Flower thinning composition and flower thinning method using same

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a flower-thinning composition, which is safe for honeybees when sprayed at a low concentration, and a flower-thinning method using the same.

Claims

1. A flower-thinning composition comprising an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols, C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aromatic alcohols, and combinations thereof, and at least one emulsifier; wherein the alcohol is present at a concentration of from 0.01 vol. % to 0.8 vol. % relative to the flower-thinning composition, wherein the flower-thinning composition is safe to honeybees when sprayed at the concentration of from 0.01 vol. % to 0.8 vol. % of the alcohol.

2. The flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein the alcohol includes a combination of at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols and at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aromatic alcohols, the flower-thinning composition comprising an alcohol emulsifiable concentrate obtained by mixing the combination with the at least one emulsifier.

3. The flower-thinning composition of claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is a nonionic emulsifier.

4. The flower-thinning composition of claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is at least one selected from among Tween-80 (POE(20) sorbitan monooleate), Tween-20 (POE(20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween-60 (POE(20) sorbitan monostearate), Span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), Span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates or glycerol stearates and wherein the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimized.

5. The flower-thinning composition of claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is comprised in an amount of from 3 to 50 wt % based on the alcohol emulsifiable concentrate.

6. The flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols is present and is selected from the group consisting of 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and mixtures of two or more of the group.

7. The flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aromatic alcohol is present and is cyclohexanol.

8. The flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols is present and wherein a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol is among the at least one of the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols and wherein the mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol exhibits a synergistic effect as the in that a toxicity of the mixture to honeybees decreases synergistically and, at the same time, a flower-thinning effect of the mixture increases synergistically.

9. A flower-thinning method comprising spraying flowers with the flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein the step of spraying occurs when lateral flowers of the flowers are in full bloom.

10. A flower-thinning method comprising spraying flowers with the flower-thinning composition of claim 1, wherein the alcohol concentration of the alcohol of the flower-thinning composition is from 0.05% (v/v) to 0.8% (v/v) for the step of spraying.

Description

MODE FOR INVENTION

(1) Hereinafter, the flower-thinning agent of the present disclosure, which includes a low-concentration aliphatic alcohol which is safe for honeybees, will be described in more detail.

(2) The present disclosure intends to provide a flower-thinning composition which includes a specific aliphatic alcohol or an alcohol mixture obtained by mixing specific aliphatic alcohols at a specific ratio, in which the composition causes no phytotoxicity in the concentration and dose ranges with sufficient efficacy, and is harmless to honeybees when sprayed at a low concentration, as well as a flower-thinning method using the same.

(3) The present disclosure provides a flower-thinning composition which is safe for honeybees when sprayed at a low concentration, the flower-thinning composition including: at least one selected from among C.sub.6-C.sub.12 linear or branched aliphatic alcohols; or at least one methyl ester selected from among methyl esters of C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic acids; or at least one selected from among C.sub.10-C.sub.18 aliphatic alcohols having one or more double bonds; or at least one selected from among C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aromatic alcohols.

(4) In addition, the present disclosure provides a flower-thinning composition which is safe for honeybees when sprayed at a low concentration, wherein the flower-thinning composition includes an alcohol emulsion obtained by mixing the aliphatic alcohol or aromatic alcohol with at least one emulsifier.

(5) In the present disclosure, the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohol may be 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and at least one selected from among these alcohols may be used.

(6) The present disclosure also provides a flower-thinning composition which has reduced phytotoxicity and toxicity to honeybees and increased efficacy, the flower-thinning composition including two or more aliphatic alcohols having different numbers of carbons, selected from the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols of the present disclosure.

(7) When, among at least one alcohol each selected from the C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic alcohols, two species of alcohols are selected, the two are preferably 1-octanol and 1-decanol, or 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, or 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol.

(8) In the present disclosure, the at least one methyl ester selected from among methyl esters of C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aliphatic acids is preferably methyl octanoate which is a methyl ester of a C.sub.8 aliphatic alcohol or methyl decanoate or mixture thereof.

(9) In the present disclosure, the C.sub.10-C.sub.18 aliphatic alcohol having one or more double bonds is preferably oleyl alcohol.

(10) In the present disclosure, the C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aromatic alcohol is preferably cyclohexanol.

(11) In order for the flower-thinning composition of the present disclosure to exhibit a flower-thinning effect in fruit cultivation, flowers should be treated with the composition, and the composition should be sprayed after dilution in water. However, since the aliphatic alcohol is almost insoluble in water and is separated, it is emulsified in water using an emulsifier before it is sprayed. As the emulsifier, there may be used nonionic, anionic or cationic emulsifiers. However, since the electrolyte concentration of water used may vary, nonionic emulsifiers or surfactants are mainly used. In addition, the emulsifier that is used in the present disclosure may be a neutral (nonionic) emulsifier.

(12) Examples of suitable emulsifiers for emulsification of the aliphatic alcohol or aromatic alcohol include sorbitan fatty acid ester-based emulsifiers and polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan fatty acid ester-based emulsifiers, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that emulsification cannot be achieved only by these emulsifiers.

(13) More specifically, the emulsifier that is used in the present disclosure may be at least one selected from among Tween-80 (POE(20) sorbitan monooleate), Tween-20 (POE(20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween-60 (POE(20) sorbitan monostearate), Span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), Span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates and glycerol stearates, and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier is optimized.

(14) The emulsifier may be included in an amount of 3 wt % (weight %) to 50 wt % based on the weight of the aliphatic alcohol formulation. If the amount of the emulsifier is less than 3 wt % based on the weight of the formulation, emulsification may not be easily achieved due to the instability of the formulation, and the aliphatic alcohol may be separated, causing phytotoxicity, and if the amount of the emulsifier is more than 50 wt %, the amount of the active ingredient may decrease, leading to a decrease in efficacy.

(15) In the flower-thinning composition of the present disclosure, the alcohol in the alcohol emulsion is preferably sprayed at a concentration of 0.01 vol % (volume %) to 1 vol %, particularly at a low concentration of 0.01 vol % to 0.8 vol % in view of phytotoxicity. If the alcohol is sprayed at a concentration of less than 0.01 vol %, the thinning activity is too low to be commercially acceptable, and if the alcohol is sprayed at a concentration of more than 1 vol %, phytotoxicity occurs. Also, the alcohol concentration in the spraying emulsion is preferred at a concentration of 0.05 vol % to 0.4 vol %, even more preferably at 0.05 vol % to 0.2 vol %. A mixture of the methyl esters of fatty acids in emulsion is sprayed at a concentration of 0.05 vol % to 0.2 vol %. The term “vol %” means % (v/v).

(16) The alcohol emulsion of the present disclosure is less toxic to honeybees than the active ingredient dissolved in acetone.

(17) The spray timing of the flower-thinning agent of the present disclosure is preferably when lateral flowers are in full bloom.

(18) In addition, it is well known to those skilled in the art that other surfactants or materials may be added in order to increase the flower-thinning effect, or reduce toxicity to honeybees or phytotoxicity, or increase the stability of the emulsifiable concentrates or the stability of the emulsified spray solution. For example, fatty alcohol ethoxylate or fatty acid ethoxylate as surfactants may also be added in order to increase the flower-thinning effect.

(19) Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. However, these examples are merely to illustrate the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[Test Example 1] Test for Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of One Linear Aliphatic Alcohol Species Formulations

(20) The effects of 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol and oleyl alcohol, which are linear aliphatic alcohols present in a liquid state at 18° C., on the flower thinning of the Fuji apple variety, were tested at low concentrations. Each of the chemical solutions was sprayed with a DIA (FURUPLA DIA SPRAY 570, Furupla Co., Ltd.) handy spray in both right and left directions in a sufficient amount to run along each flower cluster.

(21) In this test, treatment (spraying) was performed when lateral flowers was in full bloom (Apr. 25, 2014), and phytotoxicity was assessed by visual scoring on day 4 after post-spraying (April 29) and day 11 after post-spraying (May 6). The flower-thinning effect was measured by recording the number of young fruits set without flower thinning on 20 days post-spraying (May 15). The flower thinning activity relative to that of the untreated group was presented as (1−number of young fruits in treated group/number of young fruits in untreated group)×100. This test was designed to have 8 replications with one flower cluster as one replication. Fertilization of the apple flowers was induced by natural fertilization. The number of lateral flowers per fruit cluster was 5 on average. The test results for the flower thinning effects of the one alcohol species formulations of the present disclosure are shown in Table 1 below.

(22) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Flower-thinning effects of one alcohol species formulations of aliphatic alcohols Efficacy Number of Lateral flower- Number of Total Total flower- Treatment Concentration lateral thinning rate central number of thinning rate No. agents (%) fruits set (%).sup.2) fruits set fruits set (%).sup.3) Phytotoxicity.sup.1) 1 1-Hexanol 1 5 74 5 10 60 1 2 1-Hexanol 0.2 9 53 6 15 40 0 3 1-Octanol 1 1 95 3  4 84 2 4 1-Octanol 0.2 6 68 7 13 48 1 5 1-Decanol 0.2 10 47 5 15 40 1 6 1-Decanol 0.05 17 11 5 22 12 0 7 1-Decanol 0.01 16 16 6 22 12 0 8 Oleyl alcohol 0.1 — 16 — — — 1 9 Lime-sulfur mixture 0.72 11 42 5 16 36 1 10 Untreated — 19 0 6 25  0 0 .sup.1)Phytotoxicity (criteria) 1: a case in which 10% or less of shoots in the treated group scorched or the color or shape of shoots changed; commercially available limit of phytotoxicity. 2: 10 to 30% of shoots or mature leaves scorched. 3: 30 to 50% of shoots or mature leaves scorched. 4: More than 50% of shoots or mature leaves scorched. .sup.2)The lateral flower-thinning rate is the flower-thinning rate relative to that of the untreated group, and is expressed as (1 − number of set lateral fruits in treated group/number of set lateral fruits in untreated group) × 100. .sup.3)The total flower-thinning rate is the flower-thinning rate relative to that of the untreated group, and is expressed as (1 − total number of set fruits in treated group/total number of set fruits in untreated group) × 100.

(23) At a concentration of 1% (V/V), 1-octanol had sufficient efficacy, showed a phytotoxicity of grade 2, which is not commercially available. However, at a low concentration of 0.2%, the phytotoxicity of 1-octanol was commercially acceptable (grade 1). The lateral flower-thinning effect of 1-octanol relative to the untreated group was 68%, which was superior to that of the lime-sulfur mixture (42%). The natural abscission rate of lateral flowers was about 50%. 1-decanol showed no phytotoxicity at a low concentration of 0.01 to 0.05%.

[Test Example 2] Test for Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Mixtures of Aliphatic Alcohols

(24) When 1-octanol or 1-decanol, which is a linear aliphatic alcohol present in a liquid state at 18° C., and 1-dodecanol present in a solid state at 18° C., are mixed together at a specific ratio, these mixtures may be maintained in a liquid state at 18° C. depending on the content of 1-dodecanol. In addition, each of a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol, a mixture of 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol, a mixture of methyl n-octanoate and methyl n-decanoate (or C.sub.810 methyl ester) and a methyl ester of a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol was mixed with the emulsifier Proem (85 wt % Tween 80+15 wt % Tween 20 mixture) at a weight ratio of 20%, and then diluted in tap water to a predetermined concentration (V/V) and sprayed in the same manner as Test Example 1. All other test procedures were the same as those in Test Example 1. The flower-thinning effects of the mixtures of aliphatic alcohols and the mixtures of methyl esters of aliphatic acids of the present disclosure are shown in Table 2.

(25) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Flower-thinning effects of the mixtures of aliphatic alcohols and the mixtures of methyl esters of aliphatic acids Efficacy Lateral flower-thinning Number of Total flower-thinning Treatment Concentration rate (%) relative to central rate (%) relative to No. agent (v/v % or fold) that of untreated group fruits set that of untreated group Phytotoxicity.sup.1) 1 IAP-4832 0.2 47 5 40 0 2 IAP-4832 0.05 32 5 28 0 3 IAP-4832 0.01 −5 5 0 0 4 IAP-812 0.2 89 2 84 1 5 IAP-812 0.05 47 4 44 0 6 IAP-812 0.01 11 6 8 0 7 IAP-108 0.2 89 7 64 1 8 IAP-108 0.05 16 6 12 0 9 IAP-108 0.01 21 6 16 0 10 IAP-M810.sup.2) 0.2 74 4 64 1 11 IAP-M810.sup.2) 0.05 16 6 12 0 12 Jeok & Bee.sup.3) 800-fold diluted 16 1 32 0 13 Koduri.sup.4) 1000-fold diluted  37 6 28 0 14 Koduri.sup.4) 500-fold diluted 42 5 36 0 15 Lime-sulfur mixture 0.72 42 5 36 1 16 Untreated — 0 6 0 0 .sup.1)Phytotoxicity criteria are the same as those in Table 1; .sup.2)IAP-4832 is an emulsion of(C.sub.10 + C.sub.12 alcohol mixture), IAP-812 is an emulsion of (C.sub.8 + C.sub.12 alcohol mixture), IAP-108 is an emulsion of (C.sub.8 + C.sub.10 alcohol mixture), and IAP-M810 is an emulsion of methyl esters of C.sub.810 fatty acids (C.sub.8 + C.sub.10 fatty acid methyl esters mixture). .sup.3)Jeok & Bee (manufactured by Sunnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Korea), and .sup.4)Koduri (manufactured by Apple Co., Ltd., Korea).

(26) The group treated with the aliphatic alcohol formulation (IAP-812), a mixture (w/w) of 40 wt % 1-octanol, 40 wt % 1-dodecanol and 20 wt % Proem, showed the highest lateral flower-thinning effect, and showed a lateral flower-thinning effect approaching 90% relative to that of the untreated group at a spray concentration of 0.2% (v/v).

(27) The flower-thinning effect of the 1-octanol/1-decanol mixture IAP-108 (32 wt % C.sub.8+48 wt % C.sub.10) formulation was lower than that of IAP-812, but higher than that of IAP-4832 (32 wt % C.sub.10+48 wt % C.sub.12). The C.sub.810 methyl ester (IAP-M810) also had a sufficient lateral flower-thinning effect (74%) at a concentration of 0.2% (v/v).

(28) The lateral flower-thinning effect of the one alcohol species formulations of 1-octanol or 1-decanol, was lower than that of the mixture formulations at the same spray concentration. That is, at a spray concentration of 0.2%, each one alcohol species formulation obtained using 1-octanol or 1-decanol as an active ingredient showed a flower-thinning contribution rate of 55.4%, whereas IAP-108 obtained by mixing the aliphatic alcohols together at a specific mixing ratio showed a flower-thinning effect of 89%. This demonstrates that the aliphatic alcohols have a synergistic effect when they are mixed together.

(29) The synergisms are obtained as follows: At a spray concentration of 0.2%, the flower-thinning effect of 1-octanol (Table 1) is 68%, and the flower-thinning contribution rate of 1-octanol in IAP-108 having each active ingredient content of 40% is 68%×0.4=27.2%. In addition, the flower-thinning effect of 1-decanol (Table 1) is 47%, and the flower-thinning contribution rate of 1-decanol is 47%×0.6=28.2%. Thus, the expected flower-thinning effect of IAP-108 is 27.2%+28.2%=55.4%. However, the actual flower-thinning effect of IAP-108 was shown to be 89%.

(30) It was shown that the aliphatic alcohol mixture of the present disclosure had little or no phytotoxicity at a spray concentration of 0.2% or less.

[Test Example 3] Efficacy Test Depending on Use Time (Chemical Agent Spray Time)

(31) In order to determine the chemical spray timing when lateral flowers can be most effectively thinned by interfering with fertilization of lateral flowers but saving central flowers, the time period ranging from 50% of full bloom of central flowers to 3 days after full bloom of lateral flowers was divided into four equal periods and a test was performed for the divided periods. All test procedures were performed by spraying the same compositions as those in Test Example 2 according to the method of Test Example 1.

(32) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Spray timing-dependent efficacy of flower-thinning agents including aliphatic alcohols Efficacy 100-(number of 100-(number of Number of fruits set/ Total fruits set/ lateral untreated × number of untreated × Treatment fruits set 100)(%) fruits set 100)(%) Start of central flower 1 IAP-4832 0.2% 17 23 21 30 blooming 2 IAP-4832 0.05% 19 14 24 20 3 IAP-108 0.2% 15 32 20 33 4 IAP-108 0.05% 18 18 22 27 5 IAP-2080 0.2% 15 32 20 33 6 IAP-2080 0.05% 17 23 25 17 Average 16.8 23.5 22.0 26.7 Full bloom of central 1 IAP-4832 0.2% 22 0 27 10 flowers (50% blooming 2 IAP-4832 0.05% 23 −5 29 3 of lateral flowers) 3 IAP-108 0.2% 16 27 22 27 4 IAP-108 0.05% 10 55 16 47 5 IAP-2080 0.2% 13 41 19 37 6 IAP-2080 0.05% 18 18 25 17 Average 17.0 22.7 23.0 23.3 Time of full bloom of 1 IAP-4832 0.2% 13 41 20 33 lateral flowers 2 IAP-4832 0.05% 16 27 24 20 3 IAP-108 0.2% 11 50 19 37 4 IAP-108 0.05% 15 32 22 27 5 IAP-2080 0.2% 13 41 21 30 6 IAP-2080 0.05% 16 27 23 23 Average 14.0 36.4 21.5 28.3 3 days after full bloom of 1 IAP-4832 0.2% 7 68 14 53 lateral flowers 2 IAP-4832 0.05% 18 18 25 17 3 IAP-108 0.2% 16 27 22 27 4 IAP-108 0.05% 16 27 23 23 5 IAP-2080 0.2% 13 41 20 33 6 IAP-2080 0.05% 17 23 22 27 Average 14.5 34.1 21.0 30.0 None Untreated 22 0 30 0

(33) IAP-4832 described above is composed of 32 wt % 1-decanol, 48 wt % 1-dodecanol and 20 wt % Proem. In addition, IAP-108 described above is composed of 32 wt % 1-octanol, 48 wt % 1-decanol and 20 wt % Proem. In addition, IAP-2080 described above is composed of 64 wt % 1-octanol, 16 wt % 1-decanol and 20 wt % Proem. From Table 3 above, it can be seen that the average lateral flower-thinning rate when treated with the six treatments is highest in the time of full bloom of lateral flowers, when compared to the untreated control, suggesting that it is most efficient that the spray timing of the agents is when lateral flowers are in full bloom.

[Test Example 4] Test for Evaluation of Toxicity to Honeybees

(34) Since spray timing of flower-thinning agents is the time when honeybees fertilize apple flowers, the toxicity of the spray agents to honeybees is an important issue. In particular, since the number of honeybees on the planet has decreased over the past decade, substances that are toxic to honeybees have been banned from use during flowering time. Since fatty acids and the like are highly toxic to honeybees, the use thereof during flowering time in the EU and the like has been limited.

(35) To examine the toxicity of aliphatic alcohols to honeybees, various aliphatic alcohol technical material (>98%) as active ingredients were dissolved in acetone, and the acute contact toxicities of the aliphatic alcohols to honeybees are recorded as percent lethality in Table 4 below. In addition, in the same test, the contact toxicities of fatty acids to honeybees were compared, and the results are shown in Table 4 below.

(36) In the contact toxicity test for honeybees, healthy honeybees bred in an outdoor beekeeping system were acclimated in a breeding cage, and then anesthetized with CO.sub.2. Thirteen honeybees were placed in each test cage, and three honeybees, which did not wake up from anesthesia or were lethargic, were removed, and the chest of each of the remaining ten healthy honeybees was treated with 1 μl of each aliphatic alcohol (active ingredient) dissolved in acetone. This treatment was repeated 3 times for ten honeybees per test cage, and the honeybees were bred at 25° C. under dark conditions for 72 hours. The lethality of each aliphatic alcohol was measured.

(37) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results of test for contact toxicities of aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids to honeybees Treatment dose Lethality Treatment dose Lethality Aliphatic alcohols (μg).sup.1) (%).sup.2) Fatty acids (μg).sup.1) (%) 1 1-hexanol 200 6.7 1-hexanoic acid 200 30.0 2 1-octanol 50 26.7 1-octanoic acid 50 36.7 3 1-octanol 200 50 1-octaboic acid 200 60 4 1-decanol 50 70 1-decanoic acid 50 43.3 5 1-decanol 200 100 1-decanoic acid 200 90 6 1-oleyl alcohol 200 20 1-oleic acid 200 43.3 7 Acetone control — 16.7 — — — .sup.1)Treatment dose is the amount of active ingredient treated per honeybee; .sup.2)measured 72 hours after treatment; lethality is the average of three repeated measurements.

(38) 1-hexanol was not toxic even at a treatment dose of active ingredient of 200 μg, but the toxicity increased as carbon number increased, and 1-decanol (C.sub.10) showed the highest lethality.

(39) In addition, the aliphatic alcohols other than 1-decanol were less toxic to honeybees than the fatty acids having the same number of carbon atoms, but 1-decanol was more toxic than 1-decanoic acid.

[Test Example 5] Test for Evaluation of Difference in Toxicity Between Active Ingredients and Formulations

(40) A comparison was made between the toxicity to honeybees in the case in which honeybees were treated with active ingredients dissolved in acetone in the same amounts and the toxicity to honeybees in the case in which honeybees were treated with alcohol emulsions prepared by emulsifying aliphatic alcohols with 17 wt % (w/w) of Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate). All test procedures were the same as those in Test Example 4.

(41) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Results of honeybee contact toxicity comparison between active ingredients and formulations Treat- Treat- ment ment dose Lethality Alcohol dose Lethality Active ingredients (μg) (%) emulsions (μg) (%) 1-hexanol 100 3.3 IAP-8060 100 0.0 1-heptanol 100 33.3 IAP-8040 100 23.3 Cyclohexanol 100 33.3 IAP-8050 100 26.7 2-ethyl-1-hexanol 100 60 IAP-8070 200 26.7 1-octanol 100 50 IAP-8000 100 36.7 1-decanol 50 70 IAP-8010 50 53.3

(42) In the alcohol emulsions described in Table 5 above, the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8060 is 1-hexanol, the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8040 is 1-heptanol, the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8050 is cyclohexanol, the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8070 is 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8000 is 1-octanol, and the aliphatic alcohol in IAP-8010 is 1-decanol. It can be seen that the toxicity to honeybees of the alcohol emulsion prepared using the same active ingredient is lower than that of the active ingredient dissolved in acetone.

[Test Example 6] Evaluation of Toxicity to Honeybees Depending on Spray Concentration of Formulations

(43) According to a method in which flower-thinning formulations prepared using various aliphatic alcohol emulsions are sprayed at concentrations effective in flower thinning, the formulations were sprayed to honeybees and the toxicity thereof was tested. All one alcohol species formulations and alcohol mixture formulations of aliphatic alcohols were prepared according to the method of Test Example 5. All test procedures, excluding the method of spraying the formulations to honeybees, were the same in those in Test Example 4, and the test formulations used are shown in Table 6 below.

(44) Ten honeybees were positioned such that their backs faced up, and 0.35 ml of each of the formulations was sprayed twice to the honeybees at the same height and pressure by a modified sprayer, which has been used to spray flower-thinning agents, in such a manner that the backs of the honeybees were almost covered with each formulation. The results of the honeybee toxicity test performed depending on the spray concentration of the formulations of the present disclosure are shown in Table 6 below.

(45) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Results of honeybee toxicity test depending on spray concentration of formulations Treatment Lethargy + lethality (%) Test formulations Concentration (%) 48 hours 96 hours IAP-8000 (1-octanol emulsion) 0.8 6.7 13.3 0.4 3.3 13.3 0.2 0 13.3 IAP-8080 (1-oleyl alcohol emulsion) 0.8 0 23.3 0.4 6.7 26.7 0.2 3.3 16.7 0.1 0 10 IAP-8070 (ethylhcxanol alcohol emulsion) 0.8 3.3 3.3 0.4 6.7 10 0.2 3.3 10 IAP-108 (mixture formulation of 1-octanol 0.8 26.7 43.3 and 1-decanol) 0.4 13.3 16.7 0.2 6.7 20 0.1 0 0 IAP-8010 (1-decanol emulsion) 0.8 36.7 56.7 0.4 33.3 43.3 0.2 26.7 33.3 IAP-8060 (hexanol emulsion) 0.8 6.7 20 0.4 3.3 16.7 0.2 0 3.3 IAP-812 (mixture formulation of 1-octanol 0.8 60 76.7 and 1-dodecanol) 0.4 46.7 56.7 0.2 23.3 43.3 Water spray — 3.3 13.3 Untreated (passed out) — 3.3 13.3

(46) The 1-octanol emulsion (IAP-8000) was not toxic at a spray concentration of 0.2 vol % to 0.8 vol % (v/v). The 1-oleyl alcohol emulsion (IAP-8080) and the IAP-108 emulsion (a mixture formulation of 1-octanol and 1-decanol) were not toxic at a spray concentration of 0.1%, and the 1-hexanol emulsion (IAP-8060) was not toxic at a spray concentration of 0.2%. The IAP-812 (a mixture formulation of 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol) had an excellent flower-thinning effect at a spray concentration of 0.2%, but showed high toxicity to honeybees at the same concentration and showed higher toxicity to honeybees than the 1-decanol emulsion (IAP-8010).

(47) In Test Example 6, the mixture formulation IAP-108 had a higher synergistic effect on flower thinning than the flower-thinning effect of the one alcohol species formulations IAP-8000 and IAP-8010. However, in toxicity to honeybees at 96 hours, the toxicity to honeybees of the mixture formulation IAP-108 was rather lower than the toxicities to honeybees of the one alcohol species formulations (at a spray concentration of 0.2%, 1-octanol has a lethality of 13.3% and 1-decanol has a lethality of 33.3%, and the contribution rate of the content of 1-octanol and 1-decanol, calculated based on the lethality values, is 25.3%). The lethality of IAP-108 at a spray concentration of 0.2% is 20%, which is lower than the expected value. At a spray concentration of 0.4%, the toxic lethality of 1-octanol was 13.3% and the toxic lethality of 1-decanol was 43.3%, and the contribution rate of the content of 1-octanol and 1-decanol, calculated based on the lethality values, was 35.3%, which was higher than the toxicity of IAP-108 (16.7%). A synergism that reduces the toxicity to honeybees of 1-octanol and 1-decanol did not appear at a spray concentration of 0.8%.