Sole for Footwear, for Postural and Balance Training

Abstract

A sole for footwear, which includes a plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs, flexibly secured together and arranged with said sacs extending across the full extent of convexities of the primary weight bearing surfaces of the wearer's foot said sacs include: at least one sac under the wearer's heel; at least five sacs lie under the rest of the wearer's foot; said sacs being arranged such that no part of any of the sacs lies under the medial longitudinal arch of the wearer's foot; wherein said at least five sacs include: one sac which lies under the medial forefoot of the wearer's foot; one sac which lies under the lateral forefoot of the wearer's foot; one sac which lies under the lateral midfoot of the wearer's foot; one sac lies under the big toe of the wearer's foot; one sac lies under the smaller toes of the wearer's foot.

Claims

1.-8. (canceled)

9. A sole for footwear for a wearer's foot, wherein the wearer's foot has primary weight bearing surfaces with a full extent of convexities, and wherein the weight bearing surfaces include a heel, which includes an inner heel and an outer heel, a medial longitudinal arch, a lateral forefoot, a lateral midfoot, a big toe and smaller toes, which include a smallest toe and remaining small toes, said sole including: a plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs flexibly secured together and arranged such that said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs are positioned under the full extent of convexities of the primary weight bearing surfaces of the wearer's foot, said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs being arranged such that no part of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is positioned under the medial longitudinal arch of the wearer's foot on said sole; at least one sac positioned under the wearer's heel on said sole; at least five sacs positioned under the wearer's foot other than the heel, wherein said at least five sacs include: a first sac positioned under the medial forefoot of the wearer's foot on said sole; a second sac positioned under the lateral forefoot of the wearer's foot on said sole; a third sac positioned under the lateral midfoot of the wearer's foot on said sole; a fourth sac positioned under the big toe of the wearer's foot on said sole; a fifth sac positioned under the smaller toes of the wearer's foot on said sole.

10. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein said at least one sac positioned on said sole under the wearer's heel includes two separate independent sacs, one of which is positioned under the outer heel and another of which is positioned under the inner heel.

11. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein said fifth sac is sub-divided into two separate independent sacs, one of which lies under the smallest toe and the other of which lies under the remaining small toes.

12. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein the fluid filling said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is air at at least ambient pressure.

13. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs are filled with liquid at at least ambient pressure.

14. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein said sole is shaped to fit inside an article of footwear and each of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is substantially oval in cross-section.

15. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 9, wherein said sole is designed to be attached to the exterior surface of the underside of an article of footwear, and each of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is a slightly oval circle in cross-section.

16. A sole for footwear having primary weight bearing surfaces, and wherein the weight bearing surfaces include a heel support surface, inclusive of an inner heel support surface and an outer heel support surface, a medial longitudinal arch support surface, a lateral forefoot support surface, a lateral midfoot support surface, a big toe support surface and smaller toes support surface, inclusive of a smallest toe support surface and remaining small toes support surface, said sole including: a plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs flexibly secured together and arranged on said sole within said footwear, said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs being arranged such that no part of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is positioned within the medial longitudinal arch support surface; at least one sac positioned in the wearer's heel support surface; at least five sacs positioned on said sole in positions other than the heel support surface, wherein said at least five sacs include: a first sac positioned in the medial longitudinal arch support surface; a second sac positioned in the lateral forefoot support surface; a third sac positioned in the lateral midfoot support surface; a fourth sac positioned in the big toe support surface; and a fifth sac positioned in the smaller toes support surface.

17. The sole as claimed in claim 16, wherein said at least one sac positioned in the wearer's heel support surface includes two separate independent sacs, one of which is positioned under the outer heel support surface and another of which is positioned under the inner heel support surface.

18. The sole as claimed in claim 16, wherein said fifth sac is sub-divided into two separate independent sacs, one of which is in the smallest toe support surface and the other of which is in the remaining small toes support surface.

19. The sole as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid filling said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is air at at least ambient pressure.

20. The sole as claimed in claim 16, wherein said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs are filled with liquid at at least ambient pressure.

21. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 16, wherein each of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is substantially oval in cross-section.

22. A sole for footwear, wherein said sole has an underside on an exterior of the footwear, and wherein said sole has primary weight bearing surfaces, and wherein the weight bearing surfaces include a heel support surface, inclusive of an inner heel support surface and an outer heel support surface, a medial longitudinal arch support surface, a lateral forefoot support surface, a lateral midfoot support surface, a big toe support surface and smaller toes support surface, inclusive of a smallest toe support surface and remaining small toes support surface, said sole including: a plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs flexibly secured together and arranged on said underside of said sole, said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs being arranged such that no part of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is positioned within the medial longitudinal arch support surface; at least one sac positioned in the wearer's heel support surface; at least five sacs positioned on said sole in positions other than the heel support surface, wherein said at least five sacs include: a first sac positioned in the medial longitudinal arch support surface; a second sac positioned in the lateral forefoot support surface; a third sac positioned in the lateral midfoot support surface; a fourth sac positioned in the big toe support surface; and a fifth sac positioned in the smaller toes support surface.

23. The sole as claimed in claim 22, wherein said at least one sac positioned in the wearer's heel support surface includes two separate independent sacs, one of which is positioned under the outer heel support surface and another of which is positioned under the inner heel support surface.

24. The sole as claimed in claim 22, wherein said fifth sac is sub-divided into two separate independent sacs, one of which is in the smallest toe support surface and the other of which is in the remaining small toes support surface.

25. The sole as claimed in claim 22, wherein the fluid filling said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is air at at least ambient pressure.

26. The sole as claimed in claim 22, wherein said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs are filled with liquid at at least ambient pressure.

27. The sole for footwear as claimed in claim 22, wherein each of said plurality of separate closed fluid filled sacs is substantially oval in cross-section.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] By way of example only, preferred embodiments of both versions of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0049] FIG. 1a is a side view of a preferred embodiment of an insole in accordance with the present invention, showing the lateral aspect of the insole before a wearer applies weight to the insole;

[0050] FIG. 1b is a side view of a preferred embodiment of an insole in accordance with the present invention, showing the medial aspect of the insole positioned within a lengthwise vertically sectioned shoe, before a wearer applies weight to the base of the shoe;

[0051] FIG. 2a is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of an insole in accordance with the present invention, showing the underside of a right insole. It conversely also shows the topside of the left insole due to the reciprocal structure of the insole;

[0052] FIG. 2b is a three dimensional medial view of a preferred embodiment of an insole in accordance with the present invention, showing a variant formation of the insole. This variant formation is shaped to conform to the shape of the foot sole in a similar manner to a regular shoe insole.

[0053] FIG. 3 is a plan view of a midline horizontal section of the underside of a right insole through the line A-A of FIG. 1A; It conversely also depicts the topside view of the same section of the left insole due to the reciprocal structure of the insole.

[0054] FIG. 4 is a side view of a vertical section of the medial aspect of the insole through the line C-C of FIG. 3. It also depicts three dimensional images of the same section through sacs 13i and 15i;

[0055] FIG. 5 is a horizontal sectional side view of the medial aspect of the insole through the line D-D of FIG. 2A, within a lengthwise vertically sectioned shoe, after the wearer applies weight to the insole;

[0056] FIGS. 6a-e are vertical sectional views of the insole and wearer's forefoot through the line B-B of FIG. 2a, under a series of different conditions in use;

[0057] FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of the medial aspect of the insole through the line D-D of a variant form of the insole as depicted in FIG. 2b. As for FIG. 2b the shape of the insole more closely conforms to the shape of a regular insole.

[0058] FIG. 8a is a side view of the preferred embodiment of a shoe fitted with a sole in accordance with the present invention, showing the medial aspect of the shoe before a wearer applies weight to the base of the shoe;

[0059] FIG. 8b is a side view of a preferred embodiment of a shoe fitted with a sole in accordance with the present invention, showing the lateral aspect of the shoe before a wearer applies weight to the base of the shoe;

[0060] FIG. 8c is a side view as in FIG. 8a, but showing the compression of sacs after a wearer applies weight to the base of the shoe;

[0061] FIG. 9 is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of a shoe fitted with a sole in accordance with the present invention, showing the underside of the shoe;

[0062] FIG. 10 is a plan view of the underside of the shoe showing a horizontal sectional view of the sacs through the line G-G of FIGS. 8a/b/c;

[0063] FIG. 11 is a vertical sectional view of the lateral aspect of the shoe through the line F-F of FIGS. 9 and 10;

[0064] FIG. 12 is an exploded view version of FIG. 11;

[0065] FIG. 13 is a sectional side view as in FIG. 11 but with the wearer applying weight to the base of the shoe;

[0066] FIG. 14a-e are vertical sectional views of the shoe on the line E-E of FIG. 8a, under a series of different conditions of use;

[0067] FIG. 15 is a plan view of a variant form of an insole in accordance with the present invention; and

[0068] FIG. 16 is a plan view of the underside of a shoe fitted with a variant of the present invention.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0069] Referring to FIG. 1-7 of the drawings, a first embodiment of the present invention is depicted in the form of an insole 20i which consists of a series of fluid filled sacs 12i to 19i inclusive. The series of sacs are embedded within a layer of material 21i that binds the sacs together. The insole (20i) can be shaped in the form of a flat insole or in the form of a regular shoe insole.

[0070] The insole 20i must be sufficiently pliable to remain comfortable while conforming to the shape of the wearer's foot.

[0071] The insole 20i may be made of any of a large range of suitable robust and flexible materials, e.g. rubbers or plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, foam, felt, neoprene and leather.

[0072] As shown in FIGS. 2a, 2b and 4, the sacs 12i to 19i are consistent in thickness but vary in size, shape, contour and position in accordance with the respective primary weight bearing sites of the underside of the foot.

[0073] FIGS. 6 a,b,c,d and e show vertical sections of the insole 20i and the forefoot 22, through the line B-B in FIG. 2a.

[0074] As used therein, the term “medial” refers to the inner side of the shoe i.e. the side closest to the opposite shoe. The term “lateral refers to the outside of the shoe i.e. the side furthest from the opposite shoe.

[0075] Referring to FIG. 8-14 of the drawings, an article of footwear in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention is depicted in the form of a shoe 10 which is provided with an upper 11, and a series of fluid filled sacs 12s-19s inclusive secured to or built into the sole.

[0076] The upper 11 must give support to, and fit firmly around the foot of the wearer, but must also be sufficiently pliable to remain comfortable while conforming to the shape of the wearer's foot. The upper 11 may be made of any of a large range of suitable materials, for example lightweight canvas or thin leather, secured by laces or hooks or velcro tabs; or an elasticated material sufficiently tight-fitting to give good support. The sacs may be made of any suitable, robust, flexible material, e.g rubber or plastics such as polyvinyl chloride.

[0077] The unified structure of sacs—20s—is permanently secured to the underside of the upper, e.g. by welding or gluing or may be formed integrally with the upper.

[0078] FIG. 14a shows a sectional view through sacs 15s and 16s in an unloaded state. Sac 16s is the medial forefoot sac. Sac 15s is the lateral forefoot sac. In this figure they are spherical in shape and designed to behave like moderately firmly inflated balls when balanced upon. As such they function as multidirectional balance platforms. The upper and lower surfaces of the sacs are convex in shape. The lower surfaces of the sacs are depicted to have a slight V shape incorporated into their convexity, however their shaping could be the same convexity as the upper surfaces of the sacs. A slight V shape increases the steepness of their rocker and thereby the instability of sacs when loaded. In general terms the shape of each sac can be described as a slightly oval ball. Accordingly, when compressed and rolled, the rocker actions of each sac can be likened to that of a moderately firmly inflated oval shaped ball, which is multidirectional.

[0079] Typical heights of sacs, (unweighted) measured from upper to lower surface are 20-60 mm depending upon the age and weight of the wearer.

[0080] In both versions of the invention:— [0081] 1. The sacs are sealed, and do not leak the fluid contained therein. Fluid cannot pass from one sac to another. [0082] 2. The sacs are capable of molding appropriately in relation to loading by the wearer. This may be achieved by providing that the fluid is free to move from one portion of a sac to another portion when the wearer's weight is applied. The sacs may be filled with any suitable fluid, e.g. air or liquid at ambient pressure, or air or liquid at above ambient pressure. [0083] 3. The sacs in total provide support only for the weight-bearing parts of the foot, and do not underlie the medial longitudinal arch of the foot when in use. [0084] 4. Each sac must be correctly positioned under the corresponding primary weight bearing site of the foot for correct balance to be achieved by the wearer. This extends from the rear-most curved part of the heel to the front-most curved parts of the toes. These curved parts of the heel and toes accommodate heel strike and toe off respectively. The curved surfaces of the feet naturally facilitate rolling foot movements and generally improve the smoothness and energy efficiency of regular gait. For the shoe, the balanced loading of sac 12s instructs the wearer of the correct location on the heel for heel strike. For the insole, the balanced loading of sac 12i instructs the wearer of the correct location on the heel for heel strike. The incorporation of three separated toe sacs for the shoe (17s, 18s and 19s) and insole (17i, 18i, and 19i) accommodates different sites of toe off in relation to predisposing body direction movements. The most important toe off site is the big toe and this is accommodated by the big toe sac 19s for the shoe, and 19i for the insole.

[0085] Each sac is permanently attached to one, two, three or four other sacs depending upon their position within the unified sac structure (20s or 20i). Each sac is sealed so there is no passage of fluid between each sac. The attachment between each sac is of a flexible material that permits each sac to bend in relation to its neighbour, and thus the unified structure of sacs (20s and 20i) is a flexible entity.

[0086] Each sac is of sufficient robustness to withstanding the entire weight of the wearer. The extent of sac compression would be in relation to the applied load. Sac stability alters in relation to the orientation of the applied load:—the further the applied load lies from the centre of the sac, the more unstable the sac.

[0087] FIGS. 6b and 14b show sectional views similar to those of 6a and 14a respectively, but in the circumstances where the forefoot is loaded:—this load is spread evenly across sacs 16i and 15i for the insole, and sacs 16s and 15s for the shoe, and both respective sacs operate as multidirectional balance platforms.

[0088] As shown in FIGS. 6c and 14c, when the load on the sacs shifts medially, sac 16i for the insole and sac 16s for the shoe, have an increased load, and sac 15i for the insole and sac 15s for the shoe, a decreased load. Both shoe and insole sacs still act as multidirectional balance platforms, but sacs 16i and 16s are now the primary loaded sacs and the primary multidirectional balance platforms.

[0089] FIGS. 6d and 14d illustrate the circumstances where the load has shifted slightly further medially, compared to FIGS. 6c and 14c respectively. For these figures, sacs 16i and 16s have further increased load, and sacs 15i and 15s have a further decreased load. In this configuration, sacs 16i and 16s are evenly loaded and function solely as the multidirectional balance platforms.

[0090] FIGS. 6e and 14e illustrate the configurations where the load is shifted slightly further medially compared to FIGS. 6d and 14d respectively. In these configurations body load forces are no longer balanced on sacs 16i and 16s, causing the sacs and the forefoot to roll medially. Sacs 16i and 16s now act as unidirectional unbalanced platforms rather than multidirectional balance platforms. This unbalancing rolling force is more pronounced for the shoe version than for the insole version due to the rounded shape and increased size of the shoe sacs. In comparison the insole sacs are flatter and thinner in shape and accordingly act to slightly tilt the wearers foot when unevenly loaded, rather than significantly rolling it. The tip response of the insole sacs is principally intended to inform the wearer of sac imbalance and corresponding incorrect body posture, rather than actually unbalancing the wearer.

[0091] It should be emphasized that neither the shoe nor the insole version is intended for normal use:—they are specifically for retraining the deportment of the wearer so as to offer a significant correction of postural problems and balance improvements. The present invention is intended to be used for short periods only. In particular, the shoe version is not recommended for regular wear as the unstable features of the shoe may predispose the wearer to injury, including a fall. The shoe version is not designed to provide significant traction with the ground. For this reason the shoe version should only be worn on non-slip and flat indoor surfaces. Neither version is particularly designed to be durable for everyday activities.

[0092] The incorporation of distinct medially and laterally located forefoot and toe sacs 15i, 16i, 17i, 18i and 19i for the insole and 15s,16s,17s, 18s and 19s for the shoe, into the designs of the footwear is essential to teach correct foot and corresponding body postures; in addition to body balance. Without this inclusion the wearer would not be able to identify the primary medial and lateral weight bearing sites and how to correctly balance his or her body load over them individually, or between them transversely and diagonally. A training exercise that involves these movements is for the wearer to consider the majority balanced loading of any sac to be a barrier to further transverse or diagonal movements. This exercise trains the wearer to skillfully maintain a stable foot for balance training.

[0093] The three foot arches are the medial longitudinal arch, the transverse arch and the lateral longitudinal arch. The footwear and insole inventions are designed to teach the wearer to become familiar with their correct formation and function. The primary foundations of the medial longitudinal arch are accommodated by the inner heel sacs (sacs 13i and 13s) and the medial forefoot sacs (sacs 161 and 16s). The primary foundations of the transverse arch are accommodated by the medial forefoot sacs (sac 161 and 16s) and the lateral forefoot sacs (sac 15i and 15s). The primary foundations of the lateral longitudinal arch are accommodated by the lateral forefoot sacs (sacs 15i and 15s) and inner heel sacs (sacs 13i and 3s). The balancing of body load over one or more of these sacs correctly forms all three arches. This also applies to the balancing of body load over one or more of the remaining sacs due to the correlation between correct primary site weight bearing and the correct formation of all three foot arches. Subtle foot movements between sacs 13i, 15i and 16i for the insole or sacs 13s, 15s and 16s for the shoe, can be interpreted to replicate the coursing of arch spans of three arched bridges, from foundation to foundation, that are arranged in the shape of a triangle. The smaller toe sacs (17i, 18i or 17s, 18s) and big toe sacs (sac 19i or 19s) act as important outer sensors to inform the wearer of the correct respective medial and lateral outer limits of the transverse arch. In summary, without the incorporations of medial and laterally located sacs into the designs of the footwear, they would not be able to teach the wearer the outer limits of correct foot postures for fundamental foot postures. The wearer would accordingly not become familiar with the form of the three foot arches. As such, the wearer would not become familiar with the inter-relationships of foot postures, body postures and body balance, which are based upon the correct formation of the three foundation arches. Without this basic knowledge the learning of more advanced body postures and balance skills would not be facilitated.

[0094] The outer heel sacs (12i and 12s) also contribute to heel weight bearing, but are separated from the inner heel sacs (13i, 13s) to provide the wearer with improved perceptions of weight bearing across the length of the heel. An improved perception of the back region of the heel (supported by the sacs 12i/12s) better informs the wearer of the correct location for heel strike and facilitates improved body positioning and balancing with respect to the forward and backward parts of the heel. However for economies in manufacturing, the outer heel sacs (12i and 12s) and the inner heel sacs (13i, 13s) could be combined as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, into a single sac (30i, 30s) underlying the whole of the heel. This is not the preferred construction, but nevertheless provides the wearer with at least a major part of the necessary sensory information.

[0095] Similarly, the little toe sacs (17i and 17s) can be combined with the intermediate toe sacs (18i, 18s) to form a single sac (31i, 31s) which underlies all of the smaller toes i.e. underlies all of the toes except the big toe. This is not regarded as the optimum construction, but nevertheless provides the wearer with sufficient sensory feedback, and it is envisaged that this construction would be significantly cheaper to manufacture.

[0096] The outer heel sacs (12i and 12s), little toe sacs (17i and 17s), plus intermediate sacs (18i, 18s), or combined smaller toe sacs (31i, 31s), and big toe sacs (19i and 19s), contribute to the formation of the three foot arches. They achieve this by contributing surface area to the primary foundation sites (13i and 13s, 15i and 15s, and 16i and 16s) respectively. They also act as outer sensors that provide the wearer with sensory information to better identify the primary foundation sites, and readily detect shifts of weight bearing away from these sites.

[0097] The latter applies to the awareness of forward, backward, medial and lateral shifts in weight bearing away from the primary foundation sites. If appropriate, the muscles of the big toe and little toe can push these toes downward onto their respective sacs, which then press onto the floor. This enables these toes to act as blocks to forward orientated shifts in weight bearing away from their respective primary foundation bearing sites. In summary, without the incorporation of a triangular arrangement of sacs into the design of the footwear, the invention would not be able to teach the wearer the correct formation of the three foot arches and how to maintain them in relation to everyday body functions. Certainly, without this basic knowledge, the correct learning of more advanced body postures and balance skills would not be facilitated.

[0098] The majority of foot movements are derived from the ankle. The foot itself has a comparatively small range of three dimensional movements. The primary roles of the foot are to provide a multisite weight bearing platform that facilitates multidirectional foot sole movements. To accomplish this it has a dynamic complement of robustness and mouldability, to facilitate an entirety of body movements and functions. The flexibility of the insole and shoe (20i and 20s respectively) is intended to complement the fundamental postures and movements of the moldable weight bearing foot platform. This capability applies to all commonly utilised foot to floor contact interactions. For the shoe, the attached upper must also be suitably designed and structured to complement the moldability of the majority of the foot.

[0099] The wearer is made aware of correct foot and general body postures when his or her body weight is dynamically balanced over one or more sacs. Correct postures are the product of a systemic networking of body forces that act to correctly align all involved joints. Conversely, incorrect postures are the product of a systemic networking of body forces that act to misalign all involved joints. Accordingly, correct or incorrect balancing of the body over a sac or sacs corresponds to a respective correct or incorrect transfer of body forces across all involved joints. The body segments and respective joints most subject to this networking of alignment conforming forces are the lower limb, pelvis and lower spine.

[0100] With advanced training the wearer will be able to comprehend the basic anatomy of lower limb joints, in particular the shaping of their joint surfaces. This facilitates the wearer learning to perceive the movement and alignment interactions of these surfaces. From this knowledge the wearer learns to correlate the multidirectional rocker movements of sacs with the corresponding multidirectional movements of joint surfaces. With increasing skill the status of alignment of any particular joint becomes increasingly apparent to the wearer; for any given position or movement of the joint. A common component of joint misalignment is joint surface wedging. This causes the tissues on the wedge open side of the joint to tautly tension thereby resisting further wedging. The wearer learns to correlate this feeling of stretch and corresponding joint wedging with sac rolling for the shoe, and sac tilting for the insole.

[0101] Other forms of misalignments are screw and shear. These misalignments also cause restraining joint tissues to become taut and are accordingly amenable to detection by the wearer as a stretch of these tissues. The wearer is trained to register these stretch feelings as detrimental for the respective joints. The feeling of joint stretch is absent for correct joint alignment as joint tissues are insufficiently tensioned. This absence of stretch feeling should apply to the body postures associated with the loading of forefoot sacs in FIGS. 6b, c and d for the insole, and FIGS. 14b, c and d for the shoe.

[0102] The above learning process, in addition to a basic knowledge of anatomy, teaches the wearer to perceive joint alignments and respective joint surface couplings. For an inward roll movement of the ankle and foot, the most common indicator of joint misalignment is the feeling of tissue stretch on the medial side of the ankle. This ankle movement is depicted for the insole in FIG. 6e, and for the shoe in FIG. 14e. It is predisposed by a medial shift of body load to the extent that it becomes unbalanced on sac 16i or 16s, and as a consequence, the ankle and foot are forced to roll medially. The same movement acts to roll and bow the respective knee medially, which tautly tensions the tissues on the medial side of the knee. In contrast, when the wearer's body weight is balanced over a sac or sacs, as shown for the insole in FIGS. 6b, 6c and 6d, and for the shoe in FIGS. 14b, 14c and 14d, the ankle and knee are perceived to be correctly aligned.

[0103] The ability of the wearer to become familiar with the alignments of multiple joints facilitates their awareness of the concept of systemic interdependent joint alignments. This learning process would initially apply to the joints of the lower limbs, and then, with advanced training, extend to those of the pelvis and spine. This learning is very applicable when there is joint pain. The joint that becomes painful is commonly the one with the most significant misalignment within a networking of joint misalignments. Resolving the pain is facilitated by the correction or significant improvement of the alignment of the respective joint. Learning to perceive joint alignments in this systemic interdependent manner is also highly relevant to joint degeneration. As for symptomatic joints, the joint most predisposed to degeneration is commonly the most significantly misaligned. The accelerated degeneration of these joints can once again be markedly lessened by the correction or significant improvement of their alignments. All of this learning can be sourced from corresponding sac behaviours to foot sole loadings.

[0104] The easiest correct foot posture to learn is that used for regular standing. This foot posture can be referenced to be the most fundamental foot posture. This foot posture and corresponding sac loadings are shown in FIG. 5 for the insole and FIGS. 8c and 13 for the shoe.

[0105] In these Figures, the wearer's body weight is spread to some extent across all of the sacs, providing the wearer with a wide base of support to more easily balance his or her body across the footwear. Sensory information from the majority of the foot sole is readily accessible to the wearer to inform him or her of load distribution across the sacs, and minute changes in this loading between the sacs. The primary indicator of correct foot posture for regular standing is when body load is centrally balanced over sacs 13i, 15i and 16i for the insole and sacs 13s, 15s and 16s for the shoe. These sacs are arranged in the shape of a triangle which corresponds to the orientation of the three foot arches. The centring of body load over these sacs is facilitated by subtle body segment manoeuvring in relation to the sacs. A component of this learning is to consider all first detectable biases of sac loadings to be outer range foot sole movements. An advance on this exercise is to apply the same load bias avoidance to the remaining sacs as they, to a lesser extent, are also loaded in regular standing. An earlier stage of this learning is to perform the same subtle changes in sac loadings whilst sitting.

[0106] There are three regular or fundamental correct forefoot postures. The footwear is designed to teach the wearer to become familiar with these postures. They primarily involve the medial and lateral forefoot sacs, sacs 16i and 15i for the insole and sacs 16s and 15s for the shoe. However the toe sacs 17i and 19i for the insole, and sacs 17s and 19s for the shoe, are integrally involved. The first posture involves the correct loading of both forefoot sacs as shown in FIGS. 6b and 14b. This is the forefoot loading commonly incorporated into the foot movement for relaxed walking. The second posture primarily involves the medial forefoot sac as shown in FIG. 6c for the insole and FIG. 14c for the shoe. For this posture the majority of weight bearing is localised to the forefoot medial sac (sac 16i and 16s). This is the forefoot loading for activities that necessitate a robust foot posture including sprinting, jumping and energetic stair climbing/descending. The third posture is the converse to the second posture. For the third posture the majority of forefoot weight bearing is localised to the lateral forefoot sac (sac 15i and 15s). This is the forefoot loading used for more everyday activities including lateral changes in the direction of the body when walking and for regular standing on the forefeet and toes when reaching up for an object.

[0107] The correct balancing of body load onto the toes is facilitated by the incorporation into the footwear of the three toe sacs (sacs 17i, 18i and 19i for the insole, and sacs 17s, 18s and 19s for the shoe). These sacs facilitate the correct transfer of body load onto one or more of the toes for respective body undertakings. A good example is raising the body to reach a high shelf. Correct balancing on the big toe and/or little toes, requires precision body balancing over a robust correctly postured foot, which is facilitated by these sacs.

[0108] The present footwear inventions have been found to be effective to markedly improve most sideways deviations in foot posture including pronation (rolling inward of the foot with a flattening of the medial longitudinal foot arch). These improvements require an advanced level of body posture and balance skill, that can be obtained by a progression of training using the footwear inventions.

[0109] The joints of the big toe are commonly found to be misaligned with associated deformities. The big toe sacs (sac 19i and 19s) reveal to the wearer the nature of these misalignments. The footwear cannot correct permanent deformities of the big toe joints, or any other joints, but it can make the wearer aware of the forces contributing to these deformities and subsequently how to significantly lessen these forces. The common cause of big toe deformities is foot pronation and associated lateral deviation of the big toe for the toe-off component of gait. In this instance, a significant correction of the pronation and corresponding improvement in big toe sac loading for toe-off, significantly lessens the forces acting to deviate the toe laterally.

[0110] Effectively, because the sacs lie under each of the primary weight bearing surfaces of the foot, they provide ideally located load sensory platforms for the wearer to quickly become aware of foot postures and changes in these postures in response to subtle changes in body segment positioning. When loaded, each sac behaves like a multidirectional balance platform so ensuring that the wearer must dynamically adjust his or her body posture to attain and maintain body balance over the respective sac or sacs. This necessitates the priority use of the centrally located chest, waist and pelvis segments, and is applicable to most commonly utilised forms of foot sole weight bearing. The direct correlation between body postures and the systemic interdependence of joint alignments facilitates the wearer's ongoing learning of the mechanics of his or her body. This educates the wearer to self correct joint misalignments and when applicable treat respective tissue pains; in addition to attain advance body balancing.

[0111] The standardised method to correct foot postures is to utilise prescription insoles. Prescription insoles correct foot and lower limb postures from the foot upwards, whereas the present inventions correct them principally from the central body downwards. The standardised method to treat localised pressure related foot pain is to utilise cushioning insole pads, usually made of a gel substance. These insoles accommodate the respective incorrect foot posture rather than attempt to correct it.

[0112] With increased learning, the improvements in foot and predisposing body postures obtained from using the footwear are increasingly retained when not using the footwear. The invention is intended to teach the wearer to become aware of correct foot and predisposing body postures and balance, in relation to fundamental foot sole weight bearing. The latter applies to the eight primary weight bearing sites of the foot sole. With advanced training the wearer can obtain a heightened awareness of correct systemic body posturing and balance that applies to multi-positional and multi-functional, static and dynamic, foot sole weight bearing. With ongoing training these skills increasingly operate at a subconscious level. Conscious involvements become more applicable to occurrences of significant postural perturbations, and feelings of tissue stretches and associated joint stiffness.

[0113] In most situations the full correction of foot posture and corresponding general body postures is not achievable due to the presence of permanent physical and/or neural damage such as joint deformities and post stroke. Full corrections are also negated by entrenched joint misalignments, and genetic factors such as an innate predisposition for pronating feet and hypermobility of joints. The footwear invention would not be appropriate in situations where the extent of disabling factors precluded the wearer's ability to attain an even spread of weight bearing across a majority of sacs.

[0114] The vast majority of individuals have entrenched postural factors that act to return their original postural traits. For this reason periodic ongoing training with the footwear is recommended. The regular conscious assessment of foot weight bearing and corresponding body postures when not wearing the footwear or using the insole, is also recommended. Another recommendation is the standard use of comfortable fitting shoes that accommodates the natural shape of the foot. The use of standard insoles is also recommended for everyday use because their shaping provides the trained wearer with heightened sensory cues concerning his or her foot sole loadings.

[0115] Training instruction material must be provided with each pair of shoes and insoles to ensure their beneficial usage. Incorrect usage, such as prioritising lower leg and foot muscles to lift the arch of the foot and prevent the foot from rolling inward, will result in detrimental lower limb, pelvis and spinal function. The wearer must therefore be fully aware that incorrect usage of the shoe or insole inventions will promote and possibly entrench detrimental posture and widespread body function.

[0116] The footwear sole of the present invention has been found effective in retraining a wearer's posture so that, after a course of training using the footwear sole has been completed, the wearer has markedly improved general body posture, but particularly that of the lower limbs, for all activities when wearing comfortable footwear or when barefoot. The improvements extend from physically demanding activities to resting non-weight-bearing states. The transference of posture and balance correction obtained from wearing the footwear inventions, to not wearing them, will to a large extent be determined by the wearer's motivation to advance his or her respective level of systemic body awareness and balance skill.