METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR INHIBITING VIRUS INFECTION
20230310369 · 2023-10-05
Assignee
Inventors
- Yeh B. Wu (Hsinchu City, TW)
- Jir-Mehng LO (Hsinchu City, TW)
- Hui Ju Liang (Taipei City, TW)
- Cheng Huang (Taipei City, TW)
Cpc classification
A61K45/06
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2300/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2300/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Y02A50/30
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
International classification
Abstract
The present invention pertains to a compound, particularly ovatodiolide, for use in preventing or treating an infection of a virus, including a hepatitis virus, an influenza virus, a herpes simplex virus, an enterovirus, a rotavirus, a dengue virus, a poxvirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, an adenovirus, a coronavirus, an arenavirus, a measles virus, a retrovirus and a norovirus, particularly SARS-COV-2. Also provided are the method for preventing or treating a virus infection using the compound, and the pharmaceutical composition or composition comprising the compound.
Claims
1. A method for preventing or treating an infection of a virus, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound having the structure of formula (I): ##STR00011## wherein each of R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23, R.sub.24, R.sub.25, R.sub.26, R.sub.27, R.sub.28, R.sub.29, R.sub.30, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, NRx, SRx, ORx, pyrazoline, cysteine, glutathione, halogen, COORx, or COO(CH.sub.2)n-CH.sub.3; n is an integer from 0-3; each of Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, or X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 together form —O—, or Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, or W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 together form an epoxy.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is one or more selected from the group consisting of the following: ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014##
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is ##STR00015##
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of a hepatitis virus, an influenza virus, a herpes simplex virus, an enterovirus, a rotavirus, a dengue virus, a poxvirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, an adenovirus, a coronavirus, an arenavirus, a measles virus, a retrovirus and a norovirus.
5. The method of claim 1, in which the compound is effective in inhibiting a cysteine protease in a virus.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a hepatitis virus.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a hepatitis B virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a hepatitis D virus.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a hepatitis B virus (HBV).
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a herpes simplex virus (HSV).
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is effective in inhibiting a virus replication, an assembly or a release of viral particles.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a coronavirus.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.
13-20. (canceled)
21. A pharmaceutical composition/composition for use in treating or preventing a virus infection in a subject comprising a compound having a structure of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or its mixture at the effective amount to inhibiting a cysteine protease in a virus, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; ##STR00016## wherein each of R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23, R.sub.24, R.sub.25, R.sub.26, R.sub.27, R.sub.28, R.sub.29, R.sub.30, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, NRx, SRx, ORx, pyrazoline, cysteine, glutathione, halogen, COORx, or COO(CH.sub.2)n-CH.sub.3; n is an integer from 0-3; each of Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, or X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 together form —O—, or Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, or W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 together form an epoxy.
22. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 21, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of a hepatitis virus, an influenza virus, a herpes simplex virus, an enterovirus, a rotavirus, a dengue virus, a poxvirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, an adenovirus, a coronavirus, an arenavirus, a measles virus, a retrovirus and a norovirus.
23. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 21, wherein the virus is a hepatitis virus.
24. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 23, wherein the hepatitis virus is a hepatitis B virus, a hepatitis C virus, or a hepatitis D virus.
25. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 23, wherein the hepatitis virus is a hepatitis B virus (HBV).
26. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 21, wherein the virus is a herpes simplex virus (HSV).
27. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 21, wherein the virus is a coronavirus.
28. The pharmaceutical composition/composition for use of claim 27, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.
29. The pharmaceutical composition/composition of claim 28, further comprising at least one additional anti-virus therapeutic agent.
30. The pharmaceutical composition/composition of claim 29, wherein the at least one additional anti-virus therapeutic agent is remdesivir.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred.
[0035] In the drawings:
[0036]
[0037]
[0038]
[0039]
[0040]
[0041]
[0042]
[0043]
[0044]
[0045]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0046] The above summary of the present invention will be further described with reference to the embodiments of the following examples. However, it should not be understood that the content of the present invention is only limited to the following embodiments, and all the inventions based on the above-mentioned contents of the present invention belong to the scope of the present invention.
[0047] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0048] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a sample” includes a plurality of such samples and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
[0049] The present invention provides a method for preventing and/or treating a virus infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound having the structure of formula (I)
##STR00006##
wherein each of R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23, R.sub.24, R.sub.25, R.sub.26, R.sub.27, R.sub.28, R.sub.29, R.sub.30, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, NRx, SRx, ORx, pyrazoline, cysteine, glutathione, halogen, COORx, or COO(CH.sub.2)n-CH.sub.3; n is an integer from 0-3; each of Y.sub.1, Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 is H, OH, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, or X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 together form —O—, or Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2, or W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 together form an epoxy.
[0050] The present invention provides a method for inhibiting a virus infection, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (I).
[0051] The present invention provides a composition/pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating a virus infection, which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0052] The present invention also provides a use of the compound of formula (I) for manufacturing a medicament for treating or preventing a virus infection.
[0053] The term “virus” as used herein refers to any virus, which is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism, which can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacterials and archaca. Exemplified viruses include, without limitation, a hepatitis virus, an influenza virus, a herpes simplex virus (HSV), an enterovirus, a rotavirus, a dengue virus, a poxvirus, a human immunodeficiency virus, an adenovirus, a measles virus, a retrovirus, a coronavirus or a norovirus.
[0054] The term “Hepatitis virus” as used herein refers to a virus causing hepatitis, particular a Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis D virus (HDV).
[0055] The term “coronavirus” as used herein refers to a Coronaviruse in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria, which is enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapside of helical symmetry. They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona from which their name derives. Coronaviruses cause diseases in mammals and birds, including humans. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections, including common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and SARS-COV-2.
[0056] The term “cysteine protease” as used herein refers to thiol proteases, are enzymes that degrade proteins, sharing a common catalytic mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine thiol in a catalytic triad or duad. One example of cysteine protease in a virus is 3CLpro in SARS-COV-2.
[0057] The term “preventing” or “prevention” as used herein refers to as used herein refers to the application or administration of a composition including one or more active agents to a subject before the subject afflicted with a disease, a symptom or conditions of the disease, with the purpose to prevent from the disease, the symptoms or conditions of the disease, or inhibit the progression of the disease.
[0058] The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein refers to the application or administration of a composition including one or more active agents to a subject afflicted with a disease, a symptom or conditions of the disease, or a progression of the disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disease, the symptoms or conditions of the disease, the disabilities induced by the disease, or the progression of the disease.
[0059] The term “subject” as used herein includes human or non-human animals, such as companion animals (e.g. dogs, cats, etc.), farm animals (e.g. cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, etc.), or experimental animals (e.g. rats, mice, guinea pigs, etc.).
[0060] The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in an effect in treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder. The term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function.
[0061] For use in therapy, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for administration. Accordingly, the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the preparation of Antrodia camphorata or the active compounds isolated from Antrodia camphorata, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
[0062] For the purpose of delivery and absorption, a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient according to the present invention may be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition in a suitable form with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Based on the routes of administration, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises preferably from 0.1% to 100% in weight of the total weight of the active ingredient.
[0063] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” used herein refers to a carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) that is acceptable, in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the subject to be administered with the pharmaceutical composition. Any carrier, diluent or excipient commonly known or used in the field may be used in the invention, depending to the requirements of the pharmaceutical formulation.
According to the invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, including but not limited to oral, rectal, nasal, topical, vaginal, or parenteral route. In one particular example of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy.
[0064] As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the carrier is compatible with the active ingredient in the composition, and preferably can stabilize said active ingredient and is safe to the individual receiving the treatment. Said carrier may be a diluent, vehicle, excipient, or matrix to the active ingredient. The composition of the present invention can provide the effect of rapid, continued, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient.
[0065] According to the present invention, the form of said composition may be tablets, pills, powder, lozenges, packets, troches, elixers, suspensions, lotions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterilized injection fluid, and packaged powder.
[0066] The composition of the present invention may be delivered via any physiologically acceptable route, such as oral, parenteral (such as intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal), transdermal, suppository, and intranasal methods. Regarding parenteral administration, it is preferably used in the form of a sterile water solution, which may comprise other substances, such as salts or glucose sufficient to make the solution isotonic to blood. The water solution may be appropriately buffered (preferably with a pH value of 3 to 9) as needed. Preparation of an appropriate parenteral composition under sterile conditions may be accomplished with standard pharmacological techniques well known to persons skilled in the art.
[0067] Exemplified viruses which are responsive include, without limitation, a hepatitis virus, an influenza virus, a herpes simplex virus, an enterovirus, a rotavirus, a dengue virus, a poxvirus, a human immunodeficiency virusor, an adenovirus, a coronavirus infection, an arenavirus infection, a measles virus, a coronavirus or a norovirus. Preferably, the virus is a hepatitis virus, including a hepatitis B virus, a hepatitis C virus, a hepatitis D virus, a SARS , a MERS or a SARS-COV-2.
[0068] In one preferred example, the virus is a hepatitis B virus (HBV).
[0069] In one preferred example, the virus is a herpes simplex virus (HSV).
[0070] In one preferred example, the virus is a SARS-COV-2.
[0071] In one further aspect, the present invention provides a composition/pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a virus infection through inhibiting a cysteine protease in a virus, which comprises any of the compounds disclosed herein, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or its mixture. Optionally, the composition/pharmaceutical composition may comprise at least one additional anti-viral therapeutic agent.
[0072] In one further aspect, the present invention provides a use of any of the compounds disclosed herein for manufacturing a medicament for treating or preventing a virus infection through inhibiting a cysteine protease in a virus.
[0073] It was found in the present invention that the compound of formula (I) was effective in inhibiting a virus replication, an assembly or a release of viral particles.
[0074] According to the invention, the compound of formula (I) may be:
##STR00007## ##STR00008##
[0075] According to the invention, the compound of formula (I) may also be one of the derivative thereof selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00009##
[0076] In one particular example of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is
##STR00010##
called as AR100-DS1 herein.
[0077] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are provided for the purpose of demonstration rather than limitation.
EXAMPLES
1. Materials and Methods
1.1 HepG2.2.15 Cells
[0078] Continuous HBV proliferation can be achieved in HepG2.2.15 cells (RRID:CVCL_L855) stably transfected with the HBV genome of the adw2 subtype. HepG2.2.15 cells are used because of the unlimited supply and constant quality and were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo) plus 100 units of penicillin and 100× g of streptomycin per ml (both from Invitrogen).
1.2 HuS-E/2 Cells
[0079] HuS-E/2 cells that retains primary hepatocyte characteristics even after prolonged culture are utilized for HBV infection. For HBV infection, HuS-E/2 cells were differentiated with 2% DMSO for 7 days, and virus particles were collected to infect and replicate in HuS-E/2 cells as described in our previous study [38]. These cells are useful to assay infectivity of HBV strains, and screening of anti-HBV agents.
1.3 Collection of HBV Particles
[0080] The culture medium from drug-treated HepG2.2.15 cells is clarified by centrifugation at 1,000× g at 4° C. for 10 min, and then the supernatant is layered on top of a 20% sucrose cushion (20% sucrose, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7:4, 0.1% bovine serum albumin [BSA]) and centrifuged at 197,000× g for 3 h at 4° C. to pellet the HBV particles, which are then concentrated 100 fold to detect HBV DNA.
1.4 DNA and RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription and Real-Time PCR
[0081] Total DNA is extracted with a Genomic DNA isolation kit (Nexttee Biotechnologie, Germany). Total RNA is isolated from cultured cells using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription is performed with the RNA templates, AMV reverse transcriptase (Roche), and oligo-dT primer. The products are subjected to real-time PCR with primer sets of specific genes and SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Bio-Rad). The primer sets used for HBV core, HBsAg, cccDNA and GAPDH are described [3]. The results are analyzed with the iCycler iQ real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad). Plasmid p1.3HBcl is prepared at 10-fold dilutions (2*10.sup.4-2*10.sup.9 copies/ml) to generate a standard curve in parallel PCR reactions.
1.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
[0082] The HBsAg ELISA Kit (General Biologicals Corp.) are used to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with the protocol suggested.
1.6 Statistical Analysis
[0083] All values are expressed as mean=SE. Each value is the mean of at least three experiments in each drug in vitro experiments. Student's t-test is used for statistical comparison. * indicates that the values are significantly different from the control (* p<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001).
1.7 FRET Protease Assays with the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro
[0084] The establishment of an ED-FRET platform follows the protocol given by Jo et al. (2020)[29]. Briefly, a custom proteolytic, fluorogenic peptide with DABCYL and EDANS on ends, DABCYL-TSAVLQSGFRKMG-EDANS (Genomics, Taiwan), contains the consensus nsp4/nsp5 cleavage sequence that can be recognized by 3CLpro of SARS-COV-2. The peptide is dissolved in distilled water and incubated with 3CLpro of SARS-COV-2. Measurements of the spectral-based fluorescence are determined by a SPARK® multimode microplate reader provided by TECAN. The proteolytic activity is determined at 37° C. by fluorescent intensity of EDANS upon peptide hydrolysis as a function of time, in which λ.sub.excitation=340 nm, λ.sub.emission=490 nm, bandwidths=9, 15 nm, respectively. Prior to the assay, the emission wavelength of the testing drugs at 340 nm. excitation is examined to ensure that it does not overlap with the emission spectrum of EDANS,
[0085] Assays are conducted in triplicate in black 96-well microplates (Greiner) in 100 μL assay buffers containing 3CLpro of SARS-COV-2 and the customized peptide. In SARS 3CLpro assay, 1 μM SARS-COV-2 3CLpro containing 50 mM Tris pH 6.5 is incubated with 5 μM fluorescent substrate at 37° C. for 3 h before measuring Relative Fluorescence Unit (RFU).
1.8 Inhibition Assays in the Present of AR100-DS1
[0086] At first, the SARS-COV-2 3CLpro and the compound according to the invention, AR100-DS1, or the combination of AR100-DS1 and remdesivir (RDV), were mixed and pre-incubated at 37° C. for 1 h. Those manifesting inhibitory activity against 3CLpro of SARS-COV-2 were investigated further at different concentrations to characterize their IC50 values, using GraphPad Prism 7.03 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
[0087] Based the knowledge and sequence-based SARS-COV-2 3CLpro, the efficacy of 3CLpro inhibiting AR100-DS1 were assessed in vitro to determine their therapeutic potential in SARS-COV-2 treatment. Concerning that no drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat human SARS-COV-2 infection, developing a broad-spectrum antiviral agent to combat against SARS-COV-2 is of utmost importance and urgency. Enactment of ED-FRET technology and its workflow provided a robust, high-throughput drug discovery in the lab. Meanwhile, AR100-DS1 acts as guidelines of probable therapeutic doses in clinical assessment and prompts patent application in the future, contributing to antiviral library construction.
1.9 Plaque Reduction Assay
[0088] Plaque reduction assay was performed in triplicate in 24-well tissue culture plates. The Vero E6 cells (ATCC® CRL-1586™) were seeded at 2×10.sup.5 cells/well in DMEM with 10% FCS and antibiotics one day before infection. SARS-COV-2 (NTU13, GISAID: EPI_ISL_422415)(50-100 plaque forming unit (PFU)/well) was added to the cell monolayer for 1 hour at 37° C. Subsequently, viruses were removed and the cell monolayer was washed once with PBS before covering with media containing methylcellulose and test article at the indicated concentrations for 5-7 days. The cells were fixed with formaldehyde overnight. After removal of overlay media, the cells were stained with crystal violet and the plaques were counted. The percentage of inhibition was calculated as [1−(VD/VC)]×100%, where VD and VC refer to the virus titer in the presence and absence of the test article, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was calculated by regression analysis of the dose-response curves generated from plaque assays.
2. Experiment Results
2.1 Effects of AR100-DS1 on the HBV Secretion in HepG2.2.15 Cells
[0089] To test whether AR100-DS1 had any effect on HBV genome replication, assembly, or secretion, HepG2.2.15 cells that were stably transfected with HBV genome, were used to incubate with AR 100-DS1 for 48 hours, then HBsAg and HBV DNA collected from medium were measured by ELISA and real-time PCR. The results were shown in
[0090] The effects of AR100-DS1 on HBsAg secretion of HepG2.2.15 cells were shown in
[0091] The effects of AR100-DS1 on the HBV DNA level in medium were shown in
2.2 Effects of AR100-DS1 on HBV Infectivity and on the Viability of HuS-E/2 Cells and HepG2.2.15 Cells
[0092] To evaluate the effects of AR100-DS1 on HBV infectivity and replication, HuS-E/2 cells were infected with any subtype HBV derived from HepG2.2.15 cells. The AR100-DS1 was added to the medium during infection with HBV for 18 h, then the infected cells were washed and incubated in fresh medium for 48 hours, when HBsAg in culture medium were detected by ELISA and HBV mRNA was detected by real-time PCR as an index of efficiency of HBV infection in HuS-E/2 cells. The results were shown in
[0093] The effects of AR100-DS1 on the entry of HBV in HuS-E/2 cells were shown in
[0094] In this study, HepG2.2.15 cells which was stably expressed HBV genome were used to detect the effect of AR100-DS1 on HBV morphogenesis. These results showed that AR100-DS1 significantly inhibited HBV replication, the assembly or release of viral particles. A marked dose-dependent reduction in cell viability was shown in
[0095] Given the results showing the inhibition effects of AR100-DS1 on the secretion of HBsAg and the cell viability of HuS-E/2 cells and HepG2.2.15 cells, it can be concluded that AR100-DS1 can inhibit HBV infection and is potent to develop a drug for treating and/or preventing a virus infection, particularly HBV.
[0096] The above description merely relates to preferred embodiments in the present invention, and it should be pointed out that for a person of ordinary skill in the art, some improvements and modifications can also be made under the premise of not departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered to be within the scope of protection of the present invention.
2.3 Effect of AR100-DS1 on Inhibition of SARS-COV-2 Infection
[0097] The inhibitory profiles of AR100-DS1 at the concentration of 20 μM was determined and the results were given in
[0098] To confirm the antiviral activities of AR100-DS1 to a coronavirus, the antiviral activities of AR100-DS1 and AR100-DS1+RDV ( ) against SARS-COV-2 in Vero E6 cells was evaluated by the plaque reduction assay. To confirm the antiviral activities of AR100-DS1+RDV on SARS-COV-2, the AR100-DS1 and RDV were prepared individually, then added together during the experiment. AR100-DS1 and RDV were prepared individually and added together, and the results were shown in Table 1 below. The unexpected improved effect of the combination of RDV and AR100-DS1 at 1 μM was observed among the effects of the 10 μM, 5 μM, and 1 μM of AR100-DS1 in combination with 1 μM of RDV. As compared with the effect of the RDV only, the plaque inhibition percentage after the treatment of 1 μM of AR100-DS1 combined with RDV increased from 82% to 98%.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Plaque number Inhibition (%) Inhibition (%) per well to virus to DMSO mean SD mean SD mean SD Control 174 14.6 DMSO 159 19.1 9% 11% 10 μM DS1 + 26 0.9 85% 1% 84% 1% 1 μM RDV 5 μM DS1 + 31 6.3 82% 4% 80% 4% 1 μM RDV* 1 μM DS1 + 29 0.3 84% 0% 82% 0% 1 μM RDV* 1 μM DS1 + RDV* 4 0.7 98% 0% 97% 0% 1 μM RDV* 32 1 82% 1% 80% 1%
[0099] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only and can be implemented in combinations. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention may be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and the methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
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