Laser lighting having selective resolution

Abstract

In an example, the present invention provides an optical engine apparatus. The apparatus has a laser diode device, the laser diode device characterized by a wavelength ranging from 300 to 2000 nm or any variations thereof. In an example, the apparatus has a lens coupled to an output of the laser diode device and a scanning mirror device operably coupled to the laser diode device. In an example, the apparatus has an un-patterned phosphor plate coupled to the scanning mirror and configured with the laser device; and a spatial image formed on a portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate configured by a modulation of the laser and movement of the scanning mirror device.

Claims

1. An optical engine apparatus for spatial imaging, comprising: a laser diode device configured to generate a laser beam characterized by a wavelength; a lens arranged to receive the laser beam from the laser diode device; a scanning mirror device arranged to receive light output from the lens and configured to scan the light in two dimensions; an un-patterned phosphor plate arranged to receive the light from the scanning mirror device, the un-patterned phosphor plate including sub-plates each configured to convert the light to a different wavelength to provide a different color emission; and a controller coupled to the laser diode device and the scanning mirror device, the controller configured to: form a first spatial image on a first portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with a first sub-plate by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device; and form a second spatial image on a second portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with a second sub-plate by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device, wherein the first sub-plate provides the first spatial image with a first color and the second sub-plate provides the second spatial image with a second color that is different from the first color, and the second spatial image is formed concurrently with the first spatial image, wherein the first spatial image has a first resolution, and the second spatial image has a second resolution different from the first resolution.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate comprises at least three sub-plates, and the first sub-plate includes a red phosphor, the second sub-plate includes a green phosphor, and a third sub-plate includes a blue phosphor.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the scanning mirror device comprises a plurality of scanning mirrors.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus is configured with a display system, the display system including an optical system configured to re-image the first spatial image and the second spatial image on a screen.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a heat sink device coupled to the un-patterned phosphor plate, the heat sink configured to transfer and remove thermal energy; and wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate includes at least one of a transmissive phosphor species or a reflective phosphor species.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a sensor or imager, and feedback and servo controls to track and dynamically illuminate an object of interest.

7. An optical engine apparatus comprising: a laser diode device configured to generate a laser beam characterized by a wavelength; a lens arranged to receive the laser beam from the laser diode device; a scanning mirror device arranged to receive light output from the lens and configured to scan the light in two dimensions; an un-patterned phosphor plate arranged to receive the light from the scanning mirror device, the un-patterned phosphor plate including sub-plates each configured to convert the light to a different wavelength to provide a different color emission; and a controller coupled to the laser diode device and the scanning mirror device, the controller configured to: form a first spatial image on a first portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with a first sub-plate by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device; the first sub-plate providing the first spatial image with a first color; and form a second spatial image on a second portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with a second sub-plate by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device; the second sub-plate providing the second spatial image with a second color that is different from the first color, wherein the second spatial image is formed concurrently with the first spatial image on the un-patterned phosphor plate, and wherein the first spatial image is speckle free, wherein the first spatial image has a first resolution, and the second spatial image has a second resolution different from the first resolution.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the scanning mirror device comprises a plurality of scanning mirrors.

9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the apparatus is configured with a display system, the display system including an optical system configured to re-image the first spatial image and the second spatial image on a screen.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate comprises at least three sub-plates, and the first sub-plate includes a red phosphor, the second sub-plate includes a green phosphor, and a third sub-plate includes a blue phosphor.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a heat sink device coupled to the un-patterned phosphor plate, the heat sink configured to transfer and remove thermal energy; and wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate includes at least one of a transmissive phosphor species or a reflective phosphor species.

12. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a color or colors associated with the first spatial image, the color or colors being associated with the modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device.

13. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a third spatial image formed on a third portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate, the third spatial image having a third color, wherein the third spatial image is characterized by a time constant, and wherein the third spatial image is speckle free.

14. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a beam path provided from the scanning mirror device, wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate comprises: a first un-patterned phosphor plate coupled to the scanning mirror device via the beam path and configured with the laser diode device; a second un-patterned phosphor plate coupled to the scanning mirror device via the beam path and configured with the laser diode device; a third un-patterned phosphor plate coupled to the scanning mirror device via the beam path and configured with the laser diode device, wherein the first spatial image is formed on a first portion of either the first un-patterned phosphor plate, the second un-patterned phosphor plate, or the third un-patterned phosphor plate, and the first spatial image is configured by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising a first blocking mirror configured in a first portion of the beam path to configure the beam path to the first un-patterned phosphor plate, and a second blocking mirror configured to a second portion of the beam path to configure the beam path to the second un-patterned phosphor plate.

16. An optical engine apparatus for spatial imaging comprising a laser diode device configured to generate a laser beam characterized by a wavelength; a lens arranged to receive the laser beam from the laser diode device; a scanning mirror device arranged to receive light output from the lens and configured to scan the light in two dimensions; an un-patterned phosphor plate arranged to receive the light from the scanning mirror device, the un-patterned phosphor plate including a red sub-plate, a green sub-plate, and a blue sub-plate; and a controller coupled to the laser diode device and the scanning mirror device, the controller configured to: form a first spatial image having a first color on a first portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with the red sub-plate by a modulation of the laser diode device and movement of the scanning mirror device; form a second spatial image having a second color on a second portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with the green sub-plate, wherein the first spatial image has a first resolution, and the second spatial image has a second resolution different from the first resolution; and form a third spatial image having a third color on a third portion of the un-patterned phosphor plate associated with the blue sub-plate, wherein the first spatial image, the second spatial image, and the third spatial image are formed concurrently on the un-patterned phosphor plate.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising a heat sink device coupled to the un-patterned phosphor plate, the heat sink configured to transfer and remove thermal energy; and wherein the un-patterned phosphor plate includes at least one of a transmissive phosphor species or a reflective phosphor species.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of the prior art, conventional scanning mirror display.

(2) FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of novel architecture of the optical engine and addressing electronics of the display with scanning mirror and un-patterned phosphor plate according to an example.

(3) FIG. 3a illustrates the optical configuration with backside, transmission illumination and details of phosphor plate;

(4) FIG. 3b illustrates the optical configuration with front side, perpendicular reflective illumination and details of the corresponding phosphor plate according to examples; and

(5) FIG. 3c illustrates a full color phosphor plate.

(6) FIG. 4 illustrates an optical architecture with one laser diode, one scanning mirror and two uniaxial on-off mirrors according to an example.

(7) FIG. 5 illustrates an optical architecture with three laser diodes and three scanning mirrors according to an example.

(8) FIG. 6 illustrates a three dimensional (3D) optical architecture with a laser diode and phosphor plate configured to a scanning mirror according to an example.

(9) FIG. 7a illustrates the driving waveforms for addressing of un-patterned phosphor display; and FIG. 7b illustrates the scanning line pattern over three un-patterned phosphor plates according to examples.

(10) FIG. 8 illustrates a system for dynamic lighting with the feedback mechanism to follow the moving target according to an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(11) According to the present invention, techniques for laser lighting are provided.

(12) This description relates to optical and electrical designs, architecture and implementation of smart lighting and displays. The optical architecture is based on the single or multiple laser diodes, single or multiple scanning mirrors and single or multiple un-patterned phosphor plates.

(13) As background, conventional displays use white light illumination and array of color filters and addressable Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) pixels on the panels, with pixels being turned on or off with or without light intensity control by addressing electronics. Another type of displays is formed by array of addressable pixels that generate light emission by electroluminescence (Organic Light Emitting Diode—OLED array). Yet another type of display is created by addressable array of deflectable micromirrors that reflect the color sequential, time division multiplexed light selectively to projection optics and a screen. Additionally, another type of color display that does not require the matrix of addressable elements is based on three color light sources and the biaxial scanning mirror that allows formation of images by scanning in two directions while three lasers or other light sources are directly modulated by driving currents. In addition, patterned phosphor plate with red, green and blue array of phosphor pixels can be addressed by laser light incident on scanning mirrors while the light intensities are controlled by laser drivers. Illumination patterns can be viewed directly, or re-imaged with an optical system to a desired surface.

(14) The commonality of the matrix array display products is the fixed resolution of the displayed content, fixed color gamut, low power efficiency and optical and electrical complexity. The direct and re-imaged scanning mirror displays that do not use matrices of colored phosphor pixels offer adjustable resolution, higher power efficiency, and a compact footprint, but suffer from image speckle that is the result of coherent nature of laser light sources required for these displays, and also from safety issues, regulatory complexity, and high cost since 3 types of lasers with different wavelengths are required.

(15) This disclosure describes novel displays and smart lighting that have resolution and color gamut on demand, very high power efficiency, no speckle and optical and electrical simplicity, miniature packaging, minimum number of active elements, and minimal safety and regulatory concerns. The multiple optical engine embodiments and several addressing schemes are disclosed.

(16) A prior art scanning mirror display architecture is outlined in FIG. 1. An example can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 9,100,590, in the name of Raring, et al. issued Aug. 4, 2015, and titled Laser based display method and system, commonly assigned and hereby incorporated by reference.

(17) According to an example, a projection apparatus is provided. The projection apparatus includes a housing having an aperture. The apparatus also includes an input interface 110 for receiving one or more frames of images. The apparatus includes a video processing module 120. Additionally, the apparatus includes a laser source. The laser source includes a blue laser diode 131, a green laser diode 132, and a red laser diode 133. The blue laser diode is fabricated on a nonpolar or semipolar oriented Ga-containing substrate and has a peak operation wavelength of about 430 to 480 nm, although other wavelengths can be used. The green laser diode is fabricated on a nonpolar or semipolar oriented Ga-containing substrate and has a peak operation wavelength of about 490 nm to 540 nm. The red laser could be fabricated from AlInGaP with wavelengths 610 to 700 nm. The laser source is configured to produce a laser beam by combining outputs from the blue, green, and red laser diodes using dichroic mirrors 142 and 143. The apparatus also includes a laser driver module 150 coupled to the laser source. The laser driver module generates three drive currents based on a pixel from the one or more frames of images. Each of the three drive currents is adapted to drive a laser diode. The apparatus also includes a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) scanning mirror 160, or “flying mirror”, configured to project the laser beam to a specific location through the aperture resulting in a single picture 170. By rastering the pixel in two dimensions, a complete image is formed. The apparatus includes an optical member provided within proximity of the laser source, the optical member being adapted to direct the laser beam to the MEMS scanning mirror. The apparatus includes a power source electrically coupled to the laser source and the MEMS scanning mirror.

(18) An example of a scanned phosphor display disclosed in FIG. 2 relies on the single ultraviolet or blue laser diode, the single scanning mirror and single phosphor plate. The light source for the display is the blue or ultraviolet laser diode 210 that is driven by high frequency driver amplifier 211. The electrical modulation signals that are converted into light modulation signals are provided by the processor 212 which receives the display content from video or other digital data source 214. The processor 212 converts the standard video or image content into the format that is compatible with requirements of the scanning device 230 and the addressing of the display media that is composed of un-patterned phosphor plate 240. The monochromatic display needs only a single un-patterned plate. The full color display requires the phosphor plate 240 that is subdivided into or composed of three un-patterned phosphor segments (or sub-plates), red one, 241, green one 242 and blue one 243. Additional phosphor sub-plates can be added, such as orange sub-phosphor plate to enhance the color gamut of the displayed images. The different phosphor sub-plates 241, 242 can be arranged in any convenient pattern, such as the row or two by two pattern with transmissive or reflective configuration.

(19) The coherent light generated by the laser diode 210 is collimated by optics 220 and directed onto the scanning mirror 230. The scanner is typically bidirectional, biaxial actuator that permits angular scanning of the light beam over two dimensional raster. Unidirectional scanner represents another viable option. Another scanning option uses two uniaxial actuators for the full two dimensional image.

(20) The optical engine composed of the unpackaged laser diode 210, the collimated optics 220, the unpackaged scanning mirror 230 and the phosphor plate 240 is enclosed in the hermetic or non-hermetic package that protects the components against particulate contamination. The optional hermetic package can be filled with inert gas, gas containing oxygen or other desired gas dopant with lower pressure than atmospheric pressure, compressed dry air, or contain low level of vacuum if low friction operation of the scanner is desirable for higher deflection angle operation. Packaging the phosphor plate inside the module has certain benefits with respect to form factor, reliability, and cost.

(21) A laser diode is formed in gallium and nitrogen containing epitaxial layers that have been transferred from the native gallium and nitrogen containing substrates that are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/312,427 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0140710, which are incorporated by reference herein. As an example, this technology of GaN transfer can enable lower cost, higher performance, and a more highly manufacturable process flow.

(22) The typical scanning mirror can be two dimensional Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) electrostatically or electromagnetically driven scanner. The electrostatic comb MEMS scanner 230 offers large deflection angles, high resonant frequencies and relatively high mechanical stiffness for good shock and vibration tolerance. When even higher resonant frequencies, higher scanning angles and higher immunity to shock and vibration are required, two dimensional electromagnetic scanning MEMS mirror 230 is used. Another embodiment uses two uniaxial scanning mirrors instead of one biaxial scanner. The scanning mirrors are typically operated in the resonant mode or quasi-static mode and synchronization of their displacement with the digital content modulating the lasers is required. The active sensing of the deflection angles (not shown in the figure) is included in the system. It can be accomplished by incorporation of the sensors on the hinges of the scanning mirrors. These sensors can be of piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, optical or other types. Their signal is amplified and used in the feedback loop to synchronize the motion of mirrors with the digital display or video signals.

(23) The light image generated by laser beam scanning of un-patterned phosphor can be viewed directly by the observer 260 or it can be re-imaged by the optical system 250 onto the appropriate optical screen 270. For one color imaging system, the optical system 250 does not require any color light combiners, but for the full color imaging system, the optical system 250 includes also combining optics that are not shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity, but are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 below.

(24) The details of one un-patterned phosphor plate are included in FIG. 3a. The back side illumination 390 impinges on the substrate 310 that is transparent to monochromatic laser illumination and is coated with antireflective thin film structure 320 on the illumination side. On the phosphor side of the substrate, the highly reflective layer 330 composed of the single film or multiple stack of high and low refractive index layers is used. The reflection is optimized for emission wavelengths of the phosphors so that almost all emitted light intensity is used in the forward direction. This coating is transparent at the excitation wavelength of the laser diode. The phosphor layer 340 composed of powder films, single crystal phosphors or quantum dots are selected so that efficient phosphorescence occurs for the particular excitation wavelength and emission of desirable red, green and blue wavelengths. The plate 301 can contain one, two, three or more phosphor sub-plates that are not shown in FIG. 3a. The optimized color gamut is achieved with the single phosphor or mixture of phosphors. Some examples of the phosphors for red, green, orange and blue, among others, are listed below. Images produced on the phosphor layer 340 are re-imaged with the optical system 392. The phosphor plate may contain the heat sink in particular for high brightness systems. The heat sink for transmissive configuration is formed by materials that are very good thermal conductors but are optically transparent to the illumination light.

(25) The second architecture with the phosphor plate 302 is presented in FIG. 3b. In this case, the excitation light 390 is brought in from the front side of the phosphor surface. The scanned excitation light 390 passes through dichroic mirror 351 and collection optics 350 and is directed to the phosphor plate 302 having the substrate 310. The phosphor 340 is placed on the highly reflected layer 370 which in turn resides on the substrate 310. The light 391 emitted by the phosphors 340 is collimated and imaged by the optical assembly 350 and directed to the screen or the observer by reflection from dichroic mirror 351 and by optional optical components 352.

(26) FIG. 3c shows the details of the full color phosphor plate 303 that comprises of the substrate 310 and phosphor films 341, 342 and 343 that are referred to here as sub-plates. The single layer or multilayer film stacks 371, 372 and 373 that reflect efficiently the phosphorescent light generated by three phosphors and also illumination light 390 reside between the substrate 310 and phosphorescent films 341, 342 and 343. Alternatively, the single film stack can be substituted for three different stacks with some loss of reflection efficiency for the emission spectra that cover three spectral regions. The reflective phosphor plates may contain heat sink film that is placed below phosphors 341, 342, 343 or below reflective layers 371, 372, 373. In some cases, heat sink film functionality can be combined with reflection films.

(27) The full color display architecture 400 with three color sub-plates is shown in FIG. 4. The modulated light is generated by the laser diode 410 that is driven by the laser driver, video processing electronics according to input data represented by the unit 415 which has equivalent functionality to the unit 215 in FIG. 2. The scanning mirror 430 provides the scanning pattern over the phosphors 441, 442 and 443. The two state (on-off) mirror 473 allows the excitation light to be guided onto the first phosphor 443 when it is in the on-state. When the mirror 473 is in the off-state and mirror 472 is switched into on-state, the excitation light is directed onto the second phosphor 442. When both mirrors 473 and 472 are in the off-state, the excitation light falls onto the fixed mirror 480 that brings the light onto the third phosphor 441. The light emitted by the phosphors 441, 442 and 443 is imaged by the optical systems 451, 452, 453 and directed for recombination into one beam by using mirrors 461 and 462 and combining cube 460. The images are formed on the eye of the observer or on the screen 495.

(28) Additional design and performance flexibility can be achieved by adding additional light sources and the scanning mirrors to the basic architectures described above. The option with additional optical elements is of particular interest when the displays or smart lighting are intended for high brightness applications that cannot be satisfied by the single light source with the highest available power. The architecture of such a design is shown in FIG. 5. The display medium is the same as disclosed in FIG. 3c with three phosphor segments 541, 542 and 543. The transmission, back side illumination is selected here for illustration of one typical architecture, even though other illumination options can be used such as reflection, front side illumination in FIG. 3b. When higher display brightness than brightness that can be provided with the highest single laser power output and phosphor combination is needed, additional laser diodes can be added. Three laser diodes 511, 512 and 513 with ultraviolet or blue wavelength may serve as light sources. The laser diodes are driven with electronic circuits 515, 516 and 517. The elements of these circuits have been disclosed earlier, with description of FIG. 2. The laser light from the laser diodes 511, 512 and 513 is collimated with optical elements 521, 522 and 523 respectively. The collimated, modulated light trains are directed to three scanning mirrors 531, 532 and 533 that address the phosphors 541, 542 and 543. This type of addressing is referred to herein as simultaneous color addressing. The data rates to modulate the laser diodes can be at least three times slower than color sequential addressing data rates disclosed in FIG. 4. Moreover, the scanning mirror resonant frequencies for the fast axis can be three times lower than the frequencies required for sequential color addressing of FIG. 4. Light emitted by phosphors 541, 542 and 543 is collected by optical subsystems 551, 552 and 553 described earlier. The superposition of these three color beams is accomplished by right angle static mirrors 561 and 563 and cube color combiner 560. The color images or video are then directed to the screen 595 or directly to the observer.

(29) This embodiment has more optical components but less challenging requirements on laser modulation frequencies and scanning angles. In addition, optical architecture of FIG. 5 is very suitable for high brightness applications. The laser diodes 511, 512 and 513 can be nominally the same lasers with the same emission wavelength. The power rating of the laser diodes can be selected so that desired brightness and color gamut are achieved on the screen. Alternatively, the laser diodes 511, 512 and 513 can have different emission wavelengths that provide higher conversion efficiency of phosphor emission. The cooling of phosphors or their motion on color wheel is typically not required, as the energy input from the laser diodes is naturally distributed over the whole area of phosphors by scanning of these laser beams. These phosphor based displays do not present any safety issue because highly collimated, low divergence laser beams are transferred into divergent light beams by phosphorescence. This contrasts with direct laser scanners of FIG. 1 that form images with highly parallel beams and require significant laser safety measures to avoid accidental direct eye exposures.

(30) Another embodiment places phosphor(s) directly on the scanning mirror surface. In this case, the separate phosphor plates 541, 542 and 543 are not required in FIG. 5.

(31) Different elements and features from the described architectures can be combined in other ways to create other designs suitable for the specific applications. In various embodiment, the blue laser diode can be polar, semipolar, and non-polar. Similarly, green laser diode can be polar, semipolar, and non-polar. For example, blue and/or green diodes are manufactured from bulk substrate containing gallium nitride material. For example, following combinations of laser diodes are provided, but there could be others: Blue polar+Green nonpolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue polar+Green semipolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue polar+Green polar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue semipolar+Green nonpolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue semipolar+Green semipolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue semipolar+Green polar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue nonpolar+Green nonpolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue nonpolar+Green semipolar+Red*AlInGaP, Blue nonpolar+Green polar+Red*AlInGaP. In an alternative embodiment, the light source comprises a single laser diode. For example, the light source comprises a blue laser diode that outputs blue laser beams. The light source also includes one or more optical members that change the blue color of the laser beam. For example, the one or more optical members include phosphor material. It is to be appreciated that the light source may include laser diodes and/or Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In one embodiment, the light source includes laser diodes in different colors. In another embodiment, the light source includes one or more colored LEDs. In yet another embodiment, light source includes both laser diodes and LEDs.

(32) In various embodiments, laser diodes are utilized in 3D display applications. Typically, 3D display systems rely on the stereoscopic principle, where stereoscopic technology uses a separate device for person viewing the scene which provides a different image to the person's left and right eyes. Example of this technology is shown in FIG. 6. Even though several different embodiments are useful. The architecture which is the simplest optically but more complex electrically is shown in FIG. 6 with the single 2D scanning mirror 630 and the single phosphor plate 641. The other architectures comprise two 2D scanning mirrors and two phosphor plates that generate two images for two eyes independently but in synchronization. More complex optical architecture can comprise six 2D scanning mirrors, six phosphor plate and three image combiners, where each two phosphor plates provide one color for the image. This architecture has the easiest requirements on data rates, scanning rates of the mirrors and bandwidth of the driving electronics.

(33) The architecture 600 of 3D display further includes the light source 610 with the power modulating electronics 615. The light from the light source 610 is collimated by optical components 620 and directed onto 2D biaxial mirror scanner 630. The light rastered by the scanner passes through the dichroic mirror 660 and the optical assembly 651 that focuses the incident light on the phosphor plate 641 which is implemented here in the reflection configuration. One color display requires only a single color phosphor while the full color display requires at least three phosphor sub-plates that form the complete phosphor plate, as disclosed above in FIG. 3c. The light emitted by the phosphor 641 in re-imaged with the optical assemble 651, reflected from the dichroic mirror 660 onto two state (on-off) MEMS mirror 672. When the image is supposed to be directed to the left eye 695 of the observer, then the mirror 672 is in the on position. When the image is intended for the right eye 696 of the observer, the mirror 672 is in the off position and light is directed through the optical element 690. In that case, the light falls onto the fixed mirror 680 which reflects it through the lens 691 to the right eye 696 of the observer. The scanning mirrors 630 and 672 are controlled by the electronic circuits 616 that receive the feedback signals from the sensors on the mirrors 630 and 680 about their positions. The servo circuits that are not shown in FIG. 6 then adjust the electrical signals to the mirrors so that the video data that is streamed into the laser source 610 is synchronized with the mirror positions.

(34) In other embodiments, the present invention includes a device and method configured on other gallium and nitrogen containing substrate orientations. In a specific embodiment, the gallium and nitrogen containing substrate is configured on a family of planes including a {20-21} crystal orientation. In a specific embodiment, {20-21} is 14.9 degrees off of the m-plane towards the c-plane (0001). As an example, the miscut or off-cut angle is +/−17 degrees from the m-plane towards c-plane or alternatively at about the {20-21} crystal orientation plane. As another example, the present device includes a laser stripe oriented in a projection of the c-direction, which is perpendicular to the a-direction (or alternatively on the m-plane, it is configured in the c-direction). In one or more embodiments, the cleaved facet would be the gallium and nitrogen containing face (e.g., GaN face) that is 1-5 degrees from a direction orthogonal to the projection of the c-direction (or alternatively, for the m-plane laser, it is the c-face).

(35) As used herein, the term GaN substrate is associated with Group III-nitride based materials including GaN, InGaN, AlGaN, or other Group III containing alloys or compositions that are used as starting materials. Such starting materials include polar GaN substrates (i.e., substrate where the largest area surface is nominally an (h k l) plane wherein h=k=0, and l is non-zero), non-polar GaN substrates (i.e., substrate material where the largest area surface is oriented at an angle ranging from about 80-100 degrees from the polar orientation described above towards an (h k l) plane wherein l=0, and at least one of h and k is non-zero) or semi-polar GaN substrates (i.e., substrate material where the largest area surface is oriented at an angle ranging from about 0.1 to 80 degrees or 110-179.9 degrees from the polar orientation described above towards an (h k l) plane wherein l=0, and at least one of h and k is non-zero). The laser diode can be enclosed in a suitable package. Such package can include those such as in TO-38 and TO-56 headers. Other suitable package designs and methods can also exist, such as TO-9 and even non-standard packaging. In a specific embodiment, the present device can be implemented in a co-packaging configuration such as those described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/347,800, commonly assigned, and hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

(36) In other embodiments, some or all components of these optical engines, including the bare (unpackaged) light sources and scanning mirrors can be packaged in the common package hermetically or non-hermetically, with or without specific atmosphere in the package. In other embodiments, the present laser device can be configured in a variety of applications. Such applications include laser displays, metrology, communications, health care and surgery, information technology, and others. As an example, the present laser device can be provided in a laser display such as those described in U.S. Ser. No. 12/789,303 filed May 27, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Nos. 61/182,105 filed May 29, 2009 and 61/182,106 filed May 29, 2009, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives.

(37) In an example, the present invention provides a method and device for emitting electromagnetic radiation using non-polar or semipolar gallium containing substrates such as GaN, AlN, InN, InGaN, AlGaN, and AlInGaN, and others. The invention can be applied to optical devices, lasers, light emitting diodes, solar cells, photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen generation, photodetectors, integrated circuits, and transistors, among other devices.

(38) In an example, a phosphor, or phosphor blend or phosphor single crystal can be selected from one or more of (Y, Gd, Tb, Sc, Lu, La).sub.3(Al, Ga, In).sub.50.sub.12:Ce.sup.3+, SrGa.sub.2S.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+, SrS:Eu.sup.2+, and colloidal quantum dot thin films comprising CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdSe, or CdTe. In an example, a phosphor is capable of emitting substantially red light, wherein the phosphor is selected from one or more of the group consisting of (Gd, Y, Lu, La).sub.20.sub.3:Eu.sup.3+, Bi.sup.3+; (Gd, Y, Lu, La).sub.20.sub.2S:Eu.sup.3+, Bi.sup.3+; (Gd, Y, Lu, La)VO.sub.4:Eu.sup.3+, Bi.sup.3+; Y.sub.2(O, S).sub.3: Eu.sup.3+; Ca.sub.1-xMo.sub.1-ySi.sub.yO.sub.4: where 0.5.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.5, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.1; (Li, Na, K).sub.5Eu(W, Mo)O.sub.4; (Ca, Sr)S:Eu.sup.2+; SrY.sub.2S.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+; CaLa.sub.2S.sub.4:Ce.sup.3+; (Ca, Sr)S:Eu.sup.2+; 3.5MgO*0.5MgF.sub.2*GeO.sub.2:Mn.sup.4+(MFG); (Ba, Sr, Ca)Mg.sub.xP.sub.20.sub.7:Eu.sup.2+, Mn.sup.2+; (Y, Lu).sub.2WO.sub.6:Eu.sup.3+, Mo.sup.6+; (Ba, Sr, Ca).sub.3Mg.sub.xSi.sub.20.sub.8:Eu.sup.2+, Mn.sup.2+, wherein 1<x.ltoreq.2; (RE.sub.1-yCe.sub.y)Mg.sub.2-xLi.sub.xSi.sub.3-xPxO.sub.12, where RE is at least one of Sc, Lu, Gd, Y, and Tb, 0.0001<x<0.1 and 0.001<y<0.1; (Y, Gd, Lu, La).sub.2-xEu.sub.xW.sub.1-yMo.sub.yO.sub.6, where 0.5.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1.0, 0.01.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1.0; (SrCa).sub.1-xEu.sub.xSi.sub.5N.sub.8, where 0.01.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.3; SrZnO.sub.2:Sm.sup.+3; M.sub.mO.sub.nX, wherein M is selected from the group of Sc, Y, a lanthanide, an alkali earth metal and mixtures thereof; X is a halogen; 1.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.3; and 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.4, and wherein the lanthanide doping level can range from 0.1 to 40% spectral weight; and Eu.sup.3+ activated phosphate or borate phosphors; and mixtures thereof. Further details of other phosphor species and related techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,956,894, in the names of Raring, et al. issued Feb. 17, 2015, and titled Light devices using non-polar or semipolar gallium containing materials and phosphors, which is commonly owned, and hereby incorporated by reference herein.

(39) Although the above has been described in terms of an embodiment of a specific package, there can be many variations, alternatives, and modifications. As an example, the laser or LED device can be configured in a variety of packages such as cylindrical, surface mount, power, lamp, flip-chip, star, array, strip, or geometries that rely on lenses (silicone, glass) or sub-mounts (ceramic, silicon, metal, composite). Alternatively, the package can be any variations of these packages. In other embodiments, the packaged device can include other types of optical and/or electronic devices. As an example, the optical devices can be OLED, a laser, a nanoparticle optical device, and others. In other embodiments, the electronic device can include an integrated circuit, a sensor, a micro-machined electronic mechanical system, or any combination of these, and the like. In a specific embodiment, the packaged device can be coupled to a rectifier to convert alternating current power to direct current, which is suitable for the packaged device. The rectifier can be coupled to a suitable base, such as an Edison screw such as E27 or E14, bipin base such as MR16 or GU5.3, or a bayonet mount such as GU10, or others. In other embodiments, the rectifier can be spatially separated from the packaged device. Additionally, the present packaged device can be provided in a variety of applications. In a preferred embodiment, the application is general lighting, which includes buildings for offices, housing, outdoor lighting, stadium lighting, and others. Alternatively, the applications can be for display, such as those used for computing applications, televisions, flat panels, micro-displays, and others. Still further, the applications can include automotive, gaming, and others. In a specific embodiment, the present devices are configured to achieve spatial uniformity. That is, diffusers can be added to the encapsulant to achieve spatial uniformity. Depending upon the embodiment, the diffusers can include TiO.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SiO.sub.2, CaCO.sub.3, BaSO.sub.4, and others, which are optically transparent and have a different index than the encapsulant causing the light to reflect, refract, and scatter to make the far field pattern more uniform. Of course, there can be other variations, modifications, and alternatives.

(40) The addressing of the phosphor plates can be performed in multiple ways, as outlined in FIG. 7. The first addressing option is color sequential, line by line alternative, with fast scanning in one direction (e.g., fast x direction) and slower scanning in the second direction (e.g., slow y direction). In this case, the scanning mirror 230 undergoes the line by line raster over the full width of the phosphor plate 240 in back and forth manner. If the phosphor plate 240 has three distinct RGB phosphors 241, 242 and 243, then the driving waveform will be as schematically shown in FIG. 7, where the first set of driving currents 711 generates the corresponding desired laser intensities on the first line 761 of the red sub-plate 741, followed by the second set of driving currents 712 that generates the desired laser intensities on the first line 761 of the green sub-plate 742, followed by the third set of driving currents 713 for the blue sub-plate 743. When the second line 762 of the display image is being formed using the small displacement of the scanner along the slow y axis and another scan of the mirror in the opposite x direction, the second set of driving current waveforms is supplied to the laser diode to form the second line 762 of the image in the reverse sequence with blue, green and red. This addressing process is continued until the full image frame has been generated with the last line 769 having the last set of current pulses 723 for blue phosphor plate. The addressing is line by line, color sequential addressing. Multiple lasers can be combined in such configurations, for applications requiring higher optical output.

(41) The addressing scheme can be altered to accommodate frame by frame, color sequential addressing. In this case, the first color frame, such as red frame is fully defined, followed by the green and blue frames. The scanning mirror 230 scans over the first phosphor (e.g., red) 741 completely and then continues scanning over the second phosphor (e.g., green) 742 fully and it completes the first color image frame by scanning over the full third phosphor (e.g., blue) 743 plate. The sequencing of the phosphor illumination can be optimized for thermal performance of the phosphor, to avoid overheating and to maximize the efficiency and reliability of the system. The optical architecture of FIG. 5 with the multiple scanners allows simultaneous color addressing where the addressing proceeds the same way as described above except that the primary color waveforms 711, 712 and 713 are used simultaneously and the primary color beam scanning in FIG. 7b over the sub-plates 741, 742 and 743 occurs simultaneously.

(42) The smart dynamic illumination system 800 based on disclosed illumination technology and the display or sensor technologies is presented in FIG. 8, which shows the key architectural blocks of the system. The illumination subsystem 810 can be white, one color or multicolor, as described in FIGS. 2 to 5. The illumination beam 820 or 821 is directed toward the specific target 830 or background 870 that might contain the intended target to be followed with illumination beam. The detection subsystem 840 can be a simple multi-element array of photosensors that respond in the visible part of the spectrum (0.4 to 0.7 um), such as the small CMOS or CCD array, or infrared spectrum, such as infrared sensor array or microbolometer array sensitive at spectral wavelengths from 0.3 to 15 um. Alternatively, the subsystem 840 can be the full imaging array, sensitive in visible or infrared part of the spectrum. Other motion sensors that are based on non-imaging principles can also be used. The motion related signals or full visible or infrared images are analyzed with the processing electronics 850 and the data are directed to the servo control electronics 860. In turn, the servo subsystem 860 generates the feedback signals and controls the scanning mirror(s) and lasers of illumination system 810. In this manner, the target can be followed with dynamic illumination, including the control of the intensity, color and time duration of the illumination as shown in FIG. 8.

(43) When the target moves from the position 830 to the position 831, the light 822 reflected and scattered by the target changes to the light beams 823. The change in the light beams or the images that they represent, are detected by the detection subsystem and fed into the processing electronics 850 and servo control 860 which controls the illumination beams by moving them from the position 830 to the position 831, effectively keeping the illumination beam directed on the target at all times. When the illumination is outside of the visible spectrum, the target may not be aware that it is monitored and followed which may be advantageous in some security applications.

(44) The complete dynamic illumination system can be mounted on the stationary platforms in offices, homes, galleries, etc. or can be employed in the movable systems such as automobiles, planes and drones.

(45) While the above is a full description of the specific embodiments, various modifications, alternative constructions and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention which is defined by the appended claims.