SILAGE STABILIZERS
20230309581 · 2023-10-05
Inventors
Cpc classification
International classification
Abstract
The subject invention relates to new silage stabilizers comprising as active ingredients citric acid, sodium bicarbonate and catalyst cobalt (II) chloride and/or iron powder. The subject invention relates to use of the silage stabilizers mixture for preservation of the silage, namely use in ensiling plants and preserving silage in round bales and horizontal silos and functional packaging of active ingredients and method of use of the Silage stabilizers for ensiling in horizontal silos and round bale.
Claims
1. A silage stabilizer mixture consisting of: citric acid: 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO.sub.3, and catalysts: Cobalt (II) chloride: CoCI.sub.2 and/or iron (Fe) powder, wherein the effective amounts of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate are within a range of 90 : 10 up to 45: 65, and a catalyst being at least one of cobalt (II) chloride and iron in a powder form added are within the range of 10-30 mg per 10 kg of the silage stabilizer mixture.
2. A use of the silage stabilizer mixture of claim 1, for the preservation of a silage.
3. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 2, wherein the silage comprises one or more of the group consisting of: plants from the corn Z.mays, family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), plants from the family Poaceae (rye, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, various grasses), grass-legume mixtures and other mixtures of plants, as well as by-products of the horticulture, vegetable and food industry.
4. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 3 in ensiling plants and further including the step of preserving the silage in at least one of round bales and horizontal silos.
5. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according claim 4 in ensiling plants in the horizontal silos, wherein the total amount of the silage stabilizer mixture applied is within the range from 10 kg-90 kg per 100 tons, preferably, from 20 to 70 kg per 100 tons of the silage.
6. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 4 in ensiling plants in the round bales, wherein the total amount of the silage stabilizer mixture applied is within the range of 0,4-2.5 kg per round bale.
7. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according claim 6, in ensiling in the round bales, wherein the silage stabilizer mixture together with the catalyst is packed in an inner transparent bag made of a biodegradable material, which is then packed in an outer bag made of a non-porous material and then vacuumed.
8. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 7, wherein the inner bag with the stabilizer mixture is placed directly on a biomass which is ensiled in a round bale when wrapping with a foil.
9. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 8, wherein a total number of the inner bags placed on the biomass for ensiling in a round bale, is 2 to 8.
10. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 5 in ensiling in the horizontal silos, wherein the silage stabilizer mixture is packed in a functional bag, with two vertical chambers, one of the two vertical chambers having a mixture of one of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate and a catalyst in a solid form in a specified ratio that packed in a special biodegradable bag, and in the other of the two vertical chamber is one of a sodium bicarbonate or a citric acid.
11. The use of the silage stabilizer mixture according to claim 10, wherein the silage stabilizer mixture is sprinkled from a spreader cyclone that is attached to a tractor or another farm vehicle, before covering the silo.
12. A method of use of the silage stabilizer mixture of claim 2 for ensiling in a horizontal silos, wherein the silage stabilizer mixture is contained in a bag, that is cut opened immediately prior to usage and poured into a cyclone spreaders that is attached to a tractor or another farm vehicle for pressing a biomass in the horizontal silos, and evenly sprinkling the silage stabilizer mixture on the ensiling mass from the cyclone spreader.
13. The method of use of the stabilizer mixture of claim 2 for ensiling in a round bales, wherein the silage stabilizer mixture together with at least one catalyst is packed in an inner transparent bag made of a biodegradable material, which is placed directly on a biomass which is ensiled in the round bale when wrapping with a foil.
14. The method of use according to claim 13, wherein a total number of inner transparent bags placed on the biomass for ensiling in the round bale, is 2 to 4.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0030]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] The subject invention relates to new silage stabilizers which are mixture comprising as active ingredients citric acid, sodium bicarbonate and catalyst cobalt (II) chloride and/or iron (Fe) powder. The subject invention relates to use of the silage stabilizers mixture for preservation of the silage, namely use in ensiling plants and preserving silage in round bales and horizontal silos and functional packaging of active ingredients. In order to preserve chemical activity of the active ingredients and prevent chemical reaction prior to mixing and applying the silage stabilizers, active ingredients and catalysts are packed in functional packaging.
[0032] According to the stated facts, the main problems of good ensiling are the achievement of a lower pH value and the rapid removal of air from the silo mass in a safe way. The present invention aims to solve both problems. The present mixture is safe for human and animal use, as well as for the environment. The silage stabilizers contain a mixture of EU approved feed and food preservatives.
[0033] The subject invention solves those problems by providing safe and efficient way to preserve silage from deleterious oxidation by air and creates safe environment for development of LAB, it is based on bioremediation, because it uses LAB that are already present on plants, without adding inoculants. The silage stabilizers act in several ways: they reduce the breakdown of proteins in silage, protects the DM content in the silo mass, improves aerobic stability due to lower pH value and higher content of LA and AA compared to control silage.
[0034] The silage obtained by treatment with the silage stabilizers of the present invention is tested on several farms and results are provided in the experimental section of the description.
Therefore, the subject invention provides new silage stabilizers which are mixture comprising as active ingredients citric acid i.e. hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid sodium bicarbonate i.e. NaHCO.sub.3 and catalyst cobalt (II) chloride i.e. CoCl.sub.2 and/or iron i.e. Fe powder. The subject stabilizer is intended for use in solid form for ensiling in horizontal silos and round bales.
[0035] Plants for ensiling with the subject silage stabilizers mixture are plants selected from Z.mays, family, namely Fabaceae (Leguminosae), plants from Poaceae family (corn,rye, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, various grasses), grass-leguminous mixtures and other plant mixtures.
[0036] This combination of active ingredients with catalysts provides faster reaching the anaerobic phase of the fermentation, lower pH value, and absorbance of sufficient moisture and dry matter preservation. By this LAB that are present on epiphytic microflora can fermented plants mass, biomass to silage for a shorter period of time, compared to the traditional technics. Quality of the silage is higher because of the nutritional value achieved with this mixture, as well as by-products of horticulture, vegetables and the food industry.
[0037] The person skilled in the art knows that the substantial factor for silage preparation is not only the amount of CO.sub.2 released, but also the optimal pH values and other important factors for silage preparation, because of very complex change in process of preserving the nutritional value of plants throughout the year and in large quantities. Specifically by the combination and the indicated ratio of the components that are contained in the silage stabilizers according to the present invention, the best conditions for ensiling and obtaining a silage of exceptional quality have been achieved, as described in the experimental part.
[0038] The silage stabilizers are applied evenly in the horizontal silo by means of a cyclone, creating a layer on the biomass that is ensiled. Those layers can be repeated several times on silo mass before the covering of the silos. This provides protection from bad weather conditions when ensiling is interrupted due to the e.g. rain. Fast injection of air from silo mass (oxygen) provides anaerobic conditions for growth and reproduction of LAB and inhibits growth unwanted MOs. Aerobic stability of such silages is prolonged about 30% compared to the traditional one. Losses from silage spoilage or loss of nutritional value had been decreased for more than 30%.
[0039] Additionally, preparing silage from certain plants (alfalfa, grass, rye, etc.) require necessary wilting on the field. Bad weather conditions very often present the problem for first, second and last cut for example lucerne during ensiling season. By adding the subject silage stabilizers mixture that absorb moisture providing necessary dry matter content, the time for wilting can be significantly decreased.
[0040] The silage stabilizers of the present invention comprises citric acid and sodium bicarbonate in the ration within the range of 90: 10 up to 50:50, with optimal pH of 2,7 to 5,55.
The total amount of catalyst cobalt (11)-chloride and/or iron in powder form added is 10 −30 mg per 10 kg of the silage stabilizers mixture.
[0041] Namely, the silage stabilizers of the present invention are intended for use for ensiling in horizontal silo and in round bales.
[0042] In a horizontal silo, the amount of silage stabilizers mixture used ranges from 10 kg-90 kg per 100 tons.
[0043] Preferably, for use in a horizontal silo, the amount is 20-70 kg per 100 tons.
[0044] The ways of stabilizer is applied in a horizontal silo are: [0045] A) In two spreading: in the upper third and the second, 10 cm before the final layer; [0046] B) In one spreading: 10 cm before the final layer; [0047] C) by a cyclone, fertilizer spreader.
[0048] For the round bales application: [0049] A) Quantity of silage stabilizers mixture of 0,4-2.5 kg per bale; [0050] B) Two to eight (2 to 8) bags with the stabilizer per one round bale; [0051] C) The bags are placed before rolling the foil on the round bale.
[0052] The combination of active ingredients, namely citric acid and sodium bicarbonate react immediately in silo mass. Both reagents are supplied from the conventional chemical manufacturers.
[0053] Considering that both compounds react immediately when mixed, the packaging were made: [0054] 1. For horizontal silo: in bags with two chambers (compartments), with catalysts both/single being added either in both compartments, or separately, preventing compounds from undesirable absorption of moisture any interactions. [0055] 2. For round bales: vacuum packaging comprising two bags, wherein inner one with mixture with catalysts is made of porous biodegradable material, while the external bag is sun, air and moisture impermeable. The function of external bag is to prevent the content, namely mixture and catalysts, from deleterious impact of environmental conditions. Round bales can vary in sizes and weights, therefore the optimal dimensions of bags (width×length) can also vary from 20 cm×80 cm to 50 cm×100 cm.
[0056] Method of Use of the Silage Stabilizers on Horizontal Silo
[0057] For the horizontal silos, the silage stabilizers are made in a package in a two-chamber bag, as presented on
[0058] The packaging with silage stabilizers of the subject invention is cut open and added to the fertilizer cyclone, that is used to sprinkle the silage stabilizers to the corresponding mass, before covering the silo. In this way, the mixture is applied evenly and human resources are avoided. The cyclone fertilizer spreader carries the tractor or other farm vehicle during process of biomass pressing.
[0059] Distribution with a cyclone on the surface of the ensiled plant mass, provides an uniform distribution of the active ingredients in a thin layer. This uniform distribution also applies to the area around the edges and corners of the silos, which has so far been a problem when compacting plant mass due to difficult access of mechanization that compacts plant mass to this area in horizontal silos. This balances the overall quality of silage, prevents losses and the resulting silage is class I quality.
[0060] Method of Use of the Silage Stabilizers on Round Bales
[0061] Two types of bags were made: outer and inner. The outer bag is non-porous and protects from the penetration of sunlight, air and moisture into the mixture. The inner bag is porous and made of biodegradable material. Components of the silage stabilizers are located in the inner bag, which is placed directly on the biomass of round bale when wrapping the foil. After placing the inner, porous bag (closed by welding), in the outer opaque one, the outer bag is first vacuumed and then welded with a bag welder. Four inner bags were placed on each side of one round bale. After placing the bags, bales are wrapped with the foil.
[0062] Experiments and Results
[0063] The experiments were conducted with ensiling the corn, alfalfa and ray, separately in different farms. Corn was ensiled in horizontal silos, alfalfa was ensiled in round bales and horizontal silos, and ray was ensiled in round bales. Prior ensiling green mass of alfalfa and ray were wilted.
[0064] After ensiling was completed, samples of silages were collected for laboratory analyses. The DM content was determined by drying at 80° C. in an oven for 20 h. The crude ash content was determinate after combusting samples at 600° C. for 3 h. The content of CP was determined by micro-Kjeldahl method (method 988.05; AOAC, 1990), using K.sub.2SO4/Se catalyst-Kjeltabs S 3,5, on the device Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer—Tecator System. The crude fat content was determined by the diethyl ether extraction method, using a Soxlett apparatus (method 920.39; AOAC, 1990). The content of fibers insoluble in neutral detergent—NDF was determined using thermostable α-amylase (A3306 Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO), and sodium sulfite (Official Method 2002: 04; AOAC 2002, EN ISO 16472: 2006, Van Soest et al., 1991). According to the methods: Official Method 973.18 AOAC 1990; EN ISO 13906: 2008; Goering and Van Soest, (1970) the content of fibers insoluble in acid detergent—ADF was determined. After determining ADF weights, residues were incubated for 3 h in 72% sulfuric acid, for lignin -ADL determination.
[0065] The energy value of nutrients is calculated according to Tylutki et.al. (2008). Prediction of ME content was done using the NRC 2001 computer model (5.0.40 version). Then, using the equations from the NRC 2001 model, the NEL content of experimental maize silage and alfalfa silages was calculated. The determination of structural carbohydrates, cellulose polysaccharides and hemicelluloses was done by calculation. Hemicelluloses—HC content was calculated according to the formula (Muck et al., 2007):
HC=NDF−ADF
[0066] The cellulose content of CEL was calculated according to the formula (Muck et al., 2007):
CEL=ADF−ADL
[0067] The content of non-fibrous carbohydrates NFC was calculated using the NRC-2001 computer model using the formula:
NFC,%=100−(CP,%+EE,%+Ash,%+NDF,%+NDFICP,%)
[0068] Farm 1
[0069] In the farm 1, corn was ensiled in 2 horizontal silos for a 150 days of silo opening.
TABLE-US-00001 Nutrients Control Analyses Moisture 61.51 58.49 Dry Matter-DM 38.49 33.23 in 100% DM, % Crude protein-CP 9.00 8.59 Ether extract-EE 2.32 2.10 Ash 4.29 3.85 Neutral detergent fiber-NDF 50.87 40.33 Acid detergent fiber-ADF 29.82 23.47 Acid detergent lignin-ADL 8.71 3.16 Nonfiber carbohydrate-NFC 34.80 46.40 Cellulose-CEL 21.11 20.31 Hemicelullose-HC 21.05 16.86 Predicted energy concentration, (NRC, 2001), MJ/kg SM Digestible energy-DE 10.46 12.34 Metabolic energy-ME 8.70 10.54 Net energy-NE.sub.L 5.31 6.61
[0070] Total Organic Acid Content and Evaluation of Silage Quality by DLG:
[0071] 1. Control Treatment
TABLE-US-00002 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 58.77 0.67 18 III quality 2. AA 15.79 0.18 10 class 3. BA 25.44 0.29 2 4. pH value 5.25 — 4 Σ 34
[0072] 2. Analyses—Treatment with Silage Stabilizers
TABLE-US-00003 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 79.88 1.31 20 I quality class 2. AA 20.12 0.33 10 3. BA — — 10 4. pH value 4.19 — 10 Σ 50
[0073] Farm 2
[0074] In the farm 2, corn was ensiled in 2 horizontal silos with 100 days of opening.
TABLE-US-00004 Nutrients Control Analyses Moisture 61.72 60.12 Dry Matter--DM 38.28 39.88 in 100% DM, % Crude protein-CP 8.49 7.97 Ether extract-EE 2.27 2.14 Ash 3.54 3.46 Neutral detergent fiber-NDF 44.71 45.21 Acid detergent fiber-ADF 27.93 26.74 Acid detergent lignin-ADL 7.84 5.47 Nonfiber carbohydrate-NFC 42.30 42.50 Cellulose-CEL 20.09 21.27 Hemicelullose-HC 16.78 18.47 Predicted energy concentration, (NRC, 2001), MJ/kg SM Digestible energy-DE 11.09 11.55 Metabolic energy-ME 9.33 9.79 Net energy-NE.sub.L 5.77 6.07
[0075] Total Organic Acid Content and Evaluation of Silage Quality by DLG:
[0076] 1. Control Treatment
TABLE-US-00005 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 19.73 0.29 2 V quality 2. AA 44.22 0.65 6 class 3. BA 36.05 0.53 1 4. pH value 4.51 — 8 Σ 17
[0077] 2. Analyses—Treatment with Silage Stabilizers
TABLE-US-00006 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 81.38 2.18 20 I quality class 2. AA 17.13 0.46 10 3. BA 1.49 0.04 9 4. pH value 3.94 — 10 Σ 49
[0078] Farm 3
[0079] In the farm 3, alfalafa (Medicago sativa) was ensiled in round bales, first-cut, with 300 days of silo opening.
TABLE-US-00007 Nutrients Control Analyses Moisture 43.99 47.50 Dry Matter-DM 56.01 52.50 in 100% DM, % Crude protein-CP 17.17 17.37 Ether extract-EE 2.71 2.65 Ash 9.10 10.28 Neutral detergent fiber-NDF 49.41 45.25 Acid detergent fiber-ADF 35.17 28.37 Acid detergent lignin-ADL 9.30 7.50 Nonfiber carbohydrate-NFC 24.70 27.60 Cellulose-CEL 25.87 2.87 Hemicelullose-HC 14.24 16.88 NH.sub.3-N, % Total N 3.68 1.16 Predicted energy concentration, (NRC, 2001), MJ/kg SM Digestible energy-DE 10.42 10.88 Metabolic energy-ME 8.65 9.10 Net energy-NE.sub.L 5.27 5.56
[0080] Total Organic Acid Content and Evaluation of Silage Quality by DLG:
[0081] 1. Control treatment
TABLE-US-00008 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 29.07 0.25 6 IV quality 2. AA 23.26 0.20 10 class 3. BA 47.67 0.41 0 4. pH value 5.39 — 4 Σ 20
[0082] 2. Analyses—treatment with Silage Stabilizers
TABLE-US-00009 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 93.07 1.33 20 I quality class 2. AA 6.93 0.1 10 3. BA — — 10 4. pH value 3.94 10 Σ 50
[0083] Farm 4
[0084] In the farm 4, mature alfaalfa (5th year of cultivation, 4th cutting) was ensiled in round bales, and 250 day of silo opening
TABLE-US-00010 Nutrients Control Analyses Moisture 56.03 60.67 Dry Matter-DM 43.97 39.33 in 100% DM, % Crude protein-CP 15.51 17.68 Ether extract-EE 2.40 4.32 Ash 11.00 11.43 Neutral detergent fiber-NDF 46.25 49.16 Acid detergent fiber-ADF 30.10 32.41 Acid detergent lignin-ADL 9.3 7.12 Nonfiber carbohydrate-NFC 27.90 20.50 Cellulose-CEL 20.79 25.29 Hemicelullose-HC 16.15 16.75 NH.sub.3-N, % Total N 9.84 3.58 Predicted energy concentration, (NRC, 2001), MJ/kg SM Digestible energy-DE 10.41 10.88 Metabolic energy-ME 8.33 9.12 Net energy-NE.sub.L 5.06 5.65
[0085] Total Organic Acid Content and Evaluation of Silage Quality by DLG:
[0086] 1. Control Treatment
TABLE-US-00011 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 53.92 0.62 16 III quality 2. AA 10.43 0.12 10 class 3. BA 35.65 0.41 1 4. pH value 5.15 — 5 Σ 32
[0087] 2. Analyses—Treatment with Silage Stabilizers
TABLE-US-00012 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 71.78 1.73 20 II quality 2. AA 26.97 0.65 10 class 3. BA 1.25 0.03 9 4. pH value 5.23 — 4 Σ 43
[0088] Farm 5
[0089] In the farm 5, alfalafa were ensiled in 2 separated horizontal silos with 300 days silos opening.
TABLE-US-00013 Nutrients Control Analyses Moisture 44.86 44.51 Dry Matter-DM 55.14 55.49 in 100% DM, % Crude protein-CP 21.73 20.50 Ether extract-EE 2.49 4.10 Ash 10.67 10.49 Neutral detergent fiber-NDF 46.13 43.89 Acid detergent fiber-ADF 27.42 27.26 Acid detergent lignin-ADL 10.05 7.68 Nonfiber carbohydrate-NFC 22.10 24.10 Cellulose-CEL 17.37 19.58 Hemicelullose-HC 18.71 16.63 NH.sub.3-N, % Total N 2.38 1.45 Predicted energy concentration, (NRC, 2001), MJ/kg SM Digestible energy-DE 10.17 11.38 Metabolic energy-ME 8.62 9.62 Net energy-NE.sub.L 5.27 5.92
[0090] Total Organic Acid Content and Evaluation of Silage Quality by DLG:
[0091] 1. Control Treatment
TABLE-US-00014 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA 75.68 0.84 20 III quality 2. AA 1.00 0.01 10 class 3. BA 23.32 0.26 3 4. pH value 5.62 — 2 Σ 35
[0092] 2. Analyses—Treatment with Silage Stabilizers
TABLE-US-00015 Acid Portion, % Content, % Points Evaluation 1. LA T 79.40 1.85 20 I quality class 2. AA 14.59 0.34 10 3. BA 6.01 0.14 7 4. pH value 4.59 — 8 Σ 45
[0093] The ensiling trials assessed the chemical composition, energy and nutritional characteristics of the alfalfa and corn silage in field conditions at the commercial farm of cattle 1-5 are present in the experimental results. Feed is the factor that largely defines milk production. The nutrient composition and energy value of silage is limited largely by the quality, and content of net energy of lactation (NEI) is detrimental factor.
[0094] According to the conducted experiments on the farm, we can conclude that higher energy content NEI had all treated silage with Silage Stabilizers. In farm 1, ensiling corn in horizontal silos, control silage had NEI 5.31 MJ/kg SM compared with analyses, ensiled with silage stabilizers where content of NEI 6.61 MJ/kg SM. On the farm 4, mature alfaalfa (5th year of cultivation, 4th cutting) was ensiled in round bales, and with 250 day of silo opening, control silage had NEI 5.06 MJ/kg SM compared with analyses, ensiled with Silage stabilizers where content of NEI 5.65 MJ/kg SM.
[0095] This innovation results preservation of nutrients in silage (for animal feeding), that are not consumed in the initial respiratory aerobic phase for development and growth of undesirable microorganisms which cause spoilage and degradation of quality.
[0096] The new silage stabilizers product has shown that in field trials (farm 1-5) it has the ability to support the ensiling process. Those subject invention is based also on bioremediation, because we use LAB which already plants have, without inoculants addition. The silage stabilizers are operated in several ways: reducing protein degradation in silage, protecting DM content in silo mass, improving aerobic stability due to lower pH and higher lactic and acetic acid content compared to control silage.
[0097] According to the fermentation profile of the experimental silages, we concluded that the silage stabilizers had a positive effect on the fermentation flow and higher lactic acid content compared to the control silages of maize and alfalfa.
[0098] Ensiling corn or alfalfa without adding this innovative product, results from farms 1-5, resulted in III-V class of quality; compared with content of VFA's and quality of silages ensiled with Silage stabilizers which mostly I quality class, with average 80% share of lactic acid in the total content of VFAs.
[0099] The flavor and aroma of silage have always been recognized as being of the importance in determining the organoleptic quality of silage; odor and color indicate a lot about how well silage fermented. Plant bio-mass treated with this product had nice aroma, green color and pleasant odor during storage, which led to increased voluntary consumption in animals feed with such silages in farm 1-5. The addition of citric acid affects the increase of the flavor and aroma of silages due to the enrichment of the citrate content in the silo mass.