Method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles

Abstract

The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles is a simple, one-step for coating copper nanoparticles with a carbon shell to prevent rapid oxidation of the carbon nanoparticle core. The method involves heating or autoclaving thin sheets of copper hydroxide nitrate (Cu.sub.2(OH).sub.3NO.sub.3) under supercritical conditions (a temperature of 300° C. and a pressure of 120 bar) for two hours. The autoclaving may be performed in the presence of an inert gas, such as argon, which may be used to remove any remaining gases, and the pressure may be released in the presence of the inert gas so that the product may be collected in the presence of air.

Claims

1. A method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles, comprising the step of heating copper hydroxide nitrate (Cu.sub.2(OH).sub.3(NO.sub.3) mixed with ethanol under conditions including a temperature of 300° C. and a pressure of 120 bar, for two hours.

2. The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 1, wherein said heating step is performed in the presence of an inert gas.

3. The method for making carton-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 2, wherein said heating step is performed in the presence of argon.

4. The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 3, wherein after performing said heating step, the method further comprises releasing the pressure in the presence of the argon gas.

5. The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 4, wherein after releasing the pressure, the method further comprises collecting the resulting carbon-coated copper nanoparticles in air.

6. The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 2, wherein after performing said heating step, the method further comprises releasing the pressure in the presence of the inert gas.

7. The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles according to claim 6, wherein after releasing the pressure, the method further comprises collecting the resulting carbon-coated copper nanoparticles in air.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a composite X-ray diffractogram (XRD) comparing the copper hydroxyl nitrate (Cu.sub.4(OH).sub.6(NO.sub.3).sub.2) used in the experiments with a diffractogram tracing of JCPDS 77-0148.

(2) FIG. 2 is a composite XRD comparing the experimental carbon-coated copper nanoparticles with a diffractogram tracing of JCPDS 1-1242 for face-centered cubic copper.

(3) FIG. 3 is an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared according to the present method.

(4) FIGS. 4A and 4B are TEM micrographs of carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared according to the present method.

(5) FIG. 5 is a Raman spectrum of carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared according to the present method.

(6) FIG. 6 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) plot showing a TGA curve (curve a) for carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared according to the present method compared to a TG curve (curve b) for pure copper nanoparticles.

(7) FIG. 7 is a plot comparing TGA curves after oxidation at 540° C. for carbon-coated copper nanoparticles prepared according to the present method (curve a) compared to pure copper nanoparticles (curve b).

(8) Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(9) The method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles is a simple, one-step for coating copper nanoparticles with a carbon shell to prevent rapid oxidation of the carbon nanoparticle core. The method involves heating or autoclaving thin sheets of copper hydroxide nitrate (Cu.sub.2(OH).sub.3NO.sub.3) under supercritical conditions (a temperature of 300° C. and a pressure of 120 bar) for two hours. The autoclaving may be performed in the presence of an inert gas, such as argon, which may be used to remove any remaining gases, and the pressure may be released in the presence of the inert gas so that the product may be collected in the presence of air.

(10) The method will be better understood with reference to the following examples.

Example 1

Preparation of Copper Hydroxide Nitrate

(11) Copper monooxide (cupric oxide) and copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO.sub.3).sub.2-xH.sub.2O) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich Company. Copper hydroxyl nitrate (essentially two molecules of copper hydroxide nitrate) was prepared by adding copper (II) oxide (CuO) (0.2 mol; Mol. wt.=79.55 g/mol and purity ≥99.0%) to 200 ml of an aqueous solution of copper nitrate hydrate (1.25M; Mol. Wt. 187.56 g/mol and purity ≥99.999%) with vigorous stirring followed by heating the resultant mixture at 90° C. for 12 h with stirring. The reaction was performed under flow of argon gas. The resultant greenish-blue solid was washed with distilled water and then washed with alcohol many times. After filtration, the greenish-blue precipitate was dried at room temperature under vacuum for two days.

Example 2

Preparation of Carbon-Coated Copper Nanoparticles

(12) An appropriate amount of copper hydroxide nitrate (Cu.sub.2(OH).sub.3NO.sub.3) (15.4 g, prepared as described in Example 1, above) was mixed with 150 ml of ethanol. Then, the mixture was placed in a pressurized vessel equipped with a temperature controller unit. The thermal process of the solid was achieved under super critical conditions (temperature=300° C. and pressure=120 bar) for 2 h. After the thermal process, the pressure was released in the presence of an inert gas (Argon), which was used during the autoclave fluxing process to remove any remaining gases. The product was collected in the presence of air.

Example 3

Characterization of Copper Starting Material

(13) The powder X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) has used to identify the crystalline structure of the raw material, as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows the characteristic peaks of copper hydroxyl nitrate (Cu.sub.4(OH).sub.6(NO.sub.3).sub.2) agreeing with JCPDS 77-0148. The high and weak angles of 2-theta are clear at 12.87°, 25.86°, 33.7°, 35.74°, 36.57°, 40.0°, 42.08°, 43.750 and 49.36°. These peaks are agreed with the d-spacing at 0.69 nm, 0.344 nm, 0.27 nm, 0.25 nm, 0.225 nm, 0.215 nm, 0.207 nm and 0.15 nm, respectively. Also, these peaks are due to the reflections of the planes [001], [002], [120], [201], [121], [003], [013], [103] and [300], respectively.

Example 4

Characterization of the Prepared Carbon-Coated Copper Nanoparticles

(14) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the resultant particles from the thermal process of Example 1 showed disappearance of the peaks of copper hydroxide nitrate, as shown in FIG. 2. At the same time, FIG. 2 revealed two sharp diffraction peaks located at 20=43.200 and 50.30°, as shown in FIG. 2. These two peaks correspond to the two crystalline planes of (111) and (200) of the face-centered cubic copper (JCPDS 1-1242), respectively.

(15) The obviously broadened diffraction peaks suggest that the resultant nanoparticles should have a very small crystallite size. An average crystallite size of about 50 nm for the Cu nanoparticles was calculated by using the Scherer's relation. Also, three weak peaks were observed and located at 2θ=35.5, 36.5 and 38.7°. These weak peaks can suggest the presence of traces of CuO and Cu.sub.2O.

(16) The EDX analysis shown in FIG. 3 confirmed the presence of copper metal (76.89%), in addition to traces of oxygen (less than 6.67). Also, it showed the presence of carbon (15.02%), indicating that the copper metal was protected by thin layers of carbon. The peak of zinc is due to the substrate of the sample.

(17) The TEM images in FIGS. 4A and 4B show that nanoparticles of copper are coated by ultra-thin films of carbon. The TEM images also indicated that the average size of the nanoparticles was around 20 nm, as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B. Also, FIGS. 4A, 4B revealed that the carbon-coated layer around the nanoparticles is around 4 nm in thickness.

(18) In the Raman spectrum of the sample, the main band was observed at 1228 cm.sup.−1, as shown in FIG. 5. It arises from defects in the hexagonal sp.sup.2 carbon network and is called the D band. The other band, which is observed at 1482 cm.sup.−1, is due to the stretching motion of sp.sup.2 carbon pairs in both rings and chains and is called the G band. The positions of the D and G bands and their broadness can reflect and confirm the presence of a thin layer of amorphous carbon. Also, several combination bands located at 2277 cm.sup.−1, 2845 cm.sup.−1 and 3543 cm.sup.−1 can be observed in the Raman spectrum. These bands are consistent with those of non-planar graphene, and can been assigned to a combination between the D and G bands.

Example 5

Thermal Stability of the Prepared Carbon-Coated Copper Nanoparticles

(19) Thermal stability of the prepared C-coated Cu powders was investigated by thermogravimetric analyses and compared with the commercial copper nanoparticles. The analysis was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10° C./min, and the results are shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows that the weight of the commercial copper nanoparticles started to increase before 197° C. because of the oxidation of Cu. In the case of the prepared C-coated copper, the weight started to increase after 246° C.

(20) To make a more detailed comparison on the thermal stability as a degree of Cu oxidation, the weight changes in TGA were normalized with each weight of powders at 540° C., where all the Cu in each sample was entirely oxidized (see FIG. 7). Therefore, the ratio of the oxidation in FIG. 7 presents the degree of Cu oxidation. It is clearly noticed that the presence of carbon layers retards the oxidation of Cu. For example, comparing the temperatures at which 50% of Cu is oxidized, it was 327° C. and 418° C. for the pure copper nanoparticles and the C-coated copper, respectively.

(21) To determine the content of the carbon layers, the initial mass loss, which is assigned to the decomposition of carbon, can be calculated by comparison with that of the pure copper nanoparticles. Based on the TGA results of the pure copper nanoparticles, the difference between the mass losses of the prepared C-coated Cu and the pure Cu reveals the content of carbon layers in the prepared copper. It was 1.2 wt %.

(22) Thus, the method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles described herein provides a simple, efficient, and economical one-step method for preparing carbon-coated copper nanoparticles.

(23) It is to be understood that the method for making carbon-coated copper nanoparticles is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the generic language of the following claims enabled by the embodiments described herein, or otherwise shown in the drawings or described above in terms sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the claimed subject matter.