Auxiliary filter for enhanced chemical protection

Abstract

A process and device for enhancing the chemical protection capability of a collective protection filter whereby the process stream exiting the collective protection filter is passed through an Auxiliary Filter. The auxiliary filter containing an ammonia removal media, such as zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride (ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4), an oxidizing media, preferably zirconium hydroxide impregnated with potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4), and a methyl bromide removal media, preferably activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine (TEDA/carbon). The auxiliary filter and process are configured to remove toxic industrial chemicals including NH.sub.3, NO.sub.x (mixtures of NO and NO.sub.2) and CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br.

Claims

1. A process for enhancing the chemical protection capability of a collective protection filter, comprising: passing a process stream exiting the collective protection filter through an auxiliary filter having filtration media comprising: an ammonia removal media; an oxidizing media; and a methyl bromide removal media, wherein the ammonia removal media, the oxidizing media, and the methyl bromide removal media are segregated within said filtration media; and wherein said ammonia removal media is located at an inlet side of the filtration media, said oxidizing media is located at a middle of the filtration media, and said methyl bromide removal media is located at an outlet side of the filtration media.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ammonia removal media is comprised of a porous substrate impregnated with at least one of H.sub.2SO.sub.4, HCl, HNO.sub.3 or mixtures thereof, or the porous substrate is impregnated with at least one of a transition metal sulfate, transition metal chloride, a transition metal nitrate, or mixtures thereof.

3. The process of claim 2, wherein the porous substrate comprises at least one of activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, pseudo-boehmite, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

4. The process of claim 1, wherein the ammonia removal media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing media comprises a porous substrate impregnated with at least one of MnO, KMnO.sub.4, monopersulfate, or mixtures thereof.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein the porous substrate comprises at least one of activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, pseudo-boehmite, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with KMnO.sub.4.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein the methyl bromide removal media comprises activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time of the process stream within the auxiliary filter is between 0.03 seconds and 0.5 seconds.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary filter is configured from the group consisting of: as a packed bed filter; as a radial flow filter; or as a panel filter.

11. The process of claim 1, wherein the filtration media is immobilized in polymeric webbing.

12. The process of claim 11, wherein the polymeric webbing comprises polyester fibers.

13. An auxiliary filter for use with a collective protection filter, the auxiliary filter comprising: a housing having an inlet and an outlet; and a filtration media contained within the housing, the filtration media comprising an ammonia removal media, an oxidizing media, and a methyl bromide removal media; wherein the ammonia removal media, the oxidizing media, and the methyl bromide removal media are segregated within said filtration media; and wherein said ammonia removal media is located at an inlet side of the filtration media, said oxidizing media is located at a middle of the filtration media, and said methyl bromide removal media is located at an outlet side of the filtration media.

14. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the ammonia removal media is comprised of a porous substrate impregnated with at least one of H.sub.2SO.sub.4, HCl, HNO.sub.3 or mixtures thereof, or the porous substrate is impregnated with at least one of a transition metal sulfate, transition metal chloride, a transition metal nitrate, or mixtures thereof.

15. The auxiliary filter of claim 14, wherein the porous substrate comprises at least one of activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, pseudo-boehmite, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

16. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the ammonia removal media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride.

17. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the oxidizing media comprises a porous substrate impregnated with at least one of MnO, KMnO.sub.4, monopersulfate, or mixtures thereof.

18. The auxiliary filter of claim 17, wherein the porous substrate comprises at least one of activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, pseudo-boehmite, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

19. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the oxidizing media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with KMnO.sub.4.

20. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the methyl bromide removal media comprises activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine.

21. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the auxiliary filter is configured from the group consisting of: as a packed bed filter; as a radial flow filter; or as a panel filter.

22. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the filtration media is immobilized in polymeric webbing.

23. The auxiliary filter of claim 22, wherein the polymeric webbing comprises polyester fibers.

24. The process of claims 1, wherein the ammonia removal media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride, wherein the oxidizing media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with KMnO.sub.4, and wherein the methyl bromide removal media comprises activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine.

25. The auxiliary filter of claim 13, wherein the ammonia removal media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride, wherein the oxidizing media comprises zirconium hydroxide impregnated with KMnO.sub.4, and wherein the methyl bromide removal media comprises activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention is further detailed with respect to the following drawings that are intended to show certain aspects of the present invention but should not be construed as a limit on the practice of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an Auxiliary Filter according to embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(3) The present invention has utility as a novel filtering device and process for removing NH.sub.3, NO.sub.x, CH.sub.2O and optionally CH.sub.3Br downstream of a military collective protection (CP) filter employed in chemical defense applications.

(4) The present invention will now be described with reference to the following embodiments. As is apparent by these descriptions, this invention can be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment can be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from the embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following specification is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations, and variations thereof.

(5) The following description of embodiments of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention, its application, or uses, which may, of course, vary. The invention is described with relation to the non-limiting definitions and terminology included herein. These definitions and terminology are not designed to function as a limitation on the scope or practice of the invention but are presented for illustrative and descriptive purposes only.

(6) It is to be understood that in instances where a range of values are provided that the range is intended to encompass not only the end point values of the range but also intermediate values of the range as explicitly being included within the range and varying by the last significant figure of the range. By way of example, a recited range of from 1 to 4 is intended to include 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 3-4, and 1-4.

(7) Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

(8) Unless indicated otherwise, explicitly or by context, the following terms are used herein as set forth below.

(9) As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

(10) Also as used herein, “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

(11) According to embodiments, the process involves locating an Auxiliary Filter downstream of an existing collective protection (CP) filter. According to embodiments, the Auxiliary Filter includes a layered bed of media including any of an ammonia removal media, an oxidizing material, a methyl bromide removal material, or a combination thereof. For optimal performance, it is desired that the filtration media of the layered bed be configured in a manner such that the ammonia removal material is at the inlet of the bed, followed by the oxidizing material, with the methyl bromide removal material being located at the outlet of the filter.

(12) The ammonia removal material is defined as any filtration media that targets the removal of NH.sub.3 as its primary function. Solid adsorbents employed in the removal of NH.sub.3 include acids or metal salts located within the pores of a high-porosity substrate. Examples of high porosity substrates include activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide (such as pseudo-boehmite), silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and zirconium hydroxide. Zirconium hydroxide is the preferred substrate. Examples of acids include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Sulfuric acid is the preferred acid impregnant. Examples of metal salts include sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of transition metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. Zinc chloride is the preferred metal salt. Zirconium hydroxide impregnated with zinc chloride is the preferred ammonia removal material.

(13) NH.sub.3 is removed by reactions with acids, such as H.sub.2SO.sub.4, or by reactions with metals salts, such as zinc chloride, to yield the corresponding salt. For example:

(14) ##STR00001##

(15) ##STR00002##

(16) The oxidizing material is defined as any filtration material that targets the removal of nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) and CH.sub.2O through oxidation chemistry. Solid adsorbents include oxidizers impregnated within the pores of porous substrates. Examples of high porosity substrates include activated carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide (such as pseudo-boehmite), silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide and zirconium hydroxide. Zirconium hydroxide is the preferred substrate. Examples of oxidizers include MnO, KMnO.sub.4 and monopersulfate (KHSO5 - 0.5KHSO.sub.4 - 0.5K.sub.2SO.sub.4 - sold commercially as Oxone). KMnO.sub.4 is the preferred oxidizer. Zirconium hydroxide impregnated with KMnO.sub.4 is the preferred oxidizing material.

(17) KMnO.sub.4, for example, removes NO and NO.sub.2 by oxidizing said compounds to nitrates, which interact with the high porosity substrate to yield the corresponding nitrate. Removal of NO is important given that contact of activated, impregnated carbon with NO.sub.2 results in the NO.sub.2 oxidizing the surface of carbon, liberating NO which readily passes through the bed of activated, impregnated carbon. KMnO.sub.4 reacts with CH.sub.2O to yield formic acid, which is strongly retained on the high porosity substrate.

(18) The methyl bromide removal material is defined as any filtration material that targets the removal of CH.sub.3Br by chemical reaction. Solid adsorbents include activated carbon impregnated with triethylenediamine (TEDA). Said material removes CH.sub.3Br by chemical reaction leading to the formation of the monosubstituted quaternary salt.

(19) According to embodiments, the preferred ammonia removal material, zinc chloride impregnated zirconium hydroxide (ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4), is prepared by impregnation techniques known to one skilled in the art. According to embodiments, an aqueous ZnCl.sub.2 solution of the appropriate concentration is prepared and is impregnated into the pores of Zr(OH).sub.4 powder to incipient wetness. In order to maximize the effectiveness of this material, it is desired that the concentration of ZnCl.sub.2 in the impregnation solution is sufficient to achieve a ZnCl.sub.2, loading of at least 25% and preferably at least 35%. Upon completion of the impregnation, the resulting powder is dried at a temperature and time sufficient to remove the moisture from the powder. The powder is then formed into granules using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, the powder is tableted, with the resulting tablets crushed and sieved to the appropriate mesh size, such as 16×30 mesh or similar.

(20) According to embodiments, the preferred oxidizing material, potassium permanganate impregnated zirconium hydroxide (KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4), is prepared by impregnation techniques known to one skilled in the art. According to embodiments, an aqueous KMnO.sub.4 solution of the appropriate concentration is prepared and is impregnated into the pores of Zr(OH).sub.4 powder to incipient wetness. In order to maximize the effectiveness of this material, it is desired that the concentration of KMnO.sub.4 in the impregnation solution is sufficient to achieve a KMnO.sub.4 loading of at least 5% and preferably at least 10%. Upon completion of the impregnation, the resulting powder is dried at a temperature and time sufficient to remove the moisture from the powder. The powder is then formed into granules using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, the powder is tableted, with the resulting tablets crushed and sieved to the appropriate mesh size, such as 16×30 mesh or similar.

(21) According to embodiments, the preferred methyl bromide removal material, TEDA impregnated carbon (TEDA/carbon), is prepared by sublimation techniques known to one skilled in the art. A target mass of carbon granules of the appropriate mesh size, such as 12 × 30 mesh, are added to a cone blender or similar device. An appropriate amount of TEDA is then added. The amount of TEDA added should be sufficient to achieve a loading of at least 6% and preferably at least 10%. The cone blender is then sealed and allowed to blend for a sufficient time to sublime the TEDA into the pores of the carbon granules. It is preferred that the blender is warmed to on the order of 40 to 70° C. in order to speed up the sublimation process. Upon completion, the contents of the blender are emptied.

(22) The filtration media are employed as particles in many geometric forms which include granules, beads or extrudates. Generally, the smaller the particle size, the greater the filtration performance; however, too small of particle will lead to an excessive pressure drop through the filter bed. Therefore, according to embodiments the particles are generally greater than about 50 mesh, with the particle size distribution between about 4 mesh and 50 mesh being preferred. Examples of particle size distributions within the stated range include 4 by 10 mesh, 12 by 30 mesh and 20 by 50 mesh.

(23) According to embodiments, the Auxiliary Filter is located downstream of the CP filter. The filter bed associated with the Auxiliary Filter can be configured in many ways that bring about contact between the three different filtration media and the process stream that exits the CP filter. According to embodiments, the three filtration media associated with the novel device and process may be blended together to yield a mixture of media, or be segregated within the filter bed. It is preferred that the filtration media be segregated within the filter bed. It is more preferred that the filter bed associated with the novel device and process be configured such that the ammonia removal media is located at the inlet of the bed, the oxidizing media is located at the middle of the bed, and the methyl bromide removal media is located at the exit of the bed. The preferred configuration, as just described, takes advantage of synergistic effects between the three filtration media.

(24) According to embodiments, the Auxiliary Filter 10 includes two parts, namely a filter housing 12 and filter elements 18. The housing has an inlet 14, through which contaminated air enters the housing 12, and at least one outlet 16, through which filtered air exits the housing 12. The filter element 18 associated with the Auxiliary Filter 10 includes the three filtration media. According to embodiments, the element is configured as a packed bed filled with particles of media of the appropriate geometric form, such as granules. However, the pressure drop associated with this configuration can be excessive for certain applications. A preferred filter element is configured in a radial flow design. A radial flow filter element includes an annular bed filled with filtration media configured as described previously, whereby the process stream enters the inside diameter of the filter element and exits at the outside diameter. Such a configuration yields a reduced pressure drop (relative to a packed bed) by increasing the geometric surface area of the filter element. This configuration is currently employed in existing CP filters, such as the M98 filter. A more preferred configuration utilizes filter panel elements, as shown in FIG. 1.

(25) FIG. 1 shows a cross sectional view of an Auxiliary Filter having filter panel elements according to embodiments of the present invention. As shown by the arrows in FIG. 1, contaminated air enters the filter housing via an inlet. The contaminated air is distributed in the space between the panel filter elements. The contaminated air flow passes through the panel filter elements, where the contaminants are removed. The newly filtered air then flows parallel to the panel filter elements before exiting the housing via an outlet. The two significant advantages of the panel filter element configuration are (1) increased geometric surface area - which reduces the pressure drop and (2) improved utilization of available volume - thus reducing the space claim of the Auxiliary Filter.

(26) In a preferred filter element design, the filtration media is immobilized in polymeric webbing formed of structural fibers and low-melt fibers. According to embodiments, the structural and low melt fibers are formed of polyester. The low melt fibers secure the media in place by applying low temperature (greater than about 70° C.) air. Filtration media immobilized in the polymeric webbing is referred to as media-loaded webbing. It is preferred that the media loaded webbing be prepared as thin sheets approximately 3 mm thick, although thinner or thicker sheets can be used. The appropriate volume of filtration media is obtained by stacking a number of thin sheets one on top of the other. Use of media-loaded webbing provides a simple, low cost method for layering three dissimilar filtration media within a single filter element, be it a packed bed configuration, radial flow configuration, or panel filter configuration.

(27) The amount of each type of media employed in the novel device and process described herein is dependent upon the level of chemical protection desired. The amount of each media should be sufficient to achieve the target level of chemical protection. As a result, the residence time of the process stream through each media can range from as little as 0.01 seconds up to and in excess of 0.25 seconds. In a preferred configuration capable of exceeding 60 minutes protection versus NH.sub.3, 100 minutes protection versus NO.sub.2, and 100 minutes protection versus CH.sub.2O, the filter element associated with the novel device and process includes sufficient media to achieve a residence time through the preferred ammonia removal material, ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH.sub.)4, of 0.03 to 0.05 s, a residence time through the preferred oxidizing material, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 of 0.06 to 0.08 seconds, and a residence time through the bed of TEDA/carbon of 0.01 seconds. If optional CH.sub.3Br removal is desired, additional TEDA/carbon is required. For example, if the desired protection versus CH.sub.3Br is 30 minutes, the residence time through the TEDA/carbon should be between 0.07 and 0.10 seconds.

(28) The present invention is further detailed with respect to the following non limiting examples. These examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention but rather highlight properties of specific inventive embodiments and the superior performance thereof relative to comparative examples. The following examples in particular illustrate the benefits of the downstream auxiliary filter in enhancing protection versus NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br.

Example 1: Preparation of ZnCl.SUB.2./Zr(OH).SUB.4

(29) Zirconium hydroxide powder with a surface area of 400 m.sup.2/g is obtained from MEL Chemicals. 100 kg of powder is impregnated with a zinc chloride solution prepared by dissolving 35 kg of zinc chloride in 50 liters of DI water. Upon completion of the impregnation operation, the saturated powder is loaded onto plastic trays and dried in a forced convection oven at 90° C. overnight. The dried powder is prepared as 16×30 mesh granules by first briquetting the powder using a roll compactor, then grinding the briquettes on a hammer mill and sieving the material to 16×30 mesh. Overs from the sieving operation are re-ground. Under sized particles are combined with virgin powder and re-compacted. The resulting material is 35% ZnCl.sub.2, defined as 35 parts by weight ZnCl.sub.2 per 100 parts by weight Zr(OH).sub.4.

Example 2: Preparation of KMnO.SUB.4./Zr(OH).SUB.4

(30) Zirconium hydroxide powder with a surface area of 400 m.sup.2/g is obtained from MEL Chemicals. 100 kg of powder is impregnated with a KMnO.sub.4 solution prepared by dissolving 10 kg of KMnO.sub.4 in 70 liters of warm DI water. Upon completion of the impregnation operation, the saturated powder is loaded onto plastic trays and dried in a forced convection oven at 90° C. overnight. The dried powder is prepared as 16×30 mesh granules by first briquetting the powder using a roll compactor, then grinding the briquettes on a hammer mill and sieving the material to 16×30 mesh. Overs from the sieving operation are re-ground. Under sized particles are combined with virgin powder and re-compacted. The resulting material is 10% KMnO.sub.4, defined as 10 parts by weight KMnO.sub.4 per 100 parts by weight Zr(OH).sub.4.

Example 3: Preparation of TEDA/Carbon

(31) 12×30 mesh coconut shell carbon with a surface area 1,600 m.sup.2/g is obtained from Jacobi Carbon. 50 kg of the carbon granules is loaded into a V-blender along with 5 kg of TEDA. The V-blender is sealed and the contents are mixed for 6 hours at 60° C. Upon completion, the V-blender and contents are allowed to cool. Once cool, the contents are emptied and sieved to remove fines. The resulting material is 10% TEDA by weight, defined as 10 parts by weight TEDA per 100 parts by weight carbon.

Example 4: Comparative - ASZM-T

(32) ASZM-T (representative activated, impregnated carbon) is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br from streams of air. Testing is performed by challenging a bed of 12×30 mesh ASZM-T granules with individually NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O or CH.sub.3Br in air at 25° C. The residence time of the flow through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. This residence time is consistent with that of a military CP filter.

(33) NH.sub.3 testing: A bed of ASZM-T is exposed to flowing 15% relative humidity (RH) air at a residence time of 0.21 seconds for 3 hours prior to initiating the test. This exposure is performed for the purpose of equilibrating the ASZM-T with the humid air. Following pre-humidification, the bed is challenged with 1,000 mg/m.sup.3 NH.sub.3 at a residence time of 0.21 seconds. NH.sub.3 analyses are performed using a UV visible detector. The NH.sub.3 breakthrough time, defined as the time at which the effluent concentration of NH.sub.3 exceeded 35 mg/m.sup.3, was 12.5 minutes. The ASZM-T breakthrough time of NH.sub.3 is provided in Table 1 below.

(34) NO.sub.2 testing: A bed of ASZM-T is exposed to flowing 80% relative humidity (RH) air at a residence time of 0.21 seconds overnight prior to initiating the test. This exposure is performed for the purpose of equilibrating the ASZM-T with the humid air. Following pre-humidification, the bed is challenged with 375 mg/m.sup.3 NO.sub.2 at a residence time of 0.21 seconds. Breakthrough occurred as NO. This is because contact of activated, impregnated carbon with NO.sub.2 results in NO.sub.2 oxidizing the surface of carbon, liberating NO which readily passes through the bed of ASZM-T. NO and NO.sub.2 analyses are performed using an NO-NO.sub.x analyzer employing chemiluminescence. The NO breakthrough time, defined as the time at which the effluent concentration of NO exceeded 30 mg/m.sup.3, was 14.0 minutes. The ASZM-T breakthrough time for the NO.sub.2 challenge is provided in Table 1 below. When challenging ASZM-T with NO.sub.2, breakthrough occurs as NO.

(35) CH.sub.2O testing: A bed of ASZM-T is exposed to flowing 15% relative humidity (RH) air at a residence time of 0.21 seconds for 3 hours prior to initiating the test. This exposure is performed for the purpose of equilibrating the ASZM-T with the humid air. Following pre-humidification, the bed is challenged with 1,000 mg/m.sup.3 CH.sub.2O at a residence time of 0.21 seconds. CH.sub.2O analyses are performed using Drager tubes to determine low-level concentrations and a gas chromatographic equipped with a CO.sub.2 converter and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) to determine higher concentrations. The CH.sub.2O breakthrough time, defined as the time at which the effluent concentration of CH.sub.2O exceeded 1.2 mg/m.sup.3, was 25 minutes. The ASZM-T breakthrough time of CH.sub.2O is provided in Table 1 below.

(36) CH.sub.3Br testing: A bed of ASZM-T is exposed to flowing 80% relative humidity (RH) air at a residence time of 0.21 seconds overnight prior to initiating the test. This exposure is performed for the purpose of equilibrating the ASZM-T with the humid air. Following pre-humidification, the bed is challenged with 1,000 mg/m.sup.3 CH.sub.3Br at a residence time of 0.21 seconds. CH.sub.3Br analyses are performed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The CH.sub.3Br breakthrough time, defined as the time at which the effluent concentration of CH.sub.3Br exceeded 80 mg/m.sup.3, was less than 2 minutes. The ASZM-T breakthrough time of CH.sub.3Br is provided in Table 1 below. Results presented in Table 1 demonstrate that ASZM-T provides little chemical protection versus NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br.

(37) TABLE-US-00001 ASZM-T Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T NH.sub.3 12.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min CH.sub.3Br 4.0 min

Example 5: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter

(38) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter includes ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, and TEDA/carbon as 12×30 mesh granules. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.11 seconds, with the residence time through the bed of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.03 seconds, the residence time through the bed of KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.07 seconds and the residence time through the bed of TEDA/carbon set at 0.01 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 2 below.

(39) TABLE-US-00002 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.11 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH.sub.3 12.5 min 62.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 200.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 93.0 min CH.sub.3Br 4.0 min 8.0 min

(40) The results presented in Table 2 demonstrate that the auxiliary filter is able to significantly enhance protection versus NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O; however, in the tests of Example 5, increased protection versus CH.sub.3Br is less significant than the protection against NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O.

Example 6: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter

(41) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter includes ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, and TEDA/carbon as 12×30 mesh granules. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.07 seconds, with the residence time through the bed of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.03 seconds, the residence time through the bed of KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.03 seconds and the residence time through the bed of TEDA/carbon set at 0.01 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 3 below.

(42) TABLE-US-00003 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.07 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH.sub.3 12.5 min 45.0 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 85.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 43.0 min CH.sub.3Br 4.0 min 8.0 min

(43) The results presented in Table 3 demonstrate that the auxiliary filter is able to significantly enhance protection versus NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O; however, in the tests of Example 6, improved protection versus CH.sub.3Br is less significant than the protection against NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O.

Example 7: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter

(44) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter is comprised of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules and TEDA/carbon as 12×30 mesh granules. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.20 seconds, with the residence time through the bed of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.03 seconds, the residence time through the bed of KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.07 seconds and the residence time through the bed of TEDA/carbon set at 0.10 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 4 below.

(45) TABLE-US-00004 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.20 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH.sub.3 12.5 min 62.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 220.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 105.0 min CH.sub.3Br 4.0 min 36.0 min

(46) The results presented in Table 4 demonstrate that adding additional TEDA/carbon to the auxiliary filter enhances CH.sub.3Br removal.

Example 8: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter

(47) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter is comprised of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as 16×30 mesh granules and TEDA/carbon as 12×30 mesh granules. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.30 seconds, with the residence time through the bed of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.03 seconds, the residence time through the bed of KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 set at 0.07 seconds and the residence time through the bed of TEDA/carbon set at 0.20 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O and CH.sub.3Br in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 5 below.

(48) TABLE-US-00005 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, CH.sub.2O, and CH.sub.3Br with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.30 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH.sub.3 12.5 min 62.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 248.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 105.0 min CH.sub.3Br 4.0 min 122.0 min

(49) The results presented in Table 5 demonstrate that adding additional TEDA/carbon to the auxiliary filter enhances CH.sub.3Br removal.

Example 9: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter Using Media-Loaded Webbing

(50) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter is comprised of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as media-loaded webbing, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as media-loaded webbing and TEDA/carbon as media-loaded webbing. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.14 seconds, with the residence time through the ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.04 seconds, the residence time through the KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.07 seconds and the residence time through the TEDA/carbon in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.03 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 6 below.

(51) TABLE-US-00006 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, and CH.sub.2O with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.14 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH.sub.3 12.5 min 66.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 226.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 217.0 min

(52) The results presented in Table 6 demonstrate that the auxiliary filter significantly enhances the removal of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O.

Example 10: Evaluation of Auxiliary Filter Using Media-Loaded Webbing

(53) An auxiliary filter is located downstream of the ASZM-T bed. The auxiliary filter is comprised of ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 as media-loaded webbing, KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 as media-loaded webbing and TEDA/carbon as media-loaded webbing. The residence time through the bed of ASZM-T is 0.21 seconds. The total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed is 0.08 seconds, with the residence time through the ZnCl.sub.2/Zr(OH).sub.4 in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.03 seconds, the residence time through the KMnO.sub.4/Zr(OH).sub.4 in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.03 seconds and the residence time through the TEDA/carbon in the media-loaded webbing set at 0.02 seconds. The configuration described above is evaluated for its ability to remove NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O in air at 25° C. under conditions described in Example 4. Breakthrough times are presented in Table 7 below.

(54) TABLE-US-00007 ASZM-T + Auxiliary Filter Breakthrough Time of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, and CH.sub.2O with a total residence time through the auxiliary filter bed of 0.08 seconds. Chemical Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T (from Example 4) Breakthrough Time, ASZM-T plus Auxiliary Filter NH3 12.5 min 48.5 min NO.sub.2 14.0 min 108.0 min CH.sub.2O 25.0 min 67.0 min

(55) The results presented in Table 7 demonstrate that the auxiliary filter significantly enhances the removal of NH.sub.3, NO.sub.2 and CH.sub.2O.

(56) Various modifications of the present invention, in addition to those shown and described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art of the above description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

(57) Patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. These patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual application or publication was specifically and individually incorporated herein by reference for the entirety of their teaching.

(58) The foregoing description is illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention but is not meant to be a limitation upon the practice thereof. The following claims, including all equivalents thereof, are intended to define the scope of the invention.