ARTICLE HAVING A BIOCIDAL COATING, METHOD OF COATING AN ARTICLE AND USE OF A BIOCIDAL COATING

Abstract

The present invention relates to an article comprising a polymer, in particular a photopolymer, having a biocidal coating, wherein a biocidal component adheres to the polymer by means of a functional group of the polymer. The present invention further relates to a method of coating an article and an article obtainable thereby having a biocidal coating, as well as the use of a biocidal coating.

Claims

1. An article comprising a polymer having a biocidal coating, wherein a biocidal component adheres to the polymer by means of a functional group of the polymer.

2. The article according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is a photopolymer.

3. The article according to claim 2, wherein the photopolymer was obtained by at least one of the following polymerizations: by radical polymerization of unsaturated monomers by a cationically induced polymerization; or by an anionic polymerization.

4. (canceled)

5. (canceled)

6. (canceled)

7. The article according to claim 1, wherein the functional group of the polymer is a functional group unreacted during polymerization.

8. The article according to claim 1, wherein the functional group of the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an epoxide group, an isocyanate group, an isothiocyanate group, an oxetane group, and combinations thereof.

9. The article according to claim 1, wherein the biocidal component comprises metal particles.

10. (canceled)

11. The article according to claim 1, wherein the biocidal component comprises a quaternary compound.

12. The article according to claim 1, wherein the biocidal component is covalently bonded to the polymer and/or is bonded to the polymer via an organometallic bond.

13. The article according to claim 1, wherein the biocidal component is directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization.

14. The article according to claim 1, wherein the biocidal component is bonded via an intermediate group to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization.

15. (canceled)

16. The article according to claim 10, wherein the intermediate group comprises at least two different functional groups, wherein one of the at least two functional groups is linked to the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization and another of the at least two functional groups is linked to the biocidal component.

17. A method of coating an article comprising a polymer, the method comprising the steps of: applying a biocidal component to the polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a functional group, and effecting a reaction so that the biocidal component adheres to the polymer by means of the functional group of the polymer.

18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polymer is a photopolymer and the photopolymer has been obtained by at least one of the following polymerizations: by radical polymerization of unsaturated monomers; by a thiol-ene/yne polymerization; by a cationically induced polymerization of monomers; and/or by an anionic polymerization.

19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the functional group of the polymer is a functional group unreacted during polymerization: and/or wherein the functional group of the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an epoxide group, an isocyanate group, an isothiocyanate group, an oxetane group, and combinations thereof; and/or wherein the biocidal component comprises metal particles; and/or wherein the biocidal component comprises a quaternary compound; and/or wherein the biocidal component is directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization by the reaction.

20-24. (canceled)

25. The method according to claim 12, wherein, prior to the step of applying the biocidal component to the polymer, the biocidal component is provided with an intermediate group which, upon reaction, is reacted with a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization.

26. The method according to claim 12, wherein, prior to the step of applying the biocidal component to the polymer, a functional group of the polymer is provided with an intermediate group which, upon reaction, is reacted with the biocidal component.

27. (canceled)

28. (canceled)

29. A method of using a biocidal coating adhering to a surface of a polymer by means of a functional group of the polymer for reducing a microbial load.

30. The method of using according to claim 17 for deactivating viruses.

31. The method of using according to claim 17, wherein the load or the viruses comprise RNA viruses.

32. The method of using according to claim 17, wherein the microbial load or the viruses include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates an immobilization of quaternary ammonium compounds by a thiol-Michael addition reaction according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates immobilized Cu—nanoparticles on the surface of a thiol/ene photopolymer according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates the introduction of thiol—anchor groups (so-called intermediate groups) onto acrylate-based photopolymers and the subsequent immobilization of metal nanoparticles according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates different mechanisms of toxicity of copper to microorganisms.

[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates mechanisms of damage to viruses by coatings with polycations.

[0033] FIG. 6 illustrates mechanisms of antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP).

[0034] FIG. 7 shows silicone molds that were used to prepare photopolymer test specimens.

[0035] FIG. 8 shows photopolymer test specimens that were prepared using the silicone molds shown in FIG. 7.

[0036] FIG. 9 shows test specimens placed in aqueous CuNP solution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0037] Hereinafter, details of the present invention and further embodiments thereof will be described. However, the present invention is not limited to the following detailed description, but is rather only for illustrative purposes of the inventive teachings.

[0038] It should be noted that features described in connection with an exemplary embodiment may be combined with any other exemplary embodiment. In particular, features described in connection with an exemplary embodiment of a coated article according to the invention may be combined with any other exemplary embodiment of a coated article according to the invention, as well as with any exemplary embodiment of a coating process according to the invention, as well as any exemplary embodiment of a use according to the invention, and vice versa, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0039] Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular term, such as “a”, “an” or “the”, a plural of that term is also included and vice versa, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0040] Within the meaning of the present application, “biocidal” is generally understood to mean the property of killing organism, in particular microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, or at least controlling or limiting their growth. More particularly, in the context of the present application, “biocidal” is understood to mean an antimicrobial and/or antiviral activity or property, and may in particular be understood to mean a bacteriostatic, bactericidal, virostatic and/or virucidal activity or property, including a (virostatic and/or virucidal activity) against coronaviruses (family Coronaviridae), such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

[0041] According to an exemplary embodiment, the article comprises a polymer on at least one surface thereof. The article may also consist essentially of a polymer, apart from the coating or in the uncoated state.

[0042] According to an exemplary embodiment, the polymer is a photopolymer. A “photopolymer” within the meaning of the present application is generally understood to mean a polymer formed by photo-induced (i.e., electromagnetic radiation, such as UV) polymerization of mono-, bi-, or multifunctional monomers or oligomers.

[0043] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer was obtained by a (free) radical polymerization of unsaturated monomers. Suitable monomers for this purpose may in particular be acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl carbonates, vinyl ethers, allyl ethers, acrylamides and combinations thereof.

[0044] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer was obtained by a thiol-ene/yne polymerization, such as by a reaction of multifunctional thiols with unsaturated monomers, in particular alkenes and/or alkynes.

[0045] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer was obtained by a cationically induced polymerization. Suitable monomers for this purpose may in particular be vinyl ethers, epoxides, oxetanes and combinations thereof.

[0046] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer was obtained by an anionic polymerization, such as a thiol-Michael reaction.

[0047] Combinations of the above-mentioned polymerization types or polymerization mechanisms are also possible.

[0048] According to an exemplary embodiment, the functional group of the polymer (to which the biocidal component adheres or is bound) is a functional group unreacted (i.e. that is/was not reacted) during polymerization. Generally, polymerization reactions of monomers and/or oligomers do not proceed quantitatively (i.e., not completely, not 100%), leaving free functional groups unreacted during polymerization and that can be used preferentially in accordance with the invention to adhere, couple, or bind a biocidal component to the polymer or article formed therefrom. Figuratively speaking, these functional groups may serve as docking sites for the biocidal component.

[0049] Suitable examples of the polymer functional group (i.e. the functional group of the polymer) to which the biocidal component adheres or is bound include a thiol group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, a vinyl group (such as vinyl ether, vinyl ester, vinyl carbonate), an allyl group, an epoxide group, an isocyanate group, an isothiocyanate group, an oxetane group, and combinations thereof.

[0050] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component comprises metal particles, in particular metal nanoparticles (for example with an average particle diameter of 1 to 1000 nm, in particular 2 to 500 nm). Suitable metals for this purpose may comprise in particular copper and/or silver, as well as any other biocidally active metals or metal alloys.

[0051] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component comprises a quaternary compound. Suitable examples thereof include a quaternary ammonium compound and/or a quaternary phosphonium compound. The quaternary compound may also include a polycation, in particular a hydrophobic polycation.

[0052] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component may be covalently bonded to the polymer and/or may adhere to the polymer via an organometallic bond. In this way, a particularly durable, in particular abrasion-resistant, biocidal coating may be obtained.

[0053] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component may be directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization, as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 2, which is discussed in further detail below.

[0054] According to another exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component may be bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization via an intermediate group (which may also be referred to as a spacer or a linker), as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3, which is explained in more detail below. This may be in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component. In this case, the intermediate group may be referred to in particular as a linker. However, it may also be advantageous for steric reasons to couple the biocidal component not directly to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization, but via an intermediate group. In such a case, the intermediate group may in particular be referred to as a spacer. Of course, several (for example different) intermediate groups may also be used, which may be arranged in parallel (for example, one or more different polymer functional groups unreacted during polymerization may be linked to different intermediate groups and/or one or more different biocidal components may be linked to different intermediate groups) and/or in series (for example, a biocidal component may be linked to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization via several interconnected intermediate groups (i.e. via a chain of intermediate groups).

[0055] According to an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate group is configured to improve adhesion (bonding) of the biocidal component to the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization. This may be in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component.

[0056] According to an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate group comprises at least two functional groups, which may be the same or different, wherein one of the at least two functional groups is linked to the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization and another of the at least two functional groups is linked to the biocidal component. In this way, in particular, an improvement in the adhesion (bonding) of the biocidal component to the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization may be realized, which is in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component.

[0057] It is also possible that a portion of the biocidal component (for example, a first biocidal component) is directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization and another portion of the biocidal component (for example, a second biocidal component that is different from the first biocidal component) is bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization via an intermediate group.

[0058] The method of coating an article comprising a polymer, in particular a photopolymer, comprises the following steps: [0059] applying a biocidal component to the polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a functional group, and [0060] effecting a reaction so that the biocidal component adheres or is bound (attached) to the polymer by means of the functional group of the polymer.

[0061] According to an exemplary embodiment, the polymer is a photopolymer.

[0062] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer was obtained by at least one of the following polymerization types or polymerization mechanisms prior to application of the biocidal component. Accordingly, prior to applying a biocidal component to the polymer, a method according to the invention may also comprise a step of preparing a polymer by polymerization, in particular according to one of the following polymerization types or polymerization mechanisms:

[0063] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer is prepared by a radical polymerization of unsaturated monomers. Suitable monomers for this purpose may in particular be acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl esters, vinyl carbonates, vinyl ethers, allyl ethers, acrylamides and combinations thereof.

[0064] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer is prepared by a thiol-ene/yne polymerization, such as by a reaction of multifunctional thiols with unsaturated monomers, in particular alkenes and/or alkynes.

[0065] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer is prepared by a cationically induced polymerization. Suitable monomers for this purpose may in particular be vinyl ethers, epoxides, oxetanes and combinations thereof.

[0066] According to an exemplary embodiment, the photopolymer is prepared by an anionic polymerization, such as a thiol-Michael reaction.

[0067] Combinations of the above-mentioned polymerization types or polymerization mechanisms are also possible.

[0068] According to an exemplary embodiment, the functional group of the polymer (to which the biocidal component is bonded) is a functional group unreacted during polymerization (a functional group that was not reacted during polymerization). Generally, polymerization reactions of monomers and/or oligomers do not proceed quantitatively (i.e., not completely, not 100%), leaving free functional groups unreacted during polymerization, and which can be used preferentially in accordance with the invention to adhere, couple, or bind a biocidal component to the polymer or article formed therefrom.

[0069] Suitable examples of the polymer functional group to which the biocidal component adheres or is bonded include a thiol group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, a vinyl group (such as vinyl ether, vinyl ester, vinyl carbonate), an allyl group, an epoxide group, an isocyanate group, an isothiocyanate group, an oxetane group, and combinations thereof.

[0070] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component comprises metal particles, in particular metal nanoparticles (for example with an average particle diameter of 1 to 1000 nm, in particular 2 to 500 nm). Suitable metals for this purpose may comprise in particular copper and/or silver, as well as any other biocidally active metals or metal alloys.

[0071] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component comprises a quaternary compound. Suitable examples thereof include a quaternary ammonium compound and/or a quaternary phosphonium compound. The quaternary compound may also include a polycation, in particular a hydrophobic polycation.

[0072] The step of applying a biocidal component to the polymer is not particularly limited and any suitable application technique may be used. For example, the application may be carried out by spraying, brushing, rolling, doctoring (coating with a doctor blade) and/or gunning the biocidal component onto a surface of the polymer or the article. In this regard, it may be advantageous if the biocidal component is present or applied in liquid form, for example dissolved or dispersed in a solvent. A dip coating of the polymer or the article is also possible.

[0073] The step of effecting a reaction is not particularly limited as long as the biocidal component subsequently adheres or is bound to the polymer or article. For example, in some cases, a reaction with the polymer functional group can occur spontaneously once the biocidal component is applied to the polymer, or by allowing it to stand for a period of time. In some cases, a reaction may be effected by a change in temperature (in particular heating), by irradiation (for example, with UV light, electron radiation, or X-rays), or by microwaves for a period of time, as would be apparent to one skilled in the art based on his or her knowledge of the art, depending on the reactants used.

[0074] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component may be covalently bonded to or adhere to the polymer by the reaction and/or is bonded to the polymer via an organometallic bond. In this way, a particularly durable, in particular abrasion-resistant, biocidal coating may be obtained.

[0075] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal component may be directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization by the reaction, as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 2, discussed in further detail below.

[0076] According to another exemplary embodiment, prior to the step of applying the biocidal component to the polymer, the biocidal component may be provided with an intermediate group (which may also be referred to as a spacer or a linker) which, upon reaction, is reacted (reacts) with a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization. Accordingly, prior to applying a biocidal component to the polymer, a method according to the invention may also comprise a step of reacting or modifying the biocidal component with an intermediate group.

[0077] According to another exemplary embodiment, prior to the step of applying the biocidal component to the polymer, a functional group (unreacted during polymerization) of the polymer may be provided with an intermediate group which, upon reaction, is reacted (reacts) with the biocidal component. Accordingly, prior to applying a biocidal component to the polymer, a method according to the invention may also comprise a step of reacting or modifying a functional group (unreacted during polymerization) of the polymer with an intermediate group, as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3, which is explained in further detail below.

[0078] Such an intermediate group may be in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component. In this case, the intermediate group may in particular be referred to as a linker. However, it may also be advantageous for steric reasons to couple the biocidal component not directly to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization, but via an intermediate group. In such a case, the intermediate group may in particular be referred to as a spacer. Of course, several (for example different) intermediate groups may also be used, which may be arranged in parallel (for example, one or more different functional groups of the polymer unreacted during polymerization may be linked to different intermediate groups and/or one or more different biocidal components may be linked to different intermediate groups) and/or in series (for example, a biocidal component may be linked to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization via several interconnected intermediate groups (i.e. via a chain of intermediate groups).

[0079] According to an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate group is configured to improve adhesion (bonding) of the biocidal component to the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization. This may be in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component.

[0080] According to an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate group comprises at least two functional groups, which may be the same or different, wherein one of the at least two functional groups is linked (bonded) to the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization, and another of the at least two functional groups is linked (bonded) to the biocidal component. In this way, in particular, an improvement in the adhesion (bonding) of the biocidal component to the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization may be realized, which is in particular advantageous if the polymer functional group unreacted during the polymerization has a low affinity or binding tendency to the biocidal component.

[0081] It is also possible that a portion of the biocidal component (for example, a first biocidal component) is directly bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization, and another portion of the biocidal component (for example, a second biocidal component that is different from the first biocidal component) is bonded to a polymer functional group unreacted during polymerization via an intermediate group.

[0082] According to an exemplary embodiment, the coated article, is obtainable by a coating process as described above.

[0083] The present invention further relates to the use of a biocidal coating (or a coating comprising a biocidal component) adhering to a surface of a polymer by means of a (free, unreacted) functional group of the polymer, for reducing a microbial, in particular bacterial and/or viral, load.

[0084] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal coating is produced by a coating process as described herein. Also, any further details regarding the polymer and the biocidal component as described above may apply to the use according to the invention.

[0085] According to an exemplary embodiment, the biocidal coating is used to deactivate viruses.

[0086] According to an exemplary embodiment, the viral load or viruses include RNA viruses, in particular coronaviruses.

[0087] According to an exemplary embodiment, the viral load or viruses include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

[0088] The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which, however, are merely illustrative of the teachings of the invention and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

[0089] For example, functional groups on surfaces of photopolymers can be exploited for immobilization of antimicrobial/antiviral quaternary ammonium or phosphonium compounds. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to derivatize quaternary ammonium compounds with acrylate groups and couple them to the surface of the photopolymer by a reaction with the free thiol groups (thiol-Michael addition reaction).

[0090] Alternatively, free acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, or vinyl carbonate groups can be used on the photopolymer surface to immobilize mercapto-, amino-, or hydroxy-functionalized quaternary ammonium compounds using Michael addition reactions. Furthermore, a Diels-Alder reaction can also be used to immobilize functionalized (e.g., with pyrimidyltetrazine, furan, cyclopentadiene groups) quaternary ammonium or phosphonium compounds on unsaturated functional groups (e.g., acrylate, methacrylate) on the surface of photopolymers. It is also possible to immobilize amino- or thiol-functionalized quaternary ammonium compounds to free epoxide, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, oxetane groups on surfaces of photopolymers. The above reactions can also be carried out with suitably functionalized phosphonium compounds.

[0091] Furthermore, it is known that free mercapto groups have a very high affinity for metals. This principle can be used for the immobilization of antimicrobial/antiviral metal (Cu, Ag, Zn) nanoparticles (see FIG. 2).

[0092] Furthermore, it is possible to introduce anchor groups for antimicrobial/antiviral substances/molecules by modifying the free functional groups on the surface. For example, free acrylate groups can be modified by a Michael addition reaction with multifunctional thiols (e.g. DiPETMP, PETMP, TMPMP, GDMP), and thereby functionalized with mercapto groups on the surface. These mercapto groups can be used to immobilize antimicrobial/antiviral substances (quaternary ammonium compounds and phosphonium compounds, copper or silver nanoparticles) (see FIG. 3).

[0093] Production of Copper Nanoparticles (CuNP)

[0094] For the preparation of photopolymer coating with virucidal properties, copper nanoparticles (CuNP) were prepared in the first step according to the method of J. Xiong et. al. (J. Xiong, Y. Wang, Q. Xue, X. Wu, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 900, “Synthesis of highly stable dispersion of nanosized copper particles using L-ascorbic acid”). The aqueous CuNP solution was subsequently used to coat a photopolymer.

[0095] Manufacture of the Photopolymer Test Specimens

[0096] In the next step, a resin formulation consisting of 114.08 g of pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), 64.61 g of 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione and 2.72 g of ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphinate was prepared, which was poured into silicone molds (see FIG. 7) and then cured using UV light.

[0097] Following ISO 18071/ISO 21702 and ISO 22196, planar samples with a size of l=50 mm, w=50 mm, h=4 mm were produced (see FIG. 8).

[0098] Coating of the Photopolymer Test Specimens with CuNP

[0099] The coating was applied by placing the test specimens in the aqueous CuNP solution for 72 h at room temperature (see FIG. 9). After this, the test specimens were rinsed with deionized H.sub.2O.

[0100] The binding of CuNP to the photopolymer surface was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is assumed that the CuNPs bind to the free mercapto groups on the photopolymer surface.

[0101] Testing of the Virucidal Properties of the Coated Photopolymer According to ISO 18071 and ISO 21702

[0102] In order to prevent contamination of the samples with environmental germs as far as possible, all test specimens (reference (without CuNP) and coated test specimens) were rinsed with ethanol and dried before testing. For testing the virucidal properties of the coated test specimen (I-CuNP-MUL), the bacteriophage Qbeta (ssRNA genome, model phage for rhinoviruses, noroviruses), as well as the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 (ds RNA genome, model phage for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola; influenza) were used. The assessment of antiviral properties of samples is always performed in comparison to the reference.

[0103] The test procedure for checking the antiviral properties and effectiveness was based on ISO 18071 (Fine ceramics—Determination of antiviral activity of semiconduction photocatalytic materials under indoor lighting environment) and ISO 21702 (Measurement of antiviral activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces). All tests were performed in 3-fold determination. The mean values of the results obtained for the antiviral activity are summarized in Table 1 below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Determined antiviral efficacy of the coated test specimen (I- CuNP-MUL) compared to the reference (photopolymer uncoated). Application Tested amount Exposure Reduction Sample microorganisms Microorganisms time in % Photopolymer Qbeta DSM 13768 6.75E+06 PFU 30 min 11.40 uncoated 24 h 97.96 (=reference) I-CuNP-MUL Qbeta DSM 13768 5.78E+06 PFU 30 min 90.94* 24 h 100.00 Photopolymer Phi6 DSM 21518 3.75E+06 PFU 30 min — uncoated 24 h 99.97 (=reference) I-CuNP-MUL Phi6 DSM 21518 4.20E+06 PFU 30 min 100.00 24 h 100.00 Abbreviation: PFU . . . plaque forming units; *2 of 3 of the tested samples showed a 100.00% reduction in the amount of microorganisms, one sample showed a 72.83% reduction.

[0104] The results showed that the samples coated with CuNP (I-CuNP-MUL) showed antiviral efficacy after 30 min compared to the reference (see Table 1).

[0105] After 30 min, the bacteriophages Qbeta DSM 13768 and Phi6 DSM 21518 were reduced by 90.94% and 100.00%, respectively, in the presence of photopolymer I-CuNP-MUL. A 100% reduction of the bacteriophage Qbeta DSM 13768 in the presence of the coated sample was not achieved due to a superficial inhomogeneity of one sample (2 out of 3 tested samples showed a 100.00% reduction in the amount of microorganisms, one sample showed a 72.83% reduction).

[0106] The present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments and examples. However, the invention is not limited thereto and various modifications thereof are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention.