DIRECT-FIRED SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE POWER CYCLE THAT GENERATES POWER AND HYDROGEN

Abstract

Direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) power cycle that generates hydrogen. More specifically, the discharge of a direct fired supercritical CO.sub.2 power cycle is converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen where the hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide can be separated and stored/utilized in another application.

Claims

1-13. (canceled)

14. A direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method comprising: a. burning hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen in a combustor and heating a supercritical CO.sub.2 working fluid and providing a combustor output comprising carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water; b. providing a water gas shift reactor and reacting said carbon monoxide and water output from said combustor and forming a water gas shift reactor output mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen wherein the level of said hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical CO.sub.2 introduced into said combustor are controlled to provide a molar quantity combustor output of water and carbon monoxide from said combustor that are within +/−20.0% of one another; c. separating all or a portion of said hydrogen output from said water gas shift reactor; and d. driving an expander with said carbon dioxide output from said water gas shift reactor wherein said expander outputs carbon dioxide and said carbon dioxide output from said expander is passed through a recuperator and then cooled, compressed, preheated in said recuperator and introduced into said combustor.

15-16. (canceled)

17. The direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method of claim 14 including controlling the level of hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical carbon dioxide introduced into said combustor so that the molar quantity output of water and carbon dioxide from said combustor are within +/−10.0% of one another.

18. The direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method of claim 14 including controlling the level of hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical carbon dioxide introduced into said combustor so that the molar quantity output of water and carbon dioxide are within +/−5.0% of one another.

19. The direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method of claim 14 including controlling the level of hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical carbon dioxide introduced into said combustor so that a molar flow rate combustor output in mol/sec of water and carbon monoxide from said combustor are within +/−20.0% of one another.

20. The direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method of claim 14 including controlling the level of hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical carbon dioxide introduced into said combustor so that a molar flow rate combustor output in mol/sec of water and carbon monoxide from said combustor are within +/−10.0% of one another.

21. The direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power generation method of claim 14 including controlling the level of hydrocarbon fuel, oxygen and supercritical carbon dioxide introduced into said combustor so that a molar flow rate combustor output in mol/sec of water and carbon monoxide from said combustor are within +/−5.0% of one another.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates a direct-fired supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle of the prior art.

[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates a direct-fired supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle as described herein.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a plot of molar mass flow rate of H.sub.2O and CO in mol/sec versus the CO.sub.2/O.sub.2 molar ratio in a direct-fired oxy combustor at different equivalence ratios.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The present invention in one configuration provides a modification to the direct-fired supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle. Two processes are now preferably added to refine the post-combustion components of CO.sub.2, water and carbon monoxide, to provide CO.sub.2 and hydrogen. The hydrogen may then be selectively captured and removed from the CO.sub.2 and utilized elsewhere. Moreover, any excess CO.sub.2 that is generated may also be used in other applications or sequestered. In addition, the present invention can preferably eliminate the need for a liquid water separator and/or venting of CO from the cycle.

[0014] Reference is made to FIG. 2 which illustrates a preferred direct-fired supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle 200. Fuel and oxidizer are now introduced into a direct-fired oxycombustor 210, along with preheated supercritical CO.sub.2 as the working fluid. The fuel is preferably a hydrocarbon fuel, an example of which is methane. The output of CO.sub.2, H.sub.2O and CO are then subject to a water gas shift catalyst which then outputs CO.sub.2 and hydrogen (H.sub.2). In addition, it is worth mentioning that combustion tuning can be employed herein in order to selectively increase the output of CO, e.g., during a relatively low electric power demand, to produce more hydrogen, as discussed more fully below.

[0015] That is, the input of CO and H.sub.2O into the water gas shift reactor at 220 results in formation of a mixture of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2, according to the following general water gas shift reaction:

CO+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.CO.sub.2+H.sub.2

[0016] Those of skill in the art will recognize that the water gas shift reaction at 220 may proceed at relatively low temperatures (e.g., 200° C. to 250° C.) with catalysts commonly selected from copper or copper oxide loaded ceramic phases. Common supports include alumina or alumina with zinc oxide. One typical composition includes 32-33% CuO, 34-53% ZnO, and 15-33% Al.sub.2O.sub.3. The water gas shift reaction may also be conducted at relatively higher temperature utilizing, e.g., a catalyst combination of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 and MgO. Such relatively higher temperature catalysis may be in the range of 310° C. to 450° C.

[0017] The output of the water gas shift reactor 220 may then be routed to a location where hydrogen is selectively removed from the power cycle. Preferably, this is achieved by a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processing device 230, but could be achieved by other methods, such as cryogenic separation. Reference to a PSA processing device is reference to the feature that under pressure, the hydrogen gas can be trapped on a solid surface (adsorbed) at relatively high pressure and when the pressure is reduced, the hydrogen gas is released or desorbed. Such solid surface may include porous and adsorbent zeolites, activated carbons, silica and alumina gels. Reference is made to Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies, K. Liu, C. Song and V. Subrami (editors), Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication, 2010. It is therefore contemplated that 90% or more of the hydrogen produced by the water gas shift reaction may be conveniently removed from the supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle 200.

[0018] The CO.sub.2 output from the pressure swing adsorption processing device 230 is then routed to an expander 240 which may then be used to expand the pressurized sCO.sub.2 to provide power to a generator 250 and/or compressor 260. The generator may then provide electrical power. The expander may therefore preferably comprise a turboexpander or expansion turbine through which the relatively high-pressure sCO.sub.2 is expanded to produce energy to drive a compressor or generator, as herein described. The CO.sub.2 exiting the expander 240 may then be routed through a recuperator 270 after which any excess CO.sub.2 can be sequestered and transported at 280. The remaining CO.sub.2 may then be routed to a cooler 290 which is then compressed in the compressor 260 and preheated in the recuperator 270 for introduction into the direct-fired oxy combustor 210.

[0019] It may now be appreciated that as illustrated in FIG. 2, the water gas shift reaction and the removal of hydrogen via pressure swing adsorption can be utilized directly on the power cycle exhaust stream. Moreover, the combustion in the direct-fired oxy-combustor can be preferably configured to now exploit the benefits of the water gas shift reaction. That is, one may now preferably control the mixture of CO.sub.2, O.sub.2 and CH.sub.4 introduced into the direct-fired oxy-combustor 210 to preferably create relatively similar molar quantities of H.sub.2O and CO for the ensuing water gas shift reaction. Preferably, the respective molar quantities of H.sub.2O and CO exiting the direct-fired oxy-combustor are within +/−20.0% of one another, more preferably +/−10.0%, or even more preferably, +/−5.0% of one another.

[0020] It is also worth mentioned that while the water gas shift reactor 220 and pressure swing adsorption processing device 230 are illustrated in FIG. 2 as directly downstream of the direct fired oxy-combustor, such reactor and processing device may be located elsewhere. For example, the water gas shift reactor 220 and the pressure swing adsorption processing device 230 may be located downstream of the recuperator 270, e.g., between the recuperator 270 and transport sequester 280.

[0021] FIG. 3 is a plot of the molar mass flow rate of H.sub.2O and CO in mol/sec versus the CO.sub.2/02 molar ratio in the direct-fired oxy-combustor, at different equivalence ratios (phi), which is reference to the actual air/fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. As can be observed, by operation at a value of phi=0.5, and adjustment of the CO.sub.2/O.sub.2 molar ratio, the molar flow rate (mol/sec) of H.sub.2O and CO exiting the direct-fired oxy-combustor can be made to be relatively similar. That is, the molar flow rate (mol/sec) of the H.sub.2O and CO exiting the direct-fired oxy-combustor can be configured to be within +/−20.0% of one another, more preferably +/−10.0%, or even more preferably, +/−5.0% of one another. Or, stated another way, the molar flow rate of H.sub.2O and the molar flow rate of CO that are introduced into the water gas shift reactor 220 are each preferably configured to have a value that is within +/−20.0% of one another, more preferably +/−10.0%, or even more preferably, +/−5.0% of one another.

[0022] It is also worth mentioning that through modeling protocols, one may also now preferably select pressure and temperatures for introduction of fuel and oxidizer, along with supercritical CO.sub.2 to further regulate the presence of CO.sub.2, H.sub.2O and CO at the output location of the direct-fired oxy-combustor 210. See, e.g., Delimont, J., Andrews, N. and Chordia, L., Computational Modeling of a Direct Fired Oxy-Fuel Combustor For SCO2 Power Cycles”, 6.sup.th International Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles Symposium, March 2018 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). The combustion process may therefore be further tuned herein to, e.g., inject additional amounts of CO for treatment in the water gas shift reactor 220, to ensure that for a given projected amount of water output, the level of CO is adjusted to optimize the ensuing water gas shift reaction. Stated another way, it is contemplated that the combustion process may be tuned to also minimize the amount of CO that may otherwise be needed to optimize the water gas shift reaction process illustrated in FIG. 2 at 220, so that again, for a given amount of water produced, a requisite amount of CO is present to react with water in the water gas shift reaction at 220 to produce the highest possible amount of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2.

[0023] In addition, by way of overall operation efficiency, it is contemplated that the present invention can provide, e.g., significant amounts of hydrogen over selected time periods, through use of the subject direct-fired supercritical power cycle disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated herein that for a 24-hour power generation using the direct-fired supercritical, one can now produce over 1000-1250 kg of hydrogen each day, or higher, depending upon the megawatt output of the power cycle that is at issue.

[0024] As may now be appreciated, the present invention provides for a direct-fired supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle where the discharge of the direct-fired oxy-combustor is converted by a water gas shift reaction to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen produced by the water gas shift reactor, as well as CO.sub.2, can also be separated from such power cycle and can be conveniently stored/utilized in other applications.