BODY FLUID MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR PATIENT CARE

Abstract

Provided are body fluid management systems for patient care that include, in operable combination, a control system assembly comprising a fluid flow detection and control subassembly, a user data interface, a patient interface assembly comprising a wearable pressure sensor subassembly having a pressure sensor in the path of said body fluid for attaching directly to a patient proximate to an anatomical marker and an orientation sensor to monitor and/or control the pressure and/or flowrate of a body fluid such as cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or urine.

Claims

1. A body fluid management system, comprising: a control system assembly for real-time monitoring of a pressure of a body fluid, and a patient interface assembly, wherein said patient interface assembly comprises a tube and a wearable pressure sensor subassembly in-line with said tube, wherein said tube is configured at one end for connection to a patient-implanted catheter in direct fluid communication with said body fluid and configured at an opposite end for connection to an infusion source containing an infusion fluid, wherein said wearable pressure sensor subassembly is configured for attaching proximate to a patient anatomical marker, wherein said wearable pressure sensor subassembly comprises at least one pressure sensor in direct fluid communication with said body fluid, wherein said control system assembly is configured for monitoring changes in the pressure of said body fluid based on inputs from the patient interface assembly, wherein said control system assembly is configured to display data, to make adjustments to a flowrate of said infusion fluid, or to assert an alarm based on user-selected operating modes and user-defined settings.

2. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said wearable pressure sensor subassembly further comprises an orientation sensor configured to detect an orientation of a body cavity containing said body fluid and a movement of said body cavity, wherein said control system assembly is configured for monitoring changes in patient movement or patient orientation.

3. The body fluid management system of claim 2 wherein said at least one pressure sensor comprises a first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor, wherein said first pressure sensor, said second pressure sensor, and said orientation sensor are configured on a rigid member, wherein said second pressure sensor is located at a fixed spacing distance from said first pressure sensor, wherein said control system assembly is configured to calculate an anticipated differential pressure between said first pressure sensor and said second pressure sensor based on said fixed spacing distance and orientation of said rigid member as detected by said orientation sensor, wherein said control system assembly is configured to calculate an actual differential pressure between said first pressure sensor and said second pressure sensor based on direct measured pressure of said body fluid, and wherein said control system assembly is configured for detecting drift in the first pressure sensor or the second pressure sensor based on a disparity between the anticipated differential pressure between the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor and the actual differential pressure between the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor.

4. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said control system assembly comprises at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly.

5. The body fluid management system of claim 4 wherein said at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly is configured to monitor and control a flowrate of said infusion fluid and wherein said control system assembly is configured to calculate volume over a user-selected time interval.

6. The body fluid management system of claim 5 wherein a static pressure of said infusion fluid is greater than an average pressure of said body fluid, thereby producing an infusion pressure gradient, and wherein said fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a valve configured to allow or disallow flow of said infusion fluid from said infusion source through said tube and said patient-implanted catheter utilizing said infusion pressure gradient, thereby maintaining patency of said tube and said patient-implanted catheter.

7. The body fluid management system of claim 5, wherein said fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a pump configured to pump said infusion fluid from said infusion source through said tube and said patient-implanted catheter, thereby maintaining patency of said tube and said patient-implanted catheter.

8. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said control system assembly comprises a graphical user interface configured to display a pressure waveform.

9. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said body fluid is blood and said patient anatomical marker is the fourth intercostal space at the midaxillary line.

10. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said body fluid is venous blood and wherein said control system assembly is configured for real-time monitoring of central venous pressure.

11. The body fluid management system of claim 1 wherein said body fluid is arterial blood and wherein said control system assembly is configured for real-time monitoring of mean arterial pressure.

12. A body fluid management system, comprising a control system assembly and a patient interface assembly, wherein said control system assembly is configured to monitor real-time pressure of a body fluid and control drainage of said body fluid according to user selected parameters, wherein said patient interface assembly comprises a bidirectional fluid line and a body fluid drainage line, wherein said bidirectional fluid line is configured for connecting at its proximal end to a catheter inserted into a body compartment containing said body fluid, and for connecting at its distal end to an infusion source containing an infusion fluid, wherein said body fluid drainage line is connected at its proximal end to said bidirectional fluid line, and configured for connecting at its distal end to a drainage reservoir, wherein at least one pressure sensor is disposed in said bidirectional fluid line, configured to be in fluid communication with said body fluid, and configured to be located proximate to an anatomical marker suitable as an anatomical reference for monitoring a pressure of said body fluid and wherein said control system assembly is configured to communicate pressure values from the at least one pressure sensor.

13. The system of claim 12 wherein said control system assembly comprises at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly configured to monitor and control a flowrate of a fluid and wherein said control system assembly is configured to calculate volume over a user-selected time interval.

14. The body fluid management system of claim 13 wherein a static pressure of said infusion fluid is greater than an average pressure of said body fluid, thereby producing an infusion pressure gradient, and wherein said fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a valve configured to allow or disallow flow of said infusion fluid from said infusion source through said bidirectional line and said patient-implanted catheter utilizing said infusion pressure gradient.

15. The body fluid management system of claim 13, wherein said fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a pump configured to pump said infusion fluid from said infusion source through said bidirectional line and said patient-implanted catheter.

16. The body fluid management system of claim 12 wherein said at least one pressure sensor is disposed in a wearable pressure sensor subassembly further comprising at least one orientation sensor and an enclosure configured for attaching proximate to said anatomical marker.

17. The system of claim 12 wherein said control system assembly comprises a graphical user interface configured to display at least one pressure waveform.

18. The system of claim 13 wherein said at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly includes a first fluid flow detection and control subassembly and a second fluid flow detection and control subassembly, wherein said first fluid flow detection and control subassembly is configured for detecting and controlling flow of said body fluid, wherein said second fluid flow detection and control subassembly is configured for detecting and controlling flow of said infusion fluid.

19. The system of claim 18 wherein said body fluid drainage volume is a net volume calculated as a difference between detected drainage volume and detected infusion volume.

20. The system of claim 12 wherein said control system assembly is configured to assert an alarm according to one or more user defined threshold(s) for body fluid drainage volume, body compartment pressure, pressure waveform, or infusion.

21. The system of claim 12 wherein said body cavity is the abdominal cavity, said body fluid is urine, and said body fluid pressure is intra-abdominal pressure.

22. The system of claim 12 wherein one of said user selected parameters is target intra-abdominal pressure.

23. The body fluid management system of claim 16 wherein said orientation sensor is configured to detect an orientation of a body cavity containing said body fluid and movement of said body cavity, and wherein said control system assembly is configured for monitoring changes in patient movement or patient orientation.

24. The body fluid management system of claim 23 wherein said at least one pressure sensor includes a plurality of first pressure sensors at a fixed spacing distance from one another, wherein said plurality of first pressure sensors and said at least one orientation sensor are configured on a rigid member for detecting drift in said plurality of first pressure sensors based on a disparity between an anticipated differential pressure between said plurality of first pressure sensors and an actual differential pressure between said plurality of first pressure sensors.

25. A body fluid management system, comprising a control system assembly and a patient interface assembly, wherein said control system assembly is configured to monitor real-time arterial blood pressure, real-time pressure of a body fluid, and real-time perfusion pressure of a body compartment containing said body fluid, wherein said control system assembly is configured to control drainage of said body fluid according to user selected parameters, wherein said patient interface assembly comprises a first fluid line and a second fluid line, wherein said first fluid line is configured for connecting at its proximal end to a first catheter inserted into said body compartment and for connecting at its distal end to a body fluid drainage reservoir, wherein said second fluid line is configured for connecting at its proximal end to a second catheter fluidly connected to arterial blood and for connecting at its distal end to an infusion source, wherein at least one first pressure sensor and at least one second pressure sensor are disposed in said first fluid line and configured to be in fluid communication with said body fluid, wherein at least one third pressure sensor is disposed in said second fluid line and configured to be in fluid communication with said arterial blood, wherein said at least one first pressure sensor is configured to be located proximate to a first anatomical marker suitable as an anatomical reference for monitoring a pressure of said body fluid, wherein said at least one second pressure sensor and said at least one third pressure sensor are configured to be co-located proximate to a second anatomical marker suitable as an anatomical reference for monitoring arterial blood pressure, wherein said control system assembly is configured to display pressure values from the at least one first pressure sensor as the true pressure of body fluid in said body compartment, wherein said control system assembly is configured to display pressure values from the at least one third pressure sensor as the true pressure of said arterial blood, and wherein said control system assembly is configured to calculate and display perfusion pressure as a difference between pressure values from the at least one third pressure sensor and pressure values from the at least one second pressure sensor.

26. The body fluid management system of claim 25 wherein said at least one first pressure sensor is disposed in a first wearable pressure sensor subassembly further comprising a first orientation sensor and a first enclosure configured for attaching proximate to said first anatomical marker, and wherein said at least one second pressure sensor and said at least one third pressure sensor are disposed in a second wearable pressure sensor subassembly further comprising a second orientation sensor and a second enclosure configured for attaching proximate to said second anatomical marker.

27. The system of claim 25 wherein said control system assembly comprises at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly.

28. The system of claim 27 wherein said at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly includes a first fluid flow detection and control subassembly and a second fluid flow detection and control subassembly, wherein said first fluid flow detection and control subassembly is configured for detecting and controlling flow of said body fluid, wherein said second fluid flow detection and control subassembly is configured for detecting and controlling flow of said infusion fluid.

29. The system of claim 28 wherein said first fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a valve configured to allow or disallow flow of said body fluid from said first catheter to said body fluid drainage reservoir and wherein said second fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises a pump configured to pump said infusion fluid from said infusion source through said second fluid line and said second catheter.

30. The system of claim 25 wherein said control system assembly comprises a graphical user interface configured to display at least one pressure waveform.

31. The system of claim 25 wherein said perfusion pressure is cerebral perfusion pressure, said body cavity is the cranial cavity, said body fluid is cerebrospinal fluid, and said body fluid pressure is intracranial pressure.

32. The system of claim 25 wherein said perfusion pressure is spinal cord perfusion pressure, said body cavity is the spinal cavity, said body fluid is cerebrospinal fluid, and said body fluid pressure is lumbar pressure.

33. The system of claim 25 wherein one of said user selected parameters is target perfusion pressure.

34. The system of claim 25 wherein one of said user selected parameters is target intercranial pressure.

35. The system of claim 25 wherein one of said user selected parameters is target body fluid drainage volume.

36. The system of claim 25 wherein said control system assembly is configured to assert an alarm according to one or more user defined threshold(s) for perfusion pressure, body fluid drainage volume, body fluid pressure, blood pressure, or pressure waveform.

37. The body fluid management system of claim 26 wherein said at least one first pressure sensor includes a plurality of first pressure sensors at a fixed spacing distance from one another, wherein said plurality of first pressure sensors and said first orientation sensor are configured on a rigid member for detecting drift in said plurality of first pressure sensors based on a disparity between an anticipated differential pressure between said plurality of first pressure sensors and an actual differential pressure between said plurality of first pressure sensors.

38. The body fluid management system of claim 26 wherein one or both of said second pressure sensor or said third pressure sensor each include a plurality of pressure sensors at a fixed spacing distance from one another, wherein said plurality of second or third pressure sensors and said second orientation sensor are configured on a rigid member for detecting drift in said plurality of second or third pressure sensors based on a disparity between an anticipated differential pressure between said plurality of second or third pressure sensors and an actual differential pressure between said plurality of second or third pressure sensors.

39. The system of claim 28 wherein said first fluid line is configured for bidirectional flow and wherein the distal end of said first fluid line is further configured for connection to a second infusion source.

40. The system of claim 39 wherein the at least one fluid flow detection and control subassembly further comprises a third fluid flow detection and control subassembly for detecting and controlling flow from said second infusion source into said first fluid line.

41. The system of claim 40 wherein said perfusion pressure is abdominal perfusion pressure, said body cavity is the abdominal cavity, said body fluid is urine, and said body fluid pressure is intra-abdominal pressure.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] Certain aspects of the present disclosure will become more evident in reference to the drawings, which are presented for illustration, not limitation.

[0044] FIG. 1 is a line drawing showing a front perspective view of a control system assembly according to certain embodiments of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems. Control system assemblies according to these embodiments are configured for use in operable combination with a patient interface assembly (such as is depicted in FIG. 4 and described in further detain herein).

[0045] FIG. 2 is a line drawing showing a rear perspective view of a control system assembly according to certain embodiments of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems.

[0046] FIG. 3 (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) are line drawings showing perspective views of an exemplary flowrate control actuator for use in control system assemblies according to certain embodiments of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems. The flowrate control actuator shown in FIG. 3A employs a pinch head that is fixedly attached to a leadscrew. The flowrate control actuator shown in FIG. 3B employs a spring-loaded pinch head.

[0047] FIG. 4 is a line drawing showing a perspective view of a patient interface assembly according to one embodiment of the presently disclosed portable systems for managing body fluid pressure and drainage flowrates. As shown in FIG. 4, patient interface assemblies are configured for removable insertion into, and operable combination with, a control system assembly, such as, for example, a control system assembly as depicted in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

[0048] FIG. 5 is a line drawing that depicts an embodiment of the patient interface assembly as it relates to the patient anatomy, wherein the pressure sensor assembly is sutured directly to the patient's skinon the head substantially proximate to a known anatomical marker.

[0049] FIG. 6 depicts alternate embodiments in which the pressure sensor assembly is constrained near an anatomical marker by means of a wearable device.

[0050] FIG. 7 depicts alternate embodiments in which the pressure sensor assembly is constrained near an anatomical marker by means of a wearable device.

[0051] FIG. 8 is a line drawing of an exemplary wearable pressure sensor subassembly for use in certain embodiments of the patient interface assemblies disclosed herein.

[0052] FIG. 9 (FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B) is a schematic representation of a wearable pressure sensor subassembly according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0053] FIG. 10 depicts one embodiment of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems, which is configured for managing intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, wherein a patient interface assembly is connected to a ventricular catheter at a proximal end of a drain tube.

[0054] FIG. 11 depicts one embodiment of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems, in which the patient interface assembly is configured to connect to an indwelling urinary catheter, and the control system assembly is configured to activate the pumping mechanism to periodically flush the bladder and urinary catheter.

[0055] FIG. 12 depicts one embodiment of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems that is configured to obtain the necessary inputs to calculate real-time CPP wherein the systems include a plurality of wearable sensor assemblies, wherein a first wearable sensor assembly is affixed to the patient substantially proximate to an anatomical marker appropriate for monitoring ICP and a second wearable sensor assembly is affixed to the patient substantially proximate to an anatomical marker appropriate for monitoring blood pressure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0056] The present disclosure provides body fluid management systems that employ digital technologies to permit real-time monitoring and control of body fluid pressures or drainage flowrates while allowing or accounting for patient movement. Within certain embodiments, portable systems according to the present disclosure comprise, in operable combination, (1) a control system assembly and (2) a patient interface assembly. The body fluid management systems disclosed herein exhibit unexpected and surprising advantages over devices and technologies that are currently available in the art for monitoring and managing in vivo fluid pressures and flowrates.

[0057] This disclosure will be better understood in view of the following definitions, which are provided for clarification and are not intended to limit the scope of the subject matter that is disclosed herein.

Definitions

[0058] Unless specifically defined otherwise herein, each term used in this disclosure has the same meaning as it would to those having skill in the relevant art.

[0059] As used herein, the term “body fluid” refers generally to liquids within an extracellular compartment of the human body (i.e. extracellular fluids (ECF)), which include both interstitial fluids that are not contained within blood vessels and intravascular fluids that are contained within the blood vessels (such as venous fluids and arterial fluids). As used herein, “body fluids” include fluids within the transcellular compartment, such as fluids in the tracheobronchial tree, the gastrointestinal tract, and the bladder, and includes cerebrospinal fluid and fluids within the aqueous humor of the eye.

[0060] As used herein, the term “cerebrospinal fluid” or “C SF” refers to the sodium-rich, potassium-poor tissue fluid of the brain and spinal cord. CSF supplies nutrients, removes waste products, and provides a cushion that absorbs mechanical shock to the central nervous system. CSF is normally watery, clear, colorless, and almost entirely free of cells. A normal adult human has about 125-150 mL of CSF circulating within the ventricular system of the brain and spine. The majority of CSF is produced from within the two lateral ventricles.

[0061] As used herein, the term “body fluid pressure” refers generally to the pressure exerted by a “body fluid” that is contained within an extracellular compartment and includes, for example, intracranial pressure, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and intra-abdominal pressure/bladder pressure.

[0062] As used herein, the term “body compartment pressure” refers generally to the pressure within an extracellular compartment and includes, for example, the pressure within the head (intracranial pressure), the abdomen (intra-abdominal pressure) and the limbs.

[0063] As used herein, the terms “compartment syndrome” and “compartment hypertension” refer to abnormally elevated pressure within a body compartment. “compartment hypertension” is characterized by a lower disease threshold as compared to “compartment syndrome.”

[0064] As used herein, the term “intracranial pressure” or “ICP” refers to the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue.

[0065] As used herein, the term “arterial pressure” refers to the blood pressure in the arterial vasculature. The term is generally synonymous with the related term “mean arterial pressure” (MAP), which refers to the average blood pressure in an individual over a single cardiac cycle. MAP is calculated using the systolic pressure (SP) peak during heart pumping/squeeze and diastolic pressure (DP) low during heart relaxing between pumps/beats, according to the expression MAP=DP+(SP−DP)/3.

[0066] As used herein, the term “central venous pressure” or “CVP” refers to the blood pressure in the vena cava, near the right atrium of the heart.

[0067] As used herein, the term “accelerometer” refers to a type of “orientation sensor” that is capable of quantifying acceleration in one or more axial directions, according to the inertial force of a mass and Newton's Second law, and producing a digital electrical signal (SPI, I2C, etc.) proportional to said acceleration. Such devices are useful for determining orientation (by measuring static acceleration due to gravity) and detecting motion (by analyzing dynamic acceleration).

[0068] As used herein, the term “pressure sensor” refers to a device that is capable of quantifying pressure (and changes in pressure) in a fluid (air, water, saline, body fluid, etc.) and producing an electrical signal proportional to said pressure (or change in pressure). As used herein, “pressure sensor” may refer to a device configured to measure gauge pressure or absolute pressure.

[0069] As used herein, the term “anatomical marker” refers to physiological attributes or features that are non-invasively identifiable, such as cephalometric landmarks, joints, or intercoastal space and the like, for which there may be clinical significance relative to an internal position. Examples include: the external auditory meatus (EAM) or the glabella as anatomical markers for the brain center or Foramen of Monro often used in the calculation of ICP, and the fourth intercostal space at the midaxillary line as an anatomical marker for the position of the heart.

[0070] Words and phrases using the singular or plural number also include the plural and singular number, respectively. For example, terms such as “a” or “an” and phrases such as “at least one” and “one or more” include both the singular and the plural. Terms that are intended to be “open” (including, for example, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” “include,” “including,” “have,” and “having,” and the like) are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense. That is, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least.”

[0071] The use of the term “or” in the claims and supporting text is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”

[0072] Additionally, the terms “herein,” “above,” and “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portion of the application.

[0073] It will be further understood that where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, the disclosure is also intended to be described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group. Similarly, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass all possible sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges and that language such as “between,” “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like include the number recited in the range and includes each individual member.

[0074] All references cited herein, whether supra or infra, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, and patent publications, whether U.S., PCT, or non-U.S. foreign, and all technical, medical, and/or scientific publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Body Fluid Management Systems

[0075] Provided herein are body fluid management systems that employ digital technologies to permit real-time integrated monitoring and control of body fluid pressures or drainage flowrates while allowing or accounting for patient movement.

[0076] Exemplary body fluid management systems disclosed herein are described in reference to the management of particular body fluid(s). It will be understood, however, that the body fluid management systems of the present disclosure will find utility in the monitoring and management of various extracellular and interstitial body fluids including, without limitation, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine, wound exudate, mucus, and semen. Furthermore, it will be understood that the body fluid management systems of the present disclosure will find utility in the monitoring and management of various bodily compartments including, without limitation, the intracranial space, the intra-abdominal space, and the extremities.

[0077] Within certain embodiments, body fluid management systems according to the present disclosure comprise, in operable combination, (1) a control system assembly and (2) a patient interface assembly.

[0078] In certain aspects of these embodiments, the control system assembly may be durable and the patient interface assembly may be disposable. In other aspects, the body fluid management systems disclosed herein may be fully durable with a cleanable or re-sterilizable patient interface assembly, or such systems may be fully disposable.

[0079] The body fluid management systems disclosed herein may be selectively operable in a pressure-control mode (e.g., by utilizing a pressure set point), in a flowrate-control mode (e.g., by utilizing a drainage flowrate set point), or in a monitoring-only mode for pressure data collection or user notifications (e.g., alarms) in response to user-configurable alarm thresholds.

[0080] Flowrate-control mode and pressure-control mode may both be accomplished in the same manner: by controlling the drainage of the associated body fluid. This may be accomplished by means of a soft flexible tube in the patient interface assembly that is variably or intermittently compressed by a flowrate control actuator in the control system assembly. An algorithm may be utilized to provide closed-loop control of a flowrate control actuator based on inputs from various sensors in the system.

[0081] Drainage flow may be maintained by employing a drain line that is substantially filled with fluid, and which has an outlet lower than its inlet, whereby a siphon effect is maintained.

[0082] Drainage flowrate measurements may be accomplished by detecting falling drops of fluid within a chamber (drip chamber, cuvette, etc.), wherein the drops are of a substantially known volume. In such an arrangement, the system may count the drops and calculate flowrate based on the number of drops over a timespan of interest (e.g., mL/hr). Drainage flowrate measurements may also be accomplished with an ultrasonic sensor, a mass flowrate sensor, or any similar sensor capable of directly or indirectly measuring flow.

[0083] Pressure measurement may be accomplished by two or more disposable pressure sensors located substantially proximate to a patient anatomical marker wherein: the pressure sensors are located within the drainage flow channel, in direct communication with patient body fluid; the pressure sensors are co-located within a housing that is affixed to the patient skin; the pressure sensors are rigidly mounted at a defined spacing, such that the difference of two sensor readings can be calculated to detect sensor faults (drift, sensor failure, occlusion, fouling, etc.); the orientation of the drainage flow channel is detected by means of an orientation sensor, whereby the expected differential pressure between two pressure sensors (based on fluid density and vertical component of sensor spacing) is calculated and used to augment pressure sensor fault detection; stable (average) pressure is derived from variable pressure readings (such as may be observed from an ICP waveform, blood pressure systolic/diastolic pressure spikes, etc.) via a proprietary algorithm.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the system may be configured to monitor and/or control pressure or flowrate of a single fluid (CSF, blood, urine, etc.). In other embodiments, the system may be configured to monitor and/or control two or more fluids or anatomical subsystems (CSF and blood; bladder pressure and intra-abdominal pressure; etc.). In certain embodiments, the system may include calculation of a derived parameter, such as perfusion pressure (CPP, APP, SCPP, etc.), and may monitor and/or control pressure or flowrate of a single fluid or body compartment based on said derived parameter. In certain embodiments, the system may include a peristaltic or similar pumping mechanism for control of fluids other than the target body fluid (saline, artificial CSF, etc.) for the purposes of periodic flushing, back-pressure (as may be the case with an arterial line), etc.

1. Control System Assemblies

[0085] Control system assemblies disclosed herein comprise, in certain embodiments, (1) a fluid flow detection and control subassembly that is in operable communication with (2) a user interface subassembly to achieve the real-time monitoring and control of body fluid pressure and drainage. In certain aspects of these control system assemblies, the fluid flow detection and control subassembly comprises, in operable communication, a primary flowrate control actuator, a secondary flow shutoff actuator, and a body fluid flow sensor.

[0086] FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are line drawings showing perspective views of an exemplary control system assembly 10 that is configured for use in operable combination with a patient interface assembly 50 (such as is depicted in FIG. 4 and described elsewhere herein) according to certain embodiments of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems.

[0087] As depicted in FIG. 1, control system assembly 10 comprises fluid flow detection and control subassembly 20 in operable combination with user interface subassembly 40, which includes user interface 42 for receiving user input (settings, patient information, etc.) and displaying system settings and outputs (set points, alarm thresholds, patient information, current or historical pressure or flowrate data, alarms, notifications, waveforms, etc.). In certain embodiments, user interface 42 may comprise a graphical display (LCD, OLED, etc.), a touchscreen (resistive, capacitive, projected capacitive, etc.), a button keypad (plastic or elastomeric buttons, membrane switch, etc.), an LED array (7-segment, individual indicators, etc.), or any similar elements suitable for entry of user inputs and display of system settings and outputs.

[0088] As depicted in FIG. 2, control system assembly 10 comprises adjustable clamping mechanism 14 for fixation to an IV pole 11, bed rail, or other similar patient room furnishing. In other embodiments, control system assembly 10 may be configured to be cart-mounted, wall-mounted, or free-standing.

[0089] In other aspects, control system assembly 10 comprises a receptacle 12 for connection to an external power source (AC mains, DC network, etc.), and may optionally include an internal power source (rechargeable battery).

[0090] In further aspects, control system assembly 10 may include an electrical interface (connector/socket, pogo-pin/spring-loaded contact array, etc.) for DC power distribution and electrical signal communication with patient interface assembly 50. In other embodiments, such communication or power distribution may be accomplished wirelessly.

[0091] In certain embodiments, fluid flow detection and control subassembly 20 and user data interface subassembly 40 may each be enclosed in a set of rigid (plastic, metal, etc.) housings and joined by pivoting mechanism 48 (hinge, 4-bar linkage, etc.) so that the subassemblies may pivot open and closed with respect to one another. In certain embodiments, pivoting mechanism 48 may include a feature (over-center, cam, etc.) that provides one or more preferred positions (closed, fully open, etc.) to assist with installing/uninstalling fluid drainage cartridge 60. As depicted in FIG. 1, hand grip 44 and hand clearance feature 24 may be included to facilitate operation of pivoting mechanism 48. In alternate embodiments, control system 10 may be comprised of a single set of rigid housings enclosing both fluid flow detection and control assembly 20 and user interface subassembly 40 such that hinge 48, hand grip 24, and other associated features, are eliminated. In such embodiments, recess 32 for receiving fluid drainage cartridge 60 of patient interface assembly 50 may be located adjacent to graphical user interface 42.

[0092] In other aspects, fluid flow detection and control subassembly 20 includes recess 32, drainage tube inlet 34, and drainage tube outlet 26 for receiving fluid drainage cartridge 60 and associated drain tube 68 of patient interface assembly 50 (depicted in FIG. 4).

[0093] In other aspects depicted in FIG. 1, fluid flow detection and control subassembly 20 includes, in operable combination, primary flowrate control actuator 22 for controlling flowrate of a body fluid, secondary flow shutoff actuator 30 for automatic shutoff of drainage flow in the case of power loss or system failure, and body fluid flow detector 28 for detecting drainage flowrate.

[0094] In certain embodiments, body fluid flow detector 28 may be an optical sensor for detecting falling fluid drops (as in drops falling through a drip chamber, cuvette, or similar enclosure), a mass flow sensor, an ultrasonic flow sensor, or any other similar sensor that is capable of detecting flow of the target body fluid with clinically-acceptable precision and accuracy.

[0095] In certain embodiments, secondary flow shutoff actuator 30 may be a DC motor with encoder and leadscrew, a stepper motor with leadscrew, a servo motor, a solenoid, a linear actuator, an electromagnetic latch, or any other similar actuator or latching mechanism that can be actuated sufficiently rapidly to shut off flow in the case of power loss or system failure.

[0096] In certain embodiments, primary flowrate control actuator 22 may be a DC motor with encoder and leadscrew, a stepper motor with leadscrew, a servo motor, a solenoid, a linear actuator, or any other similar actuator that either provides precise positioning for substantially constant flowrate (as in the case of a motor with encoder, stepper, or servo) or can be actuated rapidly between on/off states for intermittent flow (as in the case of a solenoid).

[0097] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B depict an exemplary primary flowrate control actuator 22 that may be advantageously employed in control system assembly 10 according to certain embodiments of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems. As shown in FIG. 3A, primary flowrate control actuator 22 may be comprised of a stepper motor 92 with integrated leadscrew 96 and captive leadscrew nut 94 to translate rotary motion into linear motion. Pinch head 98 comprising pinch head tip 100 may be included to interface with drain tube 68 in patient interface assembly 50 (depicted in FIG. 4). In other embodiments, pinch head 98 may be replaced with spring-loaded pinch head 102 as shown in FIG. 3B to improve flow control precision or provide substantially constant force at the fully pinched condition regardless of any over-travel of the primary flow control actuator.

[0098] In other embodiments, flow control or shutoff may be accomplished by a rotary valve (stopcock, needle valve, etc.) in patient interface assembly 50 that is variably rotated by a rotary actuator (servo, stepper motor, rotary solenoid, etc.) in control assembly 10.

2. Patient Interface Assemblies

[0099] Patient interface assemblies for use in the body fluid management systems disclosed herein comprise, in various operable combinations: (1) a body fluid flow measurement interface, (2) a flowrate control actuator interface, (3) a flow shutoff actuator interface, (4) an electrical interface, (5) a fluid drainage cartridge, (6) a drain tube, and (7) a wearable pressure sensor subassembly. In certain aspects of these patient interface assemblies, the wearable pressure sensor subassembly comprises, in operable communication: (1) an orientation sensor, (2) a plurality of pressure sensors, (3) an integrated flow channel, and (4) a rigid or semi-rigid sensor enclosure.

[0100] FIG. 4 is a line drawing showing a perspective view of patient interface assembly 50 according to one embodiment of the presently disclosed body fluid management system, wherein patient interface assembly 50 is configured for removable insertion into, and operable combination with, control system assembly 10. In certain embodiments, fluid drainage cartridge 60 (comprised primarily of rigid plastic enclosures such as ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, etc.) of patient interface assembly 50 may be installed into a corresponding recess in control system assembly 10, such as recess 32 depicted in FIG. 1.

[0101] As depicted in FIG. 4 patient interface assembly 50 may comprise flow measurement interface 52 (drip chamber, cuvette, tube, etc.) for interfacing with flow measurement detector 28 of control assembly 10, flowrate control actuator interface 56 (soft flexible tube, such as silicone, polyurethane, polypropylene-based elastomer, etc.) for interfacing with pinch head 100 of primary flowrate control actuator 22 within control system assembly 10, and flow shutoff actuator interface 58 (spring-loaded button, stopcock, pinch valve, etc.) for interfacing with secondary flow shutoff actuator 30 of control assembly 10. Fluid drainage cartridge 60 may further comprise drain tube 68 (silicone, polyurethane, polypropylene-based elastomer, etc.), connected at its inlet end to detachable fitting 66 (luer fitting, neuro fitting, etc.) for interfacing with an implanted ventricular catheter, and connected at its outlet end to detachable drain bag 64 (polyethylene, PVC, etc.) for collecting body fluids.

[0102] Patient interface assembly 50 may also include electrical cable 70 between wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 and fluid drainage cartridge 60, and a set of exposed conductive pads 54 (gold, copper, carbon, silver ink, etc.) on fluid drainage cartridge 60 for passing electrical signals, data, power, etc. between patient interface assembly 50 and control system assembly 10. In such embodiments, a corresponding set of spring contacts (pogo pins, battery-style contacts, etc.) in control system assembly 10 may interface with said conductive pads in the patient interface assembly. Other embodiments of fluid drainage cartridge 60 may alternatively comprise a traditional electrical connector that is manually inserted into a corresponding receptacle in the control system assembly 10 by the user. Yet other embodiments may replace the physical electrical interface altogether by implementing wireless communication (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.) between patient interface assembly 50 and control system assembly 10, or between patient interface assembly 50 and a remote control system (cloud-based system, on-site or off-site server, smartphone or tablet-based application, etc.). In such arrangements, wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 may be powered with a battery or similar power source.

[0103] FIG. 5 is a line drawing that depicts an aspect of patient interface assembly 50 as it relates to the patient anatomy, wherein the proximal end of drainage tube 68 is separably connected via detachable fitting 66 to an implanted ventricular catheter 206, and wherein wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 is affixed directly to the patient's skin substantially proximate to a known anatomical marker (EAM, etc.) by sutures 120. In other embodiments, direct fixation of the wearable pressure sensor assembly may be accomplished by an adhesive patch (acrylic, etc.) with peel-off backing, or a separate liquid adhesive (cyanoacrylate, etc.) that is applied between the patient's skin and the wearable pressure sensor assembly housing. The patient fixation feature may alternatively be on a separable component, such that the wearable pressure sensor assembly is affixed (snapped, fastened, hook-and-loop fastener, etc.) to/into the separable fixation component after it is affixed (sutured, bonded, etc.) to the patient.

[0104] FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 depict alternate embodiments in which wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 is constrained near an anatomical marker by means of a wearable device such as a headband or a hat (beanie, skull cap, etc.). Such wearable devices may be comprised of foam, silicone, fabric, hook-and- loop, mesh, gauze, etc.

[0105] FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 of patient interface assembly 50 (as depicted in FIG. 4), wherein pressure sensor subassembly 80 comprises a sensor array of two or more pressure sensors 126 and 128 for measuring a single body fluid pressure (ICP, blood pressure, bladder pressure, etc.) and an orientation sensor 122 (accelerometer, tilt sensor, etc.) for detecting the orientation of flow channel 130. Wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 may be contained (by bonding, mechanical fastening, over-molding, etc.) within a rigid (plastic, metal, etc.) or semi-rigid (silicone, polyurethane, etc.) enclosure 132, which includes integrated flow channel 130 with an inlet and outlet to which drain tube 68 is permanently affixed (UV bonding, solvent bonding, epoxy, etc.), and one or more suture points 120 for attaching to a patient proximate to an anatomical marker (EAM, midaxillary, etc.). In various embodiments, the sensor array of wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 may be constructed upon a suitable substrate (polyimide, polyester, FR-4, etc.) according to traditional electronics-fabrication methods known in the art. In various other embodiments, sensors may be mounted directly onto enclosure 132 using various other methods known in the art such as in-mold printed electronics, conductive inks/epoxies, etc. In other aspects, pressure sensors 126 and 128 or orientation sensor 122 may produce digital electrical signals using a standard communications protocol known in the art (SPI, I2C, UART, etc.), or may produce an analog signal that is converted to a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter.

[0106] In some embodiments, wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 may additionally include contact plates, a capacitive switch, or similar sensing element to detect whether the assembly is in contact with the skin. Such a feature may be useful for detecting certain faults, such as whether the pressure sensor assembly has fallen off the patient and may not be reading the proper pressure value.

[0107] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are schematic representations of wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, wherein an orientation sensor (A) and a plurality of pressure sensors (P1 and P2) are mounted at a fixed spacing distance (d) onto a rigid or semi-rigid member (B). FIG. 9A depicts wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 in a horizontal orientation with respect to gravity vector (g). FIG. 9B depicts wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 in a vertical orientation with respect to gravity vector (g).

[0108] Within certain aspects of this embodiment, the orientation sensor detects the orientation of wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 thereby facilitating calculation of an anticipated pressure differential ΔP according to the formula:

ΔP.sub.anticipated=ρ(Δh)

wherein ρ is the fluid density (e.g., the density of CSF, saline, blood, urine, etc.) and Δh is the height differential between pressure sensors P2 and P1 with respect to the gravity vector.

[0109] As depicted in FIG. 9A, when wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 is oriented horizontally with respect to the gravity vector (g), the pressure readings of the plurality of pressure sensors (P1 and P2) are substantially equivalent because the height differential (Δh) between the two pressure sensors (P1 and P2) is zero (i.e., Δh=0, so ΔP.sub.anticipated=0).

[0110] As depicted in FIG. 9B, when wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 is oriented vertically with respect to the gravity vector (g), the pressure differential between the plurality of pressure sensors (P1 and P2) is maximized because the height differential (Ah) between the two pressure sensors is also maximized (i.e., Δh=d, so ΔP.sub.anticipated=ρd).

[0111] In any pressure sensor orientation other than horizontal or vertical, the height differential between the plurality of pressure sensors (P1 and P2) will vary between 0 and d based on the vertical component of pressure sensor orientation with respect to the gravity vector (g). The corresponding anticipated pressure differential will range from ΔP.sub.anticipated=0 to ΔP.sub.anticipated=ρd.

[0112] In certain embodiments of the control system algorithm, one or both pressure sensors may be used to determine actual measured fluid pressure, while any substantial deviation between ΔP.sub.anticipated (as described above) and ΔP.sub.actual (obtained directly via pressure sensor readings) may be used by the system to detect pressure sensor faults (electrical failure, drift in sensor accuracy, bio-fouling, etc.).

[0113] It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the current disclosure is applicable to the measurement of gauge or absolute pressure, since either may be accomplished depending on the type of sensor used for P1 and P2, or the inclusion of separate atmospheric pressure sensor(s) outside the fluid path (such as in the control system assembly) for the calculation of gauge pressure.

[0114] The disclosed approach provides two layers of redundancy. Firstly, since each pressure sensor in wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 is located proximate to an anatomical marker for the fluid of interest, a second pressure sensor provides a direct “backup” that may allow the system to continue operating in the event that either sensor is determined to no longer be functioning normally. Secondly, the system may detect very small amounts of drift in the accuracy of the wearable pressure sensor assembly and take appropriate action (such as notifying the user) before such errors become clinically relevant.

[0115] The disclosed approach differs from existing two-sensor systems, wherein one sensor measures the pressure in the target fluid line and a second sensor measures the pressure in a separate reference line, and wherein both pressure sensors are positioned at a location other than a relevant anatomical marker (e.g., in a pole-mounted console or hip-worn wearable). In such systems, the true pressure of the target fluid (e.g., true ICP) is calculated as the difference between the pressure in a drain line and the pressure in a separate reference line.

[0116] Previously described two-sensor arrangements provide no redundancy and limited opportunities for error-checking, leaving the patient vulnerable to sensor drift and similar faults. The co-location of two pressure sensors and an orientation sensor substantially proximate to a relevant anatomical marker as described in the current disclosure provides an unprecedented level of measurement accuracy and clinical safety.

[0117] It will be appreciated that wearable pressure sensor assembly 80 must be sufficiently small and lightweight to facilitate attachment to certain anatomical markers (such as the EAM, which is located on the head) in order to achieve practical use. As such, the use of sufficiently small pressure sensors, which are suitable for extended contact with body fluids, and which are also of sufficient accuracy and precision as to enable clinical utility, is critical to achieving the disclosed embodiments. Furthermore, the spacing distance between the sensors must be sufficiently small as to facilitate a suitable overall footprint for the assembly, which places further constraints on the precision of said pressure sensors to enable useful drift detection as described elsewhere herein. For example, a spacing distance on the order of a few centimeters is only useful if the pressure sensors are able to resolve pressure differences on the order of a few millimeters of water (mmH2O). Such pressure sensors were unknown to the art until recently, rendering such embodiments impractical. However, due to recent technological developments in the art, spacing distances (d) in the range of 1-2 cm are now possible, using tiny (2-3 mm wide) pressure sensors with precision on the order of ±1 mmH2O, enabling practical embodiments of wearable pressure sensor assemblies with an overall footprint in the range of 2-5 cm.sup.2 that have the characteristics described herein.

3. Use and Configurations

[0118] FIG. 10, FIG. 11, and FIG. 12 depict several embodiments of the disclosed body fluid management systems, which are configured for various clinical use cases.

[0119] FIG. 10 depicts one embodiment of the presently disclosed body fluid management systems, which is configured for managing intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, wherein patient interface assembly 50 is connected to a ventricular catheter at the proximal end, and drainage collection reservoir 64 at the distal end, via drainage tube 68. The system of FIG. 10 may be configured via user-controlled set points to activate primary flowrate control actuator 22 and, thereby, allow drainage of CSF when ICP in excess of the set point is detected by wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 attached proximate to an anatomical marker (EAM) for the Foramen of Monro. The embodiment represented by FIG. 10 may also find utility in the management of lumbar pressure (by affixing wearable pressure sensor assembly 80 near an anatomical marker appropriate for this application), and a variety of other body fluids and pressures within various body compartments.

[0120] In other embodiments, the disclosed system may additionally include a peristaltic (or similar) pumping mechanism and a connection to a detachable infusion source (infusion bag, infusion bottle, etc.). The pumping mechanism may be configured to draw on the infusion source to perform periodic infusion operations, or to provide continuous or intermittent back-pressure for certain monitoring operations. Such embodiments may find utility in a variety of clinical applications that benefit from back-pressure or periodic flushing. One example of such an arrangement is depicted in FIG. 11, wherein patient interface assembly 50 is configured to connect to an indwelling urinary catheter 201 at the proximal end, and to an infusion source 203 and drainage collection reservoir 64 at the distal end, via bidirectional infusion and drainage tube 69. The system of FIG. 11 may be configured via user-controlled set points to activate the pumping mechanism to periodically flush the bladder and urinary catheter with a certain volume of saline. Alternatively, the system may be configured such that the pumping mechanism infuses saline until a certain upper pressure threshold is detected by wearable pressure sensor assembly 80 located substantially proximate to the bladder, at which point the pumping mechanism may be deactivated to allow bladder drainage. In either case, the resultant flushing action mimics the body's natural urinary cycle by minimizing the stagnant and low-flow conditions. Furthermore, repeated cleansing of the area may substantially dilute any bacterial units that begin to colonize. Such arrangements may find utility in reducing the incidence of bladder and urinary tract infections associated with uncontrolled urinary drainage and extended urinary catheterization typical in the current clinical practice for management of patients during critical care.

[0121] The embodiment depicted in FIG. 11 may also find utility in monitoring the pressure of various body cavities for compartment syndrome in a less invasive manner than direct implantation of a pressure transducer into the cavity. For example, in the case of intra-abdominal pressure monitoring, the system controller may utilize the infusion source and pumping mechanism to slightly inflate a patient's bladder with a small quantity of saline (or similar fluid) and measure the resulting pressure response from the abdominal cavity by means of a wearable pressure sensor assembly located substantially proximate to an anatomical marker for the bladder. The bladder pressure in such an arrangement may be used as a minimally-invasive indicator of intra-abdominal pressure. The system control assembly may be further configured to periodically pause intra-abdominal pressure monitoring to allow substantially complete drainage of the bladder to ensure that appropriate urinary drainage is maintained, then re-inflate the bladder to resume intra-abdominal pressure monitoring.

[0122] In other similar embodiments, the patient interface assembly may be configured to connect to an implanted venous catheter (central line) or implanted arterial catheter (arterial line), and the control system assembly may be configured to activate the pumping mechanism to flush the blood connection line periodically or continuously with saline. Such arrangements automate and improve upon clinical practice by ensuring patency of the arterial or central line without constant clinical oversight and maintenance and ensure that pressure sensor(s) located in the line are not fouled by blood components or coagulated blood.

[0123] In certain embodiments, one or more additional pressure sensor(s) may be placed within wearable pressure sensor subassembly 80 for added redundancy, at a second anatomical marker of interest, on a separate fluid line for the measurement of multiple fluids (e.g., blood and CSF simultaneously), or at strategic locations along one or more fluid lines (such as the high point of a fluid line where air bubbles are most likely to accumulate). Such arrangements may be warranted in certain applications for enhanced patient safety, additional diagnostics or error-checking, and/or additional clinical benefit or insight.

[0124] FIG. 12 depicts yet another embodiment of the presently disclosed fluid management systems in which patient interface assembly 50 comprises primary fluid line 68 for connection to an implanted ventricular catheter 206 at its proximal end and a detachable fluid drainage reservoir 64 at its distal end. In other aspects, patient interface assembly 50 further comprises secondary fluid line 205 for connection to an implanted arterial catheter 207 at its proximal end and an infusion source 203 at its distal end. In other aspects, the patient interface assembly further comprises first wearable pressure sensor assembly 80a, which is affixed to the patient substantially proximate to an anatomical marker appropriate for monitoring ICP (EAM), and second wearable pressure sensor assembly 80b, which is affixed to the patient substantially proximate to an anatomical marker appropriate for monitoring blood pressure (fourth left intercostal space, etc.).

[0125] Each of the first and second wearable pressure sensor assemblies may include an orientation sensor for monitoring patient movement/posture and error-checking pressure sensor readings as described elsewhere herein. The inclusion of multiple orientation sensors facilitates more detailed tracking of patient posture (e.g., tracking patient trunk orientation independent of head orientation for more accurate real-time modeling of the spinal column and associated CSF pressures in 3D space). Such information may be utilized by the system control assembly to automatically adjust displayed values to reflect the true value of a particular parameter more accurately at the anatomical point of interest, or for tracking of patient movement over time (e.g., for ensuring a patient is moved with sufficient frequency to prevent pressure injuries or for monitoring a patient that may be waking from a comatose or sedated condition).

[0126] In some embodiments, the first wearable pressure sensor assembly may monitor only ICP, whereas the second wearable pressure sensor assembly may monitor both ICP and blood pressure. Such an arrangement provides a pressure reference for ICP that is normalized at the same elevation as the blood pressure reference for accurate calculation of CPP. In alternate embodiments, the second wearable pressure sensor assembly may monitor blood pressure only.

[0127] In some embodiments, the patient interface assembly may be comprised of a single integrated assembly, whereas in other embodiments the primary, secondary, and tertiary lines and their associated components may be separate patient interface assemblies. In some embodiments, various aspects of pumping mechanism 202 depicted in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 may be divided between patient interface assembly 50 and control system assembly 10. In other embodiments, the system may be configured to monitor or control two body fluids independently (for example, to monitor intra-abdominal pressure via connection to an indwelling urinary catheter on a first fluid line as described in FIG. 11, and to independently monitor ICP and provide controlled drainage of CSF on a second fluid line as described in FIG. 10).

[0128] Embodiments of the disclosed fluid management systems such as those depicted in FIG. 12 may be further configured to use the data from the two wearable pressure sensor assemblies in combination to manage fluid pressure or drainage flowrate based on a derived parameter. For example, the system may be configured to manage CSF drainage according to CPP target setpoints and alarm thresholds, wherein instantaneous CPP is calculated in real-time using the ICP and MAP values provided by the first and second wearable pressure sensor assemblies, respectively. In other embodiments, the disclosed system may similarly be configured to manage pressure or drainage flowrate of other body fluids based on other derived parameters (spinal perfusion pressure, abdominal perfusion pressure, etc.). Systems that automatically manage fluid pressure and drainage flowrate based derived parameters (such as CPP) represent a significant advancement over the prior art, and enable exciting and useful clinical applications that are not possible or practical with existing technologies.

[0129] It will be understood that the disclosed body fluid management systems may thus be configured in a variety of ways for monitoring or managing a variety of fluids or anatomical subsystems, as may be deemed useful in clinical practice, without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.

[0130] The scope of the disclosure is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced herein.