Antenna array with ABFN circuitry

Abstract

An antenna array with control circuitry placed at a front of the antenna array and between the antenna elements. By locating the azimuth beamforming network control circuitry on the front of the array and between antenna elements, the antenna elements and the other components can be coupled to the control circuitry without using cables. This leads to a reduction in the number of cable connections and to a reduction in size and weight of the resulting antenna array. The ABFN control circuitry is also used to control the beams formed from each row and not from each column as is usually done.

Claims

1. An antenna array comprising: an array reflector; a plurality of antenna elements positioned in a line on a front side of said array reflector, said plurality of antenna elements defining a single row on said array reflector; and at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry for controlling at least four beams produced by said single row on said array reflector, a first one of said two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry being located on said front side of said array reflector and between a first pair of antenna elements of said plurality of antenna elements to form a first azimuth beamforming network, and a second one of said two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry being located on said front side of said array reflector and between a second pair of antenna elements of said plurality of antenna elements to form a second azimuth beamforming network, wherein said plurality of antenna elements are controlled by said two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry with +45 degree and −45 degree polarizations and configured to generate a narrow azimuth beam width of 30 degrees or less, each of said two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry being integrated with feeding circuits of the plurality of antenna elements and located on said front side of said array reflector.

2. The antenna array according to claim 1, wherein said single row comprises seven antenna elements, each of said seven antenna elements being an element in a column on said array reflector.

3. The antenna array according to claim 1, wherein said at least one set of said two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry includes at least one compact hybrid coupler with a coupled line structure.

4. The antenna array according to claim 1, further comprising at least one fence between adjacent antenna elements of said plurality of antenna elements.

5. The antenna array according to claim 1, wherein a spacing between said plurality of antenna elements is half a wavelength of an operating frequency.

6. An antenna array comprising: an array reflector; a plurality of antenna elements positioned in a line on a front side of said array reflector, said plurality of antenna elements defining a single row on said array reflector, at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry for controlling at least four azimuth beams produced by said single row, each one of said at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry being located on said front side of said array reflector, one between a first pair and another between a second pair of antenna elements of said plurality of antenna elements, and integrated with feeding circuits of the plurality of antenna elements located on said front side of said array reflector; wherein said at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry for controlling at least four azimuth beams generate a narrow azimuth beam width of 30 degrees or less, wherein said antenna array has a plurality of rows of antenna elements, each row positioned in a respective line on said front side of said array reflector, said plurality of rows of antenna elements defining a planar array on said array reflector, and wherein said antenna array further comprises at least another two sets of control circuitry for controlling at least one elevation beam produced on said array reflector.

7. The antenna array according to claim 6, wherein said array comprises five rows of antenna elements, each row of said five different rows being a duplicate of said single row.

8. The antenna array according to claim 6, wherein said another two sets of control circuitry for elevation beam forming comprises rotatory phase shifters with remote control capability of electrical down-tilt function.

9. The antenna array according to claim 6, wherein said at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry comprises two different azimuth beamforming networks for controlling at least six beams produced by said plurality of antenna elements in said single row.

10. The antenna array according to claim 6, wherein said at least two sets of Butler matrix control circuitry are integrated with said antenna element feeding circuits through via connections located on both sides of said array reflector.

11. The antenna array according to claim 6, further comprising at least one fence between adjacent antenna elements of said plurality of antenna elements.

12. The antenna array according to claim 6, wherein a spacing between said plurality of antenna rows is three quarter a wavelength of an operating frequency.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The embodiments of the present invention will now be described by reference to the following figures, in which identical reference numerals in different figures indicate identical elements and in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a top view of an antenna array according to one aspect of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a bottom view and a side view of the antenna array illustrated in FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates a compact coupled line coupler used in one aspect of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a 3×7 ABFN circuit using the coupled line structure illustrated in FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a control scheme for a planar array using a single row of seven antenna elements;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a control scheme for a planar array using five rows and seven columns of antenna elements;

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates top and side views of a five row, seven column antenna array incorporating at least one aspect of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates a back view of the antenna array illustrated in FIG. 7;

(10) FIGS. 9A and 9B show the measured pattern results of the one row array (FIG. 1, +45 deg) with a 10 dB AZ cross-over point;

(11) FIGS. 10A and 10B show the measured pattern results of the dual polarization five row array (FIG. 7, +45 deg) at 0 degree EDT angle;

(12) FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate the measured pattern results of the dual polarization five row array (FIG. 7, +45 deg) at 6 degree EDT angle; and

(13) FIGS. 12A and 12B show the measured pattern results of the dual polarization five row array (FIG. 7, +45 deg) at a 14 degree EDT angle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) Referring to FIG. 1, a top view of a single row of antenna elements according to one aspect of the invention is illustrated. FIG. 2 is a bottom view and a side view of the single row of antenna elements illustrated in FIG. 1 with the side view being taken along lines A-A in the Figure. As can be seen, the row 10 of antenna elements has a number of antenna elements 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E. Control circuit boards 30A, 30B are located at the front of the array and are located between antenna elements 20B, 20C, 20D. In this implementation of one aspect of the invention, there are seven antenna elements in a single row and the beams produced by these elements are controlled by two ABFN control circuitry 30A, 30B. These control boards 30A, 30B are located between the antenna elements on the front of the array. These control circuitry boards for the azimuth beamforming networks are integrated into the feed boards for the antenna elements and are configured to control the beams on a per row basis as opposed to the more conventional per column basis. For this implementation, two ABFN control circuitry boards are used to control the beams from each row of antenna elements.

(15) It should be noted that, to integrate the beam forming network feed boards together, the sizes of the related RF parts are reduced. In order to achieve the reduction in physical size of the feed boards, a compact coupled line structure may be used in the hybrid coupler. Using such a coupled line structure in the hybrid coupler reduces the size of the coupler and the bandwidth of the hybrid coupler is improved. By using less order hybrid couplers with the coupled line structure, the same bandwidth of the couplers is maintained and the area used by the couplers is reduced dramatically. FIG. 3 illustrates the coupled line coupler. Usage of such ultra bandwidth compact hybrid couplers allows for the construction of compact ABFN (i.e. Butler matrix) circuits for the azimuth beamforming for the array. FIG. 4 illustrates a 3×7 ABFN circuit incorporating three instances of the coupled line structure shown in FIG. 3.

(16) As can be seen from FIG. 3, the coupled line coupler illustrated have a number of unique features when compared to a branchline coupler. In the coupled line coupler of FIG. 3, the impedance transition feature of the coupled line structures (i.e. connected coupled line at one end) is introduced into the branchline coupler as the branch line. The bandwidth of the branchline coupler is thus significantly improved and the size of the resulting coupler is dramatically reduced.

(17) For best results, the ABFN control circuitry is used at the row level. This means that the ABFN control circuitry is used to control the beams produced by each row as opposed to controlling the beams produced by each column as in the prior art. This configuration allows arrays with this structural feature to produce a three beam variable electrical down-tilt (VET). Thus, for a 5 row VET multibeam array, there are 10 ABFN boards controlling the beams produced by the 5 rows of antenna elements. This is because each row is controlled by two ABFN boards. Thus, for five rows, a total of 10 ABFN boards are used (5 rows×2 ABFN boards per row) for the 5 row array.

(18) It should be noted that placing the ABFN boards at the front of the antenna array can significantly cut down on the cable connections between the control circuitry and the antenna elements. In one example, in the prior art, to realize a three beam array with a 10 dB cross-over point between beams, a seven antenna element array (with the seven antenna elements arranged in a row) may be used. In the prior art, the two ABFN control circuitry boards used to control the seven elements would be located at the back of the array. This means that fourteen cable connections would be needed to connect each antenna elements to each of the control circuitry boards (2 control circuitry boards×7 antenna elements). However, by locating the ABFN control circuitry boards at the front of the array, the boards can be connected to each of the antenna elements using suitably aligned pins and holes in the array reflectors.

(19) To improve the performance of the resulting array, specific configurations based on the projected use of the array may be used. As an example, based on the desired beam coverage and the desired grating lobe, the spacing between the different columns in the array may be less than half the wavelength of the operating frequency band. Such a spacing would lead to a strong mutual coupling between antenna elements and degraded cross-polarization isolation between two desired polarizations. To address this issue, fingers and fences around/between the antenna elements as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 7, may be used. In FIG. 1, some metal fences 40A, 40B, 40C, and 40D are installed for example on a front of said array reflector as shown in a rectangular shape between antenna elements 20A and 20B, 20D and 20E. Metal reflector 50 serves as a structural support for the antenna elements and shapes the beam of the dipole antenna. As shown in FIG. 7 with black rectangular shapes, there are four metal fences 140A, 140B, 140C, 140D placed between first/second, second/third, fifth/sixth, sixth/seventh dipoles at each row. In total there are quantity twenty (2) metal fences used in that antenna array. Such devices can reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements to thereby improve cross-polarization isolation as well as the related pattern performances.

(20) It is preferred that the azimuth and elevation spacings of the antenna elements be selected carefully to balance between the grating lobe at the high end of the operating frequency band and multi-coupling between the antenna elements.

(21) To illustrate the control schematic per row, FIG. 5 illustrates the control scheme for a planar array with a single row of seven elements. Each element in the row constitutes a column (to result in seven columns) and the row is fed by two 3×7 ABFN control boards (i.e. a Butler matrix) to realize dual polarized three beam patterns. Similarly, FIG. 6 illustrates a control scheme for a planar array with five rows and seven columns to realize dual polarized six beam patterns with 2-16 degrees of the down-tilt angle. The array in FIG. 6 is fed by ten 3×7 ABFN control boards and six phase shifters (i.e., EBFN control boards).

(22) Referring to FIG. 7, top and side views of a five row, seven column antenna array according to one aspect of the invention is illustrated. As can be seen, the ABFN control circuitry is, much like in FIG. 1, at the front of the antenna array and the ABFN boards are placed in the space between the antenna elements. FIG. 8 illustrates the back or rear of the five row, seven column antenna array in FIG. 7.

(23) In FIGS. 9A and 9B, the measured azimuth (FIG. 9A) and elevation (FIG. 9B) pattern results of the one row array (+45 deg) are shown. For the azimuth plot, the worst side lobe level is around 15 dB and the cross over points between beams are around 10 dB. Because only one row is involved, only zero (0) degree EDT angle can be achieved. FIG. 10A shows the measured azimuth pattern and FIG. 10B shows the elevation pattern for the dual polarization five row array at a 0 degree EDT angle. FIG. 11A shows the measured azimuth pattern and FIG. 11B shows the elevation pattern for the dual polarization, five row array at a 6 degree EDT angle. Similarly, FIG. 12A shows the measured azimuth pattern and FIG. 12B shows the elevation pattern for the dual polarization five row array at a 14 degree EDT angle. Due to the similarity with −45 degree polarization, only pattern results with +45 degree polarization ports are presented in FIGS. 9-12. From FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, it can be seen that, when the EDT angle is changed from 0 and 14 degrees through tuning the phase shifters, the azimuth patterns are well maintained.

(24) It should be noted that variations on the embodiments of the invention are also possible. As an example, instead of using a seven column antenna array, reducing the number of columns in the array may result in a performance improvement. As an example, instead of a 10 dB cross-over point for the 3-beam antenna array which uses seven columns, experiments have shown that a 3-beam antenna array with six columns can achieve a 6 dB cross-over point. Similarly, staggering antenna elements along the elevation results in beam patterns with less elevation grating lobes (i.e. improved mutual coupling between antenna elements). As well, better elevation side lobe levels (SLL) are achieved for a multi-beam array when the antenna elements are staggered along the elevation. As an example, an 80 mm staggering distance for the 3 beam antenna array with seven columns results in a 2/5 dB elevation SLL/GL improvement. As another variant, the ABFN and the number of columns in the array can be changed to result in the desired beam patterns for any number of input ports (i.e. using anywhere from 2-30 input ports). As an example, if 5×10 ABFN control circuit boards are used with a 10 column antenna array (to replace the 3×7 ABFN control circuitry boards), a 5 beam VET array can be realized as noted above.

(25) A person understanding this invention may now conceive of alternative structures and embodiments or variations of the above all of which are intended to fall within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims that follow.