JET FUEL COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A JET FUEL COMPOSITION

Abstract

The invention relates to jet fuel compositions, in particular jet fuel compositions having improved cold properties, and more particularly improved freezing point with respect to theoretical linear behavior, which are mixtures of jet fuel from petroleum origin and renewable component. To this effect, a jet fuel composition comprising a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable component consisting of hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids is proposed, wherein the jet fuel composition contains 1 to 50 vol % of the renewable component and has a freezing point of −40° C. or below, preferably of −47° C. and below, and the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a content of C9-C12 normal paraffins from 17 wt % to 30 wt %.

Claims

1. Jet fuel composition comprising a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable component comprising hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, wherein the jet fuel composition contains 1 to 50 vol % of the renewable component and has a freezing point of −40° C. or below, and the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a content of C9-C12 normal paraffins from 17 wt % to 30 wt % and wherein the freezing point of the jet fuel composition is lower than a theoretical freezing point calculated from a linear relation.

2. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a total content of paraffins from 40 to 55w1%.

3. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a freezing point of −40° C. or below.

4. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the renewable component has one or more of the following features: an isoparaffin content of 80 wt % or more, an iso-paraffins to normal paraffins ratio of at least 6.5:1, a C9-C17 paraffins content of at 80 wt %, a C9-C17 iso-paraffins content of at least 75 wt %, a content of paraffins lower than C15 from 45 wt % to 90 wt %.

5. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the renewable component has one or more of the following features: a freezing point below 30° C., a density at 15° C. between 730 and 772 kg/m.sup.3.

6. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the renewable component is produced from one or more oils chosen among vegetable oil, animal fat, preferentially inedible highly saturated oils, waste oils, by-products of the refining of vegetable oil(s) or of animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils, and oil produced by bacteria, yeast, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

7. Jet fuel composition according to claim 1, wherein the jet fuel composition has a normal paraffins content of C9-C12 paraffins from 10 to 20 wt % and a total normal paraffins content from 15 to 30w1%.

8. Method for producing a jet fuel composition, wherein the method comprises mixing a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable component comprising hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids to obtain a jet fuel composition containing 1 to 50 vol % of the renewable component and having a freezing point of −40° C. or below, wherein the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a content of C9-C12 normal paraffins from 17 wt % to 30 wt % and wherein the freezing point of the jet fuel composition is lower than a theoretical freezing point calculated from a linear relation.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the petroleum derived jet fuel component has a total content of paraffins from 40 to 55 wt %.

10. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the renewable jet fuel component has one or more of the following features: an isoparaffin content of 80 wt % or more, an iso-paraffins to normal paraffins ratio of at least 6.5:1, a C9-C17 paraffins content of at least 80 wt %, a C9-C17 iso-paraffins content of at least 75 wt %, a content of paraffins lower than from 45 wt % to 90 wt %, a C9-C12 n-paraffins content less than 20 wt %.

11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the renewable component has one or more of the following features: a freezing point below 30° C., a density at 15° C. between 730 and 772 kg/m.sup.3.

12. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein renewable component is produced from one or more oils chosen among vegetable oil, animal fat, preferentially inedible highly saturated oils, waste oils, by-products of the refining of vegetable oil(s) or of animal oil(s) containing free fatty acids, tall oils, and oil produced by bacteria, yeast, algae, prokaryotes or eukaryotes.

13. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the jet fuel composition has a normal paraffins content of C9-C12 paraffins from 10 to 20 wt % and a total normal paraffins content from 15 to 30w1%.

14. A method for obtaining a jet fuel composition from a mixture of a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable component comprising hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids, such jet fuel composition having a freezing point of −40° C. or below, and said freezing point being lower than a theoretical freezing point calculated from a linear relation, wherein the renewable component is mixed in a content from 1 to 50 vol % with a petroleum derived jet fuel component having a content of C9-C12 normal paraffins from 17 wt % to 30 wt %.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] The invention will be better understood with reference to the figures, which show exemplary embodiments of the invention.

[0049] FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the measured freezing points and linear calculation of the freezing point (proportional to the volume content of the renewable jet component) for mixtures of a petroleum jet component according to the invention and several renewable jet components at different compositions. The measured freezing point is according to ASTM D2386-19.

[0050] FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the measured freezing points and linear calculation of the freezing point (proportional to the volume content of the renewable jet component) for mixtures of a petroleum jet component according to the invention and several renewable jet components at different compositions. The measured freezing point is according to ASTM D7153-15e1.

[0051] FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the measured freezing points and linear calculation of the freezing point (proportional to the volume content of the renewable jet component) for mixtures of a comparative petroleum jet component and several renewable jet components at different compositions. The measured freezing point is according to ASTM D2386-19.

[0052] FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the measured freezing points and linear calculation of the freezing point (proportional to the volume content of the renewable jet component) for mixtures of a comparative petroleum jet component and several renewable jet components at different compositions. The measured freezing point is according to ASTM D7153-15e1.

EXAMPLES

[0053] Several petroleum jet fuel components have been mixed with different renewable components.

[0054] Table 1 resumes the physical properties and composition of the petroleum jet fuel components and table 2 resumes the physical properties and composition of the renewable components.

[0055] The compositions were determined by a GCxGC method.

[0056] Petroleum jet fuel components A and B have n-C9-C12 contents according to the invention. This is not the case of jet fuel components C, D which are used to prepare comparative examples.

[0057] The freezing points have been measured using two standard methods.

[0058] The first method is a manual one which is the usual reference method and corresponds to ASTM D2386-19.

[0059] The second method is an automatic one and corresponds to ASTM D7153-15e1. It has been implemented with a PAC ISL apparatus.

[0060] The reproducibility “R” of these freezing point measurement methods are the following: [0061] ASTM D2386-19: R=2.5 [0062] ASTM D7153-15e1: R=0.9

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Physical properties and composition of petroleum jet fuel components 408-6643 408-6628 408-6618 408-6657 Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Freezing point (° C.) −53.5 −59.0 −51.5 −50.4 ASTM D2386-19 Freezing point (° C.) −52.8 −59.8 −50.6 −50.4 ASTM D7153-15e1 Density at 15° C. (Kg/m.sup.3) 789.4 797.6 799.0 802.3 ASTM D1298-12b(2017) Composition (wt %) n- C6 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 iso- C7 0.07 0.24 0.19 0.13 n- C7 0.29 0.28 0.19 0.21 iso- C8 1.05 0.69 0.46 0.57 n- C8 0.93 0.86 0.71 0.74 iso- C9 2.56 1.61 2.41 2.15 n- C9 4.62 1.94 3.56 2.86 iso- C10 4.49 4.81 6.00 5.65 n- C10 5.92 4.69 4.60 4.48 iso- C11 3.05 6.61 4.58 4.38 n- C11 5.87 6.18 4.14 3.80 iso- C12 2.75 5.00 3.97 4.05 n- C12 4.25 4.42 3.54 3.30 iso- C13 1.81 3.40 3.10 3.17 n- C13 3.19 2.08 2.69 2.45 iso- C14 0.78 1.66 2.52 2.70 n- C14 1.73 0.40 1.86 1.73 iso- C15 0.33 0.33 2.19 2.34 n- C15 0.51 0.04 0.95 0.97 iso- C16 0.21 0.48 0.62 n- C16 0.12 0.01 0.31 0.45 iso- C17 0.01 0.13 0.27 n- C17 0.01 0.06 0.17 iso- C18 0.04 0.17 n- C18 0.01 0.07 C18+ 0.03 0.09 Total 44.57 45.26 48.73 47.53 total n-paraffins 27.46 20.91 22.63 21.24 total iso-paraffins 17.11 24.35 26.07 26.20 i/n 0.62 1.16 1.15 1.23 Isomerization ratio 0.38 0.54 0.53 0.55 Total normal C9-C12 20.66 17.23 15.84 14.44 paraffins <C9 2.36 2.08 1.56 1.66 paraffins >C12 8.70 7.92 14.37 15.20

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Physical properties and composition of renewable components 410-304 410-310 410-311 410-346 410-367 F G H I J Freezing point (° C.) −46.0 −33.0 −41.0 −46.0 −54.0 ASTM D2386-19 Freezing point (° C.) −34.4 −40.2 −42.1 −52.4 ASTM D7153-15e1 Density at 15° C. (Kg/m.sup.3) 755.6 762.3 767.7 760.7 750.7 ASTM D1298-12b(2017) Composition (wt %) iso- C8 3.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 n- C8 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.7 1.2 iso- C9 15.3 9.4 5.2 8.8 16.2 n- C9 2.9 2.1 1.6 2.2 3.5 iso- C10 13.9 11.1 8.2 10.6 17.1 n- C10 2 1.6 1.3 1.9 2.4 iso- C11 12 10.5 8.6 11.0 15.1 n- C11 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 iso- C12 10.9 10.5 8.5 10.3 12.6 n- C12 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.2 iso- C13 9.7 10.2 6.7 7.1 9.7 n- C13 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 iso- C14 5.7 6.5 5.9 5.4 5.0 n- C14 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 iso- C15 2.2 3.0 14.9 12.7 2.3 n- C15 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.9 0.2 iso- C16 3.6 6.4 15.8 12.8 2.7 n- C16 0.5 0.9 1.7 1.4 0.3 iso- C17 7.3 15.6 11.9 6.5 4.3 n- C17 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 iso- C18 2.4 5.9 4.3 2.5 1.5 n- C18 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 C18+ 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 Total 99.9 99.7 99.9 99.7 98.6 total n-paraffins 13 10.3 9.9 11.5 11.8 total iso-paraffins 86.8 89.4 90 88.1 86.7 i/n 6.7 8.7 9.9 7.7 7.4 Isomerization ratio 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.88 Total normal C9-C12 7.4 5.9 4.9 6.9 8.8 Total C9-C12 59.5 53.6 35.4 47.6 69.8 Total C16 4.1 3.0 17.5 14.2 3.0 Total C17 7.8 4.6 12.6 6.9 4.6 iso-C16/iso-C17 0.5 0.4 1.3 2.0 0.6 n-C16/n-C17 1.0 0.8 2.4 3.5 1.0 C16/C17 0.5 0.4 1.4 2.1 0.7

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 freezing points of jet fuel compositions according to the invention. Freezing point Freezing point Content of Freezing calculated from Freezing calculated from Petroleum Renewable point linear relation point linear relation jet Renewable component ASTM D2386-19 ASTM D7153-15e1 component component Vol % ° C. ° C. ° C. ° C. Sample A H 10 −55.5 −52.3 −53.6 −52.2 (408-6643) (410-311) 20 −56 −51.0 −53.9 −50.8 30 −55 −49.8 −53.1 −49.5 40 −51.5 −48.5 −51.2 −48.2 50 −50.5 −47.3 −49.2 −46.9 100 −41 −41.0 −40.2 −40.2 Sample A I 20 −54 −52.0 −54.5 −51.2 (408-6643) (410-346) 30 −53.5 −51.3 −54.5 −50.1 40 −52.5 −50.5 −53.5 −48.9 100 −46 −46.0 −42.1 −42.1 Sample A F 10 −55.5 −52.8 (408-6643) (410-304) 20 −56.5 −52.0 100 −46 −46.0 Sample B F 0 −59.0 −59.0 −59.8 −59.8 (408-6628) (410-304) 10 −62 −57.7 20 −64 −56.4 100 −46 Sample B J 10 −60.5 −58.5 −60.8 −59.1 (408-6628) (410-367) 20 −62.0 −58 −62.3 −58.3 30 −63.0 −57.5 −63.7 −57.6 100 −54.0 −52.4 −59.1 Sample B I 10 −61.5 −57.7 −60.8 −58.0 (408-6628) (410-346) 20 −62.5 −56.4 −62.1 −56.3 30 −59.5 −55.1 −60.5 −54.5 100 −46 −42.1 −42.1

[0063] All the jet fuel compositions comprising the petroleum jet component A show significantly improved cold properties with respect to the calculated freezing point, as also shown for some renewable component on FIG. 1. By “significantly improved” we mean that the difference between the measured freezing point and the calculated freezing point is equal or higher than the reproducibility of the freezing point measurement method.

[0064] From FIG. 1, we can expect an improvement of cold properties with respect to the linear calculations, with incorporation of 1 to 50 vol % of renewable jet component. Similar or better cold properties as the petroleum jet fuel component will be obtained.

[0065] The results show that improvement of cold properties is obtained even with renewable component having a high freezing point (−33° C.). For some renewable jet components, the freezing point of the jet fuel composition is better than the freezing point of the petroleum jet component, or similar, but always within the specifications of jet fuels.

[0066] Similar results are obtained with jet fuel compositions comprising the petroleum jet component B, as more clearly seen on FIG. 2.

[0067] Without wishing to be bound by a theory, the observed improvements may be due to the content of nC9-C12 of the jet fuel component.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 freezing points of mixtures of several comparative compositions made from mixtures of jets with renewable components Freezing point Freezing point Content of Freezing calculated from Freezing calculated from Petroleum Renewable point linear relation point linear relation jet Renewable component ASTM D2386-19 ASTM D7153-15e1 component component Vol % ° C. ° C. ° C. ° C. Sample C I 0 −51.5 −51.5 −50.6 −50.6 (408-6618) (410-346) 10 −50.5 −51.0 −50.9 −49.8 20 −50.5 −50.4 −50.9 −48.9 30 −50.5 −49.9 −50.7 −48.1 100 −46.0 −46.0 −42.1 −42.1 Sample C J 10 −51.5 −51.8 −51.6 −50.8 (408-6618) (410-367) 20 −52.5 −52.0 −52.8 −51.0 30 −54.0 −52.3 −54.1 −51.1 100 −54.0 −54.0 −52.4 −52.4 Sample D J 0 −50.0 −50.0 −50.4 −50.4 (408-6657) (410-367) 10 −50.5 −50.4 −51.3 −50.6 20 −50.5 −50.8 −52.0 −51.1 100 −54 −54.0 −52.4 −52.4 Sample D I 10 −49.5 −49.6 −50.2 −49.6 (408-6657) (410-346) 20 −49.0 −49.2 −49.7 −48.7 100 −46.0 −46.0 −42.1 −42.1 Sample D H 10 −49.0 −49.1 −49.7 −49.4 (408-6657) (410-311) 20 −48.0 −48.2 −48.7 −48.4 30 −46.5 −47.3 −47.5 −47.3 100 −41.0 −41.0 −40.2 −40.2

[0068] Jet fuel compositions comprising a petroleum jet component which do not have from 17 wt % to 30 wt % of n-C9-C12 all have a freezing point which is not significantly better that the freezing point calculated from the linear relation. By “not significantly better” we mean that the difference between the measured freezing point and the calculated freezing point is less than the reproducibility of the freezing point measurement method. This can be clearly seen on the graphs of FIGS. 3 and 4, which show the measured (with ASTM D 7153-15e1 and ASTM D2386-19) and calculated freezing point of compositions comprising jet component C and jet component D respectively.

[0069] Only the fuel compositions including a renewable component with a very low freezing point (−54° C.) have a freezing point below the one of the petroleum jet component, but always not significantly better that the calculated freezing point.

[0070] These results show that the cold properties of jet fuel composition comprising such petroleum jet component are not significantly improved despite the high iso-paraffins content of the renewable component.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Properties of some of the above jet fuel compositions Vol % of Density (kg/m3) Petroleum jet Renewable Renewable ASTM component component component D1298-12b(2017) Sample A (408-6643) 789.4 H (410-311) 10 787.1 20 784.8 30 782.5 40 780.2 50 778.0 I (410-346) 20 783.7 30 780.8 40 777.9 Sample B (408-6628) 797.6 F (410-304) 10 793.4 20 789.2 I (410-346) 10 793.9 20 790.2 30 786.5

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Compositions (in wt %) of a jet fuel composition comprising Sample A Petroleum jet component Sample A (408-6643) Renewable component H (410-311) Vol % of Renewable 10 20 30 40 50 component n-C6 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Iso-C7 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 n-C7 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 iso- C8 0.95 0.84 0.74 0.63 0.53 n- C8 0.85 0.76 0.68 0.60 0.52 iso- C9 2.31 2.07 1.82 1.58 1.33 n- C9 4.17 3.72 3.26 2.81 2.36 iso- C10 4.05 3.61 3.17 2.73 2.30 n- C10 5.34 4.76 4.17 3.59 3.01 iso- C11 2.76 2.46 2.17 1.87 1.58 n- C11 5.29 4.72 4.14 3.56 2.99 iso- C12 2.49 2.22 1.96 1.69 1.43 n- C12 3.84 3.42 3.01 2.59 2.18 iso- C13 1.64 1.47 1.30 1.13 0.96 n- C13 2.88 2.57 2.26 1.95 1.65 iso- C14 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.44 n- C14 1.57 1.40 1.24 1.08 0.92 iso- C15 1.79 3.24 4.70 6.16 7.62 n- C15 0.58 0.65 0.72 0.79 0.86 iso- C16 1.77 3.33 4.89 6.45 8.01 n- C16 0.28 0.44 0.59 0.75 0.91 iso- C17 1.20 2.39 3.58 4.77 5.96 n- C17 0.08 0.15 0.22 0.29 0.36 iso- C18 0.43 0.86 1.29 1.72 2.15 n- C18 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 C18+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 45.32 46.08 46.83 47.58 48.34 total n-paraffins 25.17 22.89 20.60 18.32 16.03 total iso-paraffins 20.15 23.19 26.23 29.27 32.31 i/n 0.80 1.01 1.27 1.60 2.02 Total normal C9-C12 18.63 16.61 14.58 12.56 10.53 Total C9-C12 30.24 26.97 23.70 20.43 17.16 Total normal C9-C13 21.52 19.18 16.85 14.51 12.18 Total C9-C13 34.76 31.01 27.26 23.51 19.76

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Compositions (in wt %) of jet fuel compositions comprising Sample A and Sample B Petroleum jet component Sample A (408-6643) Sample B (408-6628) Renewable component I (410-346) I (410-346) Vol % of Renewable component 20 30 40 10 20 30 n-C6 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Iso-C7 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.22 0.19 0.17 n-C7 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.20 iso- C8 0.92 0.86 0.79 0.66 0.63 0.60 n- C8 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.81 iso- C9 3.81 4.43 5.06 2.33 3.05 3.77 n- C9 4.14 3.89 3.65 1.97 1.99 2.02 iso- C10 5.71 6.32 6.93 5.39 5.97 6.55 n- C10 5.12 4.71 4.31 4.41 4.13 3.85 iso- C11 4.64 5.44 6.23 7.05 7.49 7.93 n- C11 5.00 4.56 4.12 5.71 5.24 4.78 iso- C12 4.26 5.02 5.77 5.53 6.06 6.59 n- C12 3.66 3.37 3.07 4.11 3.80 3.48 iso- C13 2.87 3.40 3.93 3.77 4.14 4.51 n- C13 2.65 2.38 2.11 1.92 1.76 1.61 iso- C14 1.70 2.17 2.63 2.03 2.41 2.78 n- C14 1.48 1.36 1.24 0.41 0.42 0.43 iso- C15 2.80 4.04 5.28 1.57 2.80 4.04 n- C15 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.13 0.21 0.30 iso- C16 2.73 3.99 5.25 1.28 2.56 3.84 n- C16 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.15 0.29 0.43 iso- C17 1.31 1.96 2.61 0.65 1.30 1.95 n- C17 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.08 0.12 iso- C18 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 n- C18 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.06 C18+ 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03 Total 55.60 61.11 66.62 50.70 56.15 61.59 total n-paraffins 24.27 22.67 21.08 19.97 19.03 18.09 total iso-paraffins 31.31 38.41 45.51 30.73 37.10 43.48 i/n 1.29 1.69 2.16 1.54 1.95 2.40 Total normal C9-C12 17.91 16.53 15.16 16.20 15.16 14.13 Total C9-C12 36.33 37.74 39.15 36.49 37.73 38.96 Total normal C9-C13 20.56 18.92 17.27 18.12 16.93 15.74 Total C9-C13 41.85 43.52 45.19 42.19 43.63 45.08

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Compositions (in wt %) of jet fuel composition comprising Sample D Petroleum jet component Sample D (408-6657) Renewable component H (410-311) Vol % of Renewable component 10 20 30 n-C6 0.009 0.008 0.007 Iso-C7 0.117 0.104 0.091 n-C7 0.189 0.168 0.147 iso- C8 0.513 0.456 0.399 n- C8 0.676 0.612 0.548 iso- C9 1.945 1.74 1.535 n- C9 2.584 2.308 2.032 iso- C10 5.095 4.54 3.985 n- C10 4.042 3.604 3.166 iso- C11 3.952 3.524 3.096 n- C11 3.43 3.06 2.69 iso- C12 3.655 3.26 2.865 n- C12 2.98 2.66 2.34 iso- C13 2.863 2.556 2.249 n- C13 2.215 1.98 1.745 iso- C14 2.44 2.18 1.92 n- C14 1.567 1.404 1.241 iso- C15 3.596 4.852 6.108 n- C15 0.993 1.016 1.039 iso- C16 2.138 3.656 5.174 n- C16 0.575 0.7 0.825 iso- C17 1.433 2.596 3.759 n- C17 0.223 0.276 0.329 iso- C18 0.583 0.996 1.409 n- C18 0.093 0.116 0.139 C18 + 0.081 0.072 0.063 Total 47.99 48.44 48.90 total n-paraffins 19.58 17.91 16.25 total iso-paraffins 28.33 30.46 32.59 i/n 1.45 1.70 2.01 Total normal C9-C12 13.036 11.632 10.228 Total C9-C12 27.683 24.696 21.709 Total normal C9-C13 15.251 13.612 11.973 Total C9-C13 32.761 29.232 25.703