Abstract
Oxidizer and fuel supply system for internal combustion engines, which includes oxygen supplies for the engines, particle filters, oxygen generators using nanofilters, pressurized oxygen bottles and air compressors, O2 loading media, by means of bottles, carboys or interchangeable tanks or hoses, Complementary means of nanomolecular membrane filters that separate O2 from air, performing the separation by means of aspiration or suction from the combustion engine or the suction or impulsion of a pump or compressor driven by an electric motor or mechanically by the combustion engine itself; Storage means for the separated or obtained O2; means for controlling the variable fuel/O2 mixture by means of a processor or an ECU (engine control unit); and as fuel: synthetic fuel, hydrocarbons, alcohols or hydrogen.
Claims
1. Oxidizer and fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electronic controller; an oxygen supply fluidically connected to the engine, said oxygen supply including a first regulating valve connected to said controller and controlled by said controller for controlling a flow of oxygen; a fuel supply fluidically connect to the engine, said fuel supply including a second regulating valve connected to said controller and controlled by said controller for controlling a flow of the fuel.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said oxygen supply includes a compressor fluidically connected to a nanomolecular filter to feed air to said nanomolecular filter, said nanomolecular filter constructed to filter the air fed through said nanomolecular filter to filter out nitrogen and allow oxygen to pass said nanomolecular filter for supply to the engine.
3. The system according to claim 2, wherein said oxygen supply includes an oxygen storage bottle filled with oxygen for supply to the engine.
4. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a storage tank fluidically connected to said nanomolecular filter for storing oxygen that is in excess to the requirements of the engine.
5. The system according to claim 2, wherein said nanomolecular filter is a nanomolecular membrane filter.
6. The system according to claim 2, wherein said nanomolecular filter is a hollow fiber membrane with walls that have 3.5 Å pores.
7. The system according to claim 6, wherein said membranes have a layer of graphene or graphene oxide and have a thickness between 0.5 and 10,000 nm, and are formed by one or multiple layers of atoms, in which said pores are formed.
8. The system according to claim 7, wherein said one or multiple layers of atoms are attached to a layer of permeable substrate.
9. The system according to claim 2, wherein the nanomolecular filter is a cylindrical cartridges that has a cylindrical cover inside which there is a wound membrane defined by two fabric or fiber sheets, with pores or slits, said sheets carry a sheet of nanomolecular filter layer and an impermeable film on an outermost face, said cylindrical cartridge has a disc.
10. The system according to claim 2, wherein the nanomolecular filter is defined by parallelepiped elements formed by multiple membranes arranged in flat or wound layers, alternated with other separators.
11. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a particle filter disposed upstream of said nanomolecular filter is part of a hollow fiber module, said compressor drives the air through said particle filter to said hollow fiber module.
12. The system according to claim 1, wherein said fuel supply has a tank and a fuel pump controlled by the controller to regulate the flow of fuel to the engine.
13. The system according to claim 12, wherein said tank is a hydrogen storage bottle that has an external cover and an inner cover that define a chamber therebetween, said chamber has a fluid at a higher pressure than the internal pressure of the hydrogen, said external cover is fireproof against flames.
14. The system according to claim 1, wherein said controller is configured to receive operating signals from the engine and, depending on the regime and type of exhaust gases, controls the flow of fuel and oxygen.
15. The system according to claim 3, wherein said storage bottle carries a liquefied gas and have an intermediate chamber in which a vacuum is provided.
16. The system according to claim 12, wherein said tank, said fuel pump, said controller and said engine are part of a vehicle.
17. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a trailer having a connection to a vehicle, said trailer carrying said fuel supply and said oxygen supply.
18. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an air intake with a third regulating valve, said regulating valves control the atmospheric air/O2 mixture in fixed or variable proportions with said processor.
19. The system according to claim 1, wherein said fuel supply is a pressurized hydrogen bottle.
20. The system according to claim 19, wherein a pressure of the oxygen or the hydrogen avoids or reduces the need for engine compression.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0071] FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an ordered group of air component elements involved in filtering;
[0072] FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a membrane formed by two layers of atoms in which perforations have been made for filtering;
[0073] FIG. 3 shows a schematic, perspective and sectional view of a portion of hollow fiber for filtering the air;
[0074] FIG. 4 shows a schematic and sectional view of a hollow fiber portion for air filtering;
[0075] FIG. 5 shows a schematic, perspective and partially sectioned view of a hollow fiber membrane module for air filtering;
[0076] FIG. 6 shows a schematic, partial and perspective view of a portion of the membrane formed by several nanotubes attached laterally to each other;
[0077] FIG. 7 shows a schematic view similar to that of figure two, but with a greater description of the elements;
[0078] FIG. 8 shows a schematic and partial view of a portion of the graphene layer showing the atoms;
[0079] FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of a compressor applying air to a nanoparticle filter, a nitrogen-oxygen separator, among other elements;
[0080] FIG. 10 shows a schematic view of a diagram of a possible mode of application of the oxygen installation;
[0081] FIGS. 11 and 12 show schematic and perspective views of wound membrane filters;
[0082] FIG. 13 shows a schematic, partial and partially sectioned view of a parallelepiped filter;
[0083] FIG. 14 shows a schematic view of a non-moving motor, for example, from a factory;
[0084] FIGS. 15 to 19 show schematic views in plan and partially sectioned of vehicles with variants of the system of the invention;
[0085] FIGS. 20 to 24 show views of modes of operation;
[0086] FIGS. 25 to 28 show views of various operating diagrams;
[0087] FIG. 29 shows a schematic and sectional view of a hydrogen bottle;
[0088] FIG. 30 shows a schematic and sectional view of a liquid oxygen cylinder;
[0089] FIG. 31 shows a vehicle with the refueling systems using bottles and oxygen, hydrogen and other fuels, both gaseous and liquid, of the system of the invention; and
[0090] FIG. 32 shows a schematic and elevation view of a vehicle with the trailer of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0091] FIG. 1 shows a series of elements, air components, separated by a nanomolecular filter 4 with multiple nanopores of 3.5 Å or less, approximately, ordered according to their kinetic diameter: On the right, in addition to the applied atmospheric air, the non-filtered elements N2, N2O, CO, CH2, C2H4 and Xe are shown, whose kinetic diameters are respectively (3.64 Å, 3.71 Å, 3.76 Å, 3.8 Å, 3.9 Å and 3.96 Å), all of them greater than the diameter of the filter nanopores. To the left of the nanofilter are separated and stored the filtered elements O2, Ar, C, O2, NO, H2, H2O and He whose kinetic diameters are respectively (3.46 Å, 3.4 Å, 3.3 Å, 3.17 Å, 3.89 Å, 2.65 Å and 2.6 Å), all of them smaller than the diameter of the filter nanopores. For the engine, the important thing in this group is oxygen, since the rest before combustion intervene in negligible quantities or are inert.
[0092] FIG. 2 shows a portion of the membrane or filtering sieve formed by two layers of atoms and to which the pores 5g have been made by means of laser beams. More than two layers of atoms can be used.
[0093] FIG. 3 shows a portion of hollow fiber. Entering the air at one end and leaving the O2, CO2 and H2O laterally and radially. Crossing the membrane and leaving the N2 at the other end, of larger dimensions, which cannot cross the membrane.
[0094] FIG. 4 shows a portion of the hollow fiber membrane 34. Similar to FIG. 3 but showing the intervening elements. Entering the air at one end and leaving the O2, CO2 and H2O laterally and radially, crossing the membrane and leaving the N2 at the other end, of larger dimensions, which cannot pass through the membrane.
[0095] FIG. 5 shows a hollow fiber membrane module 30. Air entering at one end and O2, CO2 and H2O exiting laterally and radially, crossing the group of membranes 35 and N2 exiting at the other end, which cannot pass through the membrane due to its larger dimensions.
[0096] FIG. 6 shows a portion of the filtering membrane or sieve formed by the nanotubes 8 attached laterally to each other. In this case, the internal diameter of the nanotubes is 0.35 nm through which the filtering is carried out, allowing the passage of O2.
[0097] FIG. 7 shows a portion of the filtering membrane or sieve 6g formed by two layers of atoms 1g and to which the pores 5g have been made by means of laser beams. More than two layers of atoms can be used.
[0098] FIG. 8 shows the microscope view of a portion of a sheet or layer of graphene whose atoms form a network with cells or hexagonal grids, with the atoms at 0.14 nm each from its neighbor, therefore the internal gap of said cells is between 0.20 and 0.25 nm, (or its equivalent: between 2 Å to 2.5 Å) that is, less than the kinetic diameter of He. For this reason, the nanopores must be made larger, which allow the passage of O2.
[0099] FIG. 9 shows the electrically powered compressor 27, which drives the air through a particulate filter 6p to the hollow fiber module 17a. Mainly separating nitrogen from oxygen, in addition to other less important elements mixed with O2, argon, CO2 and water vapor come out. Nitrogen can be used for industrial uses or it can be released abroad. The particle filter 6p can be placed at the compressor inlet.
[0100] FIG. 10 shows an installation with a compressor 27 which drives the air through a particle filter 6p to the hollow fiber module 17a, which separates the oxygen and through the ducts 35 joins that of the bottles 36 to send it to the storage chamber 34 and at the same time it is supplied to the engine intake system 22 through a solenoid valve 38 controlled by a microprocessor 37 or a similar system. Any other type of nanomolecular filter can be used. The particle filter 6p can be placed at the compressor inlet. The bottles 36 can be oxygen alone or mixed with argon.
[0101] FIG. 11 shows a cylindrical cartridge 17 consisting of a cylindrical cover, not shown in the figure, inside which a wound membrane is placed, which is shown unfolded, and is formed by two separate separator or spacer sheets. The sheet 13 with large pores, woven or made of fibers, preferably larger than those arranged parallel to the axis of the filter, carries the nanomolecular filter layer 6f on one side. The sheet 13a carries its outermost face with a waterproof film 20 The air, after passing through a quick-release particulate pre-filter and not shown in the figure, passes through the disc 18 with large pores or made of fibers or fabric and enters through the adjacent end of the sheet 13 of fabric or made of fibers with large pores, preferably arranged parallel to the axis of the filter, and from this, since it cannot exit through the blocked end 15a, oxygen passes through the filter 6f to the separating and porous sheet 13a, which having its end 15 blocked, does so at the opposite end, through the disc 18a with large pores or made of fibers or fabric, leaving the filter as shown by the left arrow. The sheets 13 have their ends sealed with waterproof tapes, cords or adhesives 15 and 15a. The nitrogen with the waste elements is sucked or pushed to the outside through a conduit not shown in the figure.
[0102] FIG. 12 shows a cylindrical cartridge 17 with a cylindrical cover, not shown in the figure, inside which a one-piece wound membrane is placed, which is shown unfolded, formed by two separator or spacer sheets attached and between them. the nanomolecular filter layer 6f. The sheet 13a carries its outermost face with a waterproof film 20. After passing through a particulate pre-filter not shown in the figure, the air passes through the disc 18 with large pores, woven or made of fibers, and enters through the adjacent end of the sheet 13 and from this, by not being able to exit through 15a blocked, the oxygen passes through the filter 6f to the separating and porous sheet 13a, which, has its end obstructed, exits through the opposite end, through the disc 18a, of large pores or tissue, leaving the filter as shown by the arrow with larger dimensions. The ends of the sheets 13 are sealed with waterproof tapes, cords or adhesives 15 and 15a. The nitrogen with the waste elements is sucked or pushed to the outside through a conduit not shown in the figure.
[0103] FIG. 13 shows the parallelepiped nanofilter whose membrane consists of multiple alternated flat porous sheets 13 and 13a. The air, after passing a particle pre-filter, enters the parallelepiped filter through a porous coupling element, then passing through the side and inside half of the porous sheets 13 and is forced, because its other parts are lateral ends 15a sealed, to allow oxygen to pass into the other half of alternate sheets 13a after passing through, arrows 14, the intermediate nanofilter layers 6f, exiting through the sides of these second sheets together with the outlet of the parallelepiped filter, as the other lateral ends 15 are obstructed, leaving the parallelepiped filter after passing through another porous coupling element. The sheets 13a carry their outermost face of each pair of sheets, with a waterproof film 20. This view is valid for the membranes of spiral cylindrical filters. The large surface area of the systems in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 allow a higher O2/N2 separation rate.
[0104] FIG. 14 shows the non-displacement or stationary engine 22 that receives the oxygen or oxygen-air mixture after passing through a large filter set consisting of a suspended particulate pre-filter 6p and subsequently a nanomolecular filter 17a. Oxygen can be sucked into the engine through the check valve 23, or it can be sucked in and driven by the compressor or motor pump 27a. The motorized pump can be placed before the filters, sucking the air from outside and propelling it through said filters, which in this case would be in a hermetic chamber. The pumps can be powered by renewable energy. The non-return valve can be eliminated by placing a selector valve at the confluence of the suction conduit with that coming from the compressor or motor pump 27a that selects the oxygen sucked by the engine or the one driven by the motor pump.
[0105] FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of the invention on the vehicle 31 with the engine 22. The oxygen is sent from the bottle 36 through the conduit 35. One or several bottles, placed in the lateral or rear areas. The air is propelled by the compressor 27 driven by the engine, through the suspended particle filter 6p, and then the nanomolecular filter 17 with multiple membranes or multi-pore sheets 6 with a large surface area and the oxygen supply valve 38 to the engine. To facilitate admission and the amount of filtering, both filters, which may have a large surface area, can be placed in the middle or rear areas of the vehicle, where there is more space. The CO2 is stored in the bottle 36c and is extracted through the coupling 49c. The O2 is charged by the coupling 49.
[0106] FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of the invention on the vehicle 31 with the engine 22. The oxygen is sent from the bottle 36 through the conduit 35. The air is driven by the compressor 27 driven by the electric motor 28, through the suspended particle filter 6p, and then by the nanomolecular filter 17 with multiple membranes or sheets 6 with multiple pores. with a large surface area and the valve 38 for the oxygen supply to the engine. To facilitate the admission and the amount of filtering, both filters, which can be large, are placed in the middle or rear areas of the vehicle, where there is more space. It can be considered an adapted engine. The CO2 is stored in the bottle 36c and is extracted through the coupling 49c. O2 is charged through the connector or coupling 49.
[0107] FIG. 17 shows the vehicle 31 with the engine 22, the suspended particle filter 6p, the nanomolecular filter 17 with multiple membranes or sheets 6 with multiple large-surface pores, the valve 38 for the oxygen supply to the engine. The motor is powered by suction. To facilitate the admission and the amount of filtering of both filters and that they can be large, they are even placed in the middle or rear areas of the vehicle. It can be considered as an adapted engine. Oxygen is also sent from the bottle 36 through the conduit 35. The CO2 is stored in the bottle 36c and is extracted through the coupling 49c. The O2 is charged through the connector or coupling 49 through a hose.
[0108] FIG. 18 shows the vehicle 31 with the engine 22. The air is driven by the compressor 27 driven by the electric motor 28, through the suspended particle filter 6p, and then through the hollow fiber membrane module 30. Next, the oxygen flow is regulated by valve 38. The nitrogen N2 that is produced can be stored or sent abroad. The motor can be powered by suction. It can be considered as an adapted engine. Oxygen is also sent from the bottle 36 through the conduit 35. The CO2 is stored in the bottle 36c and is extracted through the coupling 49c. O2 is charged through the connector or coupling 49.
[0109] FIG. 19 shows the vehicle 31 with the engine 22. Part of the air is driven by the compressor 27 driven by the electric motor 28, through the suspended particle filter 6p, and then through the hollow fiber membrane module 30 oxygen is obtained. The obtained oxygen is variably mixed with the air that enters through the current filter 32 through the mixing valve 33. Next, the mixture of air and oxygen is regulated by means of the valve 38. The nitrogen N2 that is produced can be stored or sent abroad. The motor can be powered by suction. It can be considered as an adapted engine. Oxygen is also sent from the bottle 36 through the conduit 35. The CO2 is stored in the bottle 36c and is extracted through the coupling 49c. The O2 is charged through the connector 49.
[0110] FIG. 20 shows a complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with oxygen when a spark is applied, resulting in CO2, N2 and H2O. Which are not toxic and in the case of hydrogen CO2 is not produced either.
[0111] FIG. 21 shows incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon with oxygen when a spark is applied, resulting in non-toxic CO2, N2 and H2O, and highly toxic CO, HC and NO2.
[0112] FIG. 22 shows the use of oxygen (O2) from the bottles 36 as an oxidizer that with a hydrocarbon (HC), hydrogen (H2) or alcohol is used in Aircraft, Train, Car and Ship engines.
[0113] FIG. 23 shows the use of oxygen (O2) obtained by filtering the air through the filter 17a, as an oxidizer that with a hydrocarbon (HC), hydrogen (H2) or alcohol is used in engines of Aircraft, Trains, Cars and Ships.
[0114] FIG. 24 shows the use of O2 from the bottles 36 and that obtained by filtering the air through the filter 17a as an oxidizer that with a hydrocarbon (HC), hydrogen (H2) or alcohol is used in Airplanes, Trains, Cars and Ships.
[0115] FIG. 25 shows the pump 48 that sends the fuel from the tank 44 to the engine 22 controlled by the ECU 37 and solenoid valve 38, that can be a throttle control. The ECU also controls an solenoid valve 38 that regulates the O2 from the bottles to the engine 22. An optional solenoid valve 38 controls the air rate.
[0116] FIG. 26 shows the pump 48 that sends the fuel from the tank 44 to the engine 22. Controlled by the ECU 37 and the solenoid valve 38 that could be a throttle. Also through a solenoid valve 38 it controls the O2 obtained by filtering the air with the compressor 27, the particle filter 6p, the nanomolecular filter 17a and the O2 coming from the tank 34 to the engine 22.
[0117] FIG. 27 shows the pump 48 that sends the fuel from the tank 44 to the engine 22. Controlled by the ECU 37 and the solenoid valve 38 that can be a throttle. Which also controls with another solenoid valve 38 the O2 from the O2 bottles to the engine 22. If air is not used, the exhaust gases only carry CO2, which is compressed by the compressor 27a and stored in the tank 45.
[0118] FIG. 28 shows the pump 48 that sends the fuel from the tank 44 to the engine 22. Controlled by the ECU 37 and the solenoid valve 38 that can be a throttle. It also controls with another solenoid valve 38 the O2 from the bottles 36 to the engine 22 and controls with an solenoid valve 38 the O2 obtained by filtering the air by the compressor 27, particulate filter 6p, nanomolecular filter 17a and the one coming from the tank 34 to the motor 22. If air is not used, the exhaust gases are only CO2, which is compressed by the compressor 27a and stored in the tank 45 or transformed into fuel mixed with water at high pressure and temperature in the chamber 46. through renewable energies, feeding back through the check valve 47 to the fuel circuit.
[0119] FIG. 29 shows a hydrogen bottle 36h which has a chamber 56 between the outer cover 54 and the inner cover 5a, with a fluid at a higher pressure than the internal H2. The H2 outlet is initially controlled by the manual valve 57. In a variant, three covers or casings can be used, the innermost made of a polymer with very little permeability and the outermost protective against flames.
[0120] FIG. 30 shows a bottle 36 of liquid oxygen which has an intermediate chamber 36v in which a vacuum is made. The O2 outlet is initially controlled by the manual valve 57. This system can be applied to other liquefied gases.
[0121] FIG. 31 shows a truck or van which carries, among other things, hydrogen bottles 36h, oxygen bottles 36 and discharged CO2 bottles 36c. It also carries an oxygen pump 66 and a hydrogen pump 66h and the possibility of extracting CO2 with hoses. In all cases, all these elements are suitably conditioned and protected.
[0122] FIG. 32 shows an embodiment of the invention, consisting of the trailer 1, the element or articulated support bar 2 and the corrugated plastic covers 3 that surround the fuel transmission ducts and/or or oxidizers.
[0123] Used valves can be replaced by solenoid valves. This system of bottles and refills with hoses is also valid for gasoline, natural gas and other fuels used in service stations. But it is preferably reserved for low-use fuels. Alcohol and hydrogen use a facility not shown in the figures. Some valves and sensors are also not shown to facilitate the interpretation of the plates. Stoichiometric ratio or combustion, ideal ratio (air/fuel, by weight), most efficient. Lambda A factor: Gasoline engine: 14.7, diesel: 14.5 and ethanol: 6.7. The lambda probe is in charge of measuring and controlling that the mixture that reaches the cylinder for combustion is adequate for the fuel used. The ECU receives information from the engine: rpm, intake flow, cooling temperature and throttle valve position. A rich mixture increases fuel consumption, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, reduces power, increases carbon deposits, fouls spark plugs, and dilutes engine lubricating oil. Lean mixture, using more air than necessary, higher fuel temperature, reduces power, raises engine temperature and increases (NOx)—causes pre-ignition—violent combustion and serious engine damage. Other types of O2 filtering can be applied, as well as CO2 treatment to obtain fuels, existing or to be designed. Bottles can be exchanged at stops or O2 can be injected and CO2 extracted via hoses at service stations.
