Abstract
There is provided voltage switching circuitry (100) for an X-ray tube (10). The voltage switching circuitry comprises a plurality of waveform generators (102) connectable to an output (14) of a voltage generator (12) for supplying an operating voltage to the X-ray tube. Each waveform generator is configured to generate a waveform. At least a first said waveform generator is configured to generate a first sinusoidal waveform having a first frequency and at least a second said waveform generator is configured to generate a second sinusoidal waveform having a second frequency. The second frequency differs from the first frequency by at least a factor of two. The voltage switching circuitry is configured to combine the waveforms at the output to switch the operating voltage between at least two different voltage levels. A plurality of the waveform generators (102) further comprise resonators (202, 204) and amplifiers (206) configured to excite resonance in the respective resonators, wherein the voltage switching circuitry (100) is further configured to switch at least one of the amplifiers which is not being used to excite resonance to generate harmonics for reducing over- or undervoltage when switching the opening voltage between the at least two different voltage levels. The voltage switching circuitry further comprises control circuitry configured to control the switching of the amplifiers.
Claims
1. A high voltage generation system for an X-ray tube, comprising: a voltage generator configured to supply an operating voltage to the X-ray tube; and voltage switching circuitry that comprises a plurality of waveform generators coupled to the voltage generator, each waveform generator comprising an amplifier configured to excite resonance to generate a waveform, at least a first waveform generator of the plurality being configured to generate a first sinusoidal waveform having a first frequency, and at least a second waveform generator of the plurality being configured to generate a second sinusoidal waveform having a second frequency, the second frequency differing from the first frequency by at least a factor of two, the voltage switching circuitry being configured to combine the waveforms to switch the operating voltage between at least two different voltage levels; wherein the voltage switching circuitry further comprises control circuitry configured to control the switching of the amplifiers and to switch at least one of the amplifiers, which is not being used to excite resonance, to generate harmonics for reducing over- or undervoltage when switching the operating voltage between the at least two different voltage levels.
2. The system claim 1, further configured to sum the waveforms to generate a square-wave-like voltage swing for switching the operating voltage.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the waveform generators comprises a resonator.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the resonator comprises an LC resonator.
5. The system of claim 1, further configured to generate the harmonics for reducing over or undervoltage without additional resonators for the harmonics.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the amplifiers are implemented using transistors.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising coarse frequency adjustment circuitry configured to adjust a frequency of the operating voltage by a predetermined factor.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the coarse frequency adjustment circuitry is configured to switch at least one reactive element into and out of at least one of the waveform generators to adjust the frequency.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the coarse frequency adjustment circuitry is configured to switch the at least one reactive element across an element of the respective waveform generator where the potential difference is lower than at one or more other positions in the waveform generator.
10. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one low pass filter configured to connect the waveform generators to the voltage generator.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the waveform generators are connected to each other in parallel.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the waveform generators are connected to each other in series.
13. (canceled)
14. (canceled)
15. A method of voltage switching in an X-ray tube, the method comprising: supplying an operating voltage to the X-ray tube using a voltage generator; generating a plurality of waveforms including at least a first sinusoidal waveform having a first frequency and a second sinusoidal waveform having a second frequency, the second frequency differing from the first frequency by at least a factor of two, combining the waveforms at an output of a voltage generator supplying the operating voltage to the X-ray tube to switch the operating voltage between at least two different voltage levels, wherein generating the plurality of waveforms comprises using a plurality of waveform generators comprising amplifiers configured to excite resonance; and switching at least one of the amplifiers, which is not being used to excite the resonance, to generate harmonics for reducing over- or undervoltage when switching the operating voltage between the at least two different voltage levels.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] Below, examples are described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings, in which:
[0022] FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram representing voltage switching circuitry according to a first aspect;
[0023] FIG. 2 shows the voltage switching circuitry of FIG. 1 in more detail using parallel circuit topology;
[0024] FIG. 3 shows the voltage switching circuitry of FIG. 2 with additional coarse frequency adjustment;
[0025] FIG. 4 shows the voltage switching circuitry of FIG. 2 with additional low pass filtering;
[0026] FIG. 5 shows the voltage switching circuitry of FIG. 1 in more detail using series circuit topology; and
[0027] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of voltage switching in an X-ray tube.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0028] FIG. 1 shows the basic principle of operation of voltage switching circuitry 100 for an X-ray tube 10. A voltage generator 12, in conjunction with the voltage switching circuitry 100, supplies an operating voltage to the X-ray tube 10 over a voltage line 18. A capacitor 16 to ground represents all the capacitances in the generator 12, the cabling, etc. The voltage switching circuitry 100 together with the X-ray tube 10 and the voltage generator 12 form a system 20. The voltage switching circuitry 100 comprises a plurality of waveform generators 102-1, 102-2, 102-n (where n>2) connectable to the voltage generator 12 at its output 14. Each waveform generator 102 is configured to generate a waveform. The first waveform generator 102-1 is configured to generate a first sinusoidal waveform (not shown) having a first frequency f.sub.1 and the second waveform generator 102-2 is configured to generate a second sinusoidal waveform (not shown) having a second frequency f.sub.2. The second frequency f.sub.2 differs from the first frequency f.sub.1 by at least a factor of two. The voltage switching circuitry 100 is configured to combine the waveforms at the output 14 to switch the operating voltage that is supplied to the X-ray tube 10 between at least two different voltage levels. More particularly, the voltage switching circuitry 100 is configured to sum the waveforms at the output 14 to generate a square-wave-like voltage swing for switching the operating voltage.
[0029] FIG. 2 shows the voltage switching circuitry 100 of FIG. 1 in more detail, using parallel circuit topology, and including a third waveform generator 102-3. It will be appreciated that further such waveform generators may also be present, as indicated by the ellipsis in FIG. 2, referenced 102-n. Each waveform generator 102 is connected to the voltage line 18 connected between the output 14 of the voltage generator 12 and the X-ray tube 10. Each waveform generator 102 is furthermore connected to ground, such that the waveform generators 102 are connected to each other in parallel. As shown in FIG. 2, each waveform generator 102 comprises a resonator, which in this example takes the form of an LC resonator comprising an inductor 202 and a capacitor 204 combined with an amplifier 206 to excite resonance. The resonators generate sinusoidal waveforms having frequencies denoted with w, 2w, 3w, and so on, representing base frequency, second harmonic, third harmonic, and so on. As shown in FIG. 2, each amplifier 206 is inductively coupled to the respective resonator by means of additional windings at the inductor 202. More particularly, the inductor 202 comprises one coil of a transformer, with the amplifier being connected across the second coil of the transformer, as shown in FIG. 2.
[0030] It will be understood that inductive coupling is not the only way to excite the oscillation. For example, the amplifiers 206 may be coupled in different ways, for example using capacitive coupling, or one amplifier may serve one or more resonators depending on its type. It will be understood that it is not necessary that all waveform generators produce sinusoidal waveforms and that some may generate pulse or square waves or triangular waves, for example. However, the generation of sine like signals is simpler to implement in practice. The amplitude of the higher frequencies may progressively diminish such that it becomes more feasible to deviate from the sine shape. So, after combining several sinewaves, the residual error to a more ideal square wave (or trapezoid wave form as infinite rise speed is not possible) could be supplied directly from an amplifier, as explained further below. It will also be understood that the particular arrangement of harmonics shown in FIG. 2 is merely illustrative. In practical implementations, the number of waveform generators and the frequency generated by each waveform generator may be determined according to the Fourier series representing the desired square-wave-like voltage swing to be produced at the output 14. To elaborate, the desired square-wave-like function may be decomposed into a Fourier series and, in the first approximation, the first n terms of the series may be used and the amplitudes may be adjusted merely to reproduce the Fourier amplitudes. However, a better weighting of the amplitudes may be to weight the amplitudes in such a way that for, for example for the high voltage period, the voltage is as high as possible while not exceeding a predetermined voltage value. The resulting weighting amplitudes and phases may be close but not identical to the Fourier amplitudes. This process may be repeated for the low voltage period, while minimizing the deviation from a predetermined value. It will be further understood that the resonant frequency of a particular resonator is not defined purely by the L and C values of that resonator, but by all components of the system. However, the L and C values within each resonator have a strong impact on the frequency of the generated waveform.
[0031] The amplifiers 206 also serve a different purpose. Generating a square-wave-like voltage swing by adding sinewaves is prone to short periods of overvoltage at the ends of the high frequency period. This can be mitigated by high frequency components of the amplifiers 206 that couple through the circuitry 100 and reduce the peaks. Stated differently, the voltage generated by amplifiers not using resonance for amplification is low but can be rapidly changed and can therefore contain high harmonics. Advantageously, this ability is used to generate a waveform at the output 14 that converges to the desired waveform farther than would otherwise be possible. This capability of the amplifiers may be used to obtain the highest possible average voltage, without exceeding a predetermined value at any time, and without using extra amplifiers, but using rather the ones already present. Using transistors, the individual amplifiers 206 can be made in such a way that they generate relatively high frequencies with minimal additional cost. The excitation may be controlled such that the additional high Fourier components are directly generated by the amplifiers 206. Control circuitry (not shown) which may be implemented using hardware or software is provided to control the switching of the amplifiers in the manner described herein.
[0032] FIG. 3 shows the voltage switching circuitry 100 as shown in FIG. 2 with additional coarse frequency adjustment. For simplicity, only the waveform generator 102-1 is illustrated in FIG. 3. As the CT system may have several rotation speeds, a coarse adjustment method may be used to change the frequency over a factor of two, for example. To this end, capacitors are added at various positions. In the example shown in FIG. 3, a switched capacitance 302 is connected over a capacitor 304 connected between the amplifier 206 and the additional winding (second transformer coil) coupled to the inductor 202. A further switched capacitance 306 is connected over the inductor 202, while yet another switched capacitance 308 is connected over the capacitor 204. A further switched capacitance 310 may be added to the capacitor 16 which represents capacitance of the generator, cabling, etc., for example by adding a lumped capacitance with any suitable switch. The switches may comprise mechanical switches or a series connection of MOSFET transistors, for example. Control circuitry (not shown) is provided to control the switching of the switched capacitances. The control circuitry together with the switched capacitances 302-310 form coarse frequency adjustment circuitry 300. At each position, the switched capacitance 302-310 changes the frequency of all resonators or only of the respective resonator. It will be understood that not all the positions indicated in FIG. 3 need switched capacitances. For example, the switched capacitances 306 and 302 connected respectively over the inductor 202 and in series to the amplifier 206 may be the most effective and cheapest to implement, since the electrical potential at these positions relative to ground is relatively lower. Additionally, in the case of the switched capacitance 302 in series to the output of the amplifiers, the possibility of adjusting the output voltage of the transformer (of which the inductor 202 forms the first coil) by adjusting the number of turns means that the operation voltage across the switches can be chosen freely. In particular, the operation voltage may be chosen to be relatively low (e.g. <2000V) so that cost effective switches (e.g. semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs or IGBTs) may be used. It should be noted that not only capacitors can be used for frequency switching, but also inductors. The switches do not need to operate in a fast way and can be implemented using semiconductor-based switches (e.g. MOSFETs, thyristors, etc.) or mechanical switches (e.g. relays). In the case of switching inductors, their inductivity may be continuously changed by mechanical actuators (inserting/retracting magnetic core material) or electrically (partially saturate core material by a DC current). It may not be necessary to have more than a factor of two in the frequency adjustment as, for very slow CT rotation speeds, multiple voltage changes may fall within one view.
[0033] FIG. 4 shows the voltage switching circuitry 100 as illustrated in FIG. 2 with additional low pass filtering. An inductor 402 connected between a common connection point of the waveform generators 102 and the voltage line 18 smoothens the curve and reduces unwanted voltage spikes from the amplifiers 206. An inductor 404 connected between the voltage line connection of the inductor 402 and the output 14 of the voltage generator 12 smoothens the switching actions.
[0034] FIG. 5 shows the voltage switching circuitry 100 of FIG. 1 in more detail, using series circuit topology, and including a third waveform generator 102-3. Using series circuit topology, with the waveform generators 102 being connected to each other in series and in series between the output 14 of the voltage generator 12 and the X-ray tube 10, the resonators add their voltage to the voltage of the voltage generator 12. More particularly, each waveform generator 102 comprises the inductor 202 connected in series between the output 14 and the X-ray tube 10 along with the capacitor 204 connected in parallel with the inductor, so as to form a resonator. The amplifier 206 is inductively coupled to each inductor 202, again by way of a transformer. The inductor 508 provides low pass filtering, as described above with reference to inductor 404. The capacitor 510 may be used when the inductor 508 is present or may be included in the power supply. As the current through the X-ray tube 10 changes with the applied voltage, the capacitor 510 may provide charge storage from which charge may be drawn when the series resonators generate e.g. the high voltage. This circuitry exhibits fewer unwanted frequency currents than the previously-described circuitry and the total capacitive load is smaller. However all the inductors lie on a high potential line, leading to a greater demand being placed on the insulation. It will also be understood that circuit modifications made for the purposes of providing coarse frequency adjustment and/or low pass filtering, such as those described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, may also be provided with the series circuit topology shown in FIG. 5.
[0035] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 600 of voltage switching in an X-ray tube. The method 600 may be performed by the voltage switching circuitry 100 described herein. The method 600 comprises, at 602, generating a plurality of waveforms including at least a first sinusoidal waveform having a first frequency and a second sinusoidal waveform having a second frequency. The second frequency differs from the first frequency by at least a factor of two. The method further comprises, at 604, combining the waveforms at an output of a voltage generator supplying an operating voltage to the X-ray tube to switch the operating voltage between at least two different voltage levels. Generating the plurality of waveforms comprises using a plurality of waveform generators (102) comprising resonators (202, 204) and amplifiers (206) configured to excite resonance in the respective resonators. The method further comprises switching at least one of the amplifiers which is not being used to excite resonance to generate harmonics for reducing over- or undervoltage when switching the operating voltage between the at least two different voltage levels.
[0036] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive. The invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art and practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.
[0037] In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single unit may fulfil the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0038] 10 X-ray tube [0039] 12 voltage generator [0040] 14 output of voltage generator [0041] 16 inherent capacitance of system [0042] 18 voltage line [0043] 20 system [0044] 100 voltage switching circuitry [0045] 102 waveform generator [0046] 202 inductor of resonator [0047] 204 capacitor of resonator [0048] 206 amplifier for resonator [0049] 302-310 switched capacitances [0050] 402, 404 inductors of low pass filter [0051] 508 inductor of low pass filter [0052] 510 capacitor of low pass filter [0053] 602, 604 method steps
