TRIPLE-MODE RESONATOR AND A WAVEGUIDE FILTER COMPRISING THE SAME

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a triple-mode resonator, comprising: a main body made of a dielectric material and having a cuboid shape defining three orthogonal axes (x, y, z) substantially aligned with faces of the main body; and a conductive coating covering all of the main body except portions of the faces of the main body which defines at least one coupling aperture through which a signal can be coupled into and/or out of the main body, wherein the coupling aperture has a closed shape comprising a first and a second main edges extending along two of the axes respectively and a third main edge extending neither parallel nor perpendicular to the first and second main edges, the general shape and size and location of the coupling aperture is mainly determined by the first, second and third main edges, and the coupling aperture is configured in such a manner that desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently in the resonator by an input signal introduced therethrough.

Claims

1. A triple-mode resonator, comprising: a main body made of a dielectric material and having a cuboid shape defining three orthogonal axes (x, y, z) substantially aligned with faces of the main body; and a conductive coating covering all of the main body except portions of the faces of the main body which defines at least one coupling aperture through which a signal can be coupled into and/or out of the main body, wherein the coupling aperture has a closed shape comprising a first and a second main edges extending along two of the axes respectively and a third main edge extending neither parallel nor perpendicular to the first and second main edges, the general shape and size and location of the coupling aperture is mainly determined by the first, second and third main edges, and the coupling aperture is configured in such a manner that desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently in the resonator by an input signal introduced therethrough.

2. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein the coupling aperture is substantially triangle shaped.

3. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein the third main edge is in the form of an arc segment.

4. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 3, wherein the arc segment curves towards an inside of the coupling aperture, wherein an arc center of the arc segment is the center of a face where the arc segment is located.

5. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein the third main edge is line-shaped, inclining at an angle from 30° to 60°, preferably 45° with respect to the first or second main edge.

6. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein the coupling aperture further comprises a fourth edge extending obliquely with respect to the first and second main edges so as to meet the first and second main edges.

7. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 6, wherein the fourth edge is located in a corner where extensions of the first and second main edges meet.

8. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein the first and second main edges or their extensions meet in an area close to a right-angled corner in a face of the main body.

9. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein an end of the first main edge connects to an end of the third main edge that is close to the first main edge, by a fifth edge perpendicular to the first main edge.

10. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein an end of the second main edge connects to an end of the third main edge that is close to the second main edge, by a sixth edge perpendicular to the second main edge.

11. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 1, wherein one or more than one coupling aperture is provided in a face of the main body as input coupling aperture(s).

12. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 11, wherein one or more than one coupling aperture is provided in a face of the main body as output coupling aperture(s), and the face where the output coupling aperture(s) is located is substantially opposite to the face where the input coupling aperture(s) is located.

13. The triple-mode resonator according to claim 12, wherein the input coupling aperture(s) and the output coupling aperture(s) are or are not mirror symmetrical to each other.

14. (canceled)

15. A waveguide filter, comprising a triple-mode resonator that comprises: a main body made of a dielectric material and having a cuboid shape defining three orthogonal axes (x, y, z) substantially aligned with faces of the main body; and a conductive coating covering all of the main body except portions of the faces of the main body which defines at least one coupling aperture through which a signal can be coupled into and/or out of the main body, wherein the coupling aperture has a closed shape comprising a first and a second main edges extending along two of the axes respectively and a third main edge extending neither parallel nor perpendicular to the first and second main edges, the general shape and size and location of the coupling aperture is mainly determined by the first, second and third main edges, and the coupling aperture is configured in such a manner that desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently in the resonator by an input signal introduced therethrough.

16. The waveguide filter according to claim 15, wherein the filter further comprises a first single-mode resonator having a main body of a dielectric material and an external conductive coating covering the main body with uncovered portions defining coupling apertures and a second single-mode resonator having a main body of a dielectric material and an external conductive coating covering the main body with uncovered portions defining coupling apertures, and the triple-mode resonator is sandwiched between the first and second single-mode resonators in such a manner that the triple-mode resonator communicates with the first and second single-mode resonators respectively via corresponding coupling apertures on their abutting faces and desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited in the triple-mode resonator.

17. The waveguide filter according to claim 16, wherein the filter further comprises a third single-mode resonator having a main body of a dielectric material and an external conductive coating covering the main body with uncovered portions defining coupling apertures, and the third single-mode resonator communicates with the first single-mode resonator via corresponding coupling apertures on their abutting faces.

18. The waveguide filter according to claim 17, wherein an output coupling aperture on the third single-mode resonator and an input coupling aperture on the first single-mode resonator are in the form of a circular slot.

19. The waveguide filter according to claim 18, wherein on a face of the third single-mode resonator opposite to the face where its output coupling aperture is located, an input means is connected to the dielectric material in the third single-mode resonator for supplying a signal to be filtered.

20. The waveguide filter according to claim 19, wherein a rotational axis of the input means is coincident with a central axis of circular slots of the third and first single-mode resonators.

21. The waveguide filter according to claim 19, wherein the third main edge of the coupling aperture on the triple-mode resonator is in the form of an arc segment curving towards an inside of the coupling aperture, wherein the arc center of the arc segment is the center of a face where the arc segment is located, and a rotational axis of the input means extends through the arc center of the arc segment.

22-27. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] These and other objects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which are to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

[0043] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a waveguide filter according to the present disclosure;

[0044] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a portion of the waveguide filter as shown in FIG. 1;

[0045] FIG. 3 is a side view of the portion of the waveguide filter as shown in FIG. 2;

[0046] FIG. 4 is an end view of a triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure;

[0047] FIG. 5 is an end view of another variant of a triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure;

[0048] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another variant of a triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure;

[0049] FIG. 7A shows an E-field in mode-1 excited by coupling apertures of the triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure as shown in FIG. 4;

[0050] FIG. 7B shows an E-field in mode-2 exited by coupling apertures of the triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure as shown in FIG. 4;

[0051] FIG. 7C shows an E-field in mode-3 exited by coupling apertures of the triple-mode resonator of the present disclosure as shown in FIG. 4; and

[0052] FIG. 8 shows a topology of a waveguide filter of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] The embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.

[0054] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.

[0055] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the waveguide filter 1 of the present disclosure, comprising multiple resonators coupled in series. FIG. 2 shows some resonators in a perspective view.

[0056] The waveguide filter 1 comprises a triple-mode resonator 100, and a first single-mode resonator 201 (i.e. a first intermediate resonator) and a second single-mode resonator 202 (i.e. second intermediate resonator) coupled to the triple-mode resonator on its opposite ends along the direction of y axis. A third single-mode resonator is coupled as an input resonator 301 to the first intermediate resonator 201. A fourth single-mode resonator is coupled as an output resonator 302 to the second intermediate resonator 202. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the input and output resonators 301, 302 and the first and second intermediate resonators 201, 202 are single-mode resonators each comprising a main body and an external coating of conductive material covering the main body with uncovered portions for providing coupling apertures which allow coupling of signals to and from the main body. The input resonator 301 has an input means 401 connected to its main body to allow an unfiltered signal to be applied thereto, and the output resonator 302 has an output means 402 connected to its main body to allow a filtered signal to be output therefrom.

[0057] In the waveguide filter 1 shown in FIG. 1, the triple-mode resonator 100 is sandwiched between the first intermediate resonator 201 and the second intermediate resonator 202. Similar to those single-mode resonators 301, 201, 202, 302, the triple-mode resonator 100 comprises a main body and an external coating of conductive material covering the main body with uncovered portions for providing coupling apertures which allow coupling of signals to and from the main body.

[0058] Typically, for all the resonators 301, 201, 100, 202, 302, each of their main bodies incudes or is more typically manufactured from a solid body of a dielectric material having suitable dielectric properties. The dielectric materials for these resonators can be the same or different. In one example, their main bodies are ceramic blocks, although this is not essential and alternative materials can be used.

[0059] The main bodies of the input and output resonators 301, 302 and the first and second intermediate resonators 201, 202 can be in any shape. In the illustrated example, main bodies of the input and output resonators 301, 302 and the first and second intermediate resonators 201, 202 each are in the form of a rectangular cuboid defining three orthogonal axes substantially aligned with faces of the main body, as shown by the axes x, y, z in FIG. 1. In the illustrated example, the main body of the triple-mode resonator 100 is a ceramic block in the form of a cuboid (or a cube) having faces substantially aligned with the three orthogonal axes x, y, z.

[0060] The conductive materials for all these resonators can be the same or different. In the illustrated embodiment, silver is selected for all the resonators. It can be readily conceived by the skilled in the art, other conductive materials could be used such as gold, copper or the like.

[0061] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, all the resonators 301, 201, 100, 202, 302 are coupled in series by communication of corresponding coupling apertures on abutting faces thereon. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the input resonator 301 and the first intermediate resonator 201 abut against each other, with an output coupling aperture 311a in the external coating of the input resonator 301 being coaxially aligned with an input coupling aperture 311b in the external coating of the first intermediate resonator 201 so that an overlapping opening in the form of a circular slot is provided for passing electro-magnetic energy from the input resonator 301 into the first intermediate resonator 201. Although it is shown that the coupling apertures 311a and 311b are in the form of a circular slot of the same size, it can be readily conceived that their shape and size can be designed differently as long as an opening 311 defined by their overlapping is circular and has sufficient cross-sectional area for energy transmission.

[0062] FIG. 3 shows particularly the coupling apertures 110, 120, 130 provided on an input face of the main body of the triple-mode resonator 100 as input coupling apertures. The coupling apertures 110, 120, 130 each have a closed shape comprising a first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a and a second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c extending along two of the axes z, x respectively and a third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b extending neither parallel nor perpendicular to the first and second main edges. The general shape and size and location of each input coupling aperture 110, 120, 130 is mainly determined by the first, second and third main edges. And the input coupling aperture(s) on the input face of the triple-mode resonator 100 is configured in such a manner that desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently in the triple-mode resonator 100 by an input signal introduced therethrough. Each main edge of the coupling aperture excites one resonance mode independent from other main edges of the coupling aperture. Thus, each mode can be adjusted separately.

[0063] The term “location” herein means the positional information of the input coupling apertures (including every section of its edges) in a certain plane right-angle coordinate system associated with the face where the input coupling apertures are located.

[0064] On an output face of the first intermediate resonator 201 that is opposite to the input face where the input coupling aperture 311b is located, three coupling apertures 210, 220, 230 are provided in the external coating of the first intermediate resonator 201 as output coupling apertures for communicating correspondingly with the coupling apertures 110, 120, 130 of the triple-mode resonators 100.

[0065] Although it is shown in FIG. 1 that each of the coupling apertures 210, 220, 230 is exactly the same in terms of shape, size and orientation as corresponding one of the coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, it can be readily conceivable by the skilled in the art that the coupling apertures aligned to each other on the abutting faces can be designed differently as long as the coupling apertures 110, 120, 130 of the triple-mode resonator 100 can function well to excite triple-mode resonance in its main body. For example, the shape, size, orientation may vary.

[0066] FIGS. 4 and 5 show some variants of the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, 110′, 120′, 130′ of the triple-mode resonator 100 of the present disclosure. As can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, the input coupling aperture 110, 120, 130, 110′, 120′, 130′ is substantially triangle shaped. The first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a, 130′a and the second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c, 130′c of a single input coupling aperture meet in an area close to a right-angled corner in the input face of the triple-mode resonator 100. The third main edge 110b, 110′b is in the form of an arc segment. The arc segment curves towards an inside of the coupling aperture 110, 110′ with its arc center being the center of the input face of the triple-mode resonator 100 where the arc segment is located.

[0067] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the input coupling apertures 110′, 120′ each comprise a fourth edge 110′d, 120′d extending obliquely with respect to the first main edge 110′a, 120′a and the second main edge 110′c, 120′c in such a manner that it meets the first main edge 110′a, 120′a and the second main edge 110′ c, 120′ c at its end respectively. The fourth edge 110′d, 120′d is located in a corner where the extensions of the first main edge 110′a, 120′a and the second main edge 110′c, 120′c meet. That is, the fourth edge 110′d, 120′d is embodied as a chamfer. In the illustrated example, the extensions of the first main edge 110′a, 120′a and the second main edge 110′ c, 120′c of a single input coupling aperture meet in an area close to a right-angled corner in the input face of the triple-mode resonator 100 of the present disclosure.

[0068] Also, in the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, 110′, 120′, 130′ shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, an end of the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a, 110′a, 120′a, 130′a connects to an end of the third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b, 110′b, 120′b, 130′b that is close to the first main edge, by a fifth edge 110e, 120e, 130e, 110′e, 120′e, 130′e perpendicular to the first main edge. An end of the second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c, 110′c, 120′c, 130′c connects to an end of the third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b, 110′b, 120′b, 130′b that is close to the second main edge, by a six edge 110f, 120f, 130f, 110′f, 120′f, 130′f perpendicular to the second main edge.

[0069] As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, all input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, 110′, 120′, 130′ of the triple-mode resonator 100 are not exactly triangle-shaped. But they can be considered as substantially triangle-shaped, and it can be readily conceivable by the skilled person in the art that these input coupling apertures of the triple-mode resonator can be configured in an exactly triangle shape or in other shapes that can be derived from a triangle or polygon shape or similar geometry, as long as desired three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently in the resonator by an input signal introduced through the input coupling aperture. Additionally, although it is shown that three coupling apertures are provided in the input face of the resonator, the number of the input coupling apertures can be varied according to practical needs. For example, only one input coupling aperture or more than one input coupling apertures are provided in the input face of the main body of the resonator. The arrangement of input coupling aperture(s) can be changed accordingly, as long as three dominant resonance modes can be excited independently as desired in the main body of the triple-mode resonator.

[0070] Referring back to FIG. 1, three coupling apertures 111, 121, 131 are provided as output coupling apertures in the face of the main body of the triple-mode resonator 100 which is substantially opposite to the face where the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130 are located. In the illustrated example, the output coupling apertures 111, 121, 131 are configured and distributed in nearly the same way as the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, so that they can be considered as substantially mirror symmetrical to each other with respect to a symmetry plane of the triple-mode resonator 100 perpendicular to the direction of y axis. However, it is not compulsory that the output coupling apertures 111, 121, 131 be placed and/or shaped and/or sized and/or oriented to be exactly the same as the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130. The skilled person in the art can envisage other configuration of the output coupling apertures of the triple-mode resonator 100 (for example, the configuration/arrangement of the output coupling apertures shown in FIG. 6) as long as they can output signals filtered with the triple-mode resonance inside the resonator 100.

[0071] Similar to the first intermediate resonator 201, the second intermediate resonator 202 comprises three input coupling apertures 211, 221, 231 provided in its face abutting the output face of the triple-mode resonator 100 and an output coupling aperture 312b in the form of a circular slot. Via the input coupling apertures 211, 221, 231, the signal output by the triple-mode resonator 100 is introduced into the second intermediate resonator 202, and finally exits via its output coupling aperture 312b. For communicating with the output coupling aperture 312b, an input coupling aperture 312a is provided in the output resonator 302. Although it is shown that the coupling apertures 312a and 312b each are in the form of a circular slot of the same size, it can be readily conceived that their shape and size can be designed differently as long as an opening 312 defined by the overlapping of the output coupling aperture 312b and the input coupling aperture 312a is circular and has sufficient cross-sectional area for energy transmission.

[0072] In the illustrated example, a rotation axis of the input means 401 is coincident with a central axis of the circular opening 311. Preferably, the rotation axis of the input means 401 extend through the arc center of the third main edge 110b, 110′b in the form of the arc segment. In a preferable embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the first intermediate resonator 201 and the second intermediate resonator 202 are configured and aligned in such a manner that they are mirror symmetrical to each other with respect to the symmetry plane of the triple-mode resonator 100 perpendicular to the direction of y axis, and/or the input resonator 301 and the output resonator 302 are configured and aligned in such a manner that they are mirror symmetrical to each other with respect to the symmetry plane of the triple-mode resonator 100 perpendicular to the direction of y axis. As shown in FIG. 1, the input means 401 and the output means 402 are substantially coaxially provided.

[0073] For better understanding of the present disclosure, the working principle and technical advantages of the waveguide filter 1 will be expounded as follows:

[0074] An E-field excited by the input means 402 inside the input resonator 301, which is in mode-2, is along the direction of y axis and perpendicular to the x-o-z plane, as shown in FIG. 7B. The first intermediate resonator 201 plays as a mode transforming section via the communications associated with its input coupling aperture 311b and output coupling apertures 210, 220, 230. Via the input coupling apertures 110, 120, 130, three dominant resonance modes, i.e. mode-1 (as shown in FIG. 7A), mode-2 (as shown in FIG. 7B) and mode-3 (as shown in FIG. 7C) can be exited in the triple-mode resonator 100.

[0075] Particularly, the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a is mainly responsible for coupling from mode-2 in the input resonator 301 (the first intermediate resonator) to mode-1 in the triple-mode resonator 100, as shown in FIG. 7A. The length and the position of the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a define the coupling strength from mode-2 in the input resonator 301 (and/or the first intermediate resonator) to mode-1 in the triple-mode resonator 100. Further, the position of the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a defines the sign of the coupling. That is, the sign of the coupling can be tuned to be either positive or negative by changing the position of the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a. Also, the first main edge 110a, 120a, 130a can be precisely designed to tune the cross-coupling between mode-1 inside the triple-mode resonator 100.

[0076] The second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c is mainly responsible for coupling from mode-2 in the input resonator 301 (and/or the first intermediate resonator) to mode-3 in the triple-mode resonator 100, as shown in FIG. 7C. The coupling strength can be adjusted by changing the length and position of the second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c. Furthermore, the position of the second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c defines the sign of the coupling. The sign of the coupling can be tuned to be either positive and negative by changing the position of the second main edge. Also, the second main edge 110c, 120c, 130c can be precisely designed to tune the cross-coupling between mode-3 inside the triple-mode resonator 100.

[0077] The third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b is mainly responsible for coupling from mode-2 in the input resonator 301 (and/or the first intermediate resonator) to mode-2 in the triple-mode resonator 100, as shown in FIG. 7B. The third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b can be precisely designed to tune the cross-coupling between mode-2 inside the triple-mode resonator 100. The coupling efficiency can be adjusted to reach its maximum value by arranging the input means 401 in such a manner that its rotation axis is coincident with a central axis of the circular opening 311, and extends through the arc center of the third main edge 110b, 110′b in the form of the arc segment, as shown in FIG. 1. For reducing the coupling efficiency, the third main edge of the input coupling aperture of the triple-mode resonator 100 can be altered to a line, as shown by lines 120b, 130b, 120′b, 130′b in FIGS. 4 and 5. In a preferable embodiment, the line-shaped third main edge inclines at an angle of 45° or an angle of about 45° (e.g. from 30° to 60°, or from 20° to 70°) with respect to the x or z axis. Also, the coupling strength can be varied by changing the position and shape of the third main edge 110b, 120b, 130b, 110′b, 120′b, 130′b.

[0078] FIG. 8 shows the corresponding topology of the waveguide filter 1 as shown in FIG. 1. For better illustration, the triple-mode resonator 100 can be considered as comprising three effective cavities #3, #4, #5 for resonances in mode-1, mode-2 and mode-3 respectively. And the single-mode resonators 301, 201, 202, 302 can be considered as comprising cavities #1, #2, #6, #7 for the single-mode resonance therein respectively. A seven-pole topology with 2 pairs of symmetric zeroes is provided, wherein eight mainline couplings (i.e. couplings between cavities #1 and #2, between cavities #2 and #3, between cavities #3 and #6, between cavities #2 and #4, between cavities #4 and #6, between cavities #2 and #5, between cavities #5 and #6, between cavities #6 and #7) are provided from corresponding coupling apertures on the abutting faces of the resonators. With this topology, the main-coupling and cross-coupling can be freely manipulated to fulfill the transmission function as demanded. Capacitive/negative cross-coupling between cavities #2 and #5 with small coupling value is provided. As shown in the topology of FIG. 8, cross-couplings between mode-1 and mode-2 in the triple-mode resonator 100, between mode-1 and mode-3 in the triple-mode resonator 100, and between mode-2 and mode-3 in the triple-mode resonator 100 have to be bridged by the first intermediate resonator 201 and the second intermediate resonator 202 respectively.

[0079] In view of the above, within the waveguide filter of the present disclosure, productive strong main/negative/capacitive coupling can be provided, which can realize coupling value and shape flexibly.

[0080] In case that same dielectric material, for example, ceramic, is chosen for the main bodies of all the resonators in the waveguide filter 1, the waveguide filter 1 can be formed into one piece by casting. In this way, the assembling steps required for connecting all the resonators in series can be dispensed with and the production efficiency can thus be improved.

[0081] Although it is shown in FIG. 1 that five resonators are coupled to form a filter, the number of resonators/filter poles can be changed so as to influence the near band attenuation/selectivity of the filter as expected. Under the same order of filter, the number of zeroes or the number of cross couplings can make great help to optimize the near band attenuation performance of filter.

[0082] References in the present disclosure to “an embodiment”, “another embodiment” and so on, indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0083] It should be understood that, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.

[0084] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “has”, “having”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and/or combinations thereof. The terms “connect”, “connects”, “connecting” and/or “connected” used herein cover the direct and/or indirect connection between two elements.

[0085] The present disclosure includes any novel feature or combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or any generalization thereof. Various modifications and adaptations to the foregoing exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, any and all modifications will still fall within the scope of the non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.