Pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for aluminum alloy

Abstract

A pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for an aluminum alloy includes the following steps: placing a pretreated aluminum alloy onto a shock platform, where electrodes are respectively provided at two ends of the aluminum alloy, and flowing silicone oil covers a surface of the aluminum alloy; determining a laser energy; applying a high-frequency pulse current to the surface of the aluminum alloy through the electrodes, where a shot peening laser generates a laser beam according to the laser energy to shock the surface of the aluminum alloy, and under an action of an electrical pulse and laser shock, the aluminum alloy shows a bent arc-shaped surface, with a shock surface forming a porous micro-nano multi-stage surface; and performing chemical modification on the shock surface of the aluminum alloy to reduce a surface energy of the material, thereby obtaining a super-hydrophobic arc-shaped aluminum alloy surface.

Claims

1. A pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for an aluminum alloy, comprising the following steps: pretreating a surface of an aeronautical aluminum alloy; placing a pretreated aluminum alloy onto a shock platform, wherein electrodes are respectively provided at two ends of the aluminum alloy, to locate a surface of the aluminum alloy and apply a high-frequency pulse current to the surface of the aluminum alloy; the surface of the aluminum alloy material serves as an absorbing layer, and flowing silicone oil covering the surface of the aluminum alloy serves as a confining layer, wherein the surface of the aluminum alloy is covered by the silicone oil at 30° C. to 100° C.; determining a laser energy E according to material attributes of the aluminum alloy, and an acoustic impedance of each of the absorbing layer and the confining layer; applying the high-frequency pulse current to the surface of the aluminum alloy through the electrodes to perform electrical pulse treatment on the aluminum alloy, wherein a shot peening laser generates a laser beam according to the laser energy E to shock the surface of the aluminum alloy; under an action of an electrical pulse and laser shock, the aluminum alloy shows a bent arc-shaped surface, with a shock surface forming a porous micro multi-stage surface; and under the action of the electrical pulse and the laser shock, a middle of the aluminum alloy is protruded toward a laser shocking direction to form a deformed part with an arc-shaped cross section, two ends of the cross section being positions for locating the surface of the aluminum alloy; and performing chemical modification on the shock surface of the aluminum alloy to reduce a surface energy of the material, thereby obtaining a super-hydrophobic arc-shaped aluminum alloy surface.

2. The pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the determining the laser energy E according to the material attributes of the aluminum alloy, and the acoustic impedance of each of the absorbing layer and the confining layer comprises: obtaining a Hugoniot elastic limit $HEL=\left(\frac{K}{2G}+\frac{2}{3}\right){\sigma }_{0.2}$ of the aluminum alloy according to a yield strength, a shear modulus, and a bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy, wherein, σ.sub.0.2 is the yield strength of the aluminum alloy, MPa; G is the shear modulus of the aluminum alloy, GPa, $G=\left(\frac{E}{2\left(1+V\right)}\right);$ K is the bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy, GPa, $K=\left(\frac{E}{3\left(1-V\right)}\right);$ E is an elastic modulus of the aluminum alloy; and V is a Poisson's ratio of the aluminum alloy; determining an optimal shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max of laser peening, and determining a laser power density I.sub.0 according to the optimal shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max, wherein the laser peening induced shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max and the laser power density I.sub.0 satisfy a following relationship: $P_{\max }=0.01\sqrt{\frac{\alpha }{2\alpha +3}}\sqrt{Z}\sqrt{I_0},$ wherein, α is a thermal conductivity coefficient; and Z is a reduced acoustic impedance, and is expressed by: $\frac{2}{Z}=\frac{1}{Z_1}+\frac{1}{Z_2},$ Z.sub.1 being the acoustic impedance of the absorbing layer, and Z.sub.2 being the acoustic impedance of the confining layer; and determining the laser energy E according to the laser power density I.sub.0 by: $E=\frac{I_0\mathrm{\tau \pi }{d}^2}{4\chi }$ wherein, χ is an absorption coefficient of the absorbing layer, τ is a pulse width of the laser, and d is a spot diameter, cm.

3. The pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the high-frequency pulse current applied to the surface of the aluminum alloy through the electrodes has a pulse width of 200 μs, a pulse frequency of 1000 Hz to 1800 Hz, a current of 1 kA to 2 kA, and a duty cycle of 50%.

4. The pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the flowing hot silicone oil has an acoustic impedance of Z.sub.2=2.2×10.sup.5 g.Math.cm.sup.−2.Math.s.sup.−1, and the surface of the aluminum alloy has an absorption coefficient χ of 0.65.

5. The pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the shot peening laser is a Nd:YAG solid laser, and has a wavelength of 1,064 nm, a laser pulse width of <20 ns, a pulse frequency of 1 Hz to 5 Hz, a laser energy of <12 J, and a circular flat-top spot with a diameter of <8 mm.

6. The pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein the performing chemical modification on the shock surface of the aluminum alloy to reduce the surface energy of the material comprises: soaking a laser-peened aluminum alloy for 40 min to 60 min in an anhydrous ethanol solution containing 1-2% of perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane, and performing heat preservation for 40 min to 60 min in a thermotank at 100° C. to 120° C., such that an organofluorine compound is fully polymerized with the aluminum alloy and hydrophobicity is achieved on a machined surface of a fluorinated aluminum alloy.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) To describe the technical solutions in examples of the present disclosure or in the prior art more clearly, the accompanying drawings required for describing the examples or the prior art will be briefly described below. Apparently, the accompanying drawings in the following description show some examples of the present disclosure, and a person of ordinary skill in the art may still derive other drawings from these accompanying drawings without creative efforts.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of pulse current-assisted laser peen forming for an aeronautical aluminum alloy according to the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a forming effect and an actual effect of a shot-peened surface according to Example 1 of the present disclosure.

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates a forming effect and an actual effect of a shot-peened surface according to Example 2 of the present disclosure.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a forming effect and an actual effect of a shot-peened surface according to Example 3 of the present disclosure.

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a comparison between the present disclosure and the prior art in a residual stress along a depth direction.

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a comparison between the present disclosure and the prior art in a tensile strength of a sample.

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates contact angles of droplets on a surface of a sample in the present disclosure and the prior art.

(9) FIG. 8 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) diagram of porous micro-nano multi-stage structures on a surface of a sample in Example 1 of the present disclosure.

(10) In the figures:

(11) 1—shock platform, 2—pulse current generator, and 3—electrode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(12) The present disclosure will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific examples, but the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

(13) The embodiments of the present disclosure are described below in detail. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the drawings. The same or similar numerals represent the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout the specification. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative, which are merely intended to explain the present disclosure, rather than to limit the present disclosure.

(14) It should be understood that, in the description of the present disclosure, the terms such as “central”, “longitudinal”, “transverse”, “length”, “width”, “thickness”, “upper”, “lower”, “axial”, “radial”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “inner”, and “outer” are intended to indicate orientations or positional relations shown in the drawings. It should be noted that these terms are merely intended to facilitate a simple description of the present disclosure, rather than to indicate or imply that the mentioned apparatus or elements must have the specific orientation or be constructed and operated in the specific orientation. Therefore, these terms may not be construed as a limitation to the present disclosure. Moreover, the terms such as “first” and “second” are used only for the purpose of description and should not be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance, or implicitly indicating a quantity of indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with “first” and “second” may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present disclosure, “a plurality of” means two or more, unless otherwise specifically defined.

(15) In the present disclosure, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms “installed”, “connected with”, “connected to”, and “fixed” should be understood in a board sense. For example, the connection may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection or an integrated connection, may be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection, may be a direct connection or an indirect connection with use of an intermediate medium, or may be intercommunication between two components. Those of ordinary skill in the art may understand specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure based on a specific situation.

(16) As shown in FIG. 1, the present disclosure provides a pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for an aluminum alloy, including the following steps:

(17) A surface of an aeronautical aluminum alloy is pretreated.

(18) A pretreated aluminum alloy is placed onto a shock platform 1. Electrodes 3 are respectively provided at two ends of the aluminum alloy, so as to locate a surface of the aluminum alloy and apply a high-frequency pulse current to the surface of the aluminum alloy. The surface of the aluminum alloy material serves as an absorbing layer, and flowing silicone oil covering the surface of the aluminum alloy serves as a confining layer.

(19) A laser energy E is determined according to material attributes of the aluminum alloy, and an acoustic impedance of each of the absorbing layer and the confining layer, specifically:

(20) A Hugoniot elastic limit

(21) $HEL=\left(\frac{K}{2G}+\frac{2}{3}\right){\sigma }_{0.2}$
of the aluminum alloy is obtained according to a yield strength, a shear modulus, and a bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy,

(22) where, σ.sub.0.2 is the yield strength of the aluminum alloy, MPa;

(23) G is the shear modulus of the aluminum alloy,

(24) $\mathrm{GPa},G=\left(\frac{E}{2\left(1+V\right)}\right);$

(25) K is the bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy, GPa,

(26) $K=\left(\frac{E}{3\left(1-V\right)}\right);$

(27) E is an elastic modulus of the aluminum alloy; and

(28) V is a Poisson's ratio of the aluminum alloy.

(29) An optimal shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max of laser peening is determined, and a laser power density I.sub.0 is determined according to the optimal shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max, where the laser peening induced shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max and the laser power density I.sub.0 satisfy a following relationship:

(30) 0$P_{\max }=0.01\sqrt{\frac{\alpha }{2\alpha +3}}\sqrt{Z}\sqrt{I_0}$

(31) where, α is a thermal conductivity coefficient; and

(32) Z is a reduced acoustic impedance, and is expressed by:

(33) $\frac{2}{Z}=\frac{1}{Z_1}+\frac{1}{Z_2},$
Z.sub.1 being the acoustic impedance of the absorbing layer, and Z.sub.2 being the acoustic impedance of the confining layer.

(34) The laser energy E is determined according to the laser power density I.sub.0 by:

(35) $E=\frac{I_0\mathrm{\tau \pi }{d}^2}{4\chi }$

(36) where, χ is an absorption coefficient of the absorbing layer, τ is a pulse width of the laser, and d is a spot diameter, cm.

(37) The high-frequency pulse current is applied to the surface of the aluminum alloy through the electrodes 3, so as to perform electrical pulse treatment on the aluminum alloy. A shot peening laser generates a laser beam according to the laser energy E to shock the surface of the aluminum alloy. Under an action of an electrical pulse and laser shock, the aluminum alloy shows a bent arc-shaped surface, with a shock surface forming a porous micro-nano multi-stage surface.

(38) Chemical modification is performed on the shock surface of the aluminum alloy to reduce a surface energy of the material, thereby obtaining a super-hydrophobic arc-shaped aluminum alloy surface.

(39) According to the pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy provided by the present disclosure, by assisting laser peening with a high-frequency pulse current, an electric field can be formed in the material. Electrons in the material move under an action of the electric field to generate a thermal effect and a non-thermal effect in the substrate material. With the thermal effect, chemical driving forces for precipitation of the material in laser shock are increased, and more precipitates are generated in the material, thereby enhancing mechanical properties of the substrate material. With the non-thermal effect, the flowing stress of the material can be reduced, the dislocation migration is effectively promoted and the material has a higher flowability. As a result, the recrystallization in plastic deformation is accelerated, the weak formability due to no absorbing layer is effectively prevented, better formability in the laser shock is achieved, and the substrate material is better enhanced through the laser shock. With assistance of the pulse current, the laser is directly irradiated onto the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy material to generate a GPa-magnitude plasma shock wave pressure for enhancing and forming the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet. Meanwhile, under influences of the pulse current and the thermo-mechanical coupling effect of the laser peening, hydrophobic porous micro-nano multi-stage structures are formed on the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy material. The present disclosure prepares the super-hydrophobic surface while macroscopically forming and enhancing the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet, allows the arc-shaped aeronautical aluminum alloy surface to have a desirable hydrophobic effect, and effectively solves the problem of hard preparation for a hydrophobic surface at an arc-shaped key position of the aircraft.

(40) In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the present disclosure more apparent, by taking a 2024-T351 aeronautical aluminum alloy as a study object, the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to examples.

Example 1

(41) In Example 1, the pulse current-assisted laser peen forming and hydrophobic surface preparing method for the aluminum alloy includes the following specific steps:

(42) A surface of a 2024-T351 aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet was ground and polished by an automatic polish-grinding machine, until a mirror-like effect (Ra≤50 μm) was achieved. The surface of the sheet was then cleaned with an anhydrous ethanol solution, and dried for later use.

(43) A pretreated aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet was placed onto a shock platform 1. Two ends of the aluminum alloy sheet were fixed by positive and negative electrodes 3 that had a clamping function and applied a high-frequency pulse current. The electrodes 3 were attached in the vicinity of a to-be-enhanced surface of a workpiece. The current could be applied to a position near an upper surface of the aluminum alloy sheet, thereby flowing through the aluminum alloy sheet. The electrodes 3 were connected to a pulse current generator 2. The pulse current generator 2 has a pulse width of 200 μs, a pulse frequency of 1,500 Hz, a current of 1,000 A, and a duty cycle of 50%.

(44) The surface of the aluminum alloy material was taken as an absorbing layer. A hot silicone oil ejector device was turned on. A 2 mm thick hot silicone oil layer covered the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet to serve as a confining layer. When powered on, the aluminum alloy generates heat. The silicone oil controlled at 30° C. to 100° C. has a less impact on the aluminum alloy. The silicone oil is non-conducting and thus is taken as the confining layer.

(45) A laser energy E was determined according to material attributes of the aluminum alloy, and an acoustic impedance of each of the absorbing layer and the confining layer, specifically:

(46) A Hugoniot elastic limit

(47) $HEL=\left(\frac{K}{2G}+\frac{2}{3}\right){\sigma }_{0.2}$
of the aluminum alloy was obtained according to a yield strength, a shear modulus, and a bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy,

(48) where, σ.sub.0.2 was the yield strength of the aluminum alloy, MPa;

(49) G was the shear modulus of the aluminum alloy, GPa,

(50) $G=\left(\frac{E}{2\left(1+V\right)}\right);$

(51) K was the bulk modulus of the aluminum alloy, GPa,

(52) $K=\left(\frac{E}{3\left(1-V\right)}\right);$

(53) E was an elastic modulus of the aluminum alloy; and

(54) V was a Poisson's ratio of the aluminum alloy.

(55) Through calculation, HEL.sub.2024-T351=640.5 MPa.

(56) An optimal shock wave peak pressure of laser peening was P.sub.max=1281-1601 MPa according to P.sub.max=2-2.5 HEL.

(57) A laser power density I.sub.0 was determined according to the optimal shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max, where the laser peening induced shock wave peak pressure P.sub.max and the laser power density Jo satisfied a following relationship:

(58) $P_{\max }=0.01\sqrt{\frac{\alpha }{2\alpha +3}}\sqrt{Z}\sqrt{I_0}$

(59) where, α was a thermal conductivity coefficient, and 0.1;

(60) Z was a reduced acoustic impedance, and was expressed by:

(61) $\frac{2}{Z}=\frac{1}{Z_1}+\frac{1}{Z_2},$
Z.sub.1 being the acoustic impedance of the absorption layer, and Z.sub.2 being the acoustic impedance of the constraint layer, and Z=3.83×10.sup.5 g.Math.cm.sup.−2.Math.s.sup.−1.

(62) Through calculation, the laser power density I.sub.0=1.37-2.14 GW/cm.sup.2.

(63) The laser energy E was determined according to the laser power density I.sub.0 by:

(64) $E=\frac{I_0\mathrm{\tau \pi }{d}^2}{4\chi }$

(65) where, χ was an absorption coefficient of the absorbing layer, and 0.65; τ was a pulse width of the laser, and 15 ns; and d was a spot diameter, and 0.3 cm. It was determined that the most suitable laser energy was E=2.5-3.5 J. The laser peening in Example 1 has a pulse width of 15 ns, a laser energy of 2.5 J, a spot diameter of 3 mm, and an overlapping ratio of 50%, and is performed once.

(66) Simulation: Relevant parameters of pulse current-assisted laser peening and a peening path were set in Abaqus software, so as to explore stress distributions and amplitudes of the material, and observe deformations of the materials, thereby accurately controlling deformations of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet.

(67) The pulse current generator 2 was turned on. A current could be applied at the position close to the upper surface of the aluminum alloy sheet, thereby flowing through the aluminum alloy sheet. An Nd:YAG nanosecond pulse laser was turned on to perform the laser peening on the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet under corresponding parameters. Under an action of an electrical pulse and laser shock, the aluminum alloy showed a curved arc-shaped surface, with a shock surface forming a porous micro-nano multi-stage surface.

(68) The confining layer of the hot silicone oil on the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy was cleaned. A shot-peened aluminum alloy was soaked for 40 min in an anhydrous ethanol solution containing 1.5% of perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. Heat preservation was performed for 40 min in a thermotank at 100° C., such that an organofluorine compound was fully polymerized with the aluminum alloy and desirable hydrophobicity was achieved on a shot-peened surface of a fluorinated aluminum alloy, thereby obtaining a super-hydrophobic arc-shaped aluminum alloy surface.

(69) A forming effect and a shot-peened surface of an aeronautical aluminum alloy sample prepared in Example 1 are shown in FIG. 2. With assistance of the pulse current, plasma shock waves having a GPa-magnitude pressure are generated by the laser peening. Consequently, a large number of dislocations are squeezed, such that a substrate of the sample is bent. On a surface of the sample, a large number of porous micro-nano multi-stage structures are prepared due to the pulse current and the thermo-mechanical effect of the laser peening. FIG. 8 is an SEM diagram of the porous micro-nano multi-stage structures on the surface in Example 1. The porous micro-nano multi-stage structures can be effective in reducing contact areas between droplets and the surface of the material, thereby making the droplets less adhesive on the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy. Due to an electro-plastic effect, a thermal effect and a non-thermal effect of the pulse current in the aeronautical aluminum alloy material, the substrate material is better enhanced through the laser peening on the aeronautical aluminum alloy. As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1, the average residual stress of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 1 at 100 μm above the surface is −212.7 MPa, an increase of 11.9% compared to −190.1 MPa of the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 6 and Table 1, the tensile strength of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 1 is 501.2 MPa, an increase of 6.4% compared to 471.3 MPa of the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 7 and Table 1, there are the porous micro-nano multi-stage structures on the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 1. After the surface energy of the material is reduced, the droplets (4 μL) on the surface of the sample have an average contact angle of 155°, and an average sliding angle of 8.3°, which reaches the super-hydrophobic level. However, the conventional laser peening lacks the micro-nano multi-stage structures for forming the super-hydrophobic surface, so the droplets on the surface only have a contact angle of 103°, and cannot slide. Therefore, the present disclosure synchronously realizes substrate enhancement, macroscopic formation and hydrophobic surface preparation of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet.

Example 2

(70) On the basis of Example 1, the pulse current generator 2 in Example 2 has a pulse width of 200 μs, a pulse frequency of 1,800 Hz, a current of 2,000 A, and a duty cycle of 50%.

(71) The laser peening in Example 2 has a pulse width of 15 ns, a laser energy of 3 J, a spot diameter of 3 mm, and an overlapping ratio of 50%, and is performed once. 2 mm flowing hot silicone oil serves as the confining layer.

(72) A forming effect and a shot-peened surface of an aeronautical aluminum alloy sample prepared in Example 2 are shown in FIG. 3. Compared with Example 1, the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet in Example 2 shows a larger macroscopic deformation, because a larger pulse current with a higher frequency is introduced, and a larger laser energy is generated in an elasticity threshold of the metal. The porous micro-nano multi-stage structures on the surface of the aeronautical aluminum alloy are similar to those in Example 1. As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1, the average residual stress of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 2 at 100 μm above the surface is −220.1 MPa, an increase of 15.8% compared to the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 6 and Table 1, the tensile strength in Example 2 is 505.1 MPa, an increase of 7.2% compared to 471.3 MPa of the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 7 and Table 1, after chemical modification is performed on the surface of the sample in Example 2, the droplets have an average contact angle of 159°, and an average sliding angle of 7.0°, which reaches the super-hydrophobic level. Therefore, the present disclosure synchronously realizes substrate enhancement, macroscopic formation and hydrophobic surface preparation of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet.

Example 3

(73) On the basis of Example 1, the pulse current generator 2 in Example 3 has a pulse width of 200 μs, a pulse frequency of 1,000 Hz, a current of 2,000 A, and a duty cycle of 50%.

(74) The laser peening in Example 3 has a pulse width of 15 ns, a laser energy of 3.5 J, a spot diameter of 3 mm, and an overlapping ratio of 50%, and is performed once. 2 mm flowing hot silicone oil serves as the confining layer.

(75) A forming effect and a shot-peened surface of an aeronautical aluminum alloy sample prepared in Example 3 are shown in FIG. 4. Same as Example 1 and Example 2, with assistance of the pulse current and under the GPa-magnitude shock wave pressure in the laser peening, the substrate of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet shows a certain arc-shaped macroscopic deformation. On the surface of the substrate, there are also the porous micro-nano multi-stage structures. As shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1, the average residual stress of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 3 at 100 μm above the surface is −223.4 MPa, an increase of 17.5% compared to −190.1 MPa of the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 6 and Table 1, the tensile strength of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sample in Example 3 is 500.9 MPa, an increase of 6.3% compared to the conventional laser peening. As shown in FIG. 7 and Table 1, after chemical modification is performed on the surface of the sample in Example 3, the droplets on the surface have an average contact angle of 152°, and an average sliding angle of 9.6°, which realizes the preparation of the super-hydrophobic surface. Therefore, the present disclosure synchronously realizes substrate enhancement, macroscopic formation and hydrophobic surface preparation of the aeronautical aluminum alloy sheet.

(76) Table 1 Various properties of samples in different treatment processes

(77) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Various properties of samples in different treatment processes Various properties Compressive residual Tensile Surface stress/ strength/ contact Sliding Treatment MPa MPa angle/° angle/° No treatment +18 435.7 71 / Conventional laser −190.1 471.3 103 / peening (including an absorbing layer) Pulse Example 1 −212.7 501.2 155 8.3 current-assisted Example 2 −220.1 505.1 159 7.0 laser peen Example 3 −223.4 500.9 152 9.6 forming

(78) It should be understood that although this specification is described in accordance with the examples, not every example only includes one independent technical solution. This description of the specification is for the sake of clarity only. Those skilled in the art should take the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in examples can also be appropriately combined to form other implementations that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

(79) The series of detailed description listed above are only specific illustration of feasible examples of the present disclosure, rather than limiting the claimed scope of the present disclosure. All equivalent examples or changes made without departing from the technical spirit of the present disclosure should be included in the claimed scope of the present disclosure.