LABISIA PUMILA EXTRACT COMPOSITION AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Abstract

The present invention relates to Labisia pumila extract composition for reducing the progression of health problems and process for preparation thereof and their uses. More particularly, the present invention relates to corresponding process and to certain novel compounds of Labisia pumila extract composition for pharmaceutical formulation. One of the advantages of process of the extraction is having shorter duration extraction compared to the prior art documents. In addition, the Labisia pumila extract can be stored up to 3 years shelf-life with improved stability in storage, including shelf-life and their useable administration. Another advantage of the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention is an improved formulation with pharmaceutical grade safety standard, and its optimised and stable pharmaceutical dosage form for clinical use and reducing the progression of health problems selected from obesity, metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant treatment.

Claims

1. A process for obtaining a Labisia pumila extract composition comprising the steps of: extracting dried Labisia pumila plant of material with a solvent at a ratio of between 1:5 to 1:20 respectively in weight/volume at a temperature of 60-100° C. for 2-6 hours in an extraction chamber to obtain a first extract; filtering the first extract to obtain a first filtrate and a plant residue; re-extracting the plant residue with the solvent at a temperature of 60-100° C. for 2-6 hours in the extraction chamber to obtain a second extract; filtering the second extract to obtain a second filtrate and the plant residue; concentrating the first extract and the second extract; mixing the first concentrated extract and the second concentrated extract to form the Labisia pumila extract; homogenizing the Labisia pumila extract with maldodextrins into the Labisia pumila extract composition; and spray-drying the Labisia pumila extract composition.

2. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the dried Labisia pumila plant of material is prepared by the following steps (i) drying leaves of the Labisia pumila plant at 40-55° C. for 5 hours until a moisture content is 6-8%; (ii) drying stems and roots of the Labisia pumila plant at 40-55° C. for 6 hours until a moisture content is 6-8%; (iii) grounding the dried leaves, stems and roots of the Labisia pumila plant to a particle size of 2-4 mm.

3. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the solvent is water and ethanol at a volumetric ratio of 1:1.

4. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the concentrating for the first extract is performed at a temperature of 80° C., pressure at 0.02 MPa for 50 minutes in a concentration chamber.

5. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the concentrating for the second extract is performed at a temperature of 80° C., pressure at 0.02 MPa for 80 minutes in a concentration chamber.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the spray-drying is performed at an inlet temperature of 150-170° C. and an outlet temperature of 80-110° C. for 12 hours with a feed pump flow rate of 35-50 RPM.

7. Labisia pumila extract composition obtainable from the process as claimed in claim 1 is Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract.

8. A Labisia pumila extract composition of claim 7, characterized in that it produces 27 peaks in positive ion mode when subjected to LC-MS/MS chromatography and produces 27 peaks in negative ion mode when subjected to LC-MS/MS chromatography.

9. Standardised Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract as claimed in claim 7 in orally effective amount characterised in that an effective amount of extract orally taken ranges from 180 mg/day to 1500 mg/day for a period of 7 days to more than 12 months for reducing the progression of health problems selected from obesity, metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant treatment.

10. Standardized Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract for use according to claim 9, wherein the extract further having antioxidant properties of 65-92% of 1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the average total phenolic content (TPC) was more than 100 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g.

11. A Labisia pumila extract comprises one or more extract components of flavonols; flavanols; flavanones; flavones; hydroxybenzoic acids; hydroxycinnamic acids; phenolic alcohols; organic acids; vitamins and vitamin precursors; saponins; alkylphenols; and fatty acids.

12. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the flavonols comprise myricetin, quercetin and rutin.

13. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the flavanols comprise catechin and epigallocatechin.

14. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the flavanones comprise naringenin.

15. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the flavones comprise apigenin.

16. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the hydroxybenzoic acids comprise gallic acid, methyl gallate, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid and vanillic acid.

17. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the hydroxycinnamic acids comprise caffeic acid and m-coumaric acid.

18. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the phenolic alcohols comprise pyrogallol.

19. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the organic acids comprise fumaric acid and succinic acid.

20. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the vitamins and vitamin precursors comprise ascorbic acid.

21. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the saponins comprises ardisiacrispin A and ardisicrenoside A.

22. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the alkylphenols comprises irisresorcinol.

23. The extract as claimed in claim 11 wherein the fatty acids comprise α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.

24. The extract as claimed in claim 11 further having antioxidant properties of 65-92% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the average total phenolic content (TPC) of SKF7™ was more than 100 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g.

25. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a Labisia pumila extract as claimed in claim 11 with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable glidant, diluent, binder for reducing the progression of health problems selected from obesity, metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant treatment.

26. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the acceptable glidant is tricalcium phosphate and silicon dioxide.

27. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the acceptable diluent is Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC).

28. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the acceptable binder is Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC).

29. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the Labisia pumila extract is a Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract.

30. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 29 wherein the effective amount of extract orally taken ranges from 180 mg/day to 1500 mg/day for a period of 7 days to more than 12 months.

31. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the Labisia pumila extract for the pharmaceutical formulation in a capsule comprises a) an active ingredient of Labisia pumila Extract (Standardised to Gallic Acid) Labisia pumila Extract of 187.5 mg with Gallic Acid of 3.294 mg-4.456 mg; b) a glidant of Tricalcium Phosphate of 12.8 mg; c) a glidant of Silicon Dioxide of 3.2 mg; d) a diluent of Premix: Microcrystalline Cellulose (97-99%) and Glyceryl Monostearate (1-3%) of 48 mg; and e) a binder of Microcrystalline Cellulose of 68.5 mg.

32. The pharmaceutical formulation as claimed in claim 25 wherein the Labisia pumila extract inhibits ghrelin production levels.

33. A delivery system for orally administering the pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 25, wherein the delivery system comprises tablets, capsules, pills, granules, syrups, powders, concentrates or dry syrups.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0029] FIG. 1 illustrates processing steps and quality control parameters (QCPs) for Labisia pumila raw plant material in accordance of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates manufacturing process and quality control parameters (QCPs) to produce SKF7™ extract in accordance of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 3 illustrate steps, methods, and materials, used in the production of SKF7™ in accordance of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 4 illustrates phytochemicals positively identified in SKF7™ extract using LC-MS/MS in accordance of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 5 illustrates SKF7 with Gallic Acid assay chromatogram and quantification (validated HPLC method, Retention time ˜3.7 min) in accordance of the present invention.

[0034] FIG. 6 illustrates overlay of SKF7™ LC-MS/MS Chromatograms in positive ion mode in accordance of the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 7 illustrates overlay of SKF7™ LC-MS/MS Chromatograms in negative ion mode in accordance of the present invention.

[0036] FIG. 8 illustrates In vivo study was conducted on SKF7™ treated rats, comparing to normal rat and Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) rats for anti-inflammatory treatment in accordance of the present invention.

[0037] FIG. 9 illustrates In vivo study was conducted on SKF7™ treated rats, comparing to normal rat and Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) rats for anti-oxidant treatment in accordance of the present invention.

[0038] FIG. 10 illustrates In vivo study was conducted on SKF7™ treated rats, comparing to normal rat and Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) rats for suppression of Ghrelin production levels in accordance of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION

[0039] The present invention will now be described in detail in connection with specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to”. Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” Further, terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., merely identify one of several portions, components and/or points of reference as disclosed herein, and do not limit the present invention to any particular configuration or orientation.

[0040] The term “shelf life” refers to the amount of time the pharmaceutical composition may be stored without loss of potency and/or performance profile.

[0041] By the term “extract”, either a direct extract (in liquid or preferably dried form), e.g. obtained as described below, or preferably a further enriched extract (obtainable e.g. by one or more further purification steps after extraction, e.g. chromatography, for example as described below) containing one or more, preferably two or more compounds.

[0042] “Obtainable” means that a product (e.g. extract or compound) may be obtained by a certain method, and preferably is obtained by said process.

[0043] By “administered” or “administering” herein is meant administration of a prophylactically and/or therapeutically effective dose of a compound of Labisia pumila extract or a mixture of compounds of Labisia pumila extract, or an extract comprising one or more the compounds of Labisia pumila extract, to a human being in need of such treatment.

[0044] By “effective amount” or “effective dose” herein is meant an amount or a dose that produces the (therapeutic or cosmetic) effect for which it is administered.

[0045] The term “SKF7™” used throughout the entire patent specification is a tradename of Labisia pumila extract composition either a direct extract (in liquid or preferably dried form), e.g. obtained as described below, or preferably a further enriched extract (obtainable e.g. by one or more further purification steps after extraction, e.g. chromatography, for example as described below) containing one or more, preferably two or more compounds.

[0046] The present invention relates to corresponding process and to certain novel compounds of Labisia pumila extract composition for pharmaceutical formulation. Prior to preparation of the Labisia pumila extract, the dried Labisia pumila plant of material of the present invention is prepared by the following steps

(i) drying leaves of the Labisia pumila plant at 40-55° C. for 5 hours until a moisture content is 6-8%;
(ii) drying stems and roots of the Labisia pumila plant at 40-55° C. for 6 hours until a moisture content is 6-8%; and
(iii) grounding the dried leaves, stems and roots of the Labisia pumila plant to a particle size of 2-4 mm.

[0047] The present invention is further explained by the following examples. The specific examples which follow illustrate the methods in which the compositions of the present invention may be prepared, components therein and their use, as well as other embodiments of the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention in scope.

Example 1

[0048] Prior to extraction, the selected Labisia pumila plant material was examined for appearance, organoleptic characteristics, and the presence of foreign matter. After the initial assessment, the plants were sorted (leaves, stems, roots) and washed with water. Plants were then arranged by hand in a drying oven. Drying is performed at 40-55° C. (stems and roots). The resulting moisture content was 6-8%. Dried plants were grounded to a final particle size of 2-4 mm. Ground plant materials was tested for moisture level, heavy metals, and general microbial contaminants as shown in FIG. 1. Materials fulfil all specifications were labelled and stored under ambient conditions (75% relative humidity, <30° C.) until further processing. Storage was performed for no longer than one week.

[0049] A process for obtaining a Labisia pumila extract composition comprising the steps of:

(i) extracting dried Labisia pumila plant of material with a solvent at ratio of 1:5 to 1:20 respectively in weight/volume at a temperature of 60-100° C. for 2-6 hours in an extraction chamber to obtain a first extract;
(ii) filtering the first extract to obtain a first filtrate and a plant residue;
(iii) re-extracting the plant residue with the solvent at a temperature of 60-100° C. for 2-6 hours in the extraction chamber to obtain a second extract;
(iv) filtering the second extract to obtain a second filtrate and the plant residue;
(v) concentrating the first extract and the second extract;
(vi) mixing the first concentrated extract and the second concentrated extract to form the Labisia pumila extract;
(vii) homogenizing the Labisia pumila extract with maldodextrins into the Labisia pumila extract composition; and
(viii) spray-drying the Labisia pumila extract composition.

[0050] The solvent used in the present invention is water and ethanol at a volumetric ratio of 1:1. The concentrating for the first extract is performed at a temperature of 80° C., pressure at 0.02 MPa in a concentration chamber. In another embodiment of the present invention, the concentrating for the second extract is performed at a temperature of 80° C., pressure at 0.02 MPa for in a concentration chamber. The spray-drying is performed at an inlet temperature of 150-170° C. ° C. and an outlet temperature of 80-110° C. with a feed pump flow rate of 35-50 RPM.

[0051] The Labisia pumila extract composition obtainable from the process of the present invention is Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract.

[0052] The present invention is further explained by the following examples. The specific examples which follow illustrate the methods in which the compositions of the present invention may be prepared, components therein and their use, as well as other embodiments of the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention in scope.

Example 2

[0053] The extraction process was performed at an extraction plant. Labisia pumila extract composition of the present invention was labelled as SKF7™ and produced in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). A general flow chart of the production process for SKF7™ extract is shown in FIG. 2. Extraction was performed using a 1:1 mixture of water and ethanol as the solvent. The water used for extraction was filtered and deionized. L. pumila whole parts or a combination of stems, leaves and/or roots were used. Ten parts solvent mixture and 1 part plant material (v/w) were placed in the extraction chamber. Extraction proceeds for 5 hours at 80° C. After this cycle, the liquid extract (Extract 1) was separated from the plant residue by filtration and sent to the concentration chamber. Fresh solvent was added to the extraction residue and another extraction cycle (5 hours at 80° C.) was performed. The resulting extract (Extract 2) was separated from the plant residue by filtration and sent for concentration. The remaining residue was discarded.

[0054] Extract 1 was used in the first concentration cycle. Concentration proceeds at 80° C. under 0.02 MPa pressure, for 50 minutes (Concentrate 1). Concentrate 1 was then moved to the storage tank and held at 4° C. until mixing. Extract 2 was added to the chamber and concentrated at 80° C. under 0.02 MPa pressure, for 80 minutes (Concentrate 2). Once both extracts had been concentrated, they were mixed. The combined liquid concentrate was mixed with maltodextrin powder using a homogenizer until homogeneous. The mixture was then spray dried, and the dried extract collected from the chamber. Final quality control testing was performed on the spray dried extract and includes particle size, moisture, residual alcohol, gallic acid and/or other compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, and microbial contamination and other toxins or contaminants. The steps, methods, and materials used in the production of SKF7™ were described in FIG. 3. Final products were packaged and stored at 15-25° C. for up to 3 years for manufacturing of the final commercial product. To ensure a consistent product, each batch of SKF7™ is evaluated against an established set of specifications.

[0055] Labisia pumila is capable of synthesizing multiple nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids. Many of these constituents are expected to be preserved in the extract. The extracts of Labisia pumila have been shown to contain a variety of phytochemicals. The Labisia pumila extract comprises one or more extract components of flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, phenolic alcohols, organic acids, vitamins and vitamin precursors, saponins, alkylphenols and fatty acids. The flavonols of the present invention comprises myricetin, quercetin and rutin. The flavanols comprises catechin and epigallocatechin. The flavanones comprises naringenin. Meanwhile, the flavones comprises apigenin. The hydroxybenzoic acids comprises methyl gallate, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid and vanillic acid. The hydroxycinnamic acids comprises caffeic acid and m-coumaric acid. The phenolic alcohols comprises pyrogallol and the organic acids comprises fumaric acid and succinic acid. In addition, the vitamins and vitamin precursors comprise ascorbic acid. The saponins comprises ardisiacrispin A and ardisicrenoside A. The alkylphenols comprises irisresorcinol and wherein the fatty acids comprises α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. In another embodiment of the present invention, Labisia pumila extract further having antioxidant properties of 65-92% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the average total phenolic content (TPC) was more than 100 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g.

[0056] The present invention is further explained by the following examples. The specific examples which follow illustrate the methods in which the compositions of the present invention may be prepared, components therein and their use, as well as other embodiments of the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention in scope.

Example 3

[0057] Twenty-seven constituents were positively identified, including various flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids as shown in FIG. 4. A chromatogram of SKF7™ as shown in FIG. 5 with validated HPLC method was used in the Quality Control for estimation of Gallic Acid (Retention time ˜3.7 min) in SKF7™.

[0058] Overlays are shown in FIG. 6 (positive ionization mode) and FIG. 7 (negative ionization mode). Overall, all three lots had similar peaks and peak intensities, indicating that the chemical composition of the extracts was very similar. The maintenance of the chemical fingerprint for each batch was provided to ensure compositional similarity and confirm that the batch of SKF7™ used in the pivotal toxicology studies presented as representative of commercial product that are safe and efficacious.

[0059] The average DPPH radical scavenging activity of SKF7™ (compared to ascorbic acid, set to 100%) was 65-92%. The average TPC of SKF7™ was more than 100 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g.

Pharmaceutical Manufacture and Formulation

[0060] Obesity is one of the main factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. As a side effect the levels of cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar and uric acid in obese people are usually higher than those of persons of normal weight. The formulation according to the present invention has improved properties compared to other formulations existing in the art, as will be described below. A pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention comprising a Labisia pumila extract in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and excipients of the present invention for reducing the progression of health problems selected from obesity. The acceptable carrier and excipients of the present invention is maltodextrins and other excipients in the TABLE 1 below. The Labisia pumila extract for the pharmaceutical formulation is a Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract. It is preferable that an oral effective dose for acceptable daily intake of 180 mg to 1500 mg per day. A delivery system for orally administering the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention, wherein the delivery system comprises tablets, capsules, pills, granules, syrups, powders, concentrates or dry syrups. It is desired that the formulation essentially retains its physical and chemical stability, as well as its biological activity upon storage. The storage period is generally selected based on the intended shelf-life of the formulation.

[0061] In one embodiment of the present invention, Labisia pumila extract for the pharmaceutical formulation in CAPSULE FORMULATION: 320 mg capsule (Size 0) [0062] Active Ingredient: SKF7® (Labisia pumila Standardized Extract) [0063] Gallic Acid per capsule: 3.294 mg-4.456 mg per 320 mg capsule. (HPLC assay) [0064] Weight per Capsule: 320 mg (size 0)

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Capsule No Ingredient Quantity Function Ratio/Proportions 1 SKF7 ® Labisia pumila Extract 187.5 mg Active 58.6% (Standardised to Gallic Acid) (3.294 mg-4.456 mg Gallic Acid) 2 Tricalcium Phosphate 12.8 mg Glidant   4% 3 Silicon Dioxide 3.2 mg Glidant   1% 4 Premix: Microcrystalline 48 mg Diluent .sup. 15% Cellulose (97-99%) and Glyceryl Monostearate (1-3%) 5 Microcrystalline Cellulose 68.5 mg Binder 21.4% Total 320 mg Total  100%

[0065] SKF7™ had undergone steps to prove its safety by complying to international standards.

[0066] SKF7™ was tested and in compliance of the following studies:

[0067] List of Safety And Toxicity Studies (OECD and ICH-GCP Compliant) [0068] 1. Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test [0069] 2. In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test [0070] 3. In Vitro Mammalian Micronucleus Test [0071] 4. Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test [0072] 5. Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study In Rodents [0073] 6. Repeated Dose 1-Year Oral Chronic Toxicity Study In Rodents [0074] 7. Pharmacokinetic and Safety Clinical Study in Healthy Subjects [0075] 8. Randomised Placebo-Controlled Human Clinical Studies in Obese Subjects.

[0076] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, standardised Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract in orally effective amount characterised in that said extract for reducing the progression of health problems selected from obesity wherein the effective amount of extract orally taken ranges from 180 mg to 1500 mg per day for a period of 7 days to more than 12 months. Standardized Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract for use wherein the effective amount of extract orally taken for acceptable daily intake is—for human in a range 180 mg to 1500 mg as per clinical In another application, a standardized Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract for use to reduce the progression of age-related health problems selected from obesity in humans. Further application of the present invention, a standardized Labisia pumila aqueous ethanolic extract for use to regulate obesity and metabolic syndrome symptoms and parameters in humans.

[0077] The present invention is further explained by the following examples. The specific examples which follow illustrate the methods in which the compositions of the present invention may be prepared, components therein and their use, as well as other embodiments of the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention in scope.

Example 4

[0078] SKF7™ is the only active ingredient used in the manufacture of the dietary supplement or pharmaceuticals. Other formulation ingredients may be added as necessary to produce the finished product. The final commercial product containing SKF7™ may use additional ingredients, such as maltodextrin. Any excipients or other additions will be approved food additives, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) ingredients, or ingredients listed in “Capsule and Tablet Ingredients” of “NNFA List of Dietary Supplement Ingredients In Use Before Oct. 15, 1994.” This facility complies with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) to produce traditional medicines. Labeesity, a commercial product containing SKF7™, is approved by the Ministry of Health for sale in Malaysia as a traditional medicine. This product is in the form of capsules containing either 90 or 187.5 mg SKF7.

[0079] Anti-Inflammatory Treatment

[0080] SKF7™ and other Labisia pumila extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activities and were shown to inhibit and suppress the above cytokines and biomarkers in multiple studies [Ahmad et al. (2020)]. SKF7™ is the only Labisia pumila extract that has undergone extensive safety and efficacy studies, and currently undergoing multi-sites and multi-countries Clinical Trials for Obesity under international ICH guidelines and is produced in a PIC/S GMP manufacturing facility.

[0081] TNF-α and IL-1 are also associated with obesity and T2DM [Alzamil (2020); Jung et al. (2014); Febbraio (2014)]. In in vivo studies, SKF7™ has been shown to have efficacy in anti-obesity models and other Labisia pumila extracts were also shown to have efficacy against T2DM. SKF7™ is also tested in an anti-diabetes study in vivo and is currently undergoing analysis. The relevant studies for SKF7™ and selected Labisia pumila extracts are explained in the following descriptions.

[0082] SKF7™ Data: Interleukin-1 for Anti-Inflammatory

[0083] In vivo study was conducted on SKF7™ treated rats, comparing to normal rat and Diet-Induced Obese (DIO) rats. SKF7™ 77.5 mg/kg, 155 mg/kg and 310 mg/kg revealed a reduction of interleukin-1 (IL-1) as compared to DIO control group by 4.5%, 10.3%, and 36.7% (P≤0.05), respectively as illustrated in FIG. 8.

[0084] Anti-Oxidant Treatment

[0085] Oxidative stress is highly correlated with a wide variety of inflammatory and metabolic disease states, including obesity. It is highly correlated with cumulative damage in the body done by free radicals inadequately neutralised by antioxidants. Furthermore, oxidative damage is aggravated by the decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) which acts as a free radical scavenger in conditions associated with oxidative stress.

[0086] Treatment in SKF7™ 155 mg/kg, SKF7™ 310 mg/kg and Orlistat 30 mg/kg groups revealed a significant (P≤0.01) increase in GPx as compared to DIO control group by 24.5%, 33.2% and 40.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, SKF7™ 155 mg/kg, SKF7™ 310 mg/kg and Orlistat 30 mg/kg groups induced a significant increase in GST as compared to DIO control group by 12.9% (P≤0.05), 24.1% (P≤0.01) and 10.4% (P≤0.05), respectively as illustrated in FIG. 9. The induction of GPx and GST are contributed to control hydroxyl radicals and thus preventing lipid peroxidation and its propagation to biological membranes causing cells injury.

[0087] Inhibitory Ghrelin Production Levels

[0088] Ghrelin levels were significantly reduced in animals treated with SKF7™ 77.5 mg/kg, SKF7™ 155 mg/kg, SKF7™ 310 mg/kg groups as compared to DIO control group by 18.0% (P 0.05), 44.5% (P≤0.01), 39.5% (P≤0.01) and, respectively as shown in FIG. 10. Weight loss induce significant increases in the concentration of ghrelin, a potent orexigenic hormone. Elevations in ghrelin concentration, either endogenous or exogenous, are associated with feelings of hunger and increased food intake. Interestingly, SKF7™ inhibits ghrelin production levels while inducing weight loss. Hence, no significant changes were observed in average daily feed consumption in all groups.

[0089] The foregoing detailed description and examples are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments. They are by no means meant to be the exclusive description of the inventive concept hereby disclosed. It will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that certain aspects of the practice of the invention are readily susceptible to modification or practice by alternative, known means.

REFERENCES

[0090] 1. Abdullah, N., Hosseinpour Chermahini, D. S., Chua, L. S. and Sarmidi, M. Labisia pumila: A review on its traditional, phytochemical and biological uses, 2013. [0091] 2. Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J. and Shao, A. (2018) The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults—Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 95: 412-433. [0092] 3. Ahmad et al. (2020) Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze and Their Relationship with the phytochemical content. [0093] 4. Alzamil (2020) Elevated Serum TNF-α Is Related to Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Associated with Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance. [0094] 5. Jung et al. (2014) Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipokines and the Relationship between Obesity, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. [0095] 6. Febbraio (2014) Role of interleukins in obesity: implications for metabolic disease.