and towards the backside of the UE. This may present a limitation in the applicability of the module in a particular UE device. Even though some embodiments of the disclosure have been described using mmWave frequencies as an example, it is appreciated that the disclosed embodiments may be applied to implement antennas or antenna arrays at any suitable frequency range.
[0047] On the other hand, very high requirements such as wide broadband and low-profile may be presented to patch antennas. The patch antennas may have many attractive features such as a planar configuration, a low profile and two polarizations. Patch antennas may be also called antenna patches. However, the patch antennas may not provide sufficiently wide operating bandwidth for some applications. In general, it may be desired to design as low profile antenna as possible with good antenna efficiency and a wide operation bandwidth. A bandwidth of rectangular microstrip patch antennas may be, for example, 8% (bandwidth central frequency ±4%) or 3% and it may not be possible to reduce the thickness much smaller than 0.06 of a wavelength λ without degrading efficiency and bandwidth of the antenna. Additional resonance may be achieved by stacking two patch antennas. However, this increases the antenna profile. The bandwidth may be increased, for example, using a patch antenna with parasitic elements around the patch. However, this may not enable the height of the antenna profile to be decreased and the planar size of the antenna may need to be increased. A low profile, high frequency, and high gain may be achieved with a metasurface layer above a patch antenna. However, the achievable bandwidth may be limited by an available size of the module. Further, a high level of isolation between cross-polarizations, for example −15 dB, may be difficult to achieve in a dual polarized wide bandwidth patch antenna design with the metasurface layer.
[0048] An objective of the disclosure is to achieve a compact antenna design with extremely low profile, such as less than a 0.025λ profile, that can cover a wide bandwidth, for example more than 20% of the center frequency, with dual-polarization broadside radiation. Further, the planar size of the antenna may not need to be increased. According to an embodiment, a device comprises a feeding element stacked with two or more layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures. The multiple layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures may be electromagnetically fed by the feeding element. The two or more layers comprising one or more of the resonance structures may be stacked with the feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, and wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer from the axis. The layers may be positioned above or below the feeding element. The device may have a relatively low profile and improve achievable frequency bandwidth with high gain and scan range.
[0049] FIGS. 1A-1D illustrates examples of design elements of a device 100 with a multilayer antenna structure for radio frequency communications, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The device 100 may comprise a patch antenna. The design elements are depicted from above. A feeding element of the device 100 may comprise, for example, a patch antenna 102. An electrical signal may be coupled to the feeding element by a plurality of feeding components. A feeding component may be, for example, a probe feed 101 or an electromagnetically coupled feed, for example a capacitively coupled feed, which may be also referred to as capacitive feeding. The feeding element may be configured to excite resonance structures layered above or below the feeding element. The device 100 may comprise a first layer comprising at least one resonance structure 103, as shown in FIG. 1C. The device 100 may further comprise a second layer comprising at least one resonance structure 104 stacked with the feeding element and the first layer of resonance structures, as shown in FIG. 1D. The resonance structures of the first and the second layer may be electromagnetically coupled to each other. In an embodiment, the resonance structures of the first and the second layer may be electromagnetically tightly coupled. The design elements may be layered such that one or more of the probe feeds 101, the patch antenna 102, the first layer of resonance structures 103 and the second layer of resonance structures 104 are vertically (along axis 202) positioned at different levels, as illustrated in an example of a cross-sectional view of the device 100 in FIG. 2. In an embodiment, the feeding element, the first layer and the second layer of the resonance structures may be arranged above a ground plane level 200 parallel to each other (on top of each other) with a gap between them. The gap between the first layer 103 and feeding element 102 may be smaller than the gap between the first layer 103 and the second layer 104. The gap may be filled, for example, with a material with insulating properties. The patch antenna 102 may be positioned very close to the ground plane, for example at a distance of 0.015λ. The different layers of resonance structures 103, 104 may be stacked on top of the feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to the (vertical) axis 202, which may be perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element. In an embodiment, the axis 202 may be located at a center of the patch antenna 102. Distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures 104 of the second layer from the axis may differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures 103 of the first layer from the axis 202. Hence, the second layer of resonance structures 104 may be shifted in relation to the first layer of resonance structures 103 such that the stacked resonance structures are not completely aligned, i.e. at least a part of an area of a resonance structure of the first layer is not aligned with an area of a resonance structure of the second layer. In one example, none of the stacked resonance structures are completely aligned. The patch antenna 102 may be relatively small, for example having a length and a width of a 0.15λ, which may not provide sufficient resonance for operating independently, for example at 30 GHz, but which is able to excite the resonance structures 103, 104. The size of the device may be defined with respect to k which is a wavelength associated with a frequency range of the radio frequency communications of the device 100, for example a center frequency of the radio frequency communications.
[0050] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an S11 graph of the exciting patch antenna 102 separately without resonance structures. The S11 graph describes return loss of the patch antenna 102 in general. The patch antenna 102 may be an annular or a square ring-shaped patch antenna, which may improve cross-polarized isolation for the final design of the device 100. However, the patch antenna 102 may have any shape, such as a solid circle or a solid rectangular shape. In an embodiment, the feeding element may comprise a folded monopole antenna instead of the patch antenna 102. The folded monopole antenna may be selected for example in case of a single polarization. Cross-polarized port by port isolation for an annular/ring and a solid antenna patch design is illustrated in a diagram in FIG. 4 in terms of S21 parameter.
[0051] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a device comprising two layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures 103, 104, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The two electromagnetically coupled layers of resonance structures 103, 104 may be configured to provide a main resonance and an additional resonance. The resonance structures of each of the two layers may be substantially symmetrically located in relation to the axis 202 perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, for example the patch antenna 102. The resonance structures 103 of the first layer may be shifted relative to the resonance structures 104 of the second layer. The centroids of both the first and the second layer of resonance structures 103, 104 may be located at the same horizontal (direction of the plane defined by the feeding element) location in relation to the axis 202. However, the distance from the plane defined by the feeding element differs. Furthermore, distances of the centroids of each of the resonance structures 103 in the first layer from the axis 202 may differ from distances of the centroids of each of the resonance structures 104 in the second layer from the axis 202. For example, the resonance structures in the different layers may not be positioned on top of each other such that the centroids of the resonance structures at the different layers would be vertically aligned.
[0052] In an embodiment, the first and the second layer of resonance structures 103, 104 may have different numbers of the resonance structures. For example, the first layer may comprise nine resonance structures 103. The second layer may comprise four resonance structures 104. The resonance structures of the first layer may be arranged to collectively form a rectangular resonance structure geometry, as illustrated for example in FIG. 1C. Similarly, resonance structures of other layer(s) may be arranged to collectively form a rectangular resonance structure geometry. In an embodiment, the first layer of resonance structures 103 may have resonance structures of different size compared to the second layer of resonance structures 104. In an embodiment, the first layer of resonance structures 103 may comprise resonance structures of different shape compared to the resonance structures 104 of the second layer. In an embodiment, at least one of the first or the second layer of resonance structures 103, 104 may have resonance structures of different sizes or different shapes, for example, circle and oval resonance structures. A total planar size (perpendicular to the axis 202) of the first and second layers of resonance structures 103, 104 may be equal or less to a planar size of a reference antenna patch without stacked layer(s) of resonance structures, wherein the size of the reference antenna patch is calculated for one narrow resonance frequency range. The reference antenna patch may be a rectangular patch antenna, such as for example a rectangular microstrip antenna, which has no stacked layer(s) of resonance structures. For example, the simple antenna patch size may be calculated for a dielectric constant of 3, dielectric height of 0.35 mm and an operation frequency of 24 GHz, which results a width of 4.416 mm and a length of 3.450 mm. For comparison, with reference to FIG. 5 the planar width and length of the first layer of resonance structures 103 may be, for example, 3.88 mm and the width and length of the second layer of the resonance structures 104 may be 3.47 mm. Both of the first and the second layer with the multi-resonance properties may be placed above or below the feeding element. A planar size of the patch antenna 102 may be smaller than the planar sizes of the resonance structure layers, because it may be only used for a poor resonance for excitation of the resonance structures.
[0053] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a cross-sectional view of a device 100 comprising two layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures 103, 104, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The resonance layers may be placed above a feeding element to simplify a manufacturing process. For example, vias for patch antenna 102 may be easier to design when the resonance layers are positioned above the patch antenna 102. When placed below, staggered via design may be required. The stacked design of the elements may enable a compact and a low profile design of the device 100. For example, the patch antenna 102 may be positioned h1=0.174 mm above a ground plane 200, the first layer of resonance structures 103 h2=0.236 mm above the ground plane 200 and the second layer of resonance structures 104 h3=0.35 mm above the ground plane 200. It is however noted that the above values are provided as examples, and the distances h1, h2, and h3 of the layers in relation to the ground plane 200 may depend on the application and desired design parameters.
[0054] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device 100 comprising two layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures 103, 104 arranged below a feeding element, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The device 100 may comprise a plurality of resonance structures 103 in a first layer positioned below patch antenna 102, which represents the feeding element in this example. The device 100 may further comprise a plurality of resonance structures 104 in a second layer positioned below the first layer. In an embodiment, the resonance structures 103, 104 may be identical, for example in terms of their size and shape, but arranged differently in relation to the patch antenna 102. The layers may also comprise different numbers of the resonance structures 103, 104. Width (z) of the patch antenna 102 may be in the range of 1.7 to 1.9 mm, for example 1.8 mm. Width (y) of the first layer of resonance structures 103 may be in the range of 4.9 mm to 5.1 mm, for example 5.05 mm. Width (x) of the second layer of resonance structures 104 may be in the range of 3.9 mm to 4.1 mm, for example 4.03 mm.
[0055] An example of a cross-sectional view of the device 100 is illustrated in FIG. 8. The first and the second layer of the resonance structures 103, 104 may be stacked with the patch antenna 102 above a ground plane 200. The outermost element in relation to the ground plane may be the patch antenna 102 and the first and the second layer of resonance structures 103, 104 may be arranged between the patch antenna 102 and the ground plane 200 such that there is a gap between each layer 102, 103, 104, 200. The gap may comprise dielectric material, such as a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) or polyimide.
[0056] In an embodiment, the resonance structures 103, 104 of the different layers may have different shapes. FIG. 9A illustrates an example of a first layer of resonance structures 103 and FIG. 9B illustrates an example of a second layer of resonance structures 104, which may be arranged in the same device. The first layer of the resonance structures 103 may comprise, for example, a plurality of circle ring shaped resonance structures arranged substantially in a circle. The second layer of resonance structures 104 may comprise similar circle ring shaped resonance structures arranged in a rectangle-shaped ring and ellipse-shaped resonance structures positioned in a middle of the ring. A layer may have any suitable shape, arrangement and/or number of resonance structures, which may be electromagnetically coupled with the resonance structures of the next layer.
[0057] In an embodiment, the device 100 may comprise more than two layers of resonance structures. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the device 100 comprising three layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures 103, 104, 1000, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The third layer may comprise at least one resonance structure 1000. The third layer may be positioned substantially symmetrically in relation to the same axis 202 perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, for example patch antenna 102 and the other layers of resonance structures 103, 104. The centroid of the resonance structure 1000 may not be aligned with centroids of any of the resonance structures 103, 104 of the other layers. In an embodiment, the third layer may comprise one resonance structure 1000, which may be for example of a similar shape as the resonance structures of the first and second layers. However, the resonance structure 1000 may have bigger size to improve coupling with at least the resonance structures 104 of the second layer. The third layer of resonance structures 1000 may be configured to provide a third resonance frequency.
[0058] FIG. 11 illustrates resonance frequencies of antenna elements with direct excitation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A model with direct excitation of resonance structures 103, 104 for different shapes of the resonance structures 103, 104 was used for checking the resonance frequency of the elements. Simulation results with two layers of resonance structures 103, 104 with direct excitation of the elements are shown in the diagram of FIG. 11, which illustrates the S11 and S22 parameters for center and edge feed of the antenna elements, respectively. The second layer was excited by feeding current to a resonance structure 103 located by a center of the second layer and by feeding current to resonance structures 103 of the first layer located by edges of the second layer. With the shown direct excitation, a low frequency resonance may be provided by exciting the three resonance structures of the first layer of resonance structures 103 and the two resonance structures of second layer of resonance structures 104. A high frequency resonance may be provided by exciting the center resonance structure of the first layer and the two resonance structures of second layer. Results for a full model of a device 100 with multiple layers of electromagnetically coupled resonance structures with similar size, shape, stack-up and patch exciting is illustrated in FIG. 12. Isolation between ports of the device 100 may correspond to the results shown in FIG. 4.
[0059] With a proper design of the above features, a compact antenna design with a wide operation frequency band, a high efficiency, and a high gain with wide beam scanning may be achieved. At least two resonance frequencies may be achieved, for example at F_low=25 GHz and F_high=29.25 GHz, as shown in FIG. 15. The simulation results in FIG. 15 also show a good isolation between the dual-polarization antenna feedings.
[0060] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a device 100 with multiple layers of multi-resonant structures 103, 104 located in a cavity 300, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The cavity 300 around the device 100 may not give any additional resonance in the multilayer and multi-resonant design, and it may be applied to provide an open area for the device 100. The device 100 may be implemented within the cavity 300, for example such that electric feeding lines, such as a strip-line, are provided for the device 100 from the sides instead of from the bottom of the device 100. FIG. 14 illustrates another example of the device 100 with a multilayer multi-resonant structure located in a cavity, wherein the resonant structures 103, 104 are circle shaped rings instead of square shaped rings. The different shapes may affect, for example, the coupling between elements as they cover the other elements differently. In this design, the device 100 may be operated also without the surrounding cavity 300. Hence, more freedom for industrial design may be achieved because it is not restricted by the cavity. As shown in simulation results in FIG. 16, the antenna element has a high gain in a wide frequency band with or without the cavity 300.
[0061] FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate examples of antenna arrays comprising a plurality dual-polarized antennas, which antennas may be the devices 100. In FIG. 17, a linear array of four dual-polarized antennas is provided. In FIG. 18, a two-by-two array of four dual-polarized antennas is provided. The devices 100 may be however arranged in different ways and in different numbers to provide an antenna array.
[0062] FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a method 1900 for fabrication of a device 100 for radio frequency communications. At 1902, the method may comprise stacking a first and a second layer of resonance structures 103, 104 with a feeding element substantially symmetrically with respect to an axis 202 perpendicular to a plane defined by the feeding element, wherein the resonance structures of the first layer 103 are configured to be electromagnetically coupled with the resonance structures of the second layer 104, wherein distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the second layer 104 from the axis differ from distances of geometric centers of the resonance structures of the first layer 103 from the axis 202, and wherein the feeding element is configured to electromagnetically excite the first and the second layer of the resonance structures 103, 104.
[0063] Further features of the methods directly result from the functionalities and parameters of the methods and devices, for example the device 100, as described in the appended claims and throughout the specification and are therefore not repeated here.
[0064] A device or a system may be configured to perform or cause performance of any aspect of the method(s) described herein. Further, a computer program may comprise program code configured to cause performance of an aspect of the method(s) described herein, when the computer program is executed on a computer. Further, the computer program product may comprise a computer readable storage medium storing program code thereon, the program code comprising instruction for performing any aspect of the method(s) described herein. Further, a device may comprise means for performing any aspect of the method(s) described herein. According to an example embodiment, the means comprises at least one processor, and at least one memory including program code, the at least one processor, and program code configured to, when executed by the at least one processor, cause performance of any aspect of the method(s).
[0065] Any range or device value given herein may be extended or altered without losing the effect sought. Also, any embodiment may be combined with another embodiment unless explicitly disallowed.
[0066] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as examples of implementing the claims and other equivalent features and acts are intended to be within the scope of the claims.
[0067] It will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments. The embodiments are not limited to those that solve any or all of the stated problems or those that have any or all of the stated benefits and advantages. It will further be understood that reference to ‘an’ item may refer to one or more of those items. Furthermore, references to ‘at least one’ item or ‘one or more’ items may refer to one or a plurality of those items.
[0068] The operations of the methods described herein may be carried out in any suitable order, or simultaneously where appropriate. Additionally, individual blocks may be deleted from any of the methods without departing from the scope of the subject matter described herein. Aspects of any of the embodiments described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other embodiments described to form further embodiments without losing the effect sought.
[0069] The term ‘comprising’ is used herein to mean including the method, blocks, or elements identified, but that such blocks or elements do not comprise an exclusive list and a method or device may contain additional blocks or elements.
[0070] It will be understood that the above description is given by way of example only and that various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments. Although various embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from scope of this specification.
