Marine drives having a muffler for tertiary exhaust outlet

Abstract

A marine drive has a primary exhaust outlet on its lower gearcase that discharges a primary flow of exhaust gas from the engine to seawater in which the marine drive is situated. A secondary exhaust outlet is located on the marine drive above the primary exhaust outlet and discharges a secondary flow of exhaust gas from the engine to atmosphere around the marine drive at least when the engine is operated at an idle speed. A tertiary exhaust outlet is located on the marine drive between the primary and secondary exhaust outlets, and discharges a tertiary flow of exhaust gas from the engine to the seawater or to the atmosphere depending upon a current location of the tertiary exhaust outlet with respect to the seawater. A muffler is configured to reduce noise emanating from the tertiary exhaust outlet.

Claims

1. A muffler for reducing exhaust noise emanating from a marine drive, the muffler comprising: an expansion chamber for receiving and facilitating expansion of exhaust gas, the expansion chamber comprising inner and outer sidewalls; opposing wings laterally extending from opposite sides of the expansion chamber and configured to be sandwiched between opposing components of the marine drive; and outlet channels formed through the opposing wings, respectively, and extending laterally outwardly relative to the opposite sides of the expansion chamber; and opposing passageways defined between the inner and outer sidewalls, respectively, the opposing passageways being configured to convey exhaust gas from the expansion chamber to the outlet channels, respectively, for discharge from the muffler via the opposing wings.

2. The muffler according to claim 1, further comprising a top portion nested in a bottom portion, wherein the top portion comprises the inner sidewall and wherein the bottom portion comprises the outer sidewall.

3. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the muffler is configured to re-route the exhaust gas via a tortuous path.

4. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the muffler is configured to re-route the exhaust gas upwardly along the opposite sides of the expansion chamber.

5. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the muffler is configured to be sandwiched between a lower gearcase housing of the marine drive or an extension thereof and one of a driveshaft housing of the marine drive or an extension thereof.

6. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the expansion chamber provides a pathway for a first flow of exhaust gas to a first exhaust outlet on the marine drive and provides a pathway for a second flow of exhaust gas to a second exhaust outlet on the marine drive.

7. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the opposing outlet channels are configured to discharge the exhaust gas aftwardly on a same side of the muffler.

8. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the opposing outlet channels are configured to discharge the exhaust gas laterally outwardly from opposite sides of the muffler, respectively.

9. The muffler according to claim 1, wherein the muffler is configured to contain water which muffles the exhaust noise emanating from the muffler.

10. The muffler according to claim 9, wherein the muffler comprises a bottom wall and a forward wall, wherein the bottom wall, forward wall and outer sidewalls together define an interior for containing the water.

11. The muffler according to claim 10, wherein the muffler comprises at least one water inlet configured to convey cooling water to the interior.

12. The muffler according to claim 10, wherein the bottom wall comprises drain holes for metering drainage of the water from the expansion chamber.

13. A muffler for reducing exhaust noise emanating from a marine drive, the muffler comprising: an expansion chamber for receiving and facilitating expansion of exhaust gas; opposing wings laterally extending from opposite sides of the expansion chamber; opposing outlet channels formed through the opposing wings, respectively; wherein the expansion chamber comprises inner and outer sidewalls, and wherein opposing passageways are defined between the inner and outer sidewalls, respectively, the opposing passageways being configured to convey exhaust gas from the expansion chamber to the opposing outlet channels, respectively, for discharge from the muffler, and wherein the muffler is configured to contain water which muffles the exhaust noise emanating from the opposing outlet channels; and a lip seal covering an entrance from the expansion chamber to at least one of the opposing passageways, the lip seal being flexible enough to unseal the entrance under pressure from both the water and from the exhaust gas.

14. The muffler according to claim 13, wherein the lip seal being configured to seal the entrance when the lip seal is under only the pressure from the exhaust gas.

15. A muffler for reducing exhaust noise emanating from a marine drive, the muffler comprising: an expansion chamber for receiving and facilitating expansion of exhaust gas; opposing wings laterally extending from opposite sides of the expansion chamber; opposing outlet channels formed through the opposing wings, respectively, wherein the expansion chamber comprises inner and outer sidewalls, and wherein opposing passageways are defined between the inner and outer sidewalls, respectively, the opposing passageways being configured to convey exhaust gas from the expansion chamber to the opposing outlet channels, respectively, for discharge from the muffler; and at least one lip seal that seals an entrance from the expansion chamber to at least one of the opposing passageways, the at least one lip seal attenuating the exhaust noise emanating via the opposing outlet channels.

16. The muffler according to claim 15, wherein the at least one lip seal is fixed to a lower edge of the inner sidewall.

17. A muffler for reducing noise emanating from a marine drive, the muffler comprising: an expansion chamber for receiving and facilitating expansion of exhaust gas; at least one wing laterally extending from the expansion chamber; and an outlet channel formed through the at least one wing; wherein the expansion chamber comprises inner and outer sidewalls, and wherein a passageway is defined between the inner and outer sidewalls, the passageway being configured to convey exhaust gas from the expansion chamber to the outlet channel for discharge from the marine drive via the at least one wing, and wherein the muffler is configured to be nested in a lower gearcase or an extension thereof of the marine drive such that the at least one wing is sandwiched between the lower gearcase or an extension thereof and a driveshaft housing of the marine drive or an extension thereof and the expansion chamber extends downwardly into the lower gearcase, and such that the exhaust gas is discharged between the lower gearcase or the extension thereof and the driveshaft housing or the extension thereof: wherein the at least one wing further comprises opposing alignment channels for receiving the lower gearcase or the extension thereof and the driveshaft housing or the extension thereof, respectively.

18. The muffler according to claim 17, wherein the outlet channel is oriented laterally outwardly from a port or starboard side of the muffler, respectively.

19. The muffler according to claim 17, wherein the outlet channel is oriented aftwardly from the muffler.

20. The muffler according to claim 17, further comprising a top portion nested in a bottom portion, wherein the top portion comprises the inner sidewall, and wherein the bottom portion comprises the outer sidewall.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present disclosure is described with reference to the following Figures. The same numbers are used throughout the figures to reference like features and like components.

(2) FIGS. 1-4 are schematic views taken from U.S. Pat. No. 8,998,663 and show flow of exhaust gas through the marine drive during different respective operational states.

(3) FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of portions of the outboard motor and depicts exhaust flow out of primary, secondary and tertiary exhaust outlets.

(4) FIG. 6 is a partial rear view of the primary and tertiary exhaust outlets.

(5) FIG. 7 is a view of section 7-7, taken in FIG. 5.

(6) FIG. 8 is an exploded view of a first embodiment of a muffler configured to reduce exhaust gas noise emanating from the outboard motor via the tertiary exhaust outlet.

(7) FIG. 9 is a perspective view, looking up at a second embodiment of a muffler configured to reduce exhaust gas noise emanating from the outboard motor via the tertiary exhaust outlet.

(8) FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the second embodiment.

(9) FIG. 11 is a view of section 11-11, taken in FIG. 9.

(10) FIG. 12 is a view of section 12-12, taken in FIG. 9.

(11) FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a muffler configured to reduce exhaust gas noise emanating from outboard motor via the tertiary exhaust outlet.

(12) FIG. 14 is a view of section 14-14, taken in FIG. 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(13) The present disclosure improves upon the apparatuses and methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,998,663. In general, the '663 patent discloses an outboard motor having an exhaust conduit that receives exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine and discharges the exhaust gas to the surrounding seawater via an underwater outlet through the propeller. In addition, an opening is formed in the exhaust conduit and permits discharge of exhaust gas to atmosphere via a driveshaft housing of the outboard motor, and specifically via one or both of an idle exhaust relief outlet located with or above a midsection of outboard motor and an outlet located below the idle exhaust relief outlet, closer to the lower end of the driveshaft housing of the outboard motor.

(14) Present FIGS. 1-4 are taken from the '663 patent and schematically depict the flow of exhaust gases during different operational states of the above-noted outboard motor disclosed in the '663 patent.

(15) In particular, FIG. 1 includes arrows depicting flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when the internal combustion engine 12 is operated in neutral gear. In this operational state, the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 and driveshaft housing outlet 16 are located below the level of seawater surrounding the outboard motor 10. The relatively low flow rate of the exhaust gas through the exhaust conduit 21 and the relative size/geometry of the openings are such that little or no exhaust gas flows through the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 and drive shaft housing outlet 16. The propeller is not spinning, so it has little or no effect on exhaust gas flow. Thus, exhaust gas primarily flows through the idle exhaust relief outlet 22 located near the adapter plate 20.

(16) FIG. 1 also depicts flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when the outboard motor 10 is operated in reverse gear at idle and a first, relatively low speed (i.e. a first reverse speed). The propeller shaft housing outlet 14 and driveshaft housing outlet 16 remain under water. A slightly higher pressure exists at the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 due to the spinning propeller. This prevents exhaust gas from flowing through the propeller shaft housing outlet 14. Thus, most or all of the exhaust gas flows through the idle exhaust relief outlet 22.

(17) FIG. 2 includes arrows depicting flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when the outboard motor 10 is operated in forward gear at idle or relatively low speeds. In this state, both the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 and the driveshaft housing outlet 16 remain underwater. The relatively low flow rate of the exhaust gas and the relative size/geometry of the outlets 14, 16, 22 are such that little or no exhaust gas flows through the driveshaft housing outlet 16. The slightly lower pressure at the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 caused by the spinning propeller causes the exhaust gas to primarily flow out of the lower gearcase via the propeller shaft housing outlet 14. A relatively smaller portion of exhaust gas flows out of the outboard motor 10 via the idle exhaust relief outlet 22.

(18) FIG. 3 includes arrows depicting flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when it is operated in forward gear at relatively high speeds. In this operational state, the propeller shaft housing outlet 14 remains underwater, however the driveshaft housing outlet 16 will have a tendency to become exposed above seawater, or reside very close to above seawater. This is due to the displacement of seawater as the marine vessel is moving forward. The majority of exhaust gas is discharged through the propeller shaft housing outlet 14, but the portion of the exhaust gas that passes through the exhaust conduit opening will now exit through the idle exhaust relief outlet 22 and driveshaft housing outlet 16. A relatively smaller portion of exhaust gas flows out of the outboard motor 10 via the idle exhaust relief outlet 22.

(19) FIG. 4 includes arrows depicting flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when the outboard motor 10 is operated in reverse gear at a second, relatively higher speed (i.e. a second reverse speed that is higher than the first reverse speed). As engine speed increases in reverse gear operation, exhaust gas flow increases. Exhaust gas continues to flow through the idle exhaust relief outlet 22, and at a critical engine speed value the exhaust gas begins to flow through the driveshaft housing outlet 16. At this point, exhaust gas will have a tendency not to flow through the propeller shaft housing outlet 14.

(20) FIG. 3 also depicts flow of exhaust gas through the outboard motor 10 when the outboard motor 10 is operated in reverse gear at a third, relatively higher reverse speed (i.e. a third reverse speed that is higher than the second reverse speed). At a certain critical engine speed value, exhaust gas will begin to flow through the propeller shaft housing outlet 14. As described in the '663 patent, inclusion of the exhaust conduit opening in the outboard motor 10 has little discernible effect on the critical engine speed value at which exhaust gas begins to flow through both the idle exhaust relief outlet 22 and the driveshaft housing outlet 16. However, inclusion of the exhaust conduit opening surprisingly does have an increasing effect on the critical engine speed value at which the exhaust gas begins to flow through the gear case and propeller shaft housing and ventilate the propeller blades. Thus the inclusion of the exhaust conduit opening allows the internal combustion engine 12 to run at a greater speed before ventilation of the propeller occurs—thereby allowing it to produce an increased amount of reverse thrust compared to other outboard motor arrangements.

(21) As further explained in the '663 patent, the above-described marine drive arrangements provide certain functional advantages for marine drives, particularly those that require a relatively large amount of thrust in reverse gear, such as joystick piloted marine drives.

(22) Through research and experimentation with the outboard motors disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,998,663 and described herein above, the present inventors have determined that it would be beneficial to achieve the reverse-thrust improvements described in the '663 patent in a manner that does not sacrifice quiet operation of the marine drive. Upon this realization, the present inventors further determined that it would be beneficial to provide a modular muffler design for quieting exhaust noise via the tertiary exhaust outlet (e.g., 16), wherein the modular muffler design provides the option of installing the muffler only on certain marine drives that require this enhancement, thus preventing additional cost and weight penalties on various outboard motor configurations.

(23) FIGS. 5-8 depict portions of a marine drive including a first embodiment of a muffler according to the present disclosure. The type and configuration of the marine drive can vary from what is shown. In the illustrated example, the marine drive is an outboard motor 28, however in other examples the marine drive could be a stern drive, inboard drive, inboard-outboard drive and/or the like. As in the above-described embodiments of the '663 patent, the outboard motor 28 has an internal combustion engine 29 (shown schematically) that causes rotation of a generally vertically extending driveshaft 32. The driveshaft 32 extends from the internal combustion engine 29 into a driveshaft housing 34 located below the internal combustion engine 12. A lower gearcase housing 36 is located below the driveshaft housing 34 and contains a transmission gearset 38 (shown schematically) that operably connects the driveshaft 32 to a generally horizontally extending propeller shaft 40. The propeller shaft 40 laterally extends from the lower gearcase housing 36 and supports a propeller 42 such that rotation of the propeller shaft 40 causes rotation of the propeller 42. Thus, operation of the internal combustion engine 29 causes rotation of the driveshaft 32, which in turn causes rotation of the propeller shaft 40 and propeller 42, all as is conventional. The transmission gearset 38 can be actuated by a conventional shift actuator (not shown) to control the rotational direction of the propeller shaft 40 and propeller 42 in either forward, neutral, or reverse gears, all as is conventional.

(24) As shown in FIG. 5, the outboard motor 28 has a primary exhaust outlet 44 from the lower gearcase housing 36 via the hub 43 of propeller 42. The primary exhaust outlet 44 discharges a primary flow of exhaust gas 45 from the internal combustion engine 29 directly to the seawater in which the outboard motor 28 is situated, as described herein above with reference to FIGS. 1-4 (see underwater propeller shaft housing outlet 14). In the presently illustrated example, the primary exhaust outlet 44 receives the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 from an exhaust conduit 50 that extends from the internal combustion engine 29 and vertically downwardly alongside the driveshaft housing 34. The primary flow of exhaust gas 45 is communicated (as further described herein below) from the exhaust conduit 50 to the lower gearcase housing 36 and then to the primary exhaust outlet 44 via the hub 43 of the propeller 42.

(25) The outboard motor 28 also has a secondary exhaust outlet 46 (idle relief) located on the outboard motor 28 above the primary exhaust outlet 44, generally located near the top of the driveshaft housing 34. The secondary exhaust outlet 46 discharges a secondary flow of exhaust gas 47 from the internal combustion engine 29 at least when the internal combustion engine 29 is operated at idle speeds, as described herein above with reference to FIGS. 1-4 (see idle exhaust relief outlet 22). The secondary exhaust outlet 46 remains above water during all operational states of the outboard motor 28. The secondary exhaust outlet 46 receives the secondary flow of exhaust gas 47 from an opening 52 in the exhaust conduit 50, wherein the secondary flow of exhaust gas 47 flows from the exhaust conduit 50 to an idle relief muffler 54, and from the idle relief muffler 54 to atmosphere via an idle relief grommet 57. Examples of the secondary flow of exhaust gas 47, idle relief muffler 54 and idle relief grommet 57 are more fully disclosed in the above-incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,376,194 and 9,376,195.

(26) The outboard motor 28 also has a tertiary exhaust outlet 48 located on the outboard motor 28 vertically between the primary and secondary exhaust outlets 44, 46. In the illustrated example, the tertiary exhaust outlet 48 is located proximate to the union between the driveshaft housing 34 and lower gearcase housing 36 and adjacent to the cavitation plate 29 on the lower gearcase housing 36; however the location can vary from what is shown. The tertiary exhaust outlet 48 discharges a tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 from the internal combustion engine 12 to the seawater or to the atmosphere depending on a current location of the tertiary exhaust outlet 48 with respect to the seawater, as described herein above with reference to FIGS. 1-4 (see driveshaft housing outlet 16).

(27) FIGS. 6-8 depict a first embodiment of a muffler 30 for controlling exhaust noise associated with the tertiary exhaust outlet 48 according to the present disclosure. The muffler 30 is located between the driveshaft housing 34 and the lower gearcase housing 36, and in this example is sandwiched between the driveshaft housing 34 and the lower gearcase housing 36 and is partially disposed in (e.g. extends down into) the lower gearcase housing 36, as shown in FIG. 7. The muffler 30 has an expansion chamber 56 that promotes expansion of the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 therein, and in this example also provides a pathway (shown by arrows 45 in FIG. 7) for the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 to flow there through. The muffler 30 further has port and starboard wings 60 that laterally extend from port and starboard sides of the expansion chamber 56 and are sandwiched between the driveshaft housing 34 and lower gearcase housing 36. Port and starboard aftwardly-oriented outlet channels 62 are formed in the port and starboard wings 60, respectively, and are configured to discharge the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 from the expansion chamber 56. Although the illustrated examples show the muffler 30 being sandwiched between the driveshaft housing 34 and lower gearcase housing 36, it will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art that the muffler 30 could instead be sandwiched between an extension of either or both of the driveshaft housing 34 and the lower gearcase housing 36. Thus, it will be seen by those having ordinary skill in the art that the muffler 30 is a modular device that can be easily installed on various marine drive configurations, as mentioned herein above.

(28) The tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 follows a tortuous path from the expansion chamber 56 to the tertiary exhaust outlet 48. Specifically, the expansion chamber 56 has inner sidewalls 64 and outer sidewalls 66. Port and starboard passageways 68 vertically extend between the inner and outer sidewalls 64, 66 and are connected to the port and starboard outlet channels 62, respectively. Thus, in this embodiment, the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 is conveyed downwardly through and past the expansion chamber 56 and to the lower gearcase housing 36 for discharge via the primary exhaust outlet 44 through the propeller hub 41. The tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 is a portion the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 that separates from the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 and flows upwardly through the port and starboard passageways 68 and then aftwardly through the port and starboard outlet channels 62 for discharge from the outboard motor 10. The present inventors have determined that the cross-sectional shapes, sizes and lengths of the passageways 68 and outlet channels 62 are parameters that can be purposefully designed through research and experimentations so as to achieve a preferred exhaust noise associated with the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49.

(29) Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the muffler 30 can be formed from a top portion 70 that is nested in a bottom portion 72. The top portion 70 provides the inner sidewalls 64 and the bottom portion 72 provides the outer sidewalls 66. The port and starboard passageways 68 are defined between the inner and outer sidewalls 64, 66. The top portion 70 has port and starboard alignment channels 74 that receive lower edges 76 of the driveshaft housing 34 when the muffler 30 is sandwiched between the driveshaft housing 34 and the lower gearcase housing 36. The bottom portion 72 has port and starboard alignment channels 78 (see FIG. 8) that receive upper edges 80 of the lower gearcase housing when the muffler 30 is sandwiched between the driveshaft housing 34 and the lower gearcase housing 36. Bolts 82 can be used to secure the assembly together so as to clamp the muffler 30 between the respective components.

(30) FIGS. 9-12 depict a second embodiment of a muffler 90 configured to reduce noise emanating from the tertiary exhaust outlet 48. Like reference numbers are applied to components that are similar to the first embodiment, muffler 30 shown in FIGS. 5-8. The muffler 90 differs from the first embodiment in that it has a bottom wall 92 that extends between outer sidewalls 66 and a forward sidewall 95 (see FIG. 9) that creates an interior 94 (see FIG. 10) through which the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 cannot vertically pass. In this example the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 flows downwardly next to and past the rearward side of the muffler 90, as shown at arrows 45. This is in contrast to the first embodiment described herein above wherein the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 flows downwardly through the muffler 30. As shown in FIG. 9, the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 is the portion of the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 that separates from the primary flow of exhaust gas 45 and flows, over the forward sidewall 95 and into the closed interior 94 of the expansion chamber 56. The muffler 90 also differs from the muffler 30 shown in FIGS. 5-8 in that the muffler 90 has port and starboard outlet channels 62 that are laterally oriented in the port and starboard directions, instead of aftwardly, so that the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 is discharged laterally in the port and starboard directions.

(31) The muffler 90 also includes feature wherein cooling water from the internal combustion engine is used to muffle the sound of the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 (commonly referred to in the art as “water-lift muffler” functionality. In particular, a supply of cooling water 91 (see FIG. 5) from the internal combustion engine 12 is connected by a tube or similar conduit to water inlets 99 located above the expansion chamber 56. The configuration of the water inlets 99 can vary from what is shown, and in the illustrated example are connected to the port and starboard passageways 68 (see FIG. 12) so that the cooling water drains 91 by gravity down the port and starboard passageways 68 into the expansion chamber 56. The cooling water 91 that collects in the expansion chamber 56 will continue to muffle the exhaust gas noise associated with the tertiary exhaust outlet 48 when the tertiary exhaust outlet 48 is located above the surrounding seawater, for example when the outboard motor 10 is operated at above-idle speeds and the marine vessel is on plane in the seawater. The supply of cooling water 91 to the muffler 90 can be controlled, for example, by a thermostat associated with the internal combustion engine 12. Drain holes 89 can be selectively formed in the bottom wall 92 to control drainage of the cooling water 91 from the expansion chamber 56. The tortuous flow path through the port and starboard passageways 68 and the port and starboard outlet channels 62 also help retain and control the amount of the cooling water 91 in the expansion chamber 56.

(32) The muffler 90 also has one or more lip seals 96 that cover the entrances to the port and starboard passageways 68 from the expansion chamber 56. In the illustrated example, port and starboard lip seals 96 are fixed to lower edges of the inner sidewalls 64 and extends across the entrances into an abutting engagement with outer sidewalls 66. The seals 96 and/or lower edges can have a continuous length or be broken up into several pieces or segments. The lip seals 96 are resilient members (e.g. flexible rubber) and are made soft enough to open under external pressure from the seawater surrounding the outboard motor and internal pressure from the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 to thereby allow the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49 to exit the muffler 90 via the port and starboard passageways 68 and port and starboard outlet channels 62. The lip seals 96 are made rigid enough to remain closed under only the internal pressure from the tertiary flow of exhaust gas 49. This helps meter the flow of exhaust gas via the tertiary exhaust outlet 48. The lip seals 96 thus can be included to provide added attenuation. When the lip seals 96 are underwater (for example when the outboard motor is operated at idle speed), the lip seals 96 are pushed out of the way under the external force of the water, which is acceptable because the tertiary exhaust outlet 49 is under the water. The lip seals 96 flex and allow the exhaust gas to flow up through the muffler 90.

(33) FIGS. 13 and 14 depict a third embodiment of the muffler 100, which is similar to the muffler 90, but omits the water lift features. Like reference numbers are applied to similar components. The lip seals 96 help limit exhaust noise from exiting the tertiary exhaust outlet 48.

(34) In the above description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be inferred therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed. The different systems and method steps described herein may be used alone or in combination with other systems and methods. It is to be expected that various equivalents, alternatives and modifications are possible within the scope of the appended claims.