Depth control of seal line penetration for rotary ultrasonic horn/anvil welding without mechanical stop

Abstract

An apparatus for joining a first film portion and a second film portion together along a seal line. The apparatus includes a horn and anvil. The anvil is positioned close to the horn. The horn or anvil has a face that is rotatable about a rotation axis. The face has a raised profile, and a height thereof has a dimension corresponding to 50% to 150% of a thickness of the first film portion or the second film portion. The face is positioned such that the raised profile extends along the circumference such that continuous running contact is provided between the raised profile and the other of the one of the horn or the anvil when rotated about the rotation axis, to form the seal line without any external structure to control a distance between the horn/anvil. A tapered bonding profile, a traction pattern, and a cut-and-seal feature are also disclosed.

Claims

1. An apparatus for joining a first film portion and a second film portion together along a seal line using ultrasonic energy, the apparatus comprising: a horn configured to receive ultrasonic energy; and an anvil positionable in close proximity to the horn that is advanced toward the anvil, wherein at least one of the horn or the anvil has a face with a width dimension and a circumference and is rotatable about a rotation axis, the face having a raised profile relative to the face, the raised profile having a tapered side, the tapered side having a radius between 0.5 and 5 degrees relative to a topmost surface of the raised profile, the face being positioned such that the raised profile extends along the circumference, and continuous running contact is provided between the raised profile and the other of the one of the horn or the anvil when rotated about the rotation axis, to form the seal line without any external structure to control a distance between the horn and the anvil.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first film portion and the second film portion is between 10 μm and 150 μm.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a height dimension of the raised profile relative to the face corresponds to 50% to 150% of the thickness of the first film portion or the second film portion.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the face includes a traction feature having a height dimension that does not exceed a height of the raised profile, the traction feature including a plurality of protrusions arranged in a grid or pattern, the traction feature being adjacent to the raised profile.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the plurality of protrusions are arranged in rows or columns that are non-parallel with edges of the face.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the face includes a cutting feature having a higher height compared to a height of the raised profile, the height of the raised profile corresponding to 50% to 150% of the thickness of the first film portion or the second film portion.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the height of the cutting feature is between 1% and 20% of the height of the raised profile.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the raised profile including the tapered side is part of the anvil.

9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the cutting feature is adjacent to the raised profile and forms a terminus thereof.

10. A product including the first film portion and the second film portion and the seal line formed by the apparatus of claim 1.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first film portion and the second film portion are composed of a plastic.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first film portion or the second film portion is a multilayer film, a recyclable film, a biodegradable film, a compostable film, a monolayer film, a paper-based film, or a mono-material film.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a height of the topmost surface of the raised profile relative to the face is about 0.0035 inches.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the radius of the tapered side is 1.15 degrees relative to the topmost surface of the raised profile.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the raised profile further includes a second tapered side, the second tapered side having a radius between 0.5 and 5 degrees relative to the topmost surface of the raised profile.

16. An apparatus for joining a first film portion and a second film portion together along a seal line using ultrasonic energy, the apparatus comprising: a horn configured to receive ultrasonic energy; and an anvil positionable in close proximity to the horn that is advanced toward the anvil, wherein at least one of the horn or the anvil has a face with a width dimension and a circumference and is rotatable about a rotation axis, the face having a raised profile relative to the face, the raised profile having a tapered side, the tapered side having a radius between 0.5 and 5 degrees relative to a topmost surface of the raised profile, the face being positioned such that the raised profile extends along the circumference, and continuous running contact is provided between the raised profile and the other of the one of the horn or the anvil when rotated about the rotation axis, to form the seal line without any external structure to control a distance between the horn and the anvil, wherein the thickness of the first film portion and the second film portion is between 10 μm and 150 μm.

17. An apparatus for joining a first film portion and a second film portion together along a seal line using ultrasonic energy, the apparatus comprising: a horn configured to receive ultrasonic energy; and an anvil positionable in close proximity to the horn that is advanced toward the anvil, wherein at least one of the horn or the anvil has a face with a width dimension and a circumference and is rotatable about a rotation axis, the face having a raised profile relative to the face, the raised profile having a tapered side, the tapered side having a radius between 0.5 and 5 degrees relative to a topmost surface of the raised profile, the face being positioned such that the raised profile extends along the circumference, and continuous running contact is provided between the raised profile and the other of the one of the horn or the anvil when rotated about the rotation axis, to form the seal line without any external structure to control a distance between the horn and the anvil, wherein the first film portion and the second film portion are composed of a plastic.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A is a cross-section of a cutaway portion of a prior art anvil having a raised, patterned profile;

(2) FIG. 1B is cross-section of a cutaway portion of another prior art anvil 110, having a smooth, raised profile 112;

(3) FIG. 2 is a perspective illustration of a rotary ultrasonic bonding apparatus suitable for use with the raised profile on either the anvil or horn, creating a dynamic stop effect;

(4) FIG. 3 is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of a portion of a horn or anvil having a raised profile according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 4 is an isometric, cutaway view of a horn or anvil according to another aspect of the present disclosure having two raised profiles thereon, creating a dynamic stop effect thereby;

(6) FIG. 5 is an isometric, cutaway view of the horn or anvil having two raised profiles shown in FIG. 4;

(7) FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the horn or anvil shown in FIG. 5;

(8) FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the horn and the anvil together with the raised profile with two layers of film passing between the horn and anvil during application of ultrasonic energy;

(9) FIG. 8 is a functional diagram of a depth control configuration in which a horn and anvil each have a raised profile to achieve equal or deliberately non-equal penetration from both sides of film being bonded;

(10) FIG. 9A is a functional diagram of a seal and score configuration in which the raised profile includes a scoring element to score the sealed layers after they have bonded;

(11) FIG. 9B is a functional diagram of an angled seal profile configuration in which the raised profile is angled to facilitating in sealing the layers to be bonded;

(12) FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10B-10B of a portion of the horn or anvil having a tapered bonding profile and an exemplary traction pattern;

(13) FIG. 10B is a top cut-away view of a portion of the exemplary traction pattern shown in FIG. 10A;

(14) FIG. 10C is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the traction pattern taken along line 10C-10C;

(15) FIG. 11A is a side view of a horn or anvil having a cut and seal feature;

(16) FIG. 11B is an enlarged view of the cut and seal feature shown in FIG. 11A with a callout showing an enlarged view of the cutting feature; and

(17) FIG. 12 illustrates a tapered bond profile on a horn or anvil, which can have a different profile on either side of horn or anvil.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(18) FIG. 2 is a general illustration of a rotary ultrasonic bonding apparatus 200, the general operation and components of which will be very familiar to a person of ordinary skill in the art of ultrasonic welding, and in particular, rotary ultrasonic welding technology. The apparatus 200 has an anvil module 202 and a horn module 204, which cooperate to perform a bonding or sealing operation of multiple parts, e.g., two or more layers of film, as set forth in more detail below.

(19) The horn module 204 includes a frame 206 on which are mounted a disc-like rotary horn 208, a motor 210 for driving rotation of the horn 208 via a suitable drive train 212, and a housing 214 that contains at least part of a vibration control unit (not shown) that causes the horn 208 to vibrate. The horn 208 has an exposed outer face 216 with a substantially continuous contour (i.e., the horn face 216 has a contour that is substantially smooth (or uninterrupted) across its entire surface area). In other embodiments, the horn face 216 may have any suitable contour that facilitates enabling the horn 208 to function as described herein.

(20) In some embodiments, the vibration control unit (while not illustrated) includes a conventional booster (e.g., a drive booster and an integral booster) mechanically connected to a converter, which is electrically connectable to a generator. The converter is capable of converting high frequency electrical energy supplied by the generator into mechanical energy (or vibration) that is selectively transmitted to the horn 208 across the booster(s). The booster(s) are capable of modifying (i.e., increasing or decreasing) the vibration transmitted to the horn 208 from the converter, such that the horn 208 (particularly, the face 216 of the horn 208) vibrates while it rotates during a bonding operation, as set forth in more detail below. It is contemplated that the horn module 204 may have any suitable operational components arranged in any suitable manner that facilitates enabling the horn 208 to function as described herein. The details not shown would be readily apparent to any person skilled in the art familiar with rotary ultrasonic bonding systems.

(21) In the illustrated embodiments, the anvil module 202 includes a frame 218 on which are mounted a disc-like rotary anvil 220 and a motor 222 for driving rotation of the anvil 220 via a suitable drive train. The anvil 220 has an exposed outer face 226 with a substantially continuous contour (i.e., the anvil face 226 has a contour that is substantially smooth or uninterrupted across its entire surface area). The anvil module 202 is positioned relative to the horn module 204 such that the anvil face 226 is rotatable about a rotation axis, R (seen in FIG. 4), in close proximity to the horn face 216, and vice versa, to facilitate ultrasonically bonding the parts as they are held in tension across apparatus 200, as set forth in more detail below. As used herein, the term “close proximity” refers to when the anvil face 226 is either in contact with, or is minimally spaced apart from, the horn face 216 when the horn 208 is not ultrasonically vibrating.

(22) In some embodiments, the apparatus 200 may be configured such that at least one of the anvil module 202 and the horn module 204 is displaceable relative to the other via a suitable displacement mechanism operable either: (A) when the system 100 is offline and the horn 208 is at rest (i.e., when the horn 208 is not rotating or vibrating); or (B) when the system 100 is online and the horn 208 is active (i.e., when the horn 208 is rotating and vibrating).

(23) With particular reference to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the apparatus 200 may be configured as a continuous-nip apparatus in which the horn module 204 is to be: (A) fixed in position relative to the anvil module 202 when the system 100 is online and the horn 208 is active; and (B) displaceable relative to the anvil module 202 when the system 100 is offline and the horn 208 is at rest. Such displacement is facilitated by a selectively actuatable pneumatic cylinder 228 (or other suitable linear actuator) that connects the frames 206, 218 to one another. In this manner, the spacing between the horn face 216 and the anvil face 226 is adjustable primarily for servicing the apparatus 200 when the system 100 is offline.

(24) FIG. 3 illustrates a cross section of a part of the horn or anvil 208, 220 having an outer face 302 having a substantially continuous contour (i.e., the outer face 302 has a contour that is substantially smooth or uninterrupted across its entire surface area), and a raised profile 312 having a height, H3, that is between 50% and 150% (e.g., 100%) of a thickness of a part to be joined between the horn and anvil 208, 220. It should be emphasized that the raised profile 312 can be present on the horn 208 or the anvil 220 or both, and the principles discussed herein apply equally to both the horn 208 and the anvil 220. In most applications, the raised profile 312 is present on the anvil 220. There can be more than one raised profile 312, e.g., such as best seen in FIG. 4. Multiple raised profiles like the raised profile 312 can be present on the horn 208, on the anvil 220, or distributed among the horn 208 and the anvil 220 (e.g., a raised profile can be present on the horn 208, and a raised profile can be present on the anvil 220) for joining one pair of parts together or multiple pairs of parts together. The raised profile 312 can be referred to herein as a “depth control” profile, because it serves to control the depth of weld penetration into parts to be joined together by sealing or bonding.

(25) The raised profile 312 shown in FIG. 3 has a substantially flat and continuous raised surface having a width of 0.040 inches, and which is transitioned on both sides by a curved surface having a radius, R=0.015 inches. The width of the raised profile 312 is also much narrower compared to prior art non-patterned profiles, and e.g., spans less than 10% or less than 7% or less than 5% of the entire width of the horn 208 or the anvil 220. The radius dimension is exemplary, but plays a role in imparting a dynamic stop functionality to the rotary system without the need for a mechanical stop found in prior art rotary ultrasonic welding systems. The radius dimension is also a function of the height, H3, of the raised profile 312, but the height, H3, is constrained not to exceed a thickness of a part, such as a film, to be joined between the horn 208 and the anvil 220 by application of ultrasonic energy to the horn 208 as the horn 208 and anvil 220 rotate relative to one another about a rotation axis, R (seen in FIG. 4). In this example, the raised profile 312 has a height, H3, e.g., that is about 0.0035 inches (within a typical tolerance). However, the height, H3, can be as low as 0.002 inches to accommodate films of that thickness.

(26) The horn 208 or the anvil 220 can be readily swapped out for another horn 208 or anvil 220 having a differently sized (e.g., height and/or width) raised profile. The height, H3, of each raised profile can be machined to differ by increments of only 0.0005 inches from profile to profile. For example, if the smallest height profile has a height of 0.0020 inches, the next profile can have a height of 0.0025 inches, followed by 0.0030 inches, and so forth. Using the example shown in FIG. 3, the raised profile 312 on one anvil 220 can have a height of approximately 0.003 inches, and another anvil can have a raised profile with a height of 0.0035 inches, followed by 0.0040 inches, and so forth. Depending on the thickness of the parts (e.g., films) being joined together, the anvil 220 or the horn 208 can be easily swapped out to match the raised profile's height with the part's thickness. It should be emphasized that the dimensions or tolerances provided herein are exemplary only and are used to illustrate the relative height of the profile relative to the thickness of the part layer(s) being welded or joined together.

(27) The raised profile 312 can encircle the entire circumference of the horn 208 or the anvil 220, such as shown in the partial cutaway perspective view shown in FIG. 4 and in more detail in FIGS. 5 and 6. Due to the extremely narrow height of the raised profiles 312a, 312b, FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate enlarged views of the raised profiles 312a, 312b (two are shown in FIG. 5). Energy for adequate bonding to occur at the profile 312 is provided. It should be noted that the height of the raised profiles 312a, 312b can be different. This can be useful, e.g., when the raised profiles 312a, 312b are on the horn 208, and the anvil 220 has a narrower width compared to the horn 208. This allows the operator or end user to use the same horn 208 for welding different part thicknesses by simply flipping the horn 208 around so that the appropriate raised profile (312a or 312b) is in contact with the anvil 220. For example, if the raised profile 312a has height X, and the raised profile 312b has height Y>X, when the thicker part is needed to be welded, the horn 208 can be flipped so that the raised profile 312b contacts the anvil 208; whereas when a thinner part is needed to be welded, the horn 208 can be flipped so that the raised profile 312a contacts the anvil 208 instead. It should be emphasized that the respective widths of the horn 208 and the anvil 220 can be the same or different (e.g., the anvil 208 can be thinner or narrower compared to the horn 220 when the raised profiles 312a, 312b are present on the horn 220).

(28) FIG. 7 illustrates an example cross-section of two parts, which in this example are two layers of film comprising a lower film 400 and an upper film 402. As the layers 400, 402 are pulled between the horn 208 and the anvil 220, the layers 400, 402 begin to melt due to the application of ultrasonic energy into the horn 208. The layers 400, 402 are squeezed by the raised profile 312 as they move or are moved along a direction of arrow G shown in FIG. 7 into a space by force or pressure, which has a height corresponding to a thickness of only one of the layers 400, 402 (because the height of the raised profile 312 does not exceed the thickness of one of the layers 400, 402). It is assumed that the thickness of the layers 400, 402 are the same, but they do not have to be identical. The height, H3, of the raised profile can be dimensioned to accommodate the thicker of the two layers 400, 402.

(29) An important aspect of the dimension of the height of the raised profile 312 is that it creates a dynamic stop effect without the need for an external mechanical stop apparatus. When the layers 400, 402 enter the gap between the horn 208 and the anvil 220, the amplitude of the ultrasonic energy and the nip force created at the raised profile 312 provide sufficient energy for bonding to occur along the raised profile 312. There is insufficient energy to bond in areas between the horn 208 and anvil 220 beyond the raised profile due to the weld force's being distributed across increased surface area after profile penetration has been achieved. In these areas, the unbonded layers 400, 402 prevent contact between the horn 208 and the anvil 220. As a result, this eliminates the need for an external physical mechanical stop, which otherwise would be required to maintain seal line thickness and consistency. The unbonded layers between the horn 208 and the anvil 220 become the physical stop conventionally provided by a mechanical stop, but which is eliminated by the aspects of the present disclosure herein.

(30) In prior art systems, when the raised profile has a height much greater than the thickness of the film being presented between the horn and anvil, an external mechanical stop device is required to inform the system when to stop advancing movement of the horn. Otherwise, an excessive or inadequate amount of force or pressure can be applied to the films, and an inadequate or inferior bond formed at the sealing interface. By contrast, a depth control profile such as the profile 312 has a much shallower profile and is also narrower. This continuous profile (see FIG. 4) can weld the film 400, 402 by initiating the melt on the profile surface 312 until the profile 312 penetrates to the depth of the adjacent shoulders. Once the shoulder meets the film 400, 402, the much larger surface area bottoms out on the shoulders and the melts and penetration are halted (referred to herein as a dynamic stop effect).

(31) The gap between the horn 208 and anvil 220 and resultant seal line thickness is determined by profile height as a percentage of the thickness of a single material ply. E.g., if material thickness=x, then the profile height is a predetermined percentage of x, typically 50% to 150%, depending upon the material being bonded and desired bonding result (e.g., hermetic seal).

(32) The benefit of welds made by the apparatus and methods according to the present disclosure over prior art rotary systems is that the continuous weld is stronger and forms a hermetic seal. The raised profile according to the aspects of the present disclosure can be applied to multilayer, recyclable, biodegradable, compostable, monolayer, paper-based, or mono-material films. Full control of the seal line thickness is achievable according to aspects of the present disclosure, for material thicknesses in a range from 10 μm up to 150 μm.

(33) As mentioned above, a raised profile can be present on both the horn 208 and the anvil 220, with the same or unequal heights. FIG. 8 illustrates an example depth control configuration 800 in which one of the horn 208 or anvil 220 has a first raised profile 812a, and the other of the anvil 220 or horn 208 has a second raised profile 812b, both of which have been exaggerated grossly as shown in size and profile for ease of illustration and discussion. A product 802, such as a pouch or container to be filled with a liquid, and thereby requiring a hermetic seal, has a first layer 400 and a second layer 402. Each raised profile 812a, 812b must have a height of less than 100% of x (where x is the thickness of the layer 400, 402) when the profiles have the same height. When the profiles have different heights or where unequal penetration is required, one element may exceed 100% of x, but the other must be proportionately less. While both the horn 208 and the anvil 220 are shown in FIG. 8 as having a raised profile 812a, 812b, in alternate embodiments, only one of the horn 208 or the anvil 220 can have a raised profile while the other of the horn 208 and the anvil 220 lacks a raised profile.

(34) For example, if thickness of the layer 400, 402 is 100 um (x=100) and a seal thickness at an interface 830 of 25 μm is desired, and the seal 830 needs to be offset, a profile height of 125% of x on one element 812a (horn 208 or anvil 220) and a profile of 50% x on the second element 812b (anvil or horn) will achieve an offset seal line of 25 um thickness. If equal penetration is required, then both horn 208 and anvil 220 would have a raised profile 812a, 812b having a height corresponding to 87.5% of x. The unbonded layers 400, 402 in an area 832 downstream of the seal interface 830 prevent contact between the horn 208 and the anvil 220. As a result, the need for an external physical mechanical stop is eliminated, which otherwise would be required to maintain seal line thickness and consistency. The unbonded layers 400, 402 in the area 832 between the horn 208 and the anvil 220 become the physical stop.

(35) FIG. 9A illustrates a “seal and score” configuration 900 in which the raised profile 912 on either the horn 208 or the anvil 220 includes a scoring element 916 to score or cut the sealed interface 930 of the bonded layers 400, 402 right at one of the distal (relative to the product 902) shoulders of the raised profile 912. The unbonded layers 400, 402 in the area 932 are scored or cut from the sealed interface 930, enabling a sealing and scoring operation to take place in one step. Again, like the configuration 800 shown in FIG. 8, the raised profile 912 and scoring element 916 shown in FIG. 9A has been grossly exaggerated for ease of illustration and discussion. The scoring element 916 can have a wedge shape to score other materials, such as in shrink wrap applications. The unbonded film in the area 932 maintains the bond and score depth, eliminating the possibility of the horn 208 being damaged by the anvil 220 (assuming the scoring element 916 is part of the raised profile 912 of the anvil 220).

(36) FIG. 9B illustrates an “angled seal profile” configuration 950 in which the raised profile 952 on either the horn 208 or the anvil 220 includes an angled profile to aid in sealing or bonding the sealed interface 930 of the bonded layers 400, 402. The product package or container 902 (e.g., containing contents 960 such as liquids, powders, gels, food, or the like, within the sealed enclosure) has the sealed interface 930 created in part by the angled profile of the raised profile 952. As shown in FIG. 9B, the seal line of the raised profile 952 is angled across the interface 930 with its shallow edge adjacent or closest to the product 902. The angle increases or tapers away from the product 902 as the distance from the product 902 increases along the interface 930. The angled profile of the raised profile 952 improves speed and increases seal strength while diverting more melt material 400, 402 toward the product side.

(37) Additional features that can be incorporated with any of the raised profiles disclosed herein will be discussed in connection with FIGS. 10A through 11B. Three features broadly summarized as “traction,” “tapered bond profile” and “cut and seal” will be described next. Some of the features can be combined, such as the traction feature can be combined with the tapered bond profile feature, such as shown in FIG. 10A.

(38) FIG. 10A illustrates a horn or anvil 208, 220 such as disclosed above incorporated in a rotary ultrasonic bonding apparatus 1000, which has the same basic structure as the rotary ultrasonic bonding apparatus 200 disclosed above, except that a traction feature 1020 is shown downstream of the raised profile 1012, and a tapered bond profile feature 1014 is shown upstream from and leading to the raised profile 1012.

(39) Example dimensions of the features shown in FIG. 10A are summarized in the table below.

(40) TABLE-US-00001 Inches/ Milli- Dimension Degrees meters W1 (width of raised bond profile 1012) 0.049- 1.2-13 0.051 W2 (width of raised bond profile 1012 including 0.103 2.6 tapered bond profiles 1014, 1016) W3 (gap between trailing tapered profile 1016 and 0.015 0.4 traction feature 1020) W4 (distance between edge of horn/anvil 208, 220 0.080 2.0 and start of leading tapered profile 1014) W5 (offset from center of raised bond profile 1012 0.025 0.6 and radius of trailing tapered profile 1016) α1 (angle of leading tapered bond profile 1014 1.15° relative to top flat surface of raised bond profile 1012) R1 (radius of taper of the trailing tapered bond profile 0.098 2.5 1014) H4 (height of raised bond profile 1012)  0.0035 0.1 H5 (maximum height of the traction feature 1020) 0.005 0.1

(41) In the example raised bond profile 1012 shown in FIG. 10A, the height, H4, of the raised bond profile relative to the surface of the horn/anvil 208, 220 is 0.0035 inches or about 0.1 mm. Leading to the raised bond profile 1012 is a leading tapered bond profile 1014 having a taper of angle α1 across the face of the horn/anvil 108, 220. The angle α1 can be between 0.5 and 5 degrees, and in this example, is shown to have an angle of about 1.15 degrees. Following the raised bond profile 1012 is a trailing tapered bond profile 1016 followed by the traction or pattern feature 1020.

(42) The traction feature 1020 offers a feature to pull the material through and past the ultrasonic nip and so the ultrasonic nip needs to provide its own drive. Vertical Form Fill & Seal packaging systems (FFS) are particularly well-suited for the traction feature 1020, because these systems lack a way of pulling the material. An example pattern 1020 can be seen in FIG. 10B, in which an array or pattern of raised nubs or protrusions 1004 are distributed in a grid-like pattern on the surface of the horn/anvil 208, 220. The pattern 1020 is designed to avoid excessive, localized heat build-up, particularly in the presence of monolayer films, so the pattern 1020 should not detract from the required drive of the material through the FFS system. The pattern 1020 is exemplary only, and while it has been shown in a pattern that runs parallel with the edges of the horn or anvil 208, 220, the pattern 1020 can be pitched at an angle relative to the edges, such as between 1 and 15 degrees, to provide a desired drive characteristic without creating excessive heat build-up. Likewise, the shape and form of the nubs or protrusions 1004 can be modified from that shown to provide a pulling or grabbing friction to the passing material. For example, the nubs 1004 can have a tooth-like shape. In the example shown in FIG. 10C (taken along line 10C-10C shown in FIG. 10B), the nubs 1004 can be seen to have a tapered profile as shown with an angle α2 Example values of the dimensions shown in FIG. 10B appear in the table below.

(43) TABLE-US-00002 Dimension Inches/Degrees Millimeters W6 (gap between adjacent nubs 1004) 0.016 0.4 W7 (width of nub 1004) 0.014 0.3 H6  0.0030 0.1 H7 0.005 0.1 α2 30-50°

(44) Horizontal applications can also benefit from the traction feature 1020. For example, in applications where a zipper is to be included, there is material that is pre-heated just before the bond, and there is slackness along the edge caused by laser-scoring of the film. The pre-heating and edge slackness caused by the laser scoring creates control problems, namely the material was difficult to keep in the nip of the horn/anvil 208, 220. The traction pattern 1020 avoids these problems.

(45) Returning to FIG. 10A, a tapered bond profile or feature 1014 can be seen on the leading side of the raised bond profile 1012. The taper, shown by angle α1, can range from 0.5 to 5 degrees, and in the illustrated example, the angle is 1.15 degrees. The product side of the bond would be to the left of FIG. 10A (e.g., in the case of a zippered pillow pack, the zipper would be to the right of FIG. 10A, and the product or contents inside the pillow pack would be to the left of the tapered bond profile 1014.

(46) The tapered bond profile 1014 provides several advantages. First, melt flow is directed towards the product side, which provides an improved seal. A flat profile (e.g., FIG. 3) could displace material equally but in an uncontrolled way on both sides of the bond, whereas a tapered bond profile 1014 would direct the melt in a more controlled way towards the product, resulting in a thicker stronger seal on this side of the bond. Additionally, the tapered design is resilient to material thickness variation, e.g., some materials have up to a 40% variation in material thickness). Put another way, if the maximum combined thickness (2 layers) were 180 μm, but could be as little as 108 μm, a depth control anvil with a 88 μm profile would over-penetrate at its highest point; however, the lateral taper 1014 would mean that the ideal bonding point would shift from the highest point of the horn/anvil 208, 220 across towards the lowest point ensuring that even with a material thickness variation, ideal bonding conditions will still be satisfied at some point across the profile of the horn/anvil 208, 220. The tapered design 1014 also allows a broader range of film thicknesses to be used on the same anvil or horn 208, 220.

(47) It should be noted that the tapered bond profile would not work on an anvil/horn that does not use depth control because over-penetration would quickly occur, and the anvil would become a cutting tool rather than a bonding tool. The tapered bond profile 1014 disclosed herein works with the depth control profile 312, 1012, such as shown in FIGS. 3, 10A-10C, but would not be suitable on a conventional anvil that does not have a raised depth control profile 312, 1012 such as disclosed herein. The tapered profile design also provides a speed improvement as it more easily penetrates the material during the bond process.

(48) In general, thinner materials require a shallower angle of the taper in the tapered bond profile 1014. Higher speeds can be achieved as well as improved sealing compared to non-tapered raised profiles. The taper of the tapered bond profile 1014 can be defined by a radius (e.g., a curve) or an angle (e.g., a ramp or α1 shown in FIG. 10A).

(49) With certain packaging films, conventional radiused (non-depth control) profiles can be problematic as they produce a “porpoising effect.” This is caused when the radiused anvil starts to penetrate the material but as depth of penetration increases, surface contact between the anvil profile and the material being bonded increases exponentially, which results in a situation where amplitude and pressure are insufficient to maintain the depth of anvil penetration, this forces the anvil to retract against the pressure exerted by the material. As it does so, the contact area then decreases exponentially resulting in an excess of pressure and amplitude for the reduced depth of bond, and so the anvil penetration increases, causing the cyclic “porpoise” effect.

(50) By contrast, use of an angled profile 1014 (such as α1 shown in FIG. 10A) is not as sensitive to these effects, because the angle of attack of the tapered bond profile 1014, married to profile bond height (H4) of the flat raised profile 1012, is determined based on a range of film thicknesses.

(51) Additional advantages of the tapered bond profile 1014 include:

(52) Improved speed due to easier material penetration

(53) Improved sealing—an angled profile 1014 having the shallow side towards the product helps improve seal strength by controlling the melt flow and directing it to the product side of the seal. This also improves vacuum tank testing performance and reduces the possibility of a fault line being created in the film by the bond process.

(54) Reduced particulate spread—the shallow angle (α1) of the taper in the tapered profile 1014 traps and attaches particulates within the bond line, so no bond will occur at the shallow side of the seal line but firm contact pressure will be applied, entrapping the particulates.

(55) Simultaneous seal/cut possibility—Utilizing an angle (e.g., α1) allows a reliable cut/seal on both depth control and non-depth control applications. Depth of cut can be accurately controlled by adjusting application pressure and/or amplitude. The system would leverage unbonded material under the shallow edge of the anvil profile 1012 to act as a compressible depth stop in relation to penetration of the opposite, knife-side (1130, FIG. 111B) of the angle. The bond occurs between the knife point 1130 and the shallower edge of the profile (e.g., 1014 in FIG. 10A).

(56) Next, the “cut and seal” feature will be described in connection with FIGS. 11A and 11B. In some applications, it is desirable to simultaneously seal and cut or score shrink wrap or other material to provide a zero fin seal height and a virtually invisible seal. FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate a horn or anvil 208, 220, utilizing depth control that would penetrate the film material with a combined two-layer thickness of, e.g., 30 μm and leaving 4 μm uncut, which is then easily parted by a conventional vacuum removal system (not shown), a step that will be readily familiar to those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains.

(57) Example dimensions are summarized in the table below.

(58) TABLE-US-00003 Dimension Millimeters W8 2.55 W9 0.35 W10 2.0 H8 0.4 H9 0.026 R3 0.50

(59) The angle of the profile (critical to achieve the desired result) ensured that the bonding conditions of force were met in a narrow area resulting in a very narrow, but on this film at least, very strong bond that withstood post bond shrink wrap activation. As can be seen in FIG. 11A, the anvil/horn 208, 220 has two bond profiles, one on each edge, which can be used for applications where the sonotrode has a width less than a width of the anvil 208, 220. In the anvil or horn 208, 220 shown in FIG. 11A, the depth control profile 1112 is the entire center section between the two profiles. In FIG. 11B, an enlarged view of the cutting section is shown, where the cutting feature 1130 having a height, H9, provides a cutting feature to the film (e.g., shrink wrap) presented at its surface or interface. The cutting feature 1130 has a height, H9, that is slightly more raised compared to the height of the raised profile 1112. The cutting feature 1130 forms a generally sharp 90 degree angle relative to the surface of the raised profile 1112, and this abrupt transition provides the cutting action to the film or material passing by the anvil/horn 208, 220. The height, H9, of the cutting feature 1130 can be between 1% to 20% of the height, H4, of the raised profile 1012, 1112. The cutting feature 1030 forms a terminus of the raised profile 1112 and thus is positioned adjacent to or at an end of the raised profile 1112.

(60) FIG. 12 illustrates a tapered bond profile having two different profiles on either side of the horn/anvil 208, 220. Only one side of the horn/anvil 208, 220 is shown here for ease of illustration due to the relatively small dimensions of the profile. Example values for the dimensions labeled in FIG. 12 are illustrated in the table below. The profile includes an angled profile 1214 having an angle α3, a depth control profile 1212, followed by a trailing edge profile 1016, which can be angled or sloped.

(61) TABLE-US-00004 Dimension Degrees Millimeters W11 2.6-2.7 W12 1.25 H10 0.0635- 0.089 H11 0.0635- 0.089 α3 1.5°, 1.8°, 2°

(62) According to other aspects of the present disclosure, enhanced depth control (and anvil geometry details) can be coupled with generator outputs. For example, adding a specific depth control and anvil detail results in higher ultrasonic power (and thus allows for better seal and faster speed). Limits and power regulation can be set around these parameters.

(63) The present disclosure produces a more consistent power draw, a stability not seen with a non-depth control, radiused anvil. In fact, a lower power draw using the angled profile 1014 is achieved compared to a radiused anvil, which leads to higher speed capabilities.