Method for Generating Self-Propped Hydraulic Fractures

Abstract

A method for generating self-propped hydraulic fractures. In one embodiment, the method comprises injecting three fluid stages sequentially, each with successively higher viscosity, comprising a pad, a sealing slurry, and a displacement fluid which may be referred to as a sweep. Compositions of each of the three fluid stages are provided, each of which may be selected based upon characteristics of the formation being treated or upon one or more characteristics of the desired fracture.

Claims

1. A method of generating a self-propped hydraulic fracture, comprising: injecting a first fluid into a wellbore, wherein the first fluid has a viscosity from one to one thousand centipoise; injecting a second fluid into the wellbore, wherein the second fluid has a viscosity from ten to five thousand centipoise and is loaded between 5% and 30% by weight with particles of varying composition; and injecting a third fluid into the wellbore, wherein the third fluid has a viscosity of one hundred to one million centipoise; wherein the three fluids are injected such that each successive injection fluid has a viscosity equal to or greater than the viscosity of the preceding fluid.

2. The method of claim 1 followed by a further injection of a fluid with a breaker that substantially lowers the viscosity of the previously injected fluid.

3. The method of claim 1 in which a further injection is of a fluid that is shear thickening.

4. The method of claim 1 in which a further injection is of a fluid that has a chemical component which causes the fluid to reduce, or break, its viscosity over a predetermined range of times.

5. The method of claim 1 in which a further injection is of a fluid that has a chemical component which causes the fluid to reduce, or break, its viscosity over a predetermined range of times.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising injecting a spacer fluid between any of the first, second, or third fluids, wherein the spacer fluid prevents or retards interaction of any of the first, second, or third fluids between which the spacer is injected.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the spacer retains nominal composition or is acted upon by one or more downhole or injected chemicals causing the properties of the spacer to change over time.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the spacer fluid is cycled out of the fracture.

9. A method of generating a self-propped hydraulic fracture, comprising: injecting a first fluid into a wellbore, wherein the first fluid has a viscosity from one to one thousand centipoise; injecting a second fluid into the wellbore, wherein the second fluid has a viscosity from ten to five thousand centipoise and is loaded between 5% and 30% by weight with particles of varying composition and injecting a third fluid into the wellbore, wherein the third fluid has a viscosity of one hundred to one million centipoise and comprises a chemical component which causes the third fluid’s viscosity to reduce, or break, over a predetermined period of time; wherein the three fluids are injected such that each successive injection fluid has a viscosity equal to or greater than the viscosity of the preceding fluid.

10. The method of claim 9 in which in addition each successive fluid has successively increasing shear thickening properties.

11. The method of claim 9 in which the third fluid contains particles between 0.01% and 5% by weight that serve as healing materials for previous treatments.

12. The method of claim 10 in which the third fluid contains particles between 0.01% and 5% by weight that serve as healing materials for previous treatments.

13. The method of claim 9, further comprising injecting a spacer fluid between any of the first, second, or third fluids, wherein the spacer fluid prevents or retards interaction of any of the first, second, or third fluids between which the spacer fluid is injected.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the spacer fluid retains nominal composition or is acted upon by one or more downhole or injected chemicals causing the properties of the spacer fluid to change over time.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the spacer fluid is cycled out of the fracture.

16. A method of generating a self-propped hydraulic fracture, comprising: injecting a first fluid into a wellbore, wherein the first fluid has a viscosity from one to one thousand centipoise; injecting a second fluid into the wellbore, wherein the second fluid begins as a fluid with viscosity from ten to five thousand centipoise but becomes more viscous, or even solid, over time; and is loaded between 5%-30% by weight with particles of varying composition; and injecting a third fluid into the wellbore, wherein the third fluid has a viscosity of one hundred to one million centipoise, has a chemical breaker which reduces its viscosity over time, and contains particles between 0.01% and 5% by weight; wherein the three fluids are injected such that each successive injection fluid has a viscosity equal to or greater than the viscosity of the preceding fluid, and may also sequentially exhibit greater shear thickening behavior.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising injecting a spacer fluid between any of the first, second, or third fluids, wherein the spacer fluid prevents or retards interaction of any of the first, second, or third fluids between which the spacer is injected.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the spacer retains nominal composition or is acted upon by one or more downhole or injected chemicals causing the properties of the spacer to change over time.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the spacer fluid is cycled out of the fracture.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] The method for generating self-propped hydraulic fractures may include injecting a plurality of fluid stages sequentially, each of which may have successively higher viscosity. In an embodiment the fluid stages may include a pad, a sealing slurry, and a displacement fluid which may be referred to as a sweep. Furthermore, a spacer, or buffer stage, can be added ahead, between, or behind any of the other stages.

[0011] In embodiments, the pad may have the lowest viscosity and the smallest volume of the three fluid stages, for example a viscosity from one to hundreds of centipoise (cP), or alternatively, from one to one thousand cP, or a volume from one to thirty percent of the total treatment volume. The pad may include clean water if the formation has high toughness and very few joints, fissures, and/or inclusions. In embodiments where the method may be applied to more brittle or defected formations, a viscous fluid of some hundreds of centipoise may be helpful in opening the fracture and propagating through defects in the rock matrix. Often, a function of the pad is to open the fracture and allow entry of bridging particles, if any, entrained in the sealing slurry. In embodiments where the sealing slurry may lack solid particles that might bridge the fracture, the pad stage may be omitted. Under normal circumstances the width of the fracture at the tail of the pad may decrease monotonically during the treatment process; this may be true even in rock matrices with effectively zero leak-off. The volume of the pad may be tuned considering the size of bridging particles in the next stage to achieve bridging at a desired particular fracture radius or fracture volume. In rock matrices with non-negligible leak-off due to matrix permeability, clay hydration or imbibition, the pad volume may be increased to compensate for leak-off. Matrix leak-off may also be suppressed by including in the pad water retention additives like polymers, clays and pore-sized solids like silica flour.

[0012] In embodiments, the second stage sealing slurry may contain material for forming an impermeable barrier near the tip of the fracture. Injected as a fluid, the slurry, which may comprise a solution or mixture, may be intended to form a solid or semi-solid barrier to fluid flow. In embodiments, the slurry may have significantly higher viscosity than the pad to prevent fingering, mixing and dilution with the pad fluid. The sealing slurry may include micron- to millimeter-scale particles at 5% to 30% by weight, and having specific gravities between 0.8 and 1.3, for bridging the fracture and/or anchoring the slurry as it forms an impermeable seal. For example, the particles may be included by weight between 5% and 15%, between 10% and 20%, between 15% and 25%, and between 20% and 30%. The seal may be accomplished by polymerization of resins and monomers included in the fluid, by de-watering a particle slurry to form an impermeable packed bed, by cross-linking a polymer solution, through inorganic processes which may form a cement, or through other similar means, and/or mixtures thereof. Embodiments may include fiber, clay, asphalt emulsion, water-born epoxy resins plus hardeners, particle slurries such as crushed rock, walnut shells, rubber tire crumb, pre-formed particle gels, metal cation crosslinkers for hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, Portland cement, or combinations thereof. These are only exemplary systems, and those of ordinary skill in the artof geotechnical grouting, conformance control, water shut-off, lost circulation materials, among others, may be aware of many similar and complementary systems, materials and approaches which may be substituted for these exemplary systems. In embodiments of the method, the sealing slurry may comprise three to fifty percent of the total treatment volume. In embodiments, the initial viscosity of the sealing fluid may range alternatively from 10 cP to 5,000 cP, from 10 cP to 4,000 cP, from 10 cP to 3,000 cP, or from 10 cP to 2,000 cP.

[0013] In embodiments, the third stage may serve to displace the sealing slurry to the tip of the fracture while increasing the radius, width and eventual working volume of the fracture. In embodiments of the method, the third stage may form the largest and most viscous stage of the treatment, for example a hyper-viscous gel comprising five to ninety percent of the total volume. The viscosity of the sweep fluid may be selected such that it may displace the slurry without fingering, mixing, and/or dilution, and may range from 100 cP to 100,000 cP, from 100 cP to 200,000 cP, from 100 cP to 300,000 cP, from 100 cP to 400,000 cP, from 100 cP to 500,000 cP, from 100 cP to 600,000 cP, from 100 cP to 700,000 cP, from 100 cP to 800,000 cP, from 100 cP to 900,000 cP, or from 100 to 1,000,000 cP. Embodiments of the sweep fluid may comprise particles between 0.01% and 5% by weight, having specific gravities between 0.8 and 1.3, and/or cross-linked gels, for example borate cross-linked guar, heavy bentonite muds, clay+polymer mixtures, cross-linked polyacrylamides, or combinations thereof. In such embodiments, particles may be included by weight between 0.01% and 0.5%, between 0.1% and 1%, between 0.5% and 2%, between 1% and 3%, between 2% and 5%, or between 3% and 5%. Because the sweep fluid may be removed or washed out of the fracture after the slurry has formed an impermeable seal, it may be advantageous to include with the third stage, or inject separately, a breaker, if suitable, to reduce viscosity of the sweep after a pre-determined period of time.

[0014] In embodiments, the treatment may further comprise a spacer, or buffer, stage which may serve to physically separate any of the stages from each other, and may precede or follow any of the stages. The spacer stage can comprise one to 50% of the total treatment volume. In embodiments, the buffer stage may be any of the fluids noted, or may be a unique fluid or slurry. The primary characteristic of this stage is to provide space between active stages for cost savings, delay of chemical reaction, or to prevent any other fluid interaction that may be undesirable for the process and outcome. The viscosity and/or shear thickening characteristics of the spacer fluid may be selected such that it may keep stages separated from one another without digitization, mixing, or dilution. The spacer fluid may be left in the fracture permanently, chemically altered in situ, or be cycled out of the fracture over time.

[0015] Additional fluids or chemicals may be included with any of the stages described, or may be injected separately, in order to provide additional benefits to fracture formation. Examples of such fluids or chemicals may include those which may lower the viscosity of the previously injected fluid, those which may cause or encourage shear thickening, or those which may serve as healing materials for a previous stage.

[0016] In embodiments of the method for generating self-propped hydraulic fractures, the compositions of the first, second, and third stage fluids may vary, and may be selected based upon characteristics of the formation being treated, or upon one or more characteristics of the desired treated fracture. For example, in a first embodiment, the injection fluids may include a 15% (of total volume) pad comprised of 27 pounds-per-barrel (ppb) bentonite mud; a 30% (of total volume) slurry comprised of up to 2 mm rubber tire crumb (RTC) in 25 pounds-per-thousand (ppt) cross-linked guar with 4 ppb mineral fiber; a 4% (of total volume) spacer fluid comprised of 2% PHPA, and a 51% (of total volume) sweep comprised of 35 ppt cross-linked guar with enzymatic breaker. In a second embodiment, the modified fluids and particle assemblies may include a 20% (of total volume) pad comprised of water; a 40% (of total volume) slurry comprised of class H cement; and a 40% (of total volume) sweep comprised of 35 ppt cross-linked guar with enzymatic breaker. In a third embodiment, the modified fluids and particle assemblies may include a 2% (of total volume) pad comprised of 1% partially hydrolyzed poly acrylamide (PHPA) gel; a 16% slurry comprised of buffered metal ion cross-linked 1% PHPA loaded with RTC mixture up to 2 mm; and a 82% sweep comprised of 35 ppt cross-linked guar with enzymatic breaker.

[0017] Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.