Solid carbon products comprising compressed carbon nanotubes in a container and methods of forming same

Abstract

Methods of forming solid carbon products include disposing nanostructure carbon in a container, disposing the container in a press, compressing the nano structured carbon within the container, and fastening a lid to the container to form a filter. Further processing may include sintering the nanostructured carbon within the container and heating the nanostructured carbon within the container in an inert environment to form bonds between adjacent particles of nanostructured carbon. Other methods may include forming a plurality of compressed nanostructured carbon modules, placing the plurality of compressed nanostructured carbon modules within a container, and placing a lid on the container to form a filter structure. Related structures are also disclosed.

Claims

1. A composite structure comprising: a container comprising at least one enclosure wall defining a volume within the container; and a porous mass of compressed nanostructured carbon within the volume defined by the container.

2. The composite structure of claim 1, wherein the porous mass of compressed nanostructured carbon substantially fills the volume defined by the container.

3. The composite structure of claim 1, wherein particles of the nanostructured carbon are interbonded to one another.

4. The composite structure of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the at least one enclosure wall comprises a substantially non-porous, malleable material.

5. The composite structure of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the at least one enclosure wall is in contact with the mass of compressed nanostructured carbon and exerts a compressive stress thereon.

6. The composite structures of claim 5, wherein the at least one enclosure wall defines at least two openings in fluid communication with the mass of compressed nanostructured carbon.

7. The composite structure of claim 5, wherein at least a portion of the at least one enclosure wall comprises a porous material.

8. The composite structure of claim 1 wherein the at least one enclosure wall comprises at least one outer wall and a lid crimped to the at least one outer wall.

9. The composite structure of claim 1 wherein the compressed nanostructured carbon comprises carbon nanofibers.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1-4 are simplified illustrations of CNTs.

(2) FIG. 5 is a simplified cross-sectional illustration of a carbon nanofiber.

(3) FIGS. 6-8 are simplified cross-sectional views depicting filter structures and portions thereof in one method for forming a filter comprising compressed nanostructured carbon.

(4) FIGS. 9-12 are simplified cross-sectional views depicting structures used in another method for forming a filter comprising compressed nanostructured carbon.

(5) FIGS. 13-17 are illustrations of additional embodiments of filters comprising compressed nanostructured carbon within different containers.

MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(6) This disclosure describes methods of forming solid carbon products by applying pressure to CNTs and other forms of nanostructured carbon within a container, and methods for applying heat to the solid products formed by such processes. Solid carbon products may be useful in various filtering applications. Such solid carbon products may exhibit enhanced properties (e.g., strength, electrical or thermal conductivity, specific surface area, porosity, etc.) with respect to conventional materials. In some embodiments, solid carbon products contain a compressed nanostructured carbon within a container. When such masses are sintered, covalent bonds form between at least some of the carbon particles, forming solid shapes. This product has numerous useful filter applications. For example, some forms of nanostructured carbon that may benefit from such processes include graphene, fibrous carbon, buckminsterfullerenes, single-wall CNTs, multi-wall CNTs, or bimodal CNTs (i.e., CNTs having a bimodal distribution of diameters and/or a bimodal distribution of lengths). Nanostructured carbon may have any selected size and morphology, even helical.

(7) As used herein, the term “sintering” means and includes annealing or pyrolizing nanostructured carbon at temperatures and pressures sufficient to induce carbon—carbon covalent bonding between at least some of the adjacent particles between at least some of their contact points.

(8) As used herein, the term “catalyst residual” means and includes any non-carbon elements associated with the nanostructured carbon. Such non-carbon elements may include, for example, nanoparticles of metal catalyst in growth tips of CNTs, and metal atoms or groups of atoms randomly or otherwise distributed throughout and on the surfaces of the nanostructured carbon.

(9) As used herein, the term “green” means and includes any solid carbon product that has not been sintered.

(10) Nanostructured carbon may be formed through any method known to the art, including arc discharge, laser ablation, hydrocarbon pyrolysis, the Boudouard reaction, the Bosch reaction and related carbon oxide reduction reactions, or wet chemistry methods (e.g., the Diels-Alder reaction). The methods described herein are applicable to nanostructured carbon regardless of the method of manufacture or synthesis.

(11) CNTs occur as single-wall and multi-wall CNTs of various diameters ranging from a few nanometers to 100 nanometers in diameter or more. CNTs have a wide variety of lengths and morphologies, and may occur as substantially parallel “forests,” randomly tangled masses, or “pillows” of structured agglomerations. For example, CNTs may be formed as described in U.S. Patent Publication 2015/0064092, “Methods and Reactors for Producing Solid Carbon Nanotubes, Solid Carbon Clusters, and Forests,” published Mar. 5, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference. CNTs may also form or be compounded to form many different mixtures of CNTs with various combinations and distribution of the above characteristics (number of walls, diameters, lengths, morphology, orientation, etc.). Various mixtures, when compounded and used to form the solid carbon products described herein, may result in products with specifically engineered properties. For example, the median void size of interstitial spaces between CNTs comprising solid carbon products typically is approximately proportional to the characteristic diameters of the CNTs used in forming the solid carbon products. The median void size influences the overall porosity and density of the solid carbon products.

(12) Various CNT features and configurations are illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. FIG. 1 shows a single-wall CNT 100, in which carbon atoms 102 are linked together in the shape of a single cylinder. The carbon atoms 102 are covalently bonded into a hexagonal lattice, and thus form a CNT 100 that appears as a single graphitic layer rolled into the form of a tube. The CNT 100 may be conceptualized as a “rolled graphene sheet” with a lattice pattern oriented so that the carbon atoms 102 spiral at various angles with regard to the axis of the CNT 100. The angle is called the “chirality,” and common named forms include armchair and zigzag, as described in Mildred S. Dresselhaus & Phaedon Avouris, Introduction to Carbon Materials Research, in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, 1, 6 (Dresselhaus, et al., eds., 2001), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference. Many chiralities are possible; CNTs 100 with different chiralities exhibit different properties (e.g., different CNTs 100 may have semiconductor or metallic electrical properties).

(13) The CNT 100 has an inside diameter related to the number of carbon atoms 102 in a circumferential cross section. The CNT 100 depicted in FIG. 1 has a zigzag pattern, as shown at the end of the CNT 100. The diameter may also affect properties of the CNT 100. Single-walled CNTs 100 can have many different diameters, such as from approximately 1.0 nm (nanometer) to 10 nm or more. A CNT 100 may have a length from about 10 nm to about 1 μm (micron), such as from about 20 nm to about 500 nm or from about 50 nm to about 100 nm. CNTs 100 typically have an aspect ratio (i.e., a ratio of the length of the CNT to the diameter of the CNT) of about 100:1 to 1000:1 or greater.

(14) CNTs having more than one wall are called multi-wall CNTs. FIG. 2 schematically depicts a multi-wall CNT 120 having multiple graphitic layers 122, 124, 126, 128 arranged generally concentrically about a common axis. Double-walled and triple-walled CNTs are occasionally described as distinct classes; however, they may be considered as the smallest categories of multi-walled CNTs 120. Diameters of multi-wall CNTs 120 can range from approximately 3 nm to well over 100 nm. Multi-wall CNTs 120 having outside diameters of about 40 nm or more are sometimes referred to as carbon nanofibers.

(15) FIG. 3 depicts two forms of multi-wall CNTs 140, 150. In the CNT 140, one single-wall CNT 142 is within a larger diameter singe-wall CNT 144, which may in turn be within another even larger diameter single-wall CNT 146. This CNT 140 is similar to the CNT 120 shown in FIG. 2, but includes three single-wall CNTs 142, 144, 146 instead of four. Another form of multi-wall CNTs is shown in FIG. 3 as CNT 150, which may be conceptualized as a single graphene sheet 152 rolled into a spiral.

(16) FIG. 4 schematically depicts a single-wall CNT 180 with an attached nanobud 182. The nanobud 182 has a structure similar to a spherical buckminsterfullerene (“buckyball”), and is bonded to the single-wall CNT 180 by carbon—carbon bonds. As suggested by the structure shown in FIG. 4, modifications may be made to the wall of a single-wall CNT 180 or to the outer wall of a multi-wall CNT. At the point of bonding between the nanobud 182 and the CNT 180, carbon double bonds can break and result in “holes” in the wall of the CNT 180. These holes may affect the mechanical and electrical properties of the CNT 180. In single-wall CNTs, these holes may introduce a relative weakness when compared to unmodified cylindrical CNTs. In multi-wall CNTs, the outer wall may be affected, but inner walls may remain intact.

(17) CNTs are typically formed in such a way that a nanoparticle of catalyst material is embedded in the growth tip of the CNT. This catalyst material may be left in place or removed by mild washing (e.g., by an acid wash). Without being bound to a particular theory, it is believed that if the catalyst material is left in place, catalyst atoms become mobilized during the sintering process, and may migrate to the surface or within the pores of the CNTs. This process may disperse the catalyst atoms randomly, uniformly, or otherwise throughout the solid carbon product mass and may have a significant influence on the properties of the solid carbon product. For example, catalyst material may affect electrical conductivity or the ability to catalyze other chemical reactions.

(18) The catalyst particles may be selected to catalyze other reactions in addition to the formation of solid carbon. Catalyst particles may be any material, such as a transition metal or any compound or alloy thereof. Typical catalysts include metals selected from groups 2 through 15 of the periodic table, such as from groups 5 through 10 (e.g., nickel, molybdenum, chromium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, ruthenium, platinum, iridium, etc.), actinides, lanthanides, alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. Note that the periodic table may have various group numbering systems. As used herein, group 2 is the group including Be, group 3 is the group including Sc, group 4 is the group including Ti, group 5 is the group including V, group 6 is the group including Cr, group 7 is the group including Mn, group 8 is the group including Fe, group 9 is the group including Co, group 10 is the group including Ni, group 11 is the group including Cu, group 12 is the group including Zn, group 13 is the group including B, group 14 is the group including C, and group 15 is the group including N. For example, catalyst particles may include nickel, vanadium oxide, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, etc.

(19) Because the catalyst particles are attached to or otherwise associated with CNTs, each catalyst particle may be physically separated from other catalyst particles. Thus, the catalyst particles may collectively have a much higher surface area than a bulk material having the same mass of catalyst. Catalyst particles attached to CNTs may therefore be particularly beneficial for decreasing the amount of catalyst material needed to catalyze a reaction and for reducing the cost of catalysts. Compressed solid carbon products used as catalysts may, in many applications, benefit from the catalytic activity of both the CNT and the metal catalyst particles embedded in the growth tip of the CNTs.

(20) The CNTs used in the processes herein may be single-wall CNTs, multi-wall CNTs, or combinations thereof, including bi-modally sized combinations of CNTs, mixtures of single-wall and multi-wall CNTs, mixtures of various sizes of single-wall CNTs, mixtures of various sizes of multi-wall CNTs, etc. For example, CNTs may have a bi-modal distribution, as described in U.S. Patent Publication 2015/0064097, “Carbon Nanotubes Having a Bimodal Size Distribution,” published Mar. 5, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference. The CNTs may be in forms such as a sheet-molded compound, a pressure-molded compound, or as a pourable liquid.

(21) FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a cross section of a carbon nanofiber 350 in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure. As used herein, the term “carbon nanofiber” means and includes a carbon-containing material comprising a solid generally cylindrical shape substantially free of any voids (e.g., without a hollow central portion). A carbon nanofiber may be similar to a CNT, but may include a solid core rather than a hollow central portion. Carbon nanofibers may exhibit a rod-like shape and may exhibit a greater density than CNTs. In some embodiments, carbon nanofibers may exhibit a greater density than CNTs having the same diameter. Carbon nanofibers may also be in the form of stacked graphene sheets. Carbon nanofibers may be formed through any method known in the art, including deposition from carbon vapor, such as by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) wherein carbon is deposited in the presence of a transition metal catalyst on a substrate, or other method of forming carbon nanofibers known in the art.

(22) FIGS. 6-8 illustrate a method of forming a filter structure 200 (shown in FIG. 8). FIG. 6 illustrates a container 210 having side walls 260, an end wall 245, and a diffuser plate 240 that together define a volume 220 within the container 210. The container 210 may be sized and configured to receive a mass of uncompressed nanostructured carbon 230, such that the volume 220 is substantially filled with a mass of uncompressed nanostructured carbon 230.

(23) The nanostructured carbon 230 may optionally be sintered. Sintering appears to cause covalent bonds to form between particles of nanostructured carbon at contact points. That is, any given particle may “cross-link” with an adjacent particle at the physical point of contact of the two particles. A sintered particle may be covalently bound to numerous other particles (single-wall CNTs, multi-wall CNTs, CNTs with attached nanobuds, carbon nanofibers, graphene sheets, etc.). This may increase the strength of the resulting structure because the particles do not appear to slide or slip at the bonding points. Unsintered particles (e.g., in buckyrock) appear to slide with respect to each other. Because the covalent bonding caused by sintering may occur at numerous sites in the nanostructured carbon, the sintered body may have significantly increased strength, toughness, impact resistance, and conductivity over conventional agglomerations of nanostructured carbon. A sintered mass of nanostructured carbon may have the bond strength necessary to resist the mechanical force of a gas or fluid passing through the mass of nanostructured carbon.

(24) As a non-limiting example, the side walls 260 and the end wall 245 of the container 210 may include a material such as metal, plastic, ceramic, paper, cloth, a composite, or any combination thereof. For example, the side walls 260 and the end wall 245 of the container 210 may include a metal such as aluminum or steel. Alternatively, the side walls 260 and the end wall 245 may include a ceramic or a composite material. In certain applications, side walls 260 and end wall 245 may include a plastic material, such as polycarbonate, or a paper or paper-like material, such as cardboard.

(25) As a non-limiting example, side walls 260 of the container 210 may be configured to be compressed when a piston 300 presses the nanostructured carbon 230 (e.g., the side walls 260 may have an outside dimension smaller than an outside dimension of the piston). Alternatively, side walls 260 of the container 210 may be configured to not be compressed when a piston presses the nanostructured carbon 230 (e.g., the side walls 260 may have an outside dimension larger than an outside dimension of the piston). In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6-8, the side walls 260 of the filter structure 200 are configured to be compressed.

(26) The container 210 may be formed in any suitable shape, depending on the configuration and the application of filter structure 200. As a non-limiting example, a cross-section of the container 210 from a top-view may be a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a triangle, or another polygon. Furthermore, the container 210 may have any appropriate dimensions for a given application, including height and thickness of side walls 260 and dimensions of the top-view cross-section of the container 210. As a non-limiting example, side walls 260 may have a height of between about 1 cm to 50 cm, and side walls 260 may have a thickness of about 10 μm to 1 mm.

(27) The end wall 245 of the container 210 may also define an opening 270. During use of a filter structure 200, the opening 270 may be connected to a gas and/or fluid source, allowing gases and/or fluids to pass into the container 210. As a non-limiting example, the opening 270 may have any appropriate cross-sectional shape, such as a circle, ellipse, rectangle, or triangle. Furthermore, the opening 270 may have any appropriate cross-sectional dimensions. The opening 270 may be configured to be coupled to an exterior system from which gases or other fluids flow to the filter structure 200. The opening 270 may be connected to the gas and/or fluid source by a hose, a threaded pipe fitting, a weldable pipe fitting, or a nipple fitting.

(28) The diffuser plate 240 may be a substantially porous material that allows gases compressed during compression of the nanostructured carbon 230 to pass through the nanostructured carbon 230 and exit through the opening 270, allowing compression of the nanostructured carbon 230 without a pressure build-up from the gases. The diffuser plate 240 may also be used to diffuse the gases and liquids that enter through opening 270 during a subsequent filtering process, such that the gases or fluids flow in an evenly distributed pattern over the cross-sectional area of the nanostructured carbon 230′ (shown in FIG. 8). As a non-limiting example, the diffuser plate 240 may be sized and configured to fit within the container 210. As a further non-limiting example, the diffuser plate 240 may include at least one of a metal, a plastic, and a composite material. As a further non-limiting example, the diffuser plate 240 may have a thickness of between about 0.1 mm to 2 mm.

(29) FIG. 6 shows a piston 300 sized and configured to compress the compressible sidewall 260 and the nanostructured carbon 230 within the container 210. The piston 300 may be driven by hydraulic pressure, pneumatic pressure, a motor, or any other suitable means. The face of the piston 300 may include a non-porous material in order to achieve maximum compression of the nanostructured carbon 230.

(30) The container 210 may be placed within an appropriate compression apparatus and may be sized and configured to receive the piston 300. The container 210 may include side walls 260 which are compressible by a compressive force exerted by the piston 300. FIG. 7 illustrates the piston 300 compressing the side walls 260 and the nanostructured carbon 230 to form a compressed container 210′ having compressed side walls 260′ and compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ therein. After compression, the piston 300 is retracted, and the compressed side walls 260′ may remain in a compressed state. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the interior of the side walls 260 may be sized and configured such that the piston 300 fits within the interior of the side walls 260 and compresses only the nanostructured carbon without compressing the side walls 260.

(31) The diffuser plate 240 may prevent the nanostructured carbon 230 from exiting the container 210 upon compression by the piston 300. In subsequent use, fluids and/or gases may pass through the diffuser plate 240 to the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ acting as a filter.

(32) The piston 300 may compress the nanostructured carbon 230 in an inert atmosphere. The inert atmosphere under which compression takes place may include an atmosphere of N.sub.2. The piston 300 may compress the nanostructured carbon 230 at a temperature of between about 1,500° C. and 2,000° C. The piston 300 may remain in compression for a time period from about 1 to about 600 seconds, such as approximately 30 seconds. The piston 300 may compress the nanostructured carbon 230 into a substantially unitary form using a pressure of between about 10 MPa to about 1,000 MPa.

(33) FIG. 8 shows the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ in the compressed container 210′. The compressed container 210′ includes the compressed side walls 260′, the end wall 245, and the diffuser plate 240 (which may or may not have become thinner when the nanostructured carbon 230 was compressed). The container 210′ contains the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′. A lid 250 may be secured to the compressed side wall 260′ using a fastener 290 (e.g., a threaded ring, a crimp, an adhesive, a weld, etc.). In other embodiments, the lid 250 may be secured by a press or interference fit, or by any other appropriate fastening means. The lid 250 may further include an outlet opening 280. The outlet 280 may be configured to be coupled to an exterior system to which gases or other fluids flow from the filter structure 200. The outlet 280 may be connected to the exterior system by a hose, a threaded pipe fitting, a weldable pipe fitting, or a nipple fitting.

(34) The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ within the filter structure 200 may substantially fill the compressed container 210′. The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ within the container 210′ may be in substantial contact with the diffuser plate 240 and the side walls 260′. The diffuser plate 240 and the side walls 260′ may exert a compressive stress on the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ after compression. The end wall 245 may define at least one inlet opening 270. The inlet opening 270 may be in fluid communication with the nanostructured carbon 230′ (i.e., a fluid passing through the inlet opening 270 may pass into the nanostructured carbon 230′. Though referred to herein as an inlet opening 270 and an outlet opening 280, the inlet opening 270 may be used as an outlet and the outlet opening 280 may be used as an inlet.

(35) The end wall 245 may include a porous material or a non-porous malleable material, as discussed herein.

(36) As discussed previously, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may include single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), carbon nanofibers, graphene, etc. As a non-limiting example, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may include only SWCNTs. Alternatively, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may include only MWCNTs or only carbon nanfibers. Alternatively, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may include a mixture of SWCNTs, MWCNTs, and carbon nanofibers. The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may be sintered or unsintered depending on the filter application.

(37) The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may have a bulk density suitable for a selected filter application. As a non-limiting example, the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may have a bulk density of from about 0.8 g/cm.sup.3 to about 2.2 g/cm.sup.3.

(38) The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ within the compressed container 210′ may have attached chemical moieties. The chemical moieties may include, for example, whole functional groups or parts of functional groups as substructures. The chemical moieties may include alkyl groups, carbonyl groups, aromatics, non-aromatic rings, peptides, amino groups, hydroxyl groups, sulfate groups, phosphate groups, etc.

(39) The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may be an interbonded mass of nanostructured carbon, having multiple bonds that interconnect particles directly to other particles. The compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ may alternatively be bonded via a resin or a polymer adhesive. For example, such materials may be applied using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or similar means in a micro-fine manner so as to provide interlocking bonding without encasing the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′ in droplets of resin. CVD techniques may be used to apply micro-thin layers of metals bonding particles together without interfering with the compressibility of the compressed nanostructured carbon 230′. Metals such as tin, copper and the like may be applied by CVD or similar techniques.

(40) Further embodiments are contemplated wherein a filter structure does not include a separate end wall, having only an enclosure wall comprising a porous diffuser plate. In such embodiments, the filter structure may be configured to interface directly with an exterior system such that gas or other fluids would pass from the exterior system directly to the enclosure wall comprising a porous diffuser plate. The filter structure may be connected to the gas and/or fluid source by a hose, a threaded pipe fitting, a weldable pipe fitting, or a nipple fitting.

(41) FIGS. 9-12 illustrate another embodiment of a method of compressing nanostructured carbon within a container. FIG. 9 shows a container 400 having porous walls 410 and a mass of uncompressed nanostructured carbon 430 within the container 400. The nanostructured carbon 430 may be optionally sintered, as described above. The porous sidewall material may include, for example, a metal, plastic, paper, fabric, or composite.

(42) A piston 500 may be configured to compress the container 400 having walls 410 with the nanostructured carbon 430 therein, as described above, to yield a compressed container 400′ having compressed walls 410′ with compressed nanostructured carbon 430′ therein (FIG. 10). As shown in FIG. 11, a lid 440 may be fastened to at least one of the compressed walls 410′. The lid 440 may be fastened by crimping, applying adhesive, threading, welding, press or interference fitting, or another appropriate method, as described above.

(43) One or more of the compressed containers 400′ may be placed in a filter device 600, as shown in FIG. 12. The filter device 600 may include one or more side walls 610, an end wall 645, a porous diffuser plate 630, an inlet 640, a lid 620 defining an outlet 650 therein, and filter modules 400′. The filter modules 400′ may be configured to filter fluids or gases that pass through the filter device 600. The physical characteristics of the filter device 600 may be similar to those described above with respect to other embodiments. The porous diffuser plate 630 direct the fluids and/or gases passing through the filter device 600.

(44) FIG. 13 illustrates a cylindrical filter structure 700 including a porous container 705 having porous paper or paper-based sidewalls 710. The porous container 705 includes compressed nanostructured carbon 720 within the sidewalls 710. The filter structure 700 defines a cylindrical opening 730. In this embodiment, a fluid or gas flows into opening 730. The fluid then flows radially outward through the compressed nanostructured carbon 720 within the porous container 705 from the opening 730, in the direction shown by arrow 750. The filter structure 700 has many applications and may be used, for example, as an oil filter or air filter for an internal combustion engine.

(45) FIG. 14 illustrates a filter structure 800 having a container 810, side walls 860, a diffuser plate 840, an end wall 845, which together define a volume 820. Nanostructured carbon 830 may be placed within the volume 820. A piston 835 may compress the nanostructured carbon 830 within the volume 820 of the container 810. The piston 835 may be configured to fit within the walls 860 of the container 810, such that the walls 860 are not compressed by the piston 835. FIG. 14 shows the piston 835 in partial compression of the mass of nanostructured carbon 830, with the piston 835 within the walls 860.

(46) FIG. 15 shows a structure 800′ and container 810′ after compression by the piston 835 shown in FIG. 14. Compressed nanostructured carbon 830′ is shown encased on opposite sides by side walls 860, and further encased on a top side by a porous diffuser plate 850 and an opposing bottom side by the porous diffuser plate 840. The porous diffuser plate 840 is supported by end wall 845 having an inlet 870 therein. The inlet 870 may be configured to be coupled to an exterior system from which gases or other fluids may flow to the filter structure 800. The opening 870 may be connected to the gas and/or fluid source by a hose, a threaded pipe fitting, a weldable pipe fitting, or a nipple fitting.

(47) After forming the compressed nanostructured carbon 830′ (i.e., by compressing the nanostructured carbon 830) and placing the porous diffuser plate 850 over the compressed nanostructured carbon 830′, the side walls 860 may be folded or crimped downward and inward in the directions shown by arrows 825, forming folded side walls 860′ (represented as dashed lines), sealing closed the filter structure 800. After or during the formation of the folded side walls 860′, an outlet opening 880 may be added to the enclosure formed by folded side walls 860′. Gases and fluids may then pass from inlet opening 870 through the porous lower enclosure wall 840, through the mass of compressed nanostructured carbon 830′ and the porous upper enclosure wall 850 and out of outlet opening 880. The outlet opening 880 may be configured to be coupled to an exterior system to which gases or other fluids flow from the filter structure 800. The outlet opening 880 may be connected to the exterior system by a hose, a threaded pipe fitting, a weldable pipe fitting, or a nipple fitting. In some embodiments, the sidewalls may be cut or sheared away above the porous diffuser plate 850 and a lid having an outlet opening may be fastened to the remaining walls 860, similar to methods previously discussed herein. In some embodiments, pellets of compressed nanostructured carbon may be placed in the container 810′. In certain embodiments, the compressed nanostructured carbon may be coated with a porous coating to form a filter medium, before the filter medium is placed in a container 810′.

(48) FIG. 16 shows a filter structure 900 including walls 960 and a volume 920 containing a mass of compressed nanostructured carbon 930. The filter structure 900 may be formed, for example, from a curable polymer material. The walls 960 may be folded over the mass of compressed CNTs 930 to form the enclosed filter structure 900 having folded walls 960′ shown in FIG. 17. After the folded walls 960′ have been folded, the polymer material may be cured, encasing the compressed nanostructured carbon 930 within the filter structure 900. A punch 965 may be used to puncture the filter structure 900 with holes 975 to provide a path for a fluid to pass through the filter structure 900.