CS1 targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for treatment of AL amyloidosis

Abstract

Methods for treating AL amyloidosis using chimeric antigen receptors targeting CS1 are described.

Claims

1. A method for treating light chain amyloidosis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a population of human T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor, wherein chimeric antigen receptor comprises an amino acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, and 46.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the chimeric antigen receptor consists of an amino acid sequence identical to an amino acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, and 46.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 20%, 30%, or 40% of the transduced human T cells are central memory T cells.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 30% of the transduced human T cells are CD4+ and CD62L+ or CD8+ and CD62L+.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the population of human T cells are autologous to the patient.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the population of human T cells are allogenic to the patient.

7. A method for treating light chain amyloidosis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a population of human T cells expressing transduced by a vector comprising an expression cassette encoding a chimeric antigen receptor, wherein chimeric antigen receptor comprises: (a) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 9; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 15; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 23; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21; (b) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 9; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 16; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 24; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21; (c) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 11; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 16; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 24; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21; (d) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 11; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 15; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 23; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21; (e) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 2; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 16; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 24; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21; and (f) a CS1 scFv comprising SEQ ID NO: 1; a spacer domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 2; a transmembrane domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 15; a co-signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 23; and a CD3 ζ signaling domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 21.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the chimeric antigen receptor comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, and 46.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein at least 30% of the transduced human T cells are CD4+ and CD62L+ or CD8+ and CD62L+.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the population of human T cells are autologous to the patient.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the population of human T cells are allogenic to the patient.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A-C depicts the results of studies showing that neoplastic plasma cell in AL amyloidosis preferentially express CS1. (A) Bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated from patients with diagnosed AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma and labeled with antibodies against CS1 and BCMA, followed by intracellular staining of κ/λ. CS1 and BCMA expression were analyzed on gated dominant κ light chain. (B) Percentages of CS1 and BCMA positive cells in the dominant clones of AL amyloidosis are presented (N=14). (C) Percentages of CS1 and BCMA positive cells in the dominant clones of multiple myeloma are presented (N=10).

(2) FIG. 2A-D depicts the results of studies using a CS1-targeted CART cells showing that they are cytotoxic against CS1 positive cells and induce durable tumor regression in mice. (A) Schematics of CS1 CAR constructs, each include an antigen-specific scFv, IgG4 hinge region, and a CD28 costimulatory domain as well as a CD3 ζ signaling domain. The IgG4 hinge region was shortened by deleting the CH2 portion. The CAR sequence is followed by a T2A ribosomal skip sequence and then the coding sequence for the EGFRt tracking/suicide gene. (B) Purified central memory T cells (T.sub.CM) were activated and transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the CS1 CAR. CAR expression was detected by staining the cells with antibody against EGFR cetuximab. (C) Cytotoxicity of the propagated CS1 CAR T cells was evaluated using 4-hour .sup.51Cr release assays after co-culture with .sup.51Cr-labeled CS1 positive target cells, MM.1S. OKT3 expressing LCLs were used as positive control and myeloid leukemia KG1A were used as negative control. Non-transduced mock T cells were negative effector cells. (D) 2×10.sup.6 fflucGFP MM.1S that were engineered to express luciferase (ffluc) and green florescence protein (GFP) cells were intratibially (i.t.) injected into NOD/Scid IL2RγCnull (NSG) mice. Five days following tumor inoculation, mice were injected i.v. with 1×10.sup.6 CS1 CAR T cells and non-transduced mock cells were infused into control mice. Tumor signals were monitored with Xenogen imaging once a week.

(3) FIG. 3 is a schematic depiction of a CS1 CAR expressing lentiviral vector (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28gg-Zeta(CO)-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7). The CS1 CAR construct includes: a GMCSF signal sequence, CS1 scFv, IgG4 hinge region, linker, CH3 domain, a CD28 co-stimulatory domain and CD3ζ signaling domain. The CAR construct is followed by a T2A ribosomal skip sequence, and then suicide gene EGFRt coding sequence. The CAR and EGFRt molecules are expressed from a single transcript.

(4) FIG. 4 depicts the amino acid sequence of a CS1 CAR that includes signal peptide, a ribosomal skip sequence and an EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:29).

(5) FIG. 5 depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:32).

(6) FIG. 6 depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E, N297Q)-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:35).

(7) FIG. 7 depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E, N297Q)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:38).

(8) FIG. 8 depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-Linker-CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:41).

(9) FIG. 9 depicts the amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-Linker-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt (SEQ ID NO:44).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example 1: CS1 and BCMA Expression in AL Amyloidosis and Multiple Myeloma

(10) Fourteen patients with AL amyloidosis were studied. Analysis of CS1 and BCMA expression on neoplastic plasma cells from these patients reveal that the cells preferentially express CS1, but not BCMA. Briefly, bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated from patients diagnosed with AL amyloidosis and labelled with antibodies against CS and BCMA followed by staining for kappa/lambda. An example of gating on the clonal population of plasma cells in a patient with kappa restricted disease followed by analysis of CS1 expression is shown in FIG. 1A. All of the AL amyloidosis samples expressed high levels of CS1 (76.5±4.7%) but were negative for or demonstrated very low expression of BCMA (4.9±0.8%) (FIG. 1B).

(11) For comparison, bone marrow specimens from 10 patients MM were tested during the same time period using the same methodology (FIG. 1C). The clonal plasma cells of patients with MM express CS1 similarly to that seen in AL; however, BCMA is comparatively much more frequently expressed. Interestingly, the lack of expression of BCMA on the plasma cells in AL patients suggests that the clonal plasma cell in AL is unique compared to myeloma cells.

Example 2: Cell Killing by CS1-Targeted CAR

(12) To explore the utility of CS1 as a target for CAR T cell therapy for AL amyloidosis, we tested a second generation CS1 CAR (FIG. 2A), containing a CD28gg costimulatory domain, the ribosomal-skip T2A sequence, and the truncated EGF receptor sequence (EGFRt) as a selection, tracking, and ablation molecule and incorporated into a SIN lentiviral vector, described in greater detail below. Purified central memory T cells (T.sub.CM) were activated and transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding CS1 CAR and expanded in the presence of IL-2 50 U/ml and IL-15 0.5 ng/ml for 3 weeks. CAR expression was monitored by staining the cells with cetuximab-biotin and streptavidin (SA) (FIG. 2B). Cytotoxicity of the expanded CS1 CAR T cells was evaluated using 4-hour .sup.51Cr release assays after co-culture with .sup.51Cr-labeled CS1+ target cells (MM.1S) (FIG. 2C)

(13) Six- to ten-week old NOD/Scid IL2RγCnull mice were injected intratibially (i.t.) injected with 2×106 fflucGFP MM.1S that were engineered to express luciferase (ffluc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Five days following tumor inoculation, mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with 1×10.sup.6 CS1 CART cells, and non-transduced mock cells were infused into control mice. Anesthetized mice were imaged weekly using a Xenogen IVIS 100 series system (Xenogen, Alameda, Calif.). Photons from ffLuc+ tumor xenografts were quantified using the software program Living Image (Xenogen), and the bioluminescence signal was measured as total photon flux normalized for exposure time and surface area and expressed in units of photons per second per cm.sup.2 per steradian.

(14) To test the antitumor activity, MM.1S were inoculated into NSG mice by intra-tibial injection. Once the tumor engraftment was confirmed, 1×10.sup.6 CS1 CAR T cells were infused into tumor-bearing mice intravenously. The CS1 CAR T cells exhibit specific and efficient killing of CS1 positive cells (MM.1S) (FIG. 2C). Anti-tumor studies in the animal model showed that CS1 CAR T cells induced significant tumor remission as compared to mock T cell treated mice (FIG. 2D).

(15) These findings support for the use of CS1-directed CART cell therapy for patients with AL amyloidosis. AL is an ideal setting to explore CAR mediated therapy. The relative low number of malignant cells to be targeted presents an opportunity for successful eradication of the small but destructive clone as well as a minimal risk for complications related to cytokine release syndrome. Moreover, the relatively safe profile of the CS1-targeting antibody elotuzumab indicates that CS1 CAR T cells may likewise yield favorable outcomes in this regard. Our work represents a novel application of CS1-directed CAR T cells while revealing that, in contrast to preclinical experience with MM, BCMA would not be a suitable target. With our preclinical data showing efficacy of our CS1-directed CAR T cells, we plan to move forward with a clinical trial using CS1 CAR T cells for AL.

Example 3: CS1-Targeted CAR

(16) CS1-targeted CAR suitable for use in treating AL amyloidosis include CAR which comprise an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain. The extracellular domain includes a CS1-specific scFv region or a variant thereof and a spacer, comprising, for example, a portion of human Fc domain. The extracellular domain enables the CAR, when expressed on the surface of a T cell, to direct T cell activity to cells expressing CS1. The transmembrane domain includes, for example, a CD4 transmembrane domain, a CD8 transmembrane domain, a CD28 transmembrane domain, or a CD3 transmembrane domain. The intracellular signaling domain includes the signaling domain from the zeta chain of the human CD3 complex (CD3ζ) and one or more costimulatory domains, for example, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain. The inclusion of a costimulatory domain, such as the 4-1BB (CD137) costimulatory domain in series with CD3ζ in the intracellular region enables the T cell to receive co-stimulatory signals. T cells, for example, patient-specific, autologous T cells can be engineered to express the CARs described herein, and the engineered cells can be expanded and used therapeutically. Various T cell subsets, including both alpha beta T cells and gamma delta T cells, can be used. In addition, the CAR can be expressed in other immune cells such as NK cells. Where a patient is treated with an immune cell expressing a CAR described herein the cell can be an autologous T cell or an allogenic T cell. In some instances, the cells used are a cell population that includes both CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells (T.sub.CM), which are CD62L+, CCR7+, CD45RO+, and CD45RA−. The cell population can include other types of T cells as well. Several CS1-targeting CAR are described in detail in WO 2016/090369.

(17) CS-1 Targeting scFv

(18) The CS1-targeted CAR described herein include a CS1-targeting scFv (e.g., an scFv including the sequence: EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGEINP DSSTINYAPSLKDKFIISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARPDGNYWYFD VWGQGTLVTVSSGSTSGGGSGGGSGGGGSSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCK ASQDVGIAVAWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYWASTRHTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQ PEDVATYYCQQYSSYPYTFGQGTKVEIK; SEQ ID NO:1) or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions.

(19) Useful CS1 CAR consist of or comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:31, 34, 37, 40, 43, and 46 (mature CAR lacking a signal sequence) or the CS1 CAR consists of or comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:30, 33, 36, 39, 42, and 45 (immature CAR having a GMCSFRa signal sequence). The CAR and can be expressed in a form that includes a signal sequence, e.g., a human GM-CSF receptor alpha signal sequence (MLLLVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIP; SEQ ID NO:26). The CAR can be expressed with additional sequences that are useful for monitoring expression, for example a T2A skip sequence and a truncated EGFRt. Thus, the CAR can comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or can comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46. The CAR can comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative amino acid changes).

(20) Spacer Region

(21) The CAR described herein can include a spacer located between the CS1 targeting domain (i.e., a CS1 ScFv or variant thereof) and the transmembrane domain. A variety of different spacers can be used. Some of them include at least portion of a human Fc region, for example a hinge portion of a human Fc region or a CH3 domain or variants thereof. Table 1 below provides various spacers that can be used in the CARs described herein.

(22) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Examples of Spacers Name Length Sequence a3   3 aa AAA linker  10 aa GGGSSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 2) IgG4 hinge(S .fwdarw. P)  12 aa ESKYGPPCPPCP (S228P) (SEQ ID NO: 3) IgG4 hinge  12 aa ESKYGPPCPSCP (SEQ ID NO: 4) IgG4 hinge  22 aa ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSG (S228P) + linker (SEQ ID NO: 5) CD28 hinge  39 aa IEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIHV KGKHLCPSPLFPGPSKP (SEQ ID NO: 6) CD8 hinge-48aa  48 aa AKPTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQP LSLRPEACRPAAGGAVHTRGLD FACD(SEQ ID NO: 7) CD8 hinge-45aa  45 aa TTTPAPRPPTPAPTIASQPLSL RPEACRPAAGGAVHTRGLDFAC D(SEQ ID NO: 8) IgG4(HL-CH3) 129 aa ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSG (includes S228P GQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQ in hinge) VSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFL YSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVM HEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO: 9) IgG4 229 aa ESKYGPPCPSCPAPEFEGGPSV (L235E, N297Q) FLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCV VVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEV HQAKTKPREEQFQSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGL PSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYT LPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGF YPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSR WQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO: 10) IgG4 229 aa ESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFEGGPSV (S228P, L235E, FLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCV N297Q) VVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEV HQAKTKPREEQFQSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGL PSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYT LPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGF YPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSR WQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO: 11) IgG4(CH3) 107 aa GQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQ VSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFL YSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVM HEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO: 12)

(23) Some spacer regions include all or part of an immunoglobulin (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) hinge region, i.e., the sequence that falls between the CH1 and CH2 domains of an immunoglobulin, e.g., an IgG4 Fc hinge or a CD8 hinge. Some spacer regions include an immunoglobulin CH3 domain or both a CH3 domain and a CH2 domain. The immunoglobulin derived sequences can include one ore more amino acid modifications, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substitutions, e.g., substitutions that reduce off-target binding.

(24) The hinge/linker region can also comprise a IgG4 hinge region having the sequence ESKYGPPCPSCP (SEQ ID NO:4) or ESKYGPPCPPCP (SEQ ID NO:3).

(25) The hinge/linger region can also comprise the sequence ESKYGPPCPPCP (SEQ ID NO:3) followed by the linker sequence GGGSSGGGSG (SEQ ID NO:2) followed by IgG4 CH3 sequence GQPREPQVYTLPP SQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO:12). Thus, the entire linker/spacer region can comprise the sequence: ESKYGPPCPPCPGGGSSGGGSGGQPREPQVYTLPP SQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK (SEQ ID NO:11). In some cases, the spacer has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 single amino acid changes (e.g., conservative changes) compared to SEQ ID NO:11. In some cases, the IgG4 Fc hinge/linker region that is mutated at two positions (L235E; N297Q) in a manner that reduces binding by Fc receptors (FcRs).

(26) Transmembrane Domain

(27) A variety of transmembrane domains can be used in the CARS. Table 2 includes examples of suitable transmembrane domains. Where a spacer region is present, the transmembrane domain is located carboxy terminal to the spacer region.

(28) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Examples of Transmembrane Domains Name Accession Length Sequence CD3z J04132.1 21 LCYLLDGILFIYGVILTAL aa FL (SEQ ID NO: 13) CD28 NM_006139 27 FWVLVVVGGVLACYSLLVT aa VAFIIFWV (SEQ ID NO: 14) CD28 NM_006139 28 MFWVLVVVGGVLACYSLLV (M) aa TVAFIIFWV (SEQ ID NO: 15) CD4 M35160 22 MALIVLGGVAGLLLFIGLG aa IFF (SEQ ID NO: 16) CD8tm NM_001768 21 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLV aa IT (SEQ ID NO: 17) CD8tm2 NM_001768 23 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLV aa ITLY (SEQ ID NO: 18) CD8tm3 NM_001768 24 IYIWAPLAGTCGVLLLSLV aa ITLYC (SEQ ID NO: 19) 41BB NM_001561 27 IISFFLALTSTALLFLLFF aa LTLRFSVV (SEQ ID NO: 20)
Costimulatory Domain

(29) The costimulatory domain can be any domain that is suitable for use with a CD3 ζ signaling domain. In some cases, the costimulatory domain is a CD28 costimulatory domain that includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: RSKRSRGGHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS (SEQ ID NO:23; LL to GG amino acid change double underlined). In some cases, the CD28 co-signaling domain has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative and preferably not in the underlined GG sequence) compared to SEQ ID NO:23. In some cases the co-signaling domain is a 4-1BB co-signaling domain that includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: KRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEEDGCSCRFPEEEEGGCEL (SEQ ID NO:24). In some cases the 4-1BB co-signaling domain has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:24.

(30) The costimulatory domain(s) are located between the transmembrane domain and the CD3ζ signaling domain. Table 3 includes examples of suitable costimulatory domains together with the sequence of the CD3ζ signaling domain.

(31) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 CD3ζ Domain and Examples of Costimulatory Domains Name Accession Length Sequence CD3ζ J04132.1 113 RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELN aa LGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMGGKPR RKNPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIG MKGERRRGKGHDGLYQGLSTATKDT YDALHMQALPPR (SEQ ID NO: 21) CD28 NM_006139 42 RSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRK aa HYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS (SEQ ID NO: 22) CD28gg* NM_006139 42 RSKRSRGGHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRK aa HYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS (SEQ ID NO: 23) 41BB NM_001561 42 KRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRPVQTTQEE aa DGCSCRFPEEEEGGCEL (SEQ ID NO: 24) OX40 42 ALYLLRRDQRLPPDAHKPPGGGSFR aa TPIQEEQADAHSTLAKI (SEQ ID NO: 25)

(32) In various embodiments: the costimulatory domain is selected from the group consisting of: a costimulatory domain depicted in Table 3 or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications, a CD28 costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications and an OX40 costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications. In certain embodiments, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications in present. In some embodiments there are two costimulatory domains, for example a CD28 co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions) and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain or a variant thereof having 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modifications (e.g., substitutions). In various embodiments the 1-5 (e.g., 1 or 2) amino acid modification are substitutions. The costimulatory domain is amino terminal to the CD3ζ signaling domain and in some cases a short linker consisting of 2-10, e.g., 3 amino acids (e.g., GGG) is positioned between the costimulatory domain and the CD3ζ signaling domain.

(33) CD3ζ Signaling Domain

(34) The CD3ζ Signaling domain can be any domain that is suitable for use with a CD3ζ signaling domain. In some cases, the CD3ζ signaling domain includes a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to:

(35) RVKFSRSADAPAYQQGQNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMGGKPRRK NPQEGLYNELQKDKMAEAYSEIGMKGERRRGKGHDGLYQGLSTATKDTYDAL HMQALPPR (SEQ ID NO:21). In some cases, the CD3ζ signaling has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:21.

(36) Truncated EGFR

(37) The CD3ζ signaling domain can be followed by a ribosomal skip sequence (e.g., LEGGGEGRGSLLTCGDVEENPGPR; SEQ ID NO:27) and a truncated EGFR having a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to: LVTSLLLCELPHPAFLLIPRKVCNGIGIGEFKDSLSINATNIKHFKNCTSISGDLHIL PVAFRGDSFTHTPPLDPQELDILKTVKEITGFLLIQAWPENRTDLHAFENLEIIRGR TKQHGQFSLAVVSLNITSLGLRSLKEISDGDVIISGNKNLCYANTINWKKLFGTSG QKTKIISNRGENSCKATGQVCHALCSPEGCWGPEPRDCVSCRNVSRGRECVDKC NLLEGEPREFVENSECIQCHPECLPQAMNITCTGRGPDNCIQCAHYIDGPHCVKT CPAGVMGENNTLVWKYADAGHVCHLCHPNCTYGCTGPGLEGCPTNGPKIPSIA TGMVGALLLLLVVALGIGLFM (SEQ ID NO:28). In some cases, the truncated EGFR has 1, 2, 3, 4 of 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative) compared to SEQ ID NO:28.

(38) A patient suffering from AL amyloidosis can be administered a population of human T cells transduced by a vector comprising an expression cassette encoding a CS1 chimeric antigen receptor described herein (e.g., a CAR that comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 or the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 29-46 with up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid changes (preferably conservative amino acid changes). In various embodiments: the population of human T cells are central memory T cells (T.sub.CM), e.g., CD8+/CD4+ T.sub.CM.

(39) An amino acid modification refers to an amino acid substitution, insertion, and/or deletion in a protein or peptide sequence. An “amino acid substitution” or “substitution” refers to replacement of an amino acid at a particular position in a parent peptide or protein sequence with another amino acid. A substitution can be made to change an amino acid in the resulting protein in a non-conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to another grouping) or in a conservative manner (i.e., by changing the codon from an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic to an amino acid belonging to the same grouping). Such a conservative change generally leads to less change in the structure and function of the resulting protein. The following are examples of various groupings of amino acids: 1) Amino acids with nonpolar R groups: Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine; 2) Amino acids with uncharged polar R groups: Glycine, Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine; 3) Amino acids with charged polar R groups (negatively charged at pH 6.0): Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid; 4) Basic amino acids (positively charged at pH 6.0): Lysine, Arginine, Histidine (at pH 6.0). Another grouping may be those amino acids with phenyl groups: Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine.

(40) The CS1 CAR can include a sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% identical to or identical to the amino acid sequence depicted in FIGS. 4-9 (SEQ ID Nos: 29-46, either including or excluding the GMCSFRa signal sequence and either including or excluding the T2A ribosomal skip sequence and the truncated EGFRt).

(41) A variety of CS-1 targeting CAR are described in WO 2016/090369, and these CAR can be useful for treating AL amyloidosis.

(42) Among the CAR targeting CS1 described herein are those summarized in Table 4 in which the spacer region, transmembrane domain and costimulatory domain(s) for each CAR are indicated.

(43) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Examples of CAR Targeting CS1 SEQ ID Costimulatory Name NO* FIG. Spacer TM Domain(s) CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)- 29//30//31 4 IgG4(HL-CH3) CD28 CD28GG CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta- T2A-EGFRt. CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)- 32//33//34 5 IgG4(HL-CH3) CD4 4-IBB CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A- EGFRt. CS1scFv- 35//36//37 6 IgG4(L235E, N297Q) CD4 4-IBB IgG4(L235E, N297Q)- CD4tm-41BB-Zeta-T2A- EGFRt. CS1scFv-IgG4(L235E, 38//39//40 7 IgG4(L235E, N297Q) CD28 CD28GG N297Q)-CD28tm- CD28gg-Zeta-T2A- EGFRt CS1scFv-Linker-CD4tm- 41//42//43 8 L CD4 4-IBB 41BB-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt. CS1scFv-Linker- 44//45//46 9 L CD28 CD28GG CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta- T2A-EGFRt *SEQ ID NOs for: entire sequence depicted including GMCSFRa signal sequence, T2A and EGFRt//sequence including GMCSFRa signal sequence but excluding T2A and EGFRt//sequence excluding GMCSFRa signal sequence, T2A and EGFRt.

(44) In some cases, the CS1 CAR can be produced using a vector in which the CAR open reading frame is followed by a T2A ribosome skip sequence and a truncated EGFR (EGFRt), which lacks the cytoplasmic signaling tail. In this arrangement, co-expression of EGFRt provides an inert, non-immunogenic surface marker that allows for accurate measurement of gene modified cells, and enables positive selection of gene-modified cells, as well as efficient cell tracking of the therapeutic T cells in vivo following adoptive transfer. Efficiently controlling proliferation to avoid cytokine storm and off-target toxicity is an important hurdle for the success of T cell immunotherapy. The EGFRt incorporated in the CS1CAR lentiviral vector can act as suicide gene to ablate the CAR+ T cells in cases of treatment-related toxicity.

(45) The CAR described herein can be produced by any means known in the art, though preferably it is produced using recombinant DNA techniques. Nucleic acids encoding the several regions of the chimeric receptor can be prepared and assembled into a complete coding sequence by standard techniques of molecular cloning known in the art (genomic library screening, overlapping PCR, primer-assisted ligation, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) as is convenient. The resulting coding region is preferably inserted into an expression vector and used to transform a suitable expression host cell line, preferably a T lymphocyte cell line, and most preferably an autologous T lymphocyte cell line.

(46) Various T cell subsets isolated from the patient can be transduced with a vector for CAR expression. Central memory T cells are one useful T cell subset. Central memory T cell can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by selecting for CD45RO+/CD62L+ cells, using, for example, the CliniMACS® device to immunomagnetically select cells expressing the desired receptors. The cells enriched for central memory T cells can be activated with anti-CD3/CD28, transduced with, for example, a lentiviral vector that directs the expression of an CS1 CAR as well as a non-immunogenic surface marker for in vivo detection, ablation, and potential ex vivo selection. The activated/genetically modified CS1 central memory T cells can be expanded in vitro with IL-2/IL-15 and then cryopreserved.

Example 4: Construction and Structure of epHIV7 Used for Expression of CS1-Specific CAR

(47) The pHIV7 plasmid is a parent plasmid from which the clinical vectors expressing a CS1 CAR can be derived. The epHIV7 vector used for expression of the CAR was produced from pHIV7 vector (Wang et al. 2011 Blood 118:1255). Importantly, this vector uses the human EF1 promoter to drive expression of the CAR. Both the 5′ and 3′ sequences of the vector were derived from pv653RSN as previously derived from the HXBc2 provirus. The polypurine tract DNA flap sequences (cPPT) were derived from HIV-1 strain pNL4-3 from the NIH AIDS Reagent Repository.

(48) Construction of pHIV7 was carried out as follows. Briefly, pv653RSN, containing 653 bp from gag-pol plus 5′ and 3′ long-terminal repeats (LTRs) with an intervening SL3-neomycin phosphotransferase gene (Neo), was subcloned into pBluescript, as follows: In Step 1, the sequences from 5′ LTR to rev-responsive element (RRE) made p5′HIV-1 51, and then the 5′ LTR was modified by removing sequences upstream of the TATA box, and ligated first to a CMV enhancer and then to the SV40 origin of replication (p5′HIV-2). In Step 2, after cloning the 3′ LTR into pBluescript to make p3′HIV-1, a 400-bp deletion in the 3′ LTR enhancer/promoter was made to remove cis-regulatory elements in HIV U3 and form p3′HIV-2. In Step 3, fragments isolated from the p5′HIV-3 and p3′HIV-2 were ligated to make pHIV-3. In Step 4, the p3′HIV-2 was further modified by removing extra upstream HIV sequences to generate p3′HIV-3 and a 600-bp BamHI-Sall fragment containing WPRE was added to p3′HIV-3 to make the p3′HIV-4. In Step 5, the pHIV-3 RRE was reduced in size by PCR and ligated to a 5′ fragment from pHIV-3 (not shown) and to the p3′HIV-4, to make pHIV-6. In Step 6, a 190-bp BglII-BamHI fragment containing the cPPT DNA flap sequence from HIV-1 pNL4-3 (55) was amplified from pNL4-3 and placed between the RRE and the WPRE sequences in pHIV6 to make pHIV-7. This parent plasmid pHIV7-GFP (GFP, green fluorescent protein) was used to package the parent vector using a four-plasmid system.

(49) A packaging signal, psi w, is required for efficient packaging of viral genome into the vector. The RRE and WPRE enhance the RNA transcript transport and expression of the transgene. The flap sequence, in combination with WPRE, has been demonstrated to enhance the transduction efficiency of lentiviral vector in mammalian cells.

(50) The helper functions, required for production of the viral vector, are divided into three separate plasmids to reduce the probability of generation of replication competent lentivirus via recombination: 1) pCgp encodes the gag/pol protein required for viral vector assembly; 2) pCMV-Rev2 encodes the Rev protein, which acts on the RRE sequence to assist in the transportation of the viral genome for efficient packaging; and 3) pCMV-G encodes the glycoprotein of the vesiculo-stomatitis virus (VSV), which is required for infectivity of the viral vector.

(51) There is minimal DNA sequence homology between the pHIV7 encoded vector genome and the helper plasmids. The regions of homology include a packaging signal region of approximately 600 nucleotides, located in the gag/pol sequence of the pCgp helper plasmid; a CMV promoter sequence in all three helper plasmids; and a RRE sequence in the helper plasmid pCgp. It is highly improbable that replication competent recombinant virus could be generated due to the homology in these regions, as it would require multiple recombination events. Additionally, any resulting recombinants would be missing the functional LTR and tat sequences required for lentiviral replication.

(52) The CMV promoter was replaced by the EF1α-HTLV promoter (EF1p), and the new plasmid was named epHIV7. The EF1p has 563 bp and was introduced into epHIV7 using NruI and NheI, after the CMV promoter was excised.

(53) The lentiviral genome, excluding gag/pol and rev that are necessary for the pathogenicity of the wild-type virus and are required for productive infection of target cells, has been removed from this system. In addition, epHIV7 vector construct does not contain an intact 3′LTR promoter, so the resulting expressed and reverse transcribed DNA proviral genome in targeted cells will have inactive LTRs. As a result of this design, no HIV-I derived sequences will be transcribed from the provirus and only the therapeutic sequences will be expressed from their respective promoters. The removal of the LTR promoter activity in the SIN vector is expected to significantly reduce the possibility of unintentional activation of host genes. Table 5 summarizes the various regulator elements present in epHIV7.

(54) FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of CS1 CAR (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28gg-Zeta(CO)-T2A-EGFRt_epHIV7), a lentiviral vector containing the CAR construct composed of CS1 scFv, IgG4 hinge region, linker, a CD28 costimulatory domain and CD3ζ Signaling domain. The CAR construct is followed by a T2A ribosomal skip sequence, and then suicide gene EGFRt coding sequence. The CAR and EGFRt molecules are expressed from a single transcript. TABLE 5 presents position of various elements of the vector.

(55) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Functional elements of a CAR_epHIV7 Regulatory Elements Location and Genes (Nucleotide Numbers) Comments U5  87-171 5′ Unique sequence psi 233-345 Packaging signal RRE  957-1289 Rev-responsive element flap 1290-1466 Contains polypurine track sequence and central termination sequence to facilitate nuclear import of pre-integration complex EF1p Promoter 1524-2067 EF1-alpha Eukaryotic Promoter sequence driving expression of CD19Rop 2084-4963 Therapeutic insert WPRE 5011-5611 Woodchuck hepatitis virus derived regulatory element to enhance viral RNA transportation delU3 5626-5730 3′ U3 with deletion to generate SIN vector R 5731-5811 Repeat sequence within LTR U5 5812-5925 3′ U5 sequence in LTR Amp.sup.R 6761-7619 Ampicillin-resistance gene CoE1 ori 7682-8563 Replication origin of plasmid SV40 ori  8860-=9059 Replication origin of SV40 CMV promoter 9073-9672 CMV promoter to generate viral genome RNA R 9728-86  Repeat sequence within LTR

Example 5: Production of Vectors for Transduction of Patient T Cells

(56) For each plasmid (CS1 CAR_epHIV7; pCgp; pCMV-G; and pCMV-Rev2), a seed bank is generated, which is used to inoculate the fermenter to produce sufficient quantities of plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA is tested for identity, sterility and endotoxin prior to its use in producing lentiviral vector.

(57) Briefly, cells are expanded from the 293T working cell (WCB), which has been tested to confirm sterility and the absence of viral contamination. A vial of 293T cells from the 293T WCB is thawed. Cells are grown and expanded until sufficient numbers of cells existed to plate an appropriate number of 10 layer cell factories (CFs) for vector production and cell train maintenance. A single train of cells can be used for production.

(58) The lentiviral vector was produced in sub-batches of up to 10 CFs. Two subbatches can be produced in the same week leading to the production of approximately 20 L of lentiviral supernatant/week. The material produced from all sub-batches were pooled during the downstream processing phase, in order to produce one lot of product. 293T cells were plated in CFs in 293T medium (DMEM with 10% FBS). Factories were placed in a 37° C. incubator and horizontally leveled in order to get an even distribution of the cells on all the layers of the CF. Two days later, cells were transfected with the four lentiviral plasmids described above using the CaPO4 method, which involves a mixture of Tris:EDTA, 2M CaCl2, 2×HBS, and the four DNA plasmids. Day 3 after transfection, the supernatant containing secreted lentiviral vectors was collected, purified and concentrated. After the supernatant was removed from the CFs, End-of-Production Cells were collected from each CF. Cells were trypsinized from each factory and collected by centrifugation. Cells were resuspended in freezing medium and cryopreserved. These cells were later used for replication-competent lentivirus (RCL) testing.

(59) To purify and formulate vectors crude supernatant was clarified by membrane filtration to remove the cell debris. The host cell DNA and residual plasmid DNA were degraded by endonuclease digestion (Benzonase®). The viral supernatant was clarified of cellular debris using a 0.45 μm filter. The clarified supernatant was collected into a pre-weighed container into which the Benzonase® is added (final concentration 50 U/mL). The endonuclease digestion for residual plasmid DNA and host genomic DNA as performed at 37° C. for 6 h. The initial tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) concentration of the endonuclease-treated supernatant was used to remove residual low molecular weight components from the crude supernatant, while concentrating the virus ˜20 fold. The clarified endonuclease-treated viral supernatant was circulated through a hollow fiber cartridge with a NMWCO of 500 kD at a flow rate designed to maintain the shear rate at ˜4,000 sec-1 or less, while maximizing the flux rate. Diafiltration of the nuclease-treated supernatant was initiated during the concentration process to sustain the cartridge performance. An 80% permeate replacement rate was established, using 4% lactose in PBS as the diafiltration buffer. The viral supernatant was brought to the target volume, representing a 20-fold concentration of the crude supernatant, and the diafiltration was continued for 4 additional exchange volumes, with the permeate replacement rate at 100%.

(60) Further concentration of the viral product was accomplished by using a high speed centrifugation technique. Each sub-batch of the lentivirus was pelleted using a Sorvall RC-26 plus centrifuge at 6000 RPM (6,088 RCF) at 6° C. for 16-20 h. The viral pellet from each sub-batch was then reconstituted in a 50 mL volume with 4% lactose in PBS. The reconstituted pellet in this buffer represents the final formulation for the virus preparation. The entire vector concentration process resulted in a 200-fold volume reduction, approximately. Following the completion of all of the sub-batches, the material was then placed at −80° C., while samples from each sub-batch were tested for sterility. Following confirmation of sample sterility, the sub-batches were rapidly thawed at 37° C. with frequent agitation. The material was then pooled and manually aliquoted in the Class II Type A/B3 biosafety cabinet in the viral vector suite. A fill configuration of 1 mL of the concentrated lentivirus in sterile USP class 6, externally threaded O-ring cryovials was used. Center for Applied Technology Development (CATD)'s Quality Systems (QS) at COH released all materials according to the Policies and Standard Operating Procedures for the CBG and in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs).

(61) To ensure the purity of the lentiviral vector preparation, it is tested for residual host DNA contaminants, and the transfer of residual host and plasmid DNA. Among other tests, vector identity is evaluated by RT-PCR to ensure that the correct vector is present. All release criteria are met for the vector intended for use in this study.

Example 6: Preparation of T.SUB.CM .Cells Suitable for Expression of CS-1 CAR

(62) T lymphocytes are obtained from a patient by leukopheresis, and the appropriate allogenic or autologous T cell subset, for example, Central Memory T cells (T.sub.CM), are genetically altered to express the CAR, then administered to the patient by any clinically acceptable means, to achieve anti-cancer therapy.

(63) T.sub.CM that are CD8+ are isolated essentially as described in Wang et al. (J Immunology 35:689, 2012). Briefly, on the day of leukapheresis, PBMC were isolated by density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Paque followed by two washes in PBS/EDTA. PBMC were then washed once in PBS, resuspended in X Vivo15 media containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), transferred to a 300 cc transfer bag, and stored on a 3-D rotator overnight at room temperature (RT). The following day, up to 5×10.sup.9 PBMC were incubated in a 300 cc transfer bag with clinical grade anti-CD4 (2.5 mL), anti-CD14 (1.25 mL), and anti-CD45RA (2.5 mL) microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) for 30 minutes at RT in X Vivo15 containing 10% FCS. CD4+, CD14+ and CD45RA+ cells were then immediately depleted using the CliniMACS™ depletion mode according to the manufacturer's instructions (Miltenyi Biotec). After centrifugation, the unlabeled negative fraction of cells was resuspended in CliniMACS™ PBS/EDTA buffer (Miltenyi Biotec) containing 0.5% human serum albumin (HSA) and then labeled with clinical grade biotinylated-DREG56 mAb (COHNMC CBG) at 0.1 mg/106 cells for 30 minutes at RT. The cells were then washed and resuspended in a final volume of 100 mL CliniMACS™ PBS/EDTA containing 0.5% HSA and transferred into a new 300 cc transfer bag. After a 30 minute incubation with 1.25 mL anti-biotin microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec), the CD62L+ fraction of PBMC (CD8+ T.sub.CM) was purified with positive selection on CliniMACS™ according to the manufacturer's instructions, and resuspended in X Vivo15 containing 10% FCS.

(64) T.sub.CM that are CD8+/CD4+ are prepared using a modification of the forgoing process by modifying the CD4+, CD14+ and CD45RA+ selection to a CD14+ and CD45RA+ selection. The method uses a two-step process on the CliniMACS™ device to first deplete CD14+ and CD45RA+ cells, then to positively select CD62L+ cells. This modified platform generates 50×10.sup.6 bulk T.sub.CM from a single leukopheresis.

(65) Following enrichment, T.sub.CM cells are formulated in complete X-Vivo15 plus 50 IU/mL IL-2 and 0.5 ng/mL IL-15 and transferred to a Teflon cell culture bag, where they are stimulated with Dynal ClinEx™ Vivo CD3/CD28 beads. Up to five days after stimulation, cells are transduced with lentiviral vector encoding CS1 CAR at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of about 3. Cultures are maintained for up to 42 days with addition of complete X-Vivo15 and IL-2 and IL-15 cytokine as required for cell expansion (keeping cell density between 3×10.sup.5 and 2×10.sup.6 viable cells/mL, and cytokine supplementation every Monday, Wednesday and Friday of culture). Cells typically expand to approximately 10.sup.9 cells under these conditions within 21 days. At the end of the culture period cells are harvested, washed twice and formulated in clinical grade cryopreservation medium.

(66) On the day(s) of T cell infusion, the cryopreserved and released product will be thawed, washed and formulated for re-infusion. The cryopreserved vials containing the released cell product will be removed from liquid nitrogen storage, thawed, cooled and washed with a PBS/2% human serum albumin (HSA) Wash Buffer. After centrifugation, the supernatant will be removed and the cells resuspended in a Preservative-Free Normal Saline (PFNS)/2% HSA infusion diluent. Samples will be removed for quality control testing.

Example 7: Amino acid Sequence of CS1 CAR (CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt)

(67) The complete amino acid sequence of CS1scFv-IgG4(HL-CH3)-CD28tm-CD28gg-Zeta-T2A-EGFRt is depicted in FIG. 4. The entire sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) includes: a 22 amino acid GMCSF signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:26), a CS1 scFv sequence (SEQ ID NO:1); a IgG4 hinge sequence (SEQ ID NO:3; with amino acid substitutions S to P shaded); a 10 amino acid linker (SEQ ID NO:2); IgG4 CH3 sequence (SEQ ID NO:12); a 28 amino acid CD28 transmembrane domain sequence (SEQ ID NO:14); a CD28gg co-stimulatory domain sequence (SEQ ID NO:23; LL to GG amino acid changes highlighted); a 3 amino acid Gly linker; a 112 amino acid CD3ζ sequence (SEQ ID NO:21); a 24 amino acid T2A skip sequence (SEQ ID NO:27); and EGFRt sequence (SEQ ID NO:28).