Electrical grounding assembly

Abstract

An electrical grounding assembly includes an electrically conductive metal grounding substrate that is electrically connectable to a structure to be electrically grounded. A corrosion-protective jacket is on the grounding substrate. The jacket is electrically conductive and water impermeable, and includes a polymeric matrix and a particulate carbonaceous material dispersed in the polymeric matrix.

Claims

1. An electrical grounding assembly, comprising: an electrically conductive metal grounding substrate that is electrically connectable to a structure to be electrically grounded; a corrosion-protective jacket on the grounding substrate, wherein the jacket is electrically conductive and water impermeable, and comprises a polymeric matrix that provides the jacket with water impermeability and an electrically conductive material dispersed in the polymeric matrix that provides the jacket with electrical conductivity; and a connector for electrically connecting the grounding substrate to an electrically conductive line, wherein the jacket has a jacket thickness of at least 0.6 inches.

2. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the grounding substrate is a grounding plate.

3. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 2, wherein the grounding plate comprises a copper plate.

4. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 2, wherein the grounding plate comprises a copper-clad steel plate.

5. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 2, wherein the grounding plate comprises a steel plate.

6. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 5, wherein the steel plate is galvanized.

7. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises a bolt for receiving a secondary connector.

8. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the connector is enclosed within the jacket.

9. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the jacket encloses and is in contact with the grounding substrate over a majority of a surface area of the grounding substrate.

10. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the jacket encloses and is in contact with the grounding substrate over all of a surface area of the grounding substrate.

11. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, further comprising the electrically conductive line, wherein the electrically conductive line has a first end in electrical contact with the grounding substrate via the connector, and a second end outside of the jacket for connection to the structure to be electrically grounded.

12. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 11, wherein the first end of the electrically conductive line is enclosed in the jacket.

13. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises a thermoplastic material.

14. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 13, wherein the polymeric matrix makes up between 10 wt % and 90 wt % of the jacket.

15. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 13, wherein the polymeric matrix makes up between 50 wt % and 90 wt % of the jacket.

16. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises a thermoset material.

17. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 16, wherein the polymeric matrix makes up between 10 wt % and 90 wt % of the jacket.

18. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a substrate thickness of at least 0.05 in.

19. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive material comprises a particulate carbonaceous material.

20. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 19, wherein the particulate carbonaceous material makes up between 5 wt % and 80 wt % of the jacket.

21. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 19, wherein the particulate carbonaceous material makes up between 35 wt % and 45 wt % of the jacket.

22. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 19, wherein the particulate carbonaceous material makes up between 5 wt % and 80 wt % of the jacket.

23. The electrical grounding assembly of claim 19, wherein the particulate carbonaceous material comprises a coke, a carbon black, a carbon fibre, a graphite, and/or a carbon nanotube.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The drawings included herewith are for illustrating various examples of articles, methods, and apparatuses of the present specification and are not intended to limit the scope of what is taught in any way. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view, showing an electrically grounded system including a utility pole and an electrical grounding assembly;

(3) FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the electrical grounding assembly and utility pole of the electrically grounded system of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the electrical grounding assembly of the electrically grounded system of FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 4 is a side view of the electrical grounding assembly of FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken along line 5-5 in FIG. 4;

(7) FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of the region in circle 6 in FIG. 5;

(8) FIG. 7 is a side view of the grounding plate of the electrical grounding assembly of FIGS. 3 to 6; and

(9) FIG. 8 is a top view of the grounding plate of FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) Various apparatuses or processes will be described below to provide an example of an embodiment of the claimed subject matter. No embodiment described below limits any claim and any claim may cover processes or apparatuses that differ from those described below. The claims are not limited to apparatuses or processes having all of the features of any one apparatus or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses described below. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below is not an embodiment of any exclusive right granted by issuance of this patent application. Any subject matter described below and for which an exclusive right is not granted by issuance of this patent application may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicants, inventors or owners do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such subject matter by its disclosure in this document.

(11) In general, disclosed herein is a corrosion-protective jacket for a buried metallic structure. The buried metallic structure may be, for example, an electrically conductive metal grounding plate, and the corrosion-protective jacket may enclose the grounding plate.

(12) The corrosion-protective jacket and the grounding plate may together form an electrical grounding assembly. The electrical grounding assembly may be electrically connected to a structure that is to be electrically grounded (e.g. to the power system neutral conductor on a structure that is to be electrically grounded). The structure may be, for example, a utility pole, such as a wood, steel, cement, or composite pole used in the electrical distribution and transmission industry, or another piece of equipment used in the electrical distribution and transmission industry. The electrical grounding assembly may be buried in the earth and secured to a buried end of the structure.

(13) The corrosion-protective jacket may be electrically conductive, so that electricity can be dissipated from the grounding plate to the earth. Furthermore, the corrosion-protective jacket may be water-impermeable, to protect the grounding plate from galvanic corrosion. Due to the corrosion-protective jacket, such an assembly may have a relatively long service life, for example as long as the service life of the structure, such as up to 30 years, or up to 60 years, or up to 100 years.

(14) As used herein, the term ‘jacket’ refers to a solid product that encloses a substrate product (e.g. a grounding plate), and is in contact with the substrate product, for example over all or a majority of the surface area of the substrate product. Furthermore, the term ‘jacket’ refers to a product that is relatively thick, i.e. is thicker than a paint. Jackets may be formed separately from substrate products and then applied to substrate products, or may be formed directly on to the substrate products. Jackets may in some examples have some structural integrity. That is, a jacket may retain its form even when standing alone, separate from a substrate. Jackets differ from paints or coatings in that jackets are thicker than paints or coatings, and in that paints and coatings cannot typically be formed separately from substrate products and do not typically have any structural integrity on their own. It has been determined that the use of a jacket as disclosed herein, as opposed to a paint or coating, can provide a substrate material with enhanced corrosion protection, while still allowing for the substrate material to serve as a grounding electrode.

(15) As will be described in further detail below, the corrosion-protective jacket may in some examples be formed from a material that includes a polymeric matrix, and a particulate carbonaceous material dispersed in the polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix may provide the jacket with sufficient water impermeability to protect a substrate from corrosion, and the particulate carbonaceous material may provide the jacket with sufficient electrical conductivity to allow the substrate to be electrically grounded when buried. It has been determined that the polymeric matrix and the particulate carbonaceous material provide enhanced corrosion protection when provided in the form of a jacket, rather than a coating.

(16) Production of a thick jacket in solid form can in some examples present technical difficulties. For example, during production, a thin layer at the surface of the jacket can solidify to form a skin; however, the material beneath the skin may not solidify and may remain in a generally fluid form. This can occur particularly in cases wherein the polymeric matrix includes latex. It has been determined this can be addressed by adding a curing agent such as cement to the material. The cement can facilitate the solidification of the material through its entire thickness, via a hydration reaction.

(17) For further example, if the jacket is particularly thick, the polymeric matrix may not cool evenly, and the jacket may sag. It has been determined that this can be addressed by using a textured surface (e.g. a waffled surface) to retain the thickness of the jacket while minimizing the amount of material in the jacket.

(18) The jacket may in some examples include a surfactant. The surfactant may allow for ease of mixing and an even distribution of the particulate carbonaceous material in the polymeric matrix.

(19) Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, an example electrically grounded system 100 is shown. The system 100 includes a structure to be electrically grounded, which in the example shown is a utility pole 102. The utility pole 102 has a bottom portion 104, which is buried in the earth 106, and an opposed top portion 108 that is above the earth 106. For simplicity, the various structures that may be attached to the utility pole 102 are not shown.

(20) Referring still to FIGS. 1 and 2, in the example shown, the system 100 further includes an electrical grounding assembly 110, which serves to electrically ground the utility pole 102. The electrical grounding assembly 110 is secured to the bottom portion 104 of the utility pole 102 and is buried in the earth 106 (the earth 106 is shown only in FIG. 1). An electrically conductive backfill (not shown) may also be buried in the earth 106, and the bottom portion 104 of the utility pole 102 and the electrically grounding assembly 110 may be embedded in the electrically conductive backfill. The electrically conductive backfill may, for example, be one sold under the name Conducrete® by SAE Inc. (Barrie, Ontario) or one sold under the name Conduflow™ by SAE Inc. (Barrie, Ontario).

(21) Referring to FIGS. 3 to 5, in the example shown, the electrical grounding assembly 110 includes an electrically conductive metal grounding plate 112, and a corrosion-protective jacket 114 enclosing the grounding plate 112.

(22) The grounding plate 112 may be any suitable metal. For example, the grounding plate may be a steel (e.g. stainless steel), copper, or copper-clad steel plate. In some examples, the grounding plate 112 may be galvanized steel. Galvanization of the grounding plate 112 may further protect the grounding plate 112 from galvanic corrosion. Furthermore, galvanization of the grounding plate 112 may protect the grounding plate 112 from corrosion during the application of the jacket 114 to the grounding plate 112. In some examples, the grounding plate 112 may be coated with an anti-corrosion coating, such as a zinc coating.

(23) The jacket 114 may be both electrically conductive and water impermeable. This allows the jacket 114 to protect the grounding plate 112 from corrosion, particularly galvanic corrosion, while still allowing for the grounding plate 112 to be in electrical contact with the surrounding earth 106.

(24) Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, in the example shown, the grounding plate 112 is generally circular when viewed from above, and has a plate first face 116 and an opposed plate second face 118. A plate thickness 119 is defined between the plate first face and the plate second face. The plate further has a plate diameter 121.

(25) Referring back to FIG. 5, in the example shown, the jacket 114 has a jacket first inner face 120, which is in contact with the plate first face 116, and a jacket second inner face 122, which is in contact with the plate second face 118. The jacket 114 further has a jacket first outer face 124, which is in contact with the utility pole 102 when the assembly 110 is installed to the utility pole 102, and a jacket second outer face 126. A jacket first thickness 123 extends between the jacket first inner face 120 and the jacket first outer face 124, and a jacket second thickness 125 extends between the jacket second inner face 122 and the jacket second outer face 126.

(26) Referring still to FIG. 5, in the example shown, the plate 112 is relatively thin, and the jacket 114 is relatively thick, so that the jacket first thickness 123 and the jacket second thickness 125 are greater than the plate thickness 119. For example, the jacket first thickness 123 and/or the jacket second thickness 125 may be between 1.5 times and 10 times greater than the plate thickness 119, or between 7 and 8 times greater than the plate thickness 119. For example, the jacket first thickness 123 and jacket second thickness 125 may be between 0.1 and 1.5 inches, or between 0.5 and 1.5 inches. The plate thickness 119 may be between 0.05 inches and 0.25 inches, or in some examples up to 1 inch.

(27) In the example shown, the jacket first thickness 123 and the jacket second thickness 125 are each about 15/16 in., and the plate thickness 119 is about ⅛ in., so that the jacket first thickness 123 and the jacket second thickness 125 are each about 7.5 times greater than the plate thickness 119. In other examples, the jacket first thickness 123 and the jacket second thickness 125 may each be about 15/16 in., and the plate thickness 119 may be about ¼ in., so that the jacket first thickness 123 and the jacket second thickness 125 are each about 3.75 times greater than the plate thickness 119.

(28) Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 2, in the example shown, fasteners 128 in the form of screws are used to secure the grounding assembly 110 to the utility pole 102, and the plate 112 and the jacket 114 include through-holes to accommodate the fasteners 128. Specifically, referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the plate 112 has a first plate through-hole 130 and a second plate through-hole 132 extending therethrough, from the plate first face 116 to the plate second face 118. Referring to FIG. 5, the jacket 114 has a first jacket through-hole 136 and a second jacket through-hole 134 extending therethrough, from the jacket first outer face 124 to the jacket second outer face 126. The first plate through-hole 130 and the first jacket through-hole 136 are concentric, and the second plate through-hole 132 and the second jacket through-hole 134 are concentric. In use, one of the fasteners 128 extends through the first plate through-hole 130 and the first jacket through-hole 136, and into the bottom portion 104 of the utility pole 102, and the other fastener 128 extends through the second plate through-hole 132 and the second jacket through-hole 134, and into the bottom portion 104 of the utility pole 102.

(29) Referring to FIG. 8, the first 130 and second 132 plate through-holes have a diameter 127 (also referred to as a ‘plate through-hole diameter’). Referring to FIG. 5, the first 134 and second 136 jacket through-holes have a diameter 129 (also referred to as a ‘jacket through-hole diameter’). The jacket through-hole diameter 129 is less than the plate through-hole diameter 127. As such, the circular walls 138, 140, which define the plate through-holes 130, 132, respectively, are enclosed within the jacket 114.

(30) Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, and 6, in the example shown, the system 100 further includes an electrically conductive line 142. The electrically conductive line 142 helps to ensure that the grounding plate 112 is in electrical contact with the structure to be electrically grounded (e.g. via connection of the electrically conductive line 142 to the power system neutral). The electrically conductive line may be, for example, a copper wire, a copper-coated or copper-clad steel wire, a bare steel wire, or an aluminum wire.

(31) In the example shown, the electrically conductive line 142 has a first end 144 that is in electrical contact with the grounding plate 112 and is enclosed in the jacket 114, and an opposed second end 146 outside of the jacket 114 and electrically connected to the power system neutral (not shown) of the utility pole 102. In the example shown, as shown in FIG. 6, the first end 144 is crimped to the grounding plate 112 using a wire crimp connector 148 and a bolt 150.

(32) The electrically conductive line 142 may be considered part of the grounding assembly 110, and may be provided together with and assembled to the grounding plate 112 and jacket 114, for subsequent connection to the power system neutral of the utility pole 102. Alternatively, the electrically conductive line 142 may be considered as a separate part of the system 100, and may be provided separately from the grounding plate 112 and jacket 114.

(33) As mentioned above, the jacket 114 may be electrically conductive and water impermeable. As used herein, the term ‘electrically conductive’ indicates that the jacket has an electrical resistivity of less than 500 ohm.Math.cm. For example, the jacket may have an electrical resistivity of between 0.01 ohm.Math.cm and 500 ohm.Math.cm or an electrical resistivity of between 15 ohm.Math.cm and 30 ohm.Math.cm. Furthermore, the term ‘water impermeable’ indicates that the jacket has a water permeability of less than 10.sup.−5 cm/s (e.g. where the polymeric matrix is latex), or less than or equal to 1.0 US Perms (e.g. where the polymeric matrix is a thermoplastic or thermosetting material). For example, the jacket may have a water permeability of between 10.sup.−5 cm/s and 10.sup.−10 cm/s or a water permeability of between 10.sup.−7 cm/s and 10.sup.−9 cm/s. For further example, the jacket may have a water permeability of between 0.01 US Perms and 1.0 US Perms.

(34) In some examples, in order to be sufficiently electrically conductive and water impermeable for forming a corrosion-protective jacket for a buried metallic structure, the jacket may be made from a material (referred to as a jacket material) that includes a polymeric matrix, and a particulate carbonaceous material dispersed in the polymeric matrix. The jacket material may in some examples (e.g. wherein the polymeric matrix is latex) further include a surfactant, and a curing agent. The jacket material may in some examples be cured or cross-linked to form the jacket.

(35) In some examples, such as wherein the polymeric matrix is a latex, the polymeric matrix may make up between 10 wt % and 50 wt % of the jacket material, or between 25 wt % and 30 wt % of the jacket material. In some examples, such as wherein the polymeric matrix is a thermoplastic material or a thermoset material, the polymeric matrix may make up between 10 wt % and 90 wt % of the jacket material, or between 50 wt % and 60 wt % of the jacket material.

(36) In some examples, such as wherein the polymeric matrix is a latex, the particulate carbonaceous material may make up between 50 wt % and 90 wt % of the jacket material, or between 65 wt % and 70 wt % of the jacket material. In some examples, wherein the polymeric matrix is a thermoset material or a thermoplastic material, the particulate carbonaceous material may make up between 5 wt % and 80 wt % of the jacket material, or between 35 wt % and 45 wt % of the jacket material

(37) In some examples, the surfactant may make up between 0.01 wt % and 0.5 wt % of the jacket material, or between 0.02 wt % and 0.1 wt % of the jacket material.

(38) In some examples, the curing agent may make up 0.01 wt % and 8.0 wt % of the jacket material, or 2.0 wt % and 4.0 wt % of the jacket material.

(39) In some examples, such as wherein the polymeric matrix is a latex, the remainder (e.g. between 0.1 wt % and 10 wt %, or between 2 wt % and 4 wt %) of the jacket material may be made up of water.

(40) The polymeric matrix may include or may be a latex, a thermoplastic material, a thermosetting material, or another material or combination of materials. The latex may be or may include a styrene-butadiene emulsion, such as one sold under the brand name BarrierPro® 4550 Latex, or BarrierPro® 4555 Latex.

(41) The particulate carbonaceous material may include or may be a coke, and/or graphite, and/or carbon black, and/or carbon fibre, and/or carbon nanotubes, and/or other carbonaceous materials or combinations thereof. The coke may be or may include a calcined fluid coke, and/or calcined petroleum coke, and/or metallurgical coke. The calcined fluid coke may be one sold by Asbury Carbons (Asbury, N.J.) under the name 251P Calcined Fluid Coke (20×200 mesh).

(42) The surfactant may include or may be a polymerization anionic surfactant and/or a zwitterionic surfactant, and/or other surfactant or combination of surfactants. The surfactant may be one sold under the name Chemtex 2504.

(43) The curing agent may include or may be a cement, a hydrated lime, a cross-linking agent, a slag cement, and/or another curing agent or combination of curing agents. The cement may be or may include a Portland Cement. The Portland Cement may be a Portland Limestone Cement, such as one sold by St. Mary's Cement (Toronto, Ontario) under the name, Contempra Type GUL Portland Limestone Cement. The cross-linking agent may be or may include peroxide and/or a catalyst.

(44) In some examples, other additives may be included in the jacket formulation, such as a metal chelating agent, a processing aid, an antimicrobial additive, and/or a UV stabilizer.

(45) The jacket material may in some examples be applied to a grounding plate by pouring into a mould, injection moulding, or spraying. The jacket material may then be cured, for example at ambient temperature or in an oven, or by cross-linking (e.g. by exposure to a radiation source such as electron beam exposure, gamma-radiation, or UV light, or by vulcanization (often called sulfur curing)).

(46) While the above description provides examples of one or more processes or apparatuses, it will be appreciated that other processes or apparatuses may be within the scope of the accompanying claims.

(47) To the extent any amendments, characterizations, or other assertions previously made (in this or in any related patent applications or patents, including any parent, sibling, or child) with respect to any art, prior or otherwise, could be construed as a disclaimer of any subject matter supported by the present disclosure of this application, Applicant hereby rescinds and retracts such disclaimer. Applicant also respectfully submits that any prior art previously considered in any related patent applications or patents, including any parent, sibling, or child, may need to be re-visited.

EXAMPLES

(48) Four different jacket materials were prepared. The jacket materials were prepared according to the formulae shown in Tables 1 to 4.

(49) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 JACKET MATERIAL 1 Component Weight % 251P Calcined Fluid Coke (Asbury Carbons) 66.97 (20 × 200 Mesh) BarrierPro ® 4550 Latex 25.73 (Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion) Polymerization Surfactant 0.08 (Chemtex 2504) Portland Cement 3.63 (Contempra Type GUL Portland Limestone Cement, St. Mary's Cement) Tap Water 3.59

(50) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 JACKET MATERIAL 2 Component Weight % CC60 Calcined Petroleum Coke (Oxbow Calcining LLC) 66.05 BarrierPro ® 4550 Latex 22.01 (Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion) Polymerization Surfactant 0.22 (Chemtex 2504) Portland Cement 4.02 (Contempra Type GUL Portland Limestone Cement, St. Mary's Cement) Tap Water 7.70

(51) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 JACKET MATERIAL 3 Component Weight % 251P Calcined Fluid Coke (Asbury Carbons) 66.97 (20 × 200 Mesh) BarrierPro ® 4550 Latex 25.73 (Styrene-Butadiene Emulsion) Polymerization Surfactant 0.08 (Chemtex 2504) Portland Cement 2.63 (Contempra Type GUL Portland Limestone Cement, St. Mary's Cement) Tap Water 2.59

(52) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 JACKET MATERIAL 4 Component Weight % 251P Calcined Fluid Coke (Asbury Carbons) 60.00 (20 × 200 Mesh) Polypropylene Block Copolymer 40.00 LG Chem Séetec M1400

(53) Jacket materials 1 to 3 were prepared by combining the latex and surfactant in a mixer and mixing on a low speed. The Portland Cement and water were mixed in a separate container until fully blended. The Portland Cement/water mixture was added to the Latex/Surfactant mixture and mixed further. The Calcined Fluid Coke was added and the mixture was mixed further. The mixture was poured into a mould to cover the bottom. The mould was vibrated to remove any air bubbles. A galvanized steel plate having a plate thickness of ¼ inch or ⅛ inch was inserted into the mould and centered. The remainder of the mixture was poured into the mould, and the mould was vibrated again to remove air bubbles. The assembly was cured at ambient temperature for 24-48 hours before removing from the mould. The assembly was allowed to cure for an additional 2 weeks before use. The final assembly (including the plate and the jacket) had a thickness of 2 inches.

(54) Jacket material 4 was prepared by compounding the raw materials using a twin screw extruder. The materials were fed into the mouth of the extruder (feed zone) set to the appropriate melt temperature and mixed together. The resulting material was pelletized and then fed into an injection molding machine for processing into finished parts. In this example, the material was not cured via cross-linking, and the jackets set as they cooled back to room temperature.

(55) It was determined that the use of a galvanized steel plate protected the plate from corrosion during the moulding process.

(56) It was observed that the cured jacket material formed a black solid.

(57) It was determined that the cured jacket materials had the properties shown in Table 5 to 9, respectively.

(58) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 PROPERTIES OF CURED JACKET MATERIAL 1 Property Value Freeze-Thaw Resistance >8 years (testing ongoing) Permeability to Water 8.75 × 10.sup.−8 cm/s Water Absorption ~15% after 7400 hrs in room T water Electrical Resistivity 15-30 ohm .Math. cm Electrical Conductivity 0.03-0.06 S/cm Electrical Resistance 1-3 ohms Electrical Corrosion Resistance 95%-100% (copper) Compatibility (copper) Yes

(59) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 PROPERTIES OF CURED JACKET MATERIAL 2 Property Value Freeze-Thaw Resistance >8 years (testing ongoing) Permeability to Water 6.50 × 10.sup.−6 cm/s Water Absorption ~22% after 7400 hrs in room T water Electrical Resistivity 14-25 ohm .Math. cm Electrical Conductivity 0.04-0.08 S/cm Electrical Resistance 1-2 ohms Electrical Corrosion Resistance 95%-100% (copper) Compatibility (copper) Yes

(60) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 PROPERTIES OF CURED JACKET MATERIAL 3 Property Value Permeability to Water 1.72 × 10.sup.−7 cm/s Water Absorption ~9% after 3500 hrs in room T water Electrical Resistivity 19.68 ohm .Math. cm Electrical Conductivity 0.05 S/cm Electrical Resistance 0.33 ohms Freeze-Thaw Resistance >8 years (testing ongoing) Electrical Corrosion Resistance Copper 95-100% Steel 95-100% Galvanized Steel 95-100% Compatibility Copper Yes Steel Yes Galvanized Steel Yes Elastic Compression 2.6 mm (5%) under a load of 12 000 kg (1.1849 MPa/171.86 psi) Sample returned to normal with no damage upon release of load Maximum Loading Withstood 16 772 kg

(61) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 FAULT CURRENT TESTING OF CURED JACKET MATERIAL 3 APPLIED TO A ⅛ INCH THICK PLATE Test Resistance Resistance Tempera- Test Current Before Test Voltage After Test ture Rise Duration (A) (mΩ) (V) (mΩ) (° C.) (milliseconds) 1000 30.60 19.50 20.30 0.45 500.00 2500 66.25 103.00 32.45 4.03 500.00 3750 32.45 365.50 46.10 12.75 342.50 5000 34.60 176.00 7.28 1.00 500.00

(62) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF CURED JACKET MATERIAL 4 Property Value Electrical Resistivity 20-30 ohm .Math. cm Electrical Conductivity 0.03-0.05 S/cm Electrical Resistance 40-60 ohms Electrical Corrosion Resistance (copper) 95%-100% Compatibility (copper) Yes