Mobile Processing System for Hazardous and Radioactive Isotope Removal

Abstract

A mobile processing system is disclosed for the removal of radioactive contaminants from nuclear process wastewater. The system is fully scalable, modular, and portable allowing the system to be fully customizable according to site-specific remediation requirements. It is designed to be both transported and operated from standard sized intermodal containers or custom designed enclosures for increased mobility between sites and on-site, further increasing the speed and ease with which the system may be deployed. Additionally, the system is completely modular wherein the various modules perform different forms or stages of wastewater remediation and may be connected in parallel and/or in series. Depending on the needs of the site, one or more different processes may be used. In some embodiments, one or more of the same modules may be used in the same operation.

Claims

1. A method for processing nuclear wastewater with a mobile nuclear waste processing system, comprising: filtering at least some solids from the nuclear wastewater using at least one of: (i) an ultra filter module or (ii) a solids removal filter module to produce a filtered nuclear wastewater, wherein the ultra filter module comprises one or more ultra filters and the solids removal filter module comprises one or more solids removal filters; removing one or more radioactive contaminants from the filtered nuclear wastewater using at least one ion specific media module to produce a processed nuclear wastewater, wherein the at least one ion specific media module comprises one or more ion exchange vessels and wherein each of the one or more ion exchange vessels comprises an ion exchange material or a sorbent; monitoring chemical properties of at least one of the nuclear wastewater, filtered nuclear wastewater, or processed nuclear wastewater at one or more locations with an electronic controller and one or more sensors; determining the chemical properties of the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater meet a standard; and routing the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater to a storage tank based at least in part on the chemical properties of the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater meeting the standard; wherein the at least one of: (i) the ultra filter module or (ii) the solids removal filter module and the at least one ion specific media module are collocated in a first transportable skid; and wherein the electronic controller is located in a second transportable skid.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic controller comprises a programmable logic controller, wherein the programmable logic controller provides process logic for the entire mobile nuclear waste processing system.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein filtering at least some solids from the nuclear wastewater includes filtering at least some solids from the nuclear wastewater with the ultra filter module, wherein the ultra filter module comprises two ultra filters, and wherein while one of the two ultra filters is online the other one of the two ultra filters is on standby.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein filtering at least some solids from the nuclear wastewater includes filtering at least some solids from the nuclear wastewater with the solids removal filter module, wherein the solids removal filter module comprises two solids removal filters, and wherein while one of the two solids removal filters is online the other one of the two solids removal filters is on standby.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: adding a powdered sorbent or powdered ion exchange material to the nuclear wastewater, wherein the powdered sorbent or the powdered ion exchange material is supplied from a third transportable skid.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the electronic controller is programmed to adjust a quantity or type of the powdered sorbent or the powdered ion exchange material to normalize a concentration of an ion in the nuclear wastewater, such that chemical conditions in the one or more ion exchange vessels remains stable.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the electronic controller is programmed to adjust an amount of time the powdered sorbent or the powdered ion exchange material is mixed with the nuclear wastewater based on an amount of time for the powdered sorbent or the powdered ion exchange material to absorb one or more ions.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein a radiation detection transmitter is placed in proximity to the one or more ion exchange vessels.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one ion specific media module comprises at least three ion exchange vessels.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising of: determining the chemical properties of the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater do not meet the standard; and recirculating the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater through the mobile nuclear waste processing system based at least in part on the chemical properties of the filtered nuclear wastewater and/or the processed nuclear wastewater not meeting the standard.

11. A mobile processing system for processing nuclear wastewater, comprising: at least one of: (i) an ultra filter module or (ii) a solids removal filter module, wherein the ultra filter module comprises one or more ultra filters and the solids removal filter module comprises one or more solids removal filters, wherein the ultra filter module and the solids removal filter module are configured to filter the nuclear wastewater resulting in a filtered nuclear wastewater; an ion specific media module comprising one or more ion exchange vessels, wherein each of the one or more ion exchange vessels comprises an ion exchange material, and wherein the ion specific media module is configured to remove one or more radioactive contaminants from the filtered nuclear wastewater resulting in a processed nuclear wastewater; one or more sensors configured to monitor chemical properties of at least one of the nuclear wastewater, the filtered nuclear wastewater, or the processed nuclear wastewater at one or more locations; one or more valves in or proximate to any one or more of the ultra filter module, solids removal filter module, and ion exchange module; and an electronic controller programmed to receive information about the monitored chemical properties from the one or more sensors and operate the one or more valves in response to receiving the information about the monitored chemical properties.

12. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein the ion specific media module and at least one of the ultra filter module or the solids removal filter module are collocated in a first transportable skid.

13. The mobile processing system of claim 12, wherein the electronic controller is located in a second transportable skid.

14. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein the electronic controller comprises a programmable logic controller, wherein the programmable logic controller provides process logic for the entire mobile processing system.

15. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein the ultra filter module comprises two ultra filters, and wherein while one of the two ultra filters is online the other of the two ultra filters is on standby.

16. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein the solids removal filter module comprises two solids removal filters, and wherein while one of the two solids removal filters is online the other of the two solids removal filters is on standby.

17. The mobile processing system of claim 11, further comprising a solids feed module located in a third transportable skid.

18. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein a radiation detection transmitter is placed proximate to the one or more ion exchange vessels.

19. The mobile processing system of claim 11, wherein the ion specific media module comprises at least three ion exchange vessels.

20. The mobile processing system of claim 11, further comprising a vitrification module located downstream of the ion exchange module.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description when considered in connection with the following illustrative figures. In the figures, like reference numbers refer to like elements or acts throughout the figures.

[0020] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an example embodiment Mobile Processing System comprising five separate skids.

[0021] FIG. 2 is a top view of the example embodiment system of FIG. 1.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a general diagram depicting the primary mechanical components of the example embodiment system of FIG. 1.

[0023] FIG. 4 is a legend describing mechanical component symbols.

[0024] FIG. 5 is a more detailed diagram depicting the primary mechanical components of the example embodiment system of FIG. 1.

[0025] FIG. 6 is a continuation of FIG. 5.

[0026] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Control and Solids Feed skid.

[0027] FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Feed/Blend skid.

[0028] FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Solids Removal Filter skid.

[0029] FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Ultra Filter skid.

[0030] FIG. 11 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid.

[0031] FIG. 12 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of the Ion Specific Media vessel portion of the example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid of FIG. 11.

[0032] FIG. 13 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example Feed/Blend skid.

[0033] FIG. 14 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example embodiment Solids Removal Filter skid.

[0034] FIG. 15 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example Ultra Filter skid.

[0035] FIG. 16 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid.

[0036] FIG. 17 depicts a typical gauge valve and PDIT manifold.

[0037] FIG. 18 is a legend describing instrumentation symbols.

[0038] FIG. 19 is a diagram depicting instrumentation and control of an example embodiment Control and Solids Feed skid.

[0039] FIG. 20 is a diagram depicting instrumentation and control of an example embodiment Feed/Blend skid.

[0040] FIG. 21 is a diagram depicting instrumentation and control of an example embodiment Solids Removal Filter skid.

[0041] FIG. 22 is a diagram depicting instrumentation and control of an example embodiment Ultra Filter skid.

[0042] FIG. 23 is a diagram depicting instrumentation and control of an example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid.

[0043] FIG. 24 is a diagram depicting instrumentation of the Ion Specific Media vessel portion of the example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid of FIG. 23.

[0044] FIG. 25 represents an embodiment of the Pilot skid as a smaller scale complete system.

[0045] FIG. 26A depicts a top view of a possible stacking configuration using three skids.

[0046] FIG. 26B depicts a top view of a possible stacking configuration using four skids.

[0047] FIG. 26C depicts a top view of a possible stacking configuration using three skids.

[0048] FIG. 26D depicts a side view of a possible stacking configuration using two skids stacked end-to-end.

[0049] FIG. 27A depicts a top view of an example skid stacking configuration according to FIG. 26A.

[0050] FIG. 27B depicts a front view of the configuration of FIG. 27A.

[0051] FIG. 28 depicts another embodiment of a mobile processing system.

[0052] Elements and acts in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence or embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] In the following description, and for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details, process durations, and/or specific formula values are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of exemplary embodiments. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the relevant arts, that the apparatus, systems, and methods herein may be practiced without these specific details, process durations, and/or specific formula values. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the scope of the apparatus, systems, and methods herein. In other instances, known structures and devices are shown or discussed more generally to avoid obscuring the exemplary embodiments. In many cases, a description of the operation is sufficient to enable one to implement the various forms, particularly when the operation is to be implemented in software. It should be noted that there are many different and alternative configurations, devices, and technologies to which the disclosed embodiments may be applied. The full scope of the embodiments is not limited to the examples that are described below.

[0054] In the following examples of the embodiments, references are made to the various embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0055] System Overview

[0056] As previously discussed, the MPS equipment is contained in intermodal containers or skids. Example containers are ISO shipping containers, which are widely used standardized containers that can be quickly and easily transported to sites around the world, as needed, on existing infrastructure including truck, rail, ship, plane, and other conventional industrial transportation mediums. Additionally, custom designed enclosures may be used. For purposes of this disclosure, the MPS container(s) is (are) hereinafter referred to as a skid or skids.

[0057] Each skid is modified or customized to hold the process equipment, allow for connection of interconnecting hoses, power and signal cables, and allow for removal of lids for filter and ISM vessels replacement. The skids may be operated while mounted on transport trailers. Elevated access platforms may be installed to allow disconnect of filters and ISM vessels for replacements, hydrogen venting, sampling, access to the control room, and placement of interconnecting hoses. Crane access will be required for routine operational replacement of solids removal filters, ultra-filters, and ISM vessels (alternatively referred to as ion exchange vessels). Alternatively, openings in the sidewalls of skids, with or without doors, may be provided to afford forklift, or equivalent, access to filters and ISM vessels for the purpose of routine operational replacement. Additionally, these skids can be mounted on, and operated from, trailers on site to be easily moved around, or rearranged, as needed. If custom designed containers are used, the resulting skid may have integral wheels and towing fixtures, thereby not relying on transport trailers for mobility. In addition to integral wheels, a custom designed skid may include a built-in transport-power-source and vehicle operating controls, i.e., a skid that is drivable under its own power for purposes of mobility to and around the site. In some embodiments, the system will be implemented as a permanent installation on the site.

[0058] Modularity

[0059] Modularity is a key aspect to effective, efficient, flexible, deployable remediation systems. Containing separate processes within separate modules allows for better remediation customization—allowing only the necessary processes to be brought on-site thus reducing shipping and process costs. At any time, processes may be added or removed allowing for a phased approach to site remediation. Mobile processing modules are simpler to transport, setup, and are more cost-efficient. Standard shipping sizes, such as intermodal containers, allow easy stacking for simple cost-effective transport. Modularity also allows for simpler setup, as processes may be set up in any configuration as required by the topography of the region, including stacking. Modularity also allows for easy skid replacement or simple phase out for skid maintenance. Each module is equipped with standard sized quick disconnects for quick and simple connection/disconnection between any skids in any configuration.

[0060] Scalability

[0061] Size of Module:

[0062] Scalability is another key aspect to effective, efficient, deployable remediation systems. Using scaled modules that are appropriate for the needs of a specific remediation site reduces costs of transport, setup, and operation. The modules in the depicted embodiment have been designed to fit in 6.1 m (20 ft) intermodal containers; however, other container sizes are possible.

[0063] Number of Modules in Operation:

[0064] Some waste remediation sites may have tighter process time requirements to meet deadlines. Sometimes, the scope of a given remediation project may be so massive that conventional configurations will not be capable of meeting the time constraints. In these situations, it would be beneficial to bring in additional modules. It may even be beneficial to bring in more than one complete system to be used in unison either entirely separately or in parallel to increase processing rates and meet remediation deadlines.

[0065] Another distinguishing aspect of the mobile processing system is that it can be used as a complete remediation solution. The mobile processing system isn't just for water remediation—it also includes the capability of processing the contaminants that are removed from the water during the remediation process. There are many technologies available for preparing the removed contaminants for final disposition that are described in the incorporated documents.

[0066] One such technology is vitrification. With vitrification, or glassification, frit is added to the contaminant or contaminant laden slurry that is output from the water remediation process, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/985,862 (the '862 application) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/036,809 (the '809 application), which are included in the incorporated documents.

[0067] Another technology for further processing of contaminants removed from wastewater is volume reduction by separating ions from an ion exchange resin with an elution agent and running through an inorganic ISM column, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/850,908 (the '908 application), which is included in the incorporated documents.

[0068] For purposes of the present disclosure, the systems and methods disclosed in the '862 application, the '809 application, and the '908 application could be included in one or more intermodal containers or skids as described and used in combination with skids disclosed herein.

[0069] For the following discussions, normal operations are termed “Mode D” as identified in Table 1. In an embodiment, this mode has all five of the treatment skids installed and operational.

[0070] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a Mobile Processing System (MPS) comprising separate skids: a Control and Solids Feed skid 140, a Feed/Blend skid 130, a Solids Removal Filter skid 120, an Ultra Filter skid 110, and an Ion Specific Media (ISM) skid 100. The skids can include doors 8, wheels 12, access platforms 14a and 14b, and interconnecting hoses 16a, 16b, and 16c.

[0071] In an embodiment, the five skids depicted in FIG. 1 can be arranged in five different operation modes that allow for flexibility in accommodating specific processing needs. In the depicted embodiment, control and solids feed functionalities are combined into a Control and Solids Feed Skid 140. In some embodiments there are six skids where the control and solids feed functionalities are split in a Control skid and a separate Solids Feed skid. Control may occur entirely on site, remotely, or both. On-site control may occur entirely within a Control skid or within a combined Control and Solids Feed Skid 140. Additionally, control may be augmented with one or more of remote control from a remotely located control station or from mobile devices such as smart phones, tablets, and laptop computers. The five operation modes are listed in Table 1. All operation modes are operated and monitored by a control system.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Operation Modes and Active Modules Operation Mode Modules Description MODE A Solids Removal Filter skid 120 RO reject water is Pump (P-250) Enabled routed to the SRF Ultra Filter skid and Ultra Filter skids, Pump (P-350) Enabled and then directly back to the storage tanks. MODE B Solids Feed skid 140 RO reject water is Feed/Blend skid 130 routed through the Pump (P-150) Enabled Feed/Blend system where Pump (P-152) Enabled media is added. Then Solids Removal Filter skid 120 it is routed through Pump (P-250) Disabled the filtration skids and Ultra Filter skid 110 back to the storage tanks. Pump (P-350) Enabled MODE C Solids Removal Filter skid 120 RO reject water is Pump (P-250) Enabled routed directly to Ultra Filter skid 110 the filtration skids, Pump (P-350) Enabled then the ISM vessel ISM skid 100 and back to the storage Pump (P-450) Enabled tanks. MODE D Solids Feed skid 140 RO reject water is Feed/Blend skid 130 routed through all of Pump (P-150) Enabled the systems with media Pump (P-152) Enabled addition, filtration Solids Removal Filter skid 120 and ISM vessel Pump (P-250) Disabled Ultra Filter skid 110 Pump (P-350) Enabled ISM skid 100 Pump (P-450) Enabled MODE E ISM skid 100 RO reject water is Pump (P-450) Enabled routed directly through the ISM vessel and then to the storage tanks.

[0072] In the configuration depicted in an embodiment of FIG. 1, the skids are arranged in operation mode D to perform a water treatment process to remove radioactive contaminants from nuclear process wastewater. Influent water from storage tanks is treated with a sorbent, filtered, and finally polished in columns using an ion specific media (ISM) to remove any residuals.

[0073] The mixed process water is then passed to the Solids Removal Filter skid where it is filtered through a solids removal filter (SRF) (alternatively referred to as a solids removal filter module) that collects all the sorbent solids and part of the waste solids. The filtered water is then passed to the Ultra Filter skid where it is filtered again through an ultra-filter that collects the remainder of the colloidal suspended solids. Finally, the ultra-filtered water is sent to the ISM skid where it is passed through ISM vessels that remove specific ions from the feed water. After the water has been treated, it is returned to the storage tanks.

[0074] In an embodiment, a specialized ion exchange media or sorbent additive is used to control the chemical properties of the process water entering the ISM vessels. In some embodiments the additive is in powder form. The chemical properties of process water can vary significantly between different batches entering the system. The underlying chemical process in the ISM vessels is reliant on equilibrium therefore when the chemical properties of the influent to the ISM vessels changes, the column efficiency could fluctuate. The quantity and type of sorbent additive can be adjusted to normalize the concentration of an ion (Sr or Ca, for example) such that the chemical conditions in the ISM vessels remain stable. In some embodiments, the chemical properties of the solution going into the ISM vessels is monitored, automatically and/or manually, and the amount of sorbent additive is adjusted incrementally to stabilize any fluctuations. In alternative embodiments, to minimize the system adjustment response time, the chemical properties of the influent process water are monitored, automatically and/or manually, and the amount of sorbent additive is adjusted stoichiometrically. The chemical properties in the ISM vessels may also be monitored to confirm/fine tune the effect of the sorbent additive adjustment.

[0075] In an example embodiment, the MPS is used to treat reverse osmosis (RO) reject water containing strontium (Sr-90). A powdered sorbent (or other ion exchange material in powder form) is fed from the Control/Solids Feed skid 140 into the Feed/Blend skid 130. The additive is mixed into the process water and given time to absorb a particular isotope from the solution. The sorption time is dependent on the ISM used and the targeted isotope to be removed. In the example embodiment, to remove Sr-90 from the RO reject water, the sorption time is about forty minutes. In an alternative embodiment, other nuclear waste components besides Sr-90 can be removed, and other wastewater besides RO reject water can be treated.

[0076] In some embodiments, each skid includes climate control and shock absorption to prevent damage to the hardware during transport, setup, and usage.

[0077] The depicted embodiment is an example of the preferred skid arrangement wherein the skids are situated proximately on a level surface in a single layer (i.e., not stacked). For certain sites, the topography of the region may render the preferred skid arrangement unfeasible, therefore elevation, distance, and system footprint need to be considered. At these certain sites, the skids may need to be placed at one or more of different elevations, farther distances apart, or stacked. In some embodiments additional pumps may be situated between the skids, hose diameters may be increased or decreased, and/or other system component settings may be altered to achieve the desired pressure and flow conditions. In some embodiments, differences in elevation may be used as a gravitational advantage to reduce pumping requirements and thus save on energy costs.

[0078] In one embodiment, for skids containing pumps, two or more pumps may be placed in parallel at each pump location wherein each pump is configured for a differing range of pressures. Depending on the skid arrangement at the particular site, the appropriate pump will be utilized. Placing two or more pumps in parallel allows for a more highly mobile and modular system allowing the system to function at appropriate flow conditions for a wider range of differing site topographies and skid arrangements.

[0079] FIG. 2 is a top view of the system of FIG. 1 in operation mode D. In an embodiment, the five skids are depicted side by side but do not necessarily have to be in this configuration on site. In an embodiment, the skids will need to be connected in the order shown to operate in operation mode D but may be positioned as required by the topography of the site. The skids include doors 8, access platforms 14a, 14b, and 14c, and interconnecting hoses 16a, 16b, and 16c.

[0080] FIG. 3 is a general diagram depicting the primary mechanical components of the system of FIG. 1. In an embodiment, the process is generally continuous, as shown. The water to be treated is piped from the storage tanks into the Feed/Blend skid 130 through pump P-150. A powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is fed from the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 into the Feed/Blend skid 130. In the depicted embodiment the sorbent is fed from a Super Sack® (or equivalent industrial sack, bag or other packaging) into the hopper. From the hopper it is directed into an auger to control feed rate into another hopper which directs it to the Feed/Blend skid 130.

[0081] In an embodiment, a first tank T-100 and second tank T-101 tank are connected in series. A pre-determined quantity of the sorbent and a pre-determined quantity of the contaminated water are combined in the first feed/blend tank T-100 and remain in first feed/blend tank T-100, with or without agitation, for a pre-determined period of time calculated to allow the contaminant to be sorbed by the sorbent. To convert this batch process into a continuous process, the contents of first feed/blend tank T-100 are transferred to the second feed/blend tank T-101 providing the source of a continuous flow of treated water to be pumped from the Feed/Blend skid 130 through pump P-152 into the Solids Removal Filter skid 120. Alternatively, the treated water may be transferred directly into the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 through pump P-152 while the second feed/blend tank T-101 is being processed in parallel. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), feed/blend tanks T-100 and T-101 are connected in parallel. A pre-determined quantity of the sorbent and a pre-determined quantity of the contaminated water are combined in the first feed/blend tank T-100 and remain in first feed/blend tank T-100, with or without agitation, for a pre-determined period of time calculated to allow the contaminant to be sorbed by the sorbent. The treated water in first feed/blend tank T-100 is pumped at a rate calculated to provide a continuous flow from the Feed/Blend skid 130 into the Solids Removal Filter skid 120. At the time the treated water starts to flow from first feed/blend tank T-100, the filling process is started for second feed/blend tank T-101. The alternating use of feed/blend tanks T-100 and T-101 provides a steady and continuous flow of treated water to the Solids Removal Filter skid 120. Regardless of whether the tanks are configured in parallel or in series, the treated water delivered to the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 passes through a first solids removal filter FLT-200 or a second solids removal filter FLT-201 (depending on which filter is online) to remove the sorbent and any other solids. Next the treated water is pumped through pump P-350 into the Ultra Filter skid 110 where it is further filtered by a first ultra-filter FLT-300 or a second ultra-filter FLT-301 (depending on which filter is online).

[0082] Continuing with an embodiment description, from the Ultra Filter skid 110 the process water is pumped through pump P-450 into the Ion Specific Media skid 100 where it is passed through one or more ion specific media (ISM) vessels containing ion exchange media specific to the removal requirements of the site. The depicted embodiment shows four ISM vessels VSL-460, VSL-461, VSL-462, and VSL-463, where three are online at a time and the fourth is in standby. Every five days, or on a different pre-determined maintenance schedule, the next vessel down the line is taken offline and the standby vessel is put online. After passing through one or more of the ISM vessels VSL-460, VSL-461, VSL-462, and VSL-463 the water is either returned to the storage tanks for further disposition or run through the system continuously until it meets purity standards.

[0083] FIG. 4 is a legend describing the line types, mechanical component symbols, and abbreviations used in the subsequent figures.

[0084] FIGS. 5 and 6 depict a more detailed diagram of the primary mechanical components of the system of FIG. 1. Circles labeled with “S” indicate locations where samples will be taken. The circles connected with dashed lines indicate instrumentation that may be implemented to provide data for monitoring and control of the system. The water to be treated is pumped P-150 from the storage tanks into a first feed/blend tank T-100. A powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is loaded into a solids feeder which controls the rate of feed into the first feed/blend tank T-100.

[0085] The sorbent and the water are combined in a first feed/blend tank T-100 and then in a second feed/blend tank T-101. Next, the treated water is pumped P-152 from the tanks to pass through a first solids removal filter FLT-200 or a second solids removal filter FLT-201 (depending on which is online) to remove the sorbent and any other solids. Next the treated water is pumped P-350 (of FIG. 6) through a first ultra-filter FLT-300 or a second ultra-filter FLT-301 (depending on which is online).

[0086] From the ultra-filters the water is pumped P-450 through one or more ion specific media (ISM) vessels containing ion exchange media specific to the removal requirements of the site. In some embodiments the ISM vessels are loaded with a titanosilicate synthetic product, which is a very stable granular material with a high strontium distribution coefficient K.sub.d.sup.Sr, even in high competition (e.g., seawater, Ca and Mg) making it an excellent choice for removal of strontium in column/vessel applications. The depicted embodiment shows four ISM vessels VSL-460, VSL-461, VSL-462, and VSL-463, three of which are online and one which is in standby. After passing through one or more of the ISM vessels the water is either returned to the storage tanks or run through the system continuously until it meets purity standards. In some embodiments, the clean water may be used for system flushing operations.

[0087] FIGS. 7 through 16 depict the mechanical systems. Instrumentation and control systems are described in FIGS. 17 through 24.

[0088] FIGS. 7 through 12 are detailed piping diagrams for the five example embodiment skids. In the depicted embodiments, every skid is equipped with a sump into which fluid drains before recirculation or in which wastes gather before disposal. In the depicted embodiments, each sump has one or more drains, each preceded by a ball valve. The Control and Solids Feed skid 140 (FIG. 7) depicts one drain DN-01 and one ball valve V-501 (normally locked closed) located at a first end of the skid. The Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 8) sump has three drains DN-02, DN-03, DN-04, one DN-02 at the first end with ball valve V-121 (normally locked open), and two DN-03, DN-04 at the second end with ball valves V-103 and V-122 (both normally locked closed). The Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 9) sump has three drains DN-05, DN-06, DN-07, two DN-05, DN-06 at the first end with ball valves V-202 and V-217 (both normally locked closed), and one DN-07 at the second end with ball valve V-218 (normally locked closed). The Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 10) sump has three drains DN-08, DN-09, DN-10, two DN-08, DN-09 at the first end with ball valves V-301 and V-316 (both normally locked closed), and one DN-10 at the second end with ball valve V-317 (normally locked closed). The Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12) sump has three drains DN-11, DN-12, DN-13, one DN-11 at the first end with ball valve V-412 (normally locked closed), and two DN-12, DN-13 at the second end with ball valves V-401 and V-413 (both normally locked closed).

[0089] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components of an example embodiment Control and Solids Feed skid 140. The air in the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 is dehumidified by dryer DR-511. Air is passed through filter FLT-505 and passed through blower B-505. The blower B-505 delivers the air at constant speed through a flex hose to the base of a first hopper T-502. An in-line silencer S-504 may be placed after the blower B-505 to reduce noise. Alternative flow paths are provided which may be used, if necessary, to reduce air pressure in the system. One such path vents to the room through a butterfly valve V-505 (normally closed) which is operated manually. The other path vents through a pressure relief valve PRV-505 which will automatically release air when a maximum pressure is reached.

[0090] In an embodiment, powdered sorbents or ion exchange materials are delivered in approximately 800 kg Super Sacks® or similar industrial sacks, hereinafter referred to as industrial sacks. The industrial sacks are unloaded through filter FLT-502 into the hopper T-502. Two mechanical vibrators VIB-503 and VIB-504 on either side of the hopper T-502 are used to aid the solid material in traveling to the base of the hopper T-502. At the base of the hopper T-502 a rotary valve RV-502 controls the rate of flow of the solids through a flex coupling into second smaller hopper. The second hopper has a discharge at the inlet which allows excess solids to flow out of the hopper in the event the hopper is overfilled. From the small hopper the solids travel into a solids feeder FDR-501 which uses an auger to control the feed rate of the solids. After the solids feeder FDR-501 stage, the sorbent is joined by air and sent through a flex hose out of the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 to the Feed/Blend skid 130.

[0091] In an embodiment, the Feed/Blend skid 130, FIG. 8, has three inlets. Continuing with an embodiment depicted in FIG. 8, flush water may enter the Feed/Blend skid 130 at a first inlet where it passes through disconnect valve DV-110. Flush water is usually used at system startup and to clean the pipes at system shutdown. Depending on which valve or valves are open, the flush water may travel directly to one, two, or three different locations in the skid. To deliver the flush water to the beginning of the primary piping, ball valve V-102 (normally closed) may be opened in which case the flush water will flow through ball valve V-102 and check valves CV-100 and CV-101. To deliver flush water to the primary piping just before the first tank T-100, ball valve V-105 (normally closed) may be opened in which case the flush water will flow through ball valve V-105 and check valves CV-105 and CV-109. Another flow path is provided to the sump if ball valve V-111 (normally locked closed) is opened. To deliver flush water to the secondary piping between the outlets of the first and second tanks T-100 and T-101, ball valve V-104 (normally closed) may be opened in which case the flush water will travel through ball valve V-104 and checks valves CV-102 and CV-108. The ball valves may be fully opened or opened partially to control the rate of flow. Depending on which valves are opened or closed, the flush water can travel through any or all the pipes in the skid. Check valves are used to prevent flush water from flowing back to the source. Redundant check valves are used to increase the safety factor in the event pressure buildup compromises the first check valve.

[0092] At a second inlet RO reject water (or other nuclear process waste feed water) is gravity fed into the system from the wastewater storage tanks through double contained transfer hose H-001. The feed water is passed through a disconnect valve DV-100. Most or all the feed water will continue through the primary piping, through ball valve V-106 (normally locked open) and into a first feed/blend pump P-150, which is variable speed. A portion of the feed water may travel through secondary piping if ball valve V-108 (normally locked closed) is opened, and then travel through check valve CV-103 to bypass the first feed/blend pump P-150 and join the primary flow. The first feed/blend pump P-150 has two additional outlets with ball valves V-109 (normally closed) and V-107 (normally locked closed) which direct excess water to the sump when one or both valves are opened.

[0093] Water exits the first feed/blend pump P-150 where it passes through check valve CV-104 and ball valve V-110 (normally locked open). The feed water continues down the pipeline to a split where one path is normally closed, and the other is open. On the normally open path, the feed water passes through ball valve V-123, is strained at basket strainer STR-100 to remove particulates, and through ball valve V-124. If the normally closed path is opened, the feed water passes through ball valve V-125, basket strainer STR-101, and ball valve V-126. The normally open and the normally closed paths converge prior to joining the powdered sorbent or ion exchange material flow into the eductor ED-102. Three alternative paths are provided for water flow to the sump which is blocked by valves that are normally locked closed. Ball valve V-128 controls flow on the alternative path from the normally closed primary line, ball valve V-129 controls flow on the alternative path from the normally open primary line, and ball valve V-127 controls flow on the alternative path just after the convergence of the normally open and normally closed primary lines.

[0094] Continuing with an embodiment description, at a third inlet powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is provided from the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 of FIG. 7 to the Feed/Blend Skid 130 of FIG. 8. The powdered sorbents or ion exchange materials travel through a flex hose to eductor ED-102 where it joins the feed water. A motor operated butterfly valve MOV-102 serves as a vacuum break when delivery of the sorbent material is discontinued. This valve is normally closed during operation and fails in position. When the absorbent material flow is stopped, MOV-102 is opened to break the vacuum and prevent any further material from being drawn into the system. The movement of the feed water in the eductor ED-102 creates a suction which draws the powdered sorbent or ion exchange materials into the first feed/blend tank T-100. The level in the first feed/blend tank T-100 will be automatically controlled through modulation of the speed of first feed/blend pump P-150. The level in the first feed/blend tank T-100 is controlled so the inlet feed flow will match the outlet flow. The powdered sorbent or ion exchange material dosing rate is set proportionately to the feed flow rate to maintain the proper ratio of sorbent powder to feed water. The mixed process water flows down through the first feed/blend tank T-100, out through ball valve V-112 (normally locked open) and flows into the second feed/blend tank T-101. An alternative path allows for bypass of the second feed/blend tank T-101 if ball valve V-101 (normally locked closed) is opened. Both tanks T-100 and T-101 have overflow runoff paths at the top. The overflow is filtered through filters FLT-100 and FLT-101, passed through pressure relief valve PRV-101, which releases pressure when the pressure exceeds 0.10MPA (15PSIG), and proceeds to the sump. The second feed/blend tank T-101 has a second alternative flow path, which, if ball valve V-115 (normally locked closed) is opened, will allow for flow into the sump.

[0095] The process water leaves the second feed/blend tank T-101 through the bottom and through ball valve V-114 (normally locked open). Most or all the process water will continue through the primary piping, through ball valve V-116 (normally locked open) and into a second feed/blend pump P-152, which is variable speed. The speed of the second feed/blend pump P-152 (FIG. 8) is modulated to maintain a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 10). As the solids removal filter is loaded, its differential pressure will increase and the speed of the second feed/blend pump P-152 (FIG. 8) will increase accordingly to maintain a constant pressure downstream of the solids removal filter. By maintaining a constant pressure at the inlet to ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 10), the flow through the solids removal filter must match the flow rate of ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 10). This also ensures positive pressure is maintained on the suction side of ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 10).

[0096] Continuing with the example embodiment of FIG. 8, a portion of the process water may travel through secondary piping if ball valve V-117 (normally locked closed) is opened, and then travel through check valve CV-106 to bypass the second pump P-152 and rejoin the primary flow downstream of the pump. The second feed/blend pump P-152 has two additional outlets with ball valves V-119 (normally closed) and V-118 (normally locked closed) which direct excess water to the sump when one or both valves are opened. The process water is then pumped through disconnect valve DV-101 and into double contained transfer hose H-002 to the Solids Removal Filter skid 120.

[0097] In an example embodiment, the Solids Removal Filter skid 120, depicted in FIG. 9, has two inlets. At the first inlet, flush water may proceed through disconnect valve DV-206, ball valve V-201 (normally locked closed) and check valves CV-200 and CV-204. The flush water may travel along any of the paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0098] Hydrogen and other gases may be vented from the filtering system just before each filter. The hydrogen or other gases may pass through ball valve V-A (normally closed), through flex hose, through ball valve V-219 (normally locked closed), and then either to the sump through ball valve V-200 (normally closed) or to the environment outside the skid through filter FLT-210. Alternatively, the hydrogen or other gases may travel through ball valve V-B (normally closed) and check valve CV-D to the environment. Nitrogen may be purged at either ball valve V-222 (normally locked closed) or ball valve V-225 (normally locked closed) depending on which filter is currently in use.

[0099] At a second inlet, process water travels via double contained transfer hose H-002 from the Feed/Blend skid 130 of FIG. 8. The process water travels through disconnect valve DV-200. Most or all the process water will continue through the primary piping, through ball valve V-206 (normally locked open) and check valve CV-201. Some of the process water may flow to the sump if ball valve V-204 (normally closed) is opened. If ball valve V-203 (normally locked closed) is opened, some, or all, of the process water may proceed into a solids removal filter pump P-250. Generally, solids removal filter pump P-250 will be bypassed.

[0100] If ball valve V-203 (normally locked closed) is opened, all or a portion of the process water will travel through secondary piping to the solids removal filter pump P-250. The solids removal filter pump P-250 has an additional outlet with ball valve V-205 (normally closed) which allows excess process water to flow to the sump when it is opened. Additionally, just after the primary outlet, excess process water may flow to the sump if ball valve V-226 (normally closed) is opened. However, most of the water will proceed through ball valve V-207 (normally open) and check valve CV-202 back to the primary piping.

[0101] Along the primary pipeline, before the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, there is a pressure relief valve PRV-200 which will relieve any pressure over 0.48 MPA (70 PSIG), or any pressure deemed crucial for proper system operation. There is also a surge suppressor T-200 preceded by ball valve V-216 (normally locked open) on a secondary line. The pressure relief valve PRV-200 dumps process water to the sump when the maximum pressure is exceeded. The process water may either proceed through the first filter FLT-200 or the second filter FLT-201 depending on which one is online. The filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 remove most of the contaminant-bearing powdered sorbent or ion exchange material and small particulates containing contaminants from the process water. Two filters are provided with one online and one in standby or going through a replacement or maintenance procedure. The online filter remains online until the high differential pressure limit is reached. The standby filter is then placed online, and the loaded filter can be replaced.

[0102] Continuing with an embodiment in FIG. 9, each filter FLT-200 and FLT-201 is preceded by a disconnect valve DV-201 and DV-202, respectively, and followed by a disconnect valve DV-203 and DV-204, respectively, to allow for simple removal and replacement. Disconnect valves DV-203 and DV-204 are followed by ball valves V-214 (normally open) and V-215 (normally open), respectively. Alternatively, the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 may be bypassed entirely. If ball valves V-212 (normally locked closed) and V-213 (normally locked closed) are both opened, the process water can proceed along a secondary line through both valves and check valve CV-203 to the primary piping downstream of the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201. After the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, if ball valve V-209 (normally closed) is open, some of the process water may proceed to the sump. Generally, the process water will proceed through disconnect valve DV-205 into flex hose H-003 for transport to the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 10).

[0103] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110, FIG. 10, operates much like the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 9) except that the pump is on the primary line instead of a secondary line. As mentioned previously, the speed of the ultra-filter feed pump P-350 will be modulated to maintain a constant flow through the ultra-filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 using a magnetic flow meter. As the filter is loaded and the trans-membrane pressure increases, the ultra-filter feed pump P-350 speed will increase to maintain the flow rate set point. Ultra-filter pump P-350 will be sized to ensure positive pressure is maintained at the inlet to the ISM feed pump P-450 of FIG. 11.

[0104] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110 as shown in FIG. 10, has two inlets. At the first inlet, flush water may proceed through disconnect valve DV-306, ball valve V-302 (normally locked closed), and check valves CV-300 and CV-303. The flush water may travel along any of the paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0105] Hydrogen and other gases may be vented from the filtering system just after each filter placement in the process line. The hydrogen or other gases may pass through ball valve V-A (normally closed), through flex hose, through ball valve V-315 (normally closed), and then either to the sump through ball valve V-300 (normally closed) or to the environment outside the skid through filter FLT-310. Alternatively, the hydrogen or other gases may travel through ball valve V-B (normally closed) and check valve CV-D to the environment. Nitrogen may be purged at either ball valve V-320 (normally closed) or ball valve V-323 (normally closed) depending on which filter is currently in use.

[0106] At a second inlet, process water travels via double contained transfer hose H-003 from the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 of FIG. 9. Continuing with an embodiment of FIG. 10, the process water travels through disconnect valve DV-300 and through ball valve V-303 (normally locked open) to the ultra-filter pump P-350. The ultra-filter pump P-350 has an additional outlet with ball valve V-305 (normally closed) which allows excess process water to flow to the sump when it is opened. Additionally, just after the primary outlet, excess process water may flow to the sump if ball valves V-326 (normally closed) and V-304 (normally closed) are opened. If ball valve V-304 (normally closed) is opened, process water may bypass the pump and travel to the sump. However, most of the water will proceed through ball valve V-306 (normally locked open) and check valve CV-301 back to the primary piping.

[0107] Along the primary pipeline, before the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, there is a pressure relief valve PRV-300 which will relieve any pressure over 1.03 MPA (150 PSIG), or any pressure deemed crucial for proper system operation. There is also a surge suppressor T-300 preceded by ball valve V-307 (normally locked open) on a secondary line. The pressure relief valve PRV-300 dumps process water to the sump when the pressure is exceeded. The process water may either proceed through the first filter FLT-300 or the second filter FLT-301 depending on which one is online. The filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 remove most of the remaining contaminant bearing solids and small particulate containing contaminants from the process water. Two filters are provided with one online and one in standby or being replaced. The online filter remains online until the high differential pressure limit is reached. The standby filter is then placed online, and the loaded filter can be replaced.

[0108] Further with an embodiment of FIG. 10, each of the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 are preceded by a disconnect valve DV-301 and DV-302, respectively, and followed by a disconnect valve DV-303 and DV-304, respectively, to allow for simple removal and replacement. Disconnect valves DV-303 and DV-304 are followed by ball valves V-313 (normally open) and V-314 (normally open), respectively. Alternatively, the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 may be bypassed entirely. If ball valves V-311 (normally locked closed) and V-312 (normally locked closed) are both opened, the process water can proceed along a secondary line through both valves and check valve CV-302 to the primary piping at the other side of the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301. After the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, if ball valve V-309 (normally closed) is open, some of the filtered process water may proceed to the sump. Generally, the filtered process water will proceed through disconnect valve DV-305 into flex hose H-004 for transport to the Ion Specific Media skid 100 of FIG. 11.

[0109] The Ion Specific Media skid 100, depicted in an embodiment in FIGS. 11 and 12, has two inlets. In an embodiment, at the first inlet, flush water may proceed through disconnect valve DV-410, ball valve V-402 (normally locked closed), and check valves CV-400 and CV-402. The flush water may travel along any of the paths through the system depending on which valves are open or closed.

[0110] At a second inlet, filtered process water travels via double contained transfer hose H-004 from the Ultra Filter skid 110 of FIG. 10. The filtered process water travels through disconnect valve DV-400 and through ball valve V-403 (normally locked open) to the ISM feed pump P-450. If ball valve V-404 (normally closed) is opened, filtered process water may travel to the sump. The pump P-450 has an additional outlet with ball valve V-405 (normally closed) which allows excess filtered process water to flow to the sump when it is opened. Additionally, just after the primary outlet, excess filtered process water may flow to the sump if ball valve V-415 (normally closed) is opened. Generally, the filtered process water will proceed through check valve CV-401 and ball valve V-406 (normally locked open) back to the primary piping.

[0111] The ISM feed pump P-450 is a constant speed pump, with variable speed capability, sized for transfer through the ISM vessels and for return to the storage tanks. The speed of the ISM feed pump P-450 will be adjusted manually from the control system to ensure sufficient head is available for the transfer function. Variable speed capability allows for flexibility of operation in different modes or for different transfer lengths. The pressure differential through the ISM vessels and back to the feed tanks does not generally change significantly, therefore setting the ISM feed pump P-450 at a constant speed reduces the complexity of the control system. Sufficient pressure and flow instrumentation is included to provide proportional feedback control on the ISM feed pump P-450, if desired based on operating experience.

[0112] Along the primary pipeline, before the ISM vessels, there is a pressure relief valve PRV-400 which will relieve any pressure over 0.90 MPA (130 PSIG), or any pressure deemed crucial for proper system operation. There is also a surge suppressor T-400 on a secondary line. The pressure relief valve PRV-300 dumps filtered process water to the sump when the pressure is exceeded. The filtered process water proceeds to the ISM vessels (FIG. 12). Two points in the ISM vessel pipe configuration allow for excess filtered process water to flow to the sump if ball valve V-409 (normally closed) and/or ball valve V-410 (normally closed) are open. After the filtered process water has gone through the ISM vessels it flows through a disconnect valve DV-409 through flex hose H-005 back to the storage tanks.

[0113] In an embodiment, FIG. 12 depicts the ISM vessels on the Ion Specific Media skid 100 of FIG. 11. Generally, three of the four ISM vessels are online at one time and the fourth column is in standby or being exchanged with a fresh vessel. The standby ISM vessel is selected from the control system and the motor operated valves are automatically aligned. In one embodiment, the system is operated with three ISM vessels online at one time (alternative day/time on line configurations may be used based on media used, conditions to be treated, and system design), after which the next ISM vessel in sequence is selected as the standby ISM vessel. The standby ISM vessel is then replaced with a fresh ISM vessel. In the depicted embodiment ISM vessel VSL-463 is in standby. The length of time each ISM vessel is in use is dependent on the particular ISM used and the targeted isotope to be removed.

[0114] Continuing with an embodiment of FIG. 12, each ISM vessel (four tanks denoted in FIG. 12 as VSL-xxx) is connected to the pipes with disconnect valves for quick removal and replacement. ISM vessel VSL-460 is connected with disconnect valves DV-401 and DV-402. ISM vessel VSL-461 is connected with disconnect valves DV-403 and DV-404. ISM vessel VSL-462 is connected with disconnect valves DV-405 and DV-406. ISM vessel VSL-463 is connected with disconnect valves DV-407 and DV-408. Each vessel is connected to ball valve V-Z (normally closed), ball valve V-Y (normally closed) followed by check valve CV-Y, and ball valve V-X (normally closed) followed by a drain.

[0115] Filtered process water is pumped into the ISM vessel system from ISM feed pump P-450. The filtered process water flows into each ISM vessel. After each ISM vessel the filtered process water flows either to the next ISM vessel or out of the ISM vessel system to FIG. 11. The flow through the ISM vessel system is heavily controlled with motor operated ball valves (depicted in FIG. 24).

[0116] FIGS. 13 through 16 are piping diagrams for example embodiment depicting Sample Enclosures for each of the skids.

[0117] FIG. 13 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example embodiment Feed/Blend skid. In the embodiment, a first sample is taken downstream from the first feed/blend pump P-150 (of FIG. 8). The sample is sent through gate valve V-130 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-100. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-100 then through check valve CV-130 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-131, a check valve CV-131 and then returned to the primary piping just upstream of the second feed/blend tank T-101 (of FIG. 8). A second sample is taken downstream from the second feed/blend pump P-152 (of FIG. 8). Continuing with an embodiment of FIG. 13, the sample is sent through gate valve V-132 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-101. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-101 then through check valve CV-132 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-133, a check valve CV-133 and then returned to the primary piping just before the second feed/blend tank T-101.

[0118] FIG. 14 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example embodiment Solids Removal Filter skid 120. A first sample is taken downstream of the Solids Removal Filter pump P-250 (of FIG. 9) before the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 (both of FIG. 9). Continuing with an embodiment of FIG. 14, the sample is sent through gate valve V-230 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-200. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-200 then through check valve CV-230 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-231, a check valve CV-231 and then returned to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (depicted in an embodiment of FIG. 9). A second sample is taken just after the filters FLT-200 and FLT-201 (of FIG. 9). The sample is sent through gate valve V-232 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-201. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-201 then through check valve CV-232 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-233, a check valve CV-233 and then returned to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (depicted in an embodiment of FIG. 9).

[0119] FIG. 15 is a diagram depicting the mechanical components in an example embodiment Sample Enclosure for an example embodiment Ultra Filter skid 110. A first sample is taken downstream of the ultra-filter pump P-350 before the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 (of FIG. 10). The sample is sent through gate valve V-330 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-300. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-300 then through check valve CV-330 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-331, a check valve CV-331 and then returned to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (depicted in an embodiment of FIG. 10). A second sample is taken just downstream of the filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 (of FIG. 10). The sample is sent through gate valve V-332 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-301. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-301 then through check valve CV-332 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-333, a check valve CV-333 and then returned to the primary piping at the second end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 10).

[0120] FIG. 16 is an example embodiment piping diagram for the Sample Enclosure for the Ion Specific Media skid 100. A sample is taken just before entering the ISM vessel assembly of FIG. 12. This sample is sent through gate valve V-438 and through the sample valve assembly MVD-400. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-400 then through check valve CV-438 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-439, a check valve CV-439 and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 11). Additional samples are taken just downstream of each ISM vessel (depicted in FIG. 12).

[0121] Continuing with an embodiment of FIG. 16, the sample from ISM vessel VSL-460 (of FIG. 12) is sent through gate valve V-430 to sample valve assembly MVD-460. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-460 then through check valve CV-430 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-431, a check valve CV-431 and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 11). The sample from ISM vessel VSL-461 (of FIG. 12) is sent through gate valve V-432 to sample valve assembly MVD-461. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-461 then through check valve CV-432 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-433, a check valve CV-433 and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 11). The sample from ISM vessel VSL-462 (of FIG. 12) is sent through gate valve V-434 to sample valve assembly MVD-462. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-462 then through check valve CV-434 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-435, a check valve CV-435 and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 11). The sample from ISM vessel VSL-463 is sent through gate valve V-436 to sample valve assembly MVD-463. A portion of the sample is directed to sample port S-463 then through check valve CV-436 and finally out to the sump. The remainder of the sample is sent to a gate valve V-437, a check valve CV-437 and then returned to the primary piping at the first end of the skid (depicted in FIG. 11).

[0122] Controls/Instrumentation

[0123] In an embodiment, the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 (FIGS. 7 and 19) houses the control system. This system utilizes an Allen-Bradley, or comparable, Compact Logix Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to provide process logic for the entire system. The touchscreen HMI mounted to the face of the control panel provides access to the entire control system. However, the advanced logic allows a very simple start and stop to the process. This system provides both the local interface for monitoring and control operations at the control skid and also a remote-control room interface for monitoring only. In addition to skid operational controls and interlocks, the control system provides data recording and reporting, radiation detection monitoring, and video camera monitoring for each skid. Operational space for the controls requires one half of the available space of the physical skid. The other half houses the solids feed system as depicted in FIG. 7. In the depicted embodiment, the Control Skid is combined with the Solids Feed Skid to form the Control and Solids Feed Skid 140. In some embodiments, the Control Skid and the Solids Feed Skid are separate. Control may occur entirely on site, remotely, or both. On-site control may occur entirely within a Control Skid, within a combined Control and Solids Feed Skid 140, or it may be augmented with either remote control from a remotely located control station or from mobile devices such as smart phones, tablets, and laptop computers.

[0124] General Instrumentation

[0125] FIG. 17 depicts a typical gauge valve and pressure differential indicating transmitter (PDIT) manifold.

[0126] FIG. 18 is a legend describing instrumentation symbols. Instrument interlocks are used to prevent operators and/or machinery from being harmed in the event of a leak or other failure. Interlock 1 I1 shuts down all pumps on leak detection, interlock 2 I2 shuts down pumps on high level, interlock 3 I3 shuts down pumps on low level, and interlock I4 de-energizes the associated valve on leak detection. Circles indicate field-mounted instruments and circles within squares indicate computer dialog or control elements. A dashed line indicates an electrical or control signal. Each instrument is labeled with a two- or three-digit abbreviation and a three-digit number. The abbreviations used are listed in the figure.

[0127] FIGS. 19 through 24 show example instrumentation for the five example skids.

[0128] Sump Instrumentation

[0129] In an embodiment, every skid has a sump, and every sump has at least one leak detection transmitter which transmits to a leak detection alarm in the event a leak is detected. Each leak detection data line has at least one interlock. In an embodiment, the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 (FIG. 19) has one leak detection transmitter LDT-500 which is connected to leak detection alarm LDA-500 equipped with interlock I1. The Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-100 and LDT-101 which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-100 and LDA-101, respectively, both equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. In an embodiment, the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-200 and LDT-201 which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-200 and LDA-201, respectively, both equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. The Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-300 and LDT-301 which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-300 and LDA-301, respectively, both equipped with interlocks I1 and I4. The Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) has two leak detection transmitters LDT-400 and LDT-401 which are connected to leak detection alarms LDA-400 and LDA-401, respectively, both equipped with interlocks I1 and I4.

[0130] Environmental Monitoring Instrumentation

[0131] In an embodiment, every skid is also equipped with at least one temperature transmitter and at least one radiation detection transmitter. The Control and Solids Feed skid 140 (FIG. 19) uses a temperature transmitter TT-502 in the solids loading room to transmit the ambient temperature to a hand indicator HI-502, moisture indicator MI-502, and temperature indicator TI-502. A radiation detection transmitter RDT-510 is used in the control room to transmit radiation levels to a radiation indicator RI-510. The Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) has a temperature transmitter TT-102 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to temperature indicator TI-102 and moisture indicator MI-102. Radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitter RDT-110 and transmitted to radiation indicator RI-110.

[0132] In an embodiment, the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has a temperature transmitter TT-202 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to temperature indicator TI-202 and moisture indicator MI-202. Skid radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitter RDT-210 and transmitted to radiation indicator RI-210. Additionally, radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitters RDT-200 and RDT-201 which are placed in proximity to filters FLT-200 and FLT-201, respectively. Radiations levels are transmitted to radiation indicators RI-200 and RI-201, respectively.

[0133] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has a temperature transmitter TT-302 that transmits ambient skid temperature data to temperature indicator TI-302 and moisture indicator MI-302. Skid radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitter RDT-310 and transmitted to radiation indicator RI-310. Additionally, radiation levels are monitored by radiation detection transmitters RDT-300 and RDT-301 which are placed in proximity to filters FLT-300 and FLT-301, respectively. Radiations levels are transmitted to radiation indicators RI-300 and RI-301, respectively.

[0134] In an embodiment, ambient skid temperature for the Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) is sensed by temperature transmitter TT-402 and sent to moisture indicator MI-402 and temperature indicator TI-402. A radiation detecting transmitter RDT-460, RDT-461, RDT-462, and RDT-463 is placed in proximity to each ISM vessel. Each radiation detecting transmitter is connected to a corresponding radiation indicator RI-460, RI-461, RI-462, and RI-463.

[0135] Flow Controls

[0136] In an embodiment, all the skids except the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 (FIG. 19) have motor operated ball valves for regulating flow into and out of the skid, as well as within the skid.

[0137] In an embodiment, the Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) has motor operated ball valve MOV-100 (fails closed), equipped with interlock 14, at the first end of the skid at the water feed point controlled by event controller YC-100. Flow out of the skid is regulated by motor operated ball valve MOV-101 (fails as-is) which is controlled by event controller YC-101. A motor operated butterfly valve MOV-102 serves as a vacuum break when delivery of the sorbent material is discontinued. This valve is normally closed during operation and fails in position. When the absorbent material flow is stopped, MOV-102 is opened to break the vacuum and prevent any further material from being drawn into the system. MOV-102 is controlled by event controller YC-102.

[0138] In an embodiment, the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) has motor operated ball valve MOV-200 (fails as-is), controlled by event controller YC-200, at the inlet of the skid to regulate incoming flow from the Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20). Flow out of the skid is regulated by motor operated ball valve MOV-203 (fails as-is) which is controlled by event controller YC-203. Motor operated ball valves MOV-201 and MOV-202 (both fail as-is) are used to regulate the flow before each filter FLT-200 and FLT-201, respectively. Motor operated ball valves MOV-201 and MOV-202 are controlled by event controllers YC-201 and YC-202, respectively.

[0139] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) has motor operated ball valve MOV-300 (fails as-is), controlled by event controller YC-300, at the inlet of the skid to regulate incoming flow from the Solids Removal Filter skid (FIG. 21). Flow out of the skid is regulated by motor operated ball valve MOV-303 (fails as-is) which is controlled by event controller YC-303. Motor operated ball valves MOV-301 and MOV-302 (both fail as-is) are used to regulate the flow before each filter FLT-300 and FLT-301, respectively. Motor operated ball valves MOV-301 and MOV-302 are controlled by event controllers YC-301 and YC-302, respectively.

[0140] In an embodiment, the Ion Specific Media skid (FIGS. 23-24) has motor operated ball valve MOV-400 (fails as-is), controlled by event controller YC-400, at the inlet of the skid to regulate incoming flow from the Ultra Filter skid (FIG. 22). Motor operated ball valves MOV-401 through MOV-421 (all fail as-is) are positioned throughout the ISM vessel system as shown. Each motor operated ball valve is controlled with an event controller YC-401 through YC-421 where the motor operated ball valve and event controller share identification numbers. Motor operated ball valve MOV-422 (fails as-is), controlled by event controller YC-422, is used to regulate flow leaving the skid.

[0141] In an embodiment, downstream from the first pump on each skid a magnetic flow meter is used to monitor flow out of the pump. In the Feed Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicating transmitter FIT-100 which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-100. In the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicating transmitter FIT-200 which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-200. In the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicating transmitter FIT-350 which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-350. In the Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) the magnetic flow meter is connected to a flow indicating transmitter FIT-400 which is further connected to a flow indicator FI-400, which is connected via data link to speed controller SC-450.

[0142] Pressure Indicators and Controls

[0143] In an embodiment, pressure is monitored at critical points in all of the skids.

[0144] In the Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) the pressure in the feed/blend tanks T-100 and T-101 is monitored by pressure indicating transmitters PIT-102 and PIT-106, respectively. PIT-102 and PIT-106 are connected to pressure indicators PI-102 and PI-106, respectively. Pressure is monitored just before the eductor ED-102 at both inputs with pressure indicating transmitters PIT-108 and PIT-109 which are connected to pressure indicators PI-108 and PI-109, respectively. Pressure is monitored upstream and downstream of the first feed/blend pump P-150 by pressure indicating transmitters PIT-100 and PIT-101 which are connected to pressure indicators PI-100 and PI-101, respectively. Pressure is monitored upstream and downstream of the second feed/blend pump P-152 by pressure indicating transmitters PIT-104 and PIT-105, both connected to diaphragms, which are connected to pressure indicators PI-104 and PI-105, respectively.

[0145] In the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) the pressure upstream of the solids removal filter pump P-250 is monitored by pressure indicating transmitter PIT-200, connected to gauge valve GV-200. PIT-200 is connected to pressure indicator PI-200. Pressure is monitored both upstream and downstream of the filters by pressure indicating transmitters PIT-201, connected to a diaphragm, and PIT-202, connected to gauge valve GV-202. PIT-201 and PIT-202 are connected to pressure indicators PI-201 and PI-202, respectively. PI-201 and PI-202 are both connected via data link to pressure differential indicator PDI-200. Additionally, pressure is monitored at the surge suppressor by pressure indicator PI-207.

[0146] In the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) pressure is monitored just before the ultra-filter pump P-350 using pressure indicating transmitter PIT-300, connected to gauge valve GV-300. PIT-300 is connected to pressure indicating controller PIC-300 which is further connected by data link to the second feed/blend pump P-152 (FIG. 20) controls. Pressure is monitored both upstream and downstream of the filters by pressure indicating transmitters PIT-301, connected to gauge valve GV-301, and PIT-302, connected to gauge valve GV-302. PIT-301 and PIT-302 are connected to pressure indicators PI-301 and PI-302, respectively. PI-301 and PI-302 are both connected via data link to pressure differential indicator PDI-300. Additionally, pressure is monitored at the surge suppressor by pressure indicator PI-307.

[0147] In the Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) pressure is indicated both before and after the ISM feed pump P-450. Before the ISM feed pump P-450, pressure indicating transmitter PIT-400, connected to gauge valve GV-400 is connected to pressure indicating controller PIC-400 which is connected via a data link to ultra-filter feed pump P-350 controls. After the ISM feed pump P-450, pressure indicating transmitter PIT-401 connected to gauge valve GV-401, is connected to pressure indicator PI-401. A pressure indicator PI-407 is connected to surge suppressor T-400. Four pressure differential indicating transmitters PDIT-400, PDIT-401, PDIT-402, and PDIT-403 are situated between the inlet and outlet of each ISM vessel. PDIT-400, PDIT-401, PDIT-402, and PDIT-403 are connected to pressure differential indicators PDI-400, PDI-401, PDI-402, and PDI-403, respectively. A pressure indicating transmitter PIT-402 is located just before motor operated ball valve MOV-422 and is connected to a pressure indicator PI-402.

[0148] Pump Controls

[0149] In an embodiment, he Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIG. 20) has two pumps. The first feed/blend pump P-150 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-150, equipped with interlocks I1 and I2. Variable frequency drive VFD-150 is connected to event controllers YC-150A and YC-150B, event indicators YI-150A and YI-150B, and speed controller SC-150. The first feed/blend pump P-150 controls are connected via data link to the level controls of the first feed/blend tank T-100. The level in the first feed/blend tank T-100 will be automatically controlled through modulation of the speed of the first feed/blend pump P-150. The level in the first feed/blend tank T-100 is controlled so the inlet feed flow will match the outlet flow.

[0150] The second feed/blend pump P-152 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-152, equipped with interlocks I1 and I3. Variable frequency drive VFD-152 is connected to event controllers YC-152A and YC-152B, event indicators YI-152A and YI-152B, and speed controller SC-152. The second feed/blend pump P-152 controls are connected via data link to the pressure indicating controller PIC-300 (FIG. 22) that indicates and controls pressure just upstream of the ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 22).

[0151] In an embodiment, the speed of the second feed/blend pump P-152 is modulated to maintain a constant pressure at the inlet to the ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 22). As the solids removal filter is loaded, its differential pressure will increase and the speed of the second feed/blend pump P-152 will increase accordingly to maintain a constant pressure downstream of the solids removal filter. By maintaining a constant pressure at the inlet to ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 22), the flow through the solids removal filter must match the flow rate of ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 22). This also ensures positive pressure is maintained on the suction side of ultra-filter pump P-350 (FIG. 22).

[0152] In an embodiment, within the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIG. 21) the solids removal filter pump P-250 will generally be bypassed. Solids removal filter pump P-250 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-250, equipped with interlock I1. Variable frequency drive VFD-250 is connected to event controllers YC-250A and YC-250B, event indicators YI-250A and YI-250B, and speed controller SC-250.

[0153] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIG. 22) the ultra-filter pump P-350 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-350, equipped with interlock I1. Variable frequency drive VFD-350 is connected to event controllers YC-350A and YC-350B, event indicators YI-350A and YI-350B, and speed controller SC-350. The ultra-filter pump controls P-350 are connected via data link to the pressure indicating controller PIC-400 (FIG. 23) that indicates and controls pressure just upstream of the ISM feed pump P-450 (FIG. 23). The speed of the ultra-filter pump P-350 will be modulated to maintain a constant flow through the ultra-filters FLT-300 and FLT-301 using a magnetic flow meter. As the filter is loaded and the trans-membrane pressure increases, the ultra-filter pump P-350 speed will increase to maintain the flow rate set point. Ultra-filter pump P-350 will be sized to ensure positive pressure is maintained at the inlet to the ISM feed pump P-450 (FIG. 23).

[0154] In an embodiment, within the Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 23-24) the ISM feed pump P-450 is connected to variable frequency drive VFD-450, equipped with interlock I1. Variable frequency drive VFD-450 is connected to event controllers YC-450A and YC-450B, event indicators YI-450A and YI-450B, and speed controller SC-450. The ISM feed pump P-450 is a constant speed pump, with variable speed capability, sized for transfer through the ISM vessels and for return to the storage tanks. The speed of the ISM feed pump P-450 will be adjusted manually from the control system to ensure sufficient head is available for the transfer duty. Variable speed capability allows for flexibility of operation in different modes or for different transfer lengths. The pressure differential through the ISM vessels and back to the feed tanks does not generally change significantly, therefore setting this pump at a constant speed reduces the complexity of the control system. Sufficient pressure and flow instrumentation is included to provide proportional feedback control on ISM feed pump P-450, if desired based on operating experience.

[0155] Other Instrumentation

[0156] FIG. 19 is a diagram depicting instrumentation of an example embodiment Control and Solids Feed skid 140. The ventilation or climate control system 512 is monitored and controlled by a moisture indicator/controller MIC-511. The blower B-505 is controlled by event controller YC-505. The mass of the powdered sorbent or ion exchange material in the solids feeder FDR-501 is monitored by weight transmitter WT-501 and indicated by weight indicator WI-501. A level switch low LSL-502 is used in the hopper T-502 to transmit the status to a level alarm indicator LAL-502 when the amount of sorbent in the hopper T-502 is too low. Event controllers YC-503 and YC-504 are used to control the mechanical vibrators VIB-503 and VIB-504, respectively. Event controller YC-506 is used to control the rate of feed of the sorbent through a motor operated butterfly valve MOV-506 into the hopper T-502. Event controller YC-502 is used to control the motorized rotary valve RV-502 between the hopper T-502 and the solids feeder FDR-501 to regulate the rate of feed of the sorbent. Speed controller SC-501 and event controller YC-501 control the rate of the solids feeder FDR-501.

[0157] FIG. 20 is a diagram depicting instrumentation of an example embodiment Feed/Blend skid 130. Both feed/blend tanks are monitored for fill level. Each of the feed/blend tanks T-100 and T-101 has a level switch high LSH-100 and LSH-101 (respectively), equipped with interlock I2, and a level switch low LSL-100 and LSL-101 (respectively), equipped with interlock I3. Level switches high LSH-100 and LSH-101 are connected to level alarms high LAH-100 and LAH-101, respectively. Likewise, level switches low LSL-100 and LSL-101 are connected to level alarms low LAL-100 and LAL-101, respectively. Level switches indicate when the tank is too full or too low.

[0158] The level in each of the feed/blend tanks T-100 and T-101 is monitored by a pressure indicating transmitter PIT-103 and PIT-107 (respectively), each connected to a diaphragm. PIT-103 is connected to level switch indicator LSI-103, level switch high LSH-103, and level indicating controller LIC-103. LIC-103 is further connected to the first feed/blend pump P-150 controls. PIT-107 is connected to level indicator LI-107.

[0159] Downstream of the magnetic flow meter pH and turbidity are monitored by analyzer sensor AE-100, conductivity sensor CE-100, and analyzer sensor AE-101. Analyzer sensor AE-100 and conductivity sensor CE-100 are connected to conductivity transmitter CT-100 which is connected to analyzer indicator AI-100, temperature indicator TI-100, and conductivity indicator CI-100. Analyzer sensor AE-101 is connected to analyzer transmitter AT-101 which is connected to analyzer indicator AI-101.

[0160] FIG. 21 is a diagram depicting instrumentation of an example embodiment Solids Removal Filter skid 120. Conductivity is monitored before and after the filters with conductivity sensor CE-200 and conductivity transmitter CT-200 before the filters and conductivity sensor CE-201 after the filters. Conductivity sensor CE-200 and conductivity transmitter CT-200 are connected to conductivity indicator CI-200 and temperature indicator TI-200. Conductivity sensor CE-201 is connected to conductivity transmitter CT-200 which is connected to conductivity indicator CI-201 and temperature indicator TI-201. A leak detection transmitter LDT-202 is located on the gas purge line. When a leak is detected, a local light is activated to indicate the leak. Turbidity is monitored at the second end of the skid. Analyzer sensor AE-200 is connected analyzer transmitter AT-200 which is connected analyzer indicator AI-200.

[0161] FIG. 22 is a diagram depicting instrumentation of an example embodiment Ultra Filter skid 110. Conductivity is monitored before and after the filters with conductivity sensor CE-300 and conductivity transmitter CT-300 before the filters and conductivity sensor CE-301 and conductivity transmitter CT-301 after the filters. Conductivity sensor CE-300 and conductivity transmitter CT-300 are connected to conductivity indicator CI-300 and temperature indicator TI-300. Conductivity sensor CE-301 and conductivity transmitter CT-301 after the filters are connected to conductivity indicator CI-301 and temperature indicator TI-301. A leak detection transmitter LDT-302 is located on the gas purge line. When a leak is detected, a local light is activated to indicate the leak.

[0162] FIGS. 23 and 24 are diagrams depicting instrumentation of an example embodiment Ion Specific Media skid 100. Just after the motor-operated ball valve MOV-400 a conductivity sensor CE-400 is connected to a conductivity transmitter CT-400 which is then connected to a conductivity indicator CI-400 and a temperature indicator TI-400. Additionally, the conductivity transmitter CT-400 is connected to a conductivity sensor CE-401 in the ISM vessel system and transmits the conductivity data to a conductivity indicator CI-401 and a temperature indicator TI-401.

[0163] Startup/Nominal Values

[0164] In an embodiment of a startup procedure, the piping system will be filled and vented by clean water injected through the flush connections. RO reject feed flow is started with second feed/blend pump P-152 and the powdered sorbent or ion exchange material feed is initiated. The first feed/blend tank T-100 is allowed to fill to its normal operating level. When the tank reaches the high level, the downstream pumps P-152, P-350, and P-450 are started in sequence. Second feed/blend pump P-152 is started initially with a permissive from a second feed/blend tank T-101 level set point and positive pressure at its suction. Ultra-filter pump P-350 will then start when its suction pressure reaches a positive value through a permissive on its suction side pressure transmitter. ISM feed pump P-450 will then start when its suction pressure reaches a positive value through a permissive on its suction side pressure transmitter. Variable speed drives will be set for slow pump ramp up to a fixed speed. Once all pumps are up to speed, the system is transferred to automatic control and the normal operation sequence described above takes over.

[0165] Optimal System Operation

[0166] With consideration now for the projected number of filters and ISM vessels to be generated in the spent SRF, UF, and ISM vessels. The number of SRFs generated is related to how much powdered sorbent or ion exchange material is used. The baseline operation is to use 400 kg sorbent per 1,000 m.sup.3 of water with the expectation of generating five spent SRFs per 5,000 m.sup.3 of water. The sorbent usage could be as low 100 kg per 1,000 m.sup.3, in which case there would be one or two spent SRFs. The UF loads only with the colloidal material that passes through the SRF. The expectation is that one spent UF is generated per 5,000 m.sup.3 of water. ISM vessels are expected to be spent after five days of operation, thus generating 3.33 spent ISM vessels per 5,000 m.sup.3 of water.

[0167] The MPS has been optimally designed to operate at an operational flow rate of 300 m.sup.3/day (55 gpm) (flow rate when system is operating, excludes downtime for filter and media changes, for reconfiguration or repositioning, for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, etc.) with a strontium decontamination factor (DF) of greater than 10. The optimized goal is a DF of 1,000 which will be achieved under a continuous improvement program following further operation, assessment, and adjustment.

[0168] The process system is designed for ease of transfer to from one site to another with flexibility for operating in different modes of filtration and ion removal. Top level process requirements for the inlet water specifications are assumed as shown in Table 2.

[0169] Top level process requirements for the inlet water specifications are assumed as shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Equipment Inlet Water Specifications Unit Range pH 6.6 to 7.1 Conductivity μS/cm ≤12,000 Total Na mg/L ≤4,600 Total Mg mg/L ≤400 Total Ca mg/L ≤350 Total Sr mg/L ≤2.3 Total Cl mg/L ≤6,000 Total SO.sub.4 mg/L ≤570 Suspended Solids (SS) mg/L ≤20 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L ≤10 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/L <1 (BOD) Sr-90 Bq/cc 5E+4 to 4E+5 Total β Bq/cc <8E+5 Total γ Bq/cc <300 SS Particle Size Distribution >1 μm wt % >13 1 μm to 0.01 μm wt % >59 <0.01 μm wt % <1 Sr Activity Distribution Ionic % 4 to 8 Particles (>1 μm) % 13 to 37 Particles (<1 μm) % 59 to 79

[0170] In an embodiment, the Control/Solids Feed skid 140 (FIGS. 7 and 19) is used to control the feed rate of sorbent to the Feed/Blend skid (FIGS. 8 and 20). The Feed/Blend skid 130 (FIGS. 8 and 20) accepts water from the site at a flow rate of 300 m.sup.3 per day (55 gpm). This rate accommodates the addition of chemicals in powder form over a range of 100 to 800 kg powder to 1000 m.sup.3 of water with chemical contact time of 40 minutes providing a continuous flow to the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21).

[0171] In an embodiment, the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21) accepts water from the Feed/Blend skid (FIGS. 8 and 20) to remove the powdered sorbent or ion exchange material solids and provides filtered water to the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) achieving an absolute filtration of 2.0 μm (0.8 μm nominal).

[0172] In an embodiment, the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) accepts water from the Solids Removal Filter skid 120 (FIGS. 9 and 21) for the removal of colloidal solids for providing filtered water to the Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12 and 23-24) with a capability of absolute filtration of 10,000 Dalton (Da). The Ion Specific Media skid 100 (FIGS. 11-12 and 23-24) accepts water from the Ultra Filter skid 110 (FIGS. 10 and 22) and is designed to provide a shielded ion-exchange process through a strontium specific granular media and delivering processed water back to RO reject storage tanks at the rate of 300 m.sup.3/day.

[0173] Water Remediation

[0174] Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions, including bacteria, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other effluent materials from the water molecules. Reverse Osmosis is well-known in the art of water remediation, both as an overall process and a highly mobile one. Thus, the RO process could be included as a skid within the mobile processing system.

[0175] Another remediation process is isotope separation via helical screw conveyer. The helical screw ion exchange (HSIX) system transports media in either a parallel flow or counter-flow configurations wherein the contaminated water is mixed with ion exchange media to facilitate transfer of contaminants from the contaminated water yielding clean water and a contaminant laden slurry to be processed for further disposition. The HSIX system is detailed in U.S. Prov. Pat. App. 62/152,521, which is included in the incorporated documents. The HSIX system may be used in place of, or in combination with, the ISM module, and may be contained in a skid for mobile, modular, and scalable operation similar to other skid system components as previously discussed in the disclosure.

[0176] FIG. 25 represents an embodiment of the Pilot skid 150 as a smaller scale complete system housing the functionalities as previously described for the Feed/Blend 130, Solids Removal Filter 120, Ultra Filter 110, and ISM 100 skids in a single container. The modules shown in the Pilot skid 150 are the same as depicted in FIG. 3. The container includes a main enclosure 19 and a secondary enclosure 20 housing a control system 1000. The Pilot skid 150 includes a wastewater inlet 22 and a clean water outlet 23.

[0177] The following is a detail system description of a Pilot skid embodiment comprising: [0178] A Feed Preparation and Blending to prepare waste feed for downstream operations, where the downstream operations include the steps of: [0179] Adding powdered sorbent or ion exchange material to accurately dose wastewater, [0180] Mixing wastewater and powder in batches up to 500 liters, [0181] Sampling wastewater before and after powder addition and mixing, and [0182] Delivering feed to downstream processes at a nominal feed rate of 7.5 liters per minute. [0183] A First Stage Filtering [0184] Absolute filtration of 2.0 μm (0.8 μm nominal) shall be achieved [0185] Simulate the production scale Solids Retention Filter (SRF) [0186] A Second Stage Filtering [0187] Absolute filtration of 10,000 Dalton (Da) can be achieved [0188] Simulate the production scale Ultra-Filter (UF) [0189] An ISM [0190] Removal of dissolved strontium [0191] Simulation of a production scale ISM [0192] A control system for operation of skid equipment [0193] Piping, pumps, valves, and instrumentation required to support pilot operations [0194] HVAC to provide a suitable environment for equipment and personnel [0195] Shielding to support operator involvement for routine operations such as setting valve line ups [0196] Small footprint and portability [0197] Seismic resistance consistent with the full scale MPS system

[0198] The Pilot embodiment utilizes a site interface power is 460 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz that is provided to a location near the MPS. Non-potable clean water is provided to the MPS site via hoses for system flushing. Alternatively, clean water output from the system may be rerouted back through for routine flushing of the system. The flush volume will be approximately 1900 L (500 gallons). Mobile cranes will be used in routine production operations to remove and replace filters and ISMs. Process equipment and piping can be arranged to mitigate risk of damage due to incidental contact during these operations and guard rails and/or structures shall be provided if indicated.

[0199] The clean water exiting the MPS is sampled at various points throughout the separate modules to ensure that it meets environmental and health standards at the final outlet. Water may be sampled by at least one of manually and automatically. In some embodiments, the clean water is stored in storage tanks on site to await further disposition. In some embodiments the clean water is rerouted back through the system for system flushing operations.

[0200] The Mobile Processing System (MPS) design incorporates applicable codes and standards for the real-time processing of radioactive waste. Considerations for the systems design and equipment will meet or exceed: [0201] “JSME Nuclear Power Plant Design Standard Design and Construction Standard” (2005 or later), [0202] “JSME Nuclear Power Plant Design Standard Weld Standard” (2005 or later), and [0203] “JAEG Nuclear Power Plant Seismic Resistance Inspection Guideline.” [0204] Additional documentation will need to be developed including: [0205] “Implementation Plan Application of Special Nuclear Power Plant Facility”, [0206] “Pre-Use Inspection” and [0207] “Weld Inspection”

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Common Equipment Specifications Pressure Rating Operating (at 93.3 C. Equipment Wall Thickness Pressure (200 F.) or less) Materials Piping, 6.02 mm <1.34 MPa 8.96 MPa 316L SST DN100 (4 in) (0.237 in, Sch 40S) (195 psig) (1300 psig) Piping, DN 3.91 mm <1.34 MPa 11.0 MPa 316L SST 50 (2 in) (0.154 in, Sch 40S) (195 psig) (1600 psig) Piping, DN 3.38 mm <1.34 MPa 19.3 MPa 316L SST 50 (1 in) (0.133 in, Sch 40S) (195 psig) (2800 psig) Piping, DN 2.87 mm <1.34 MPa 24.1 MPa 316L SST 20 (¾ in) (0.113 in, Sch 40S) (195 psig) (3500 psig) Tubing, 19 1.24 mm <1.34 MPa 11.0 MPa 316L SST mm (¾ in) (0.049 in) (195 psig) (1600 psig) Tubing, 13 0.89 mm <1.34 MPa 12.4 MPa 316L SST mm (½ in) (0.035 in) (195 psig) (1800 psig) Pipe Flanges Varies <1.34 MPa 1.34 MPa 316L SST (195 psig) (195 psig) Pumps Varies <1.34 MPa 2.50 MPa Housing: CF8M SST (195 psig) (363 psig) Impeller: 316 SST Feed/Blend Upper Shell: 7.94 <1.34 MPa −0.072 MPa 316L SST Tanks mm ( 5/16 in) (195 psig) to 0.128 MPa Lower Shell: 7.94 (−10.4 psig mm ( 5/16 in) to 18.5 psig) Top Head: 51 mm (2 in) Bottom Head: 6.35 mm (¼ in) Solids Top Head: 4.76 mm <1.34 MPa 0.52 MPa 316L SST Removal ( 3/16 in) (195 psig) (75 psig) Filters Shell: 6.35 mm (¼ in) Bottom Head: 4.76 mm ( 3/16 in) Ultra Filters Top Head: 4.76 mm <1.34 MPa 2.07 MPa 316L SST (195 psig) (300 psig) ( 3/16 in) Shell; 6.35 mm (¼ in) Bottom Head: 4.76 mm ( 3/16 in) Ion Specific Top Head: 44.5 mm <1.34 MPa 0.97 MPa 316L SST Media (1¾ in) (195 psig) (140 psig) Vessels Shell: 9.53 in (⅜ in) Bottom Head: 44.5 mm (1¾ in) fproject Varies <1.34 MPa Flowtek: 1.72 CF8M (195 psig) MPa (250 psig) SST/UHMWPE Swagelok: 10.3 MPa (1500 psig) Pressure Varies <1.34 MPa 1.34 MPa CF3M SST Relief Valves (195 psig) (195 psig) Hoses 10.9 mm <1.34 MPa 1.72 MPa Tube: Black Nitrile (0.43 in) (195 psig) (250 psig) synthetic rubber (Class A oil resistance) Cover: Black Chemivic ™ synthetic (corrugated) (vinyl reinforced nitrile) Reinforcement: Spiral-plied synthetic fabric with wire helix

[0208] With a discussion now on materials selection and corrosion resistance, dual certified 316/316L stainless steel was selected for tanks and 316L for piping that will provide containment of tank water being processed. The quick letter water chemistry specification was used to evaluate anticipated bounding levels of chloride, conductivity and ionic content in tank water. 316L was selected because it is rated for use in this environment and is readily available. To further reduce the risk of corrosion the material will be passivated with nitric acid prior to delivery. Pipe spools will have welds cleaned and then the entire pipe spool will be passivated again after fabrication. Tank welds will be individually cleaned and passivated after fabrication.

[0209] Pumps will be made from 316L with impellers having a smooth finish that will reduce corrosion. Valve bodies will be composed of CF8M steel that is rated for seawater use. Kamvalok connectors will be composed of CF3M steel that is rated for seawater use.

[0210] 304L stainless steel will be used for drip pans and structural steel that will not contact tank water. This material provides general environmental corrosion resistance, is readily available and has lower cost than 316/316L.

[0211] Considerations for radiation resistance have been incorporated by selecting polymer materials for use in the MPS, these are shown below with published radiation damage thresholds identified. Soft seats are preferred in valves to ensure leak tightness. Hoses were selected for pressure rating, bend radius, weight, and ease of handling. These properties are important to the process, but radiation resistance was emphasized in material selection. Fluoroelastomers (e.g., PTFE, Teflon) are common valve seat materials but were avoided due to their recognized low tolerance to radiation exposure.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Radiation Resistance of Materials Approximate Damage Material Use in MPS Threshold (Gy) UHMWPE Ball valves 1 × 10.sup.4 to 5 × 10.sup.5 EPDM Kamvaloks, check valves, surge 5 × 10.sup.5 to 1 × 10.sup.6 suppressors EPR Pressure relief valves 5 × 10.sup.5 to 1 × 10.sup.6 Nitrile Rubber Hoses 1 × 10.sup.6

[0212] Further, structural strength and seismic safety are included in Tables 5, 6, and 7 below.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Structural Strength Results of the MPS Vessels Maximum Required Maximum Required Internal Thickness External Thickness Working for Internal Working for External Actual Equipment Assessed Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Thickness Name Part (MPa) [mm] (MPa) (mm) [mm] ISM Plate 0.986 5.3 Does not 9.5 Vessel thickness apply to this vessel Feed/Blend Plate 0.128 2.9 0.072 3.8 7.9 Vessel Thickness 3.1 3.8 7.9 2.0 3.0 7.9

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 MPS's Seismic Safety Assessment Results Horizontal Assessed Assessment Seismic Calculated Allowable Equipment Name Part item Coefficient Value Value Unit Feed Blend Skid Main body Overturn 0.36 290 341 kN .Math. m UF Skid 355 454 SRF Skid 355 454 ISM Skid 288 398 Control and Solids Feed Skid

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Results of the Pipes' Structural Strength Assessment Maximum Maximum Working Working Required Actual Assessed Pressure Temperature Thickness Thickness Part Diameter Sch. Material (MPa) (C.) (mm) (mm) Pipe (1) 2″ 40S JIS G 1.03 66 0.5 3.9 3459 316LTP Pipe (2) 4″ 40S JIS G 1.03 66 0.8 6.0 3459 316LTP

[0213] Since radiation protection is of paramount importance, filters and ISM vessels that accumulate radioactive material are enclosed in shielding. The SRF and UF filters are enclosed in 51 mm of shielding carbon steel and the ISM vessels have 25 mm of carbon steel shielding. Dose rate calculations have been performed and the goal is to limit on-contact dose rates to 5 mSv/hr. Dose calculations were based on a source term two standard deviations above the average source term from characterization data and fully loaded filter cartridges. Calculated dose rates are shown in the table below. Each vessel will have a radiation monitoring probe and operating areas will have general area radiation monitors. Radiation detection will be monitored at both the local control skid and remote monitoring station.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Radiation Shielding Specifications Shielding Thickness Contact Dose Rate Feed/Blend Tank 0 mm (0 in) 0.24 mSv/hr Solids Removal Filter 51 mm (2 in) 1.4 mSv/hr Ultra Filter 51 mm (2 in) 4.8 mSv/hr ISM Vessels 25 mm (1 in) 0.59 mSv/hr

[0214] Temperature control for spent SRFs, UFs, and ISM vessels caused by self-heating due to captured Sr-90 along with the result of MPS operation have been considered. The self-heating from the Sr-90 collected in an SRF filter (21.5 watts), the Ultra Filter (249.4 watts), and the ISM vessel (1.3 watts) has been evaluated. When ambient temperature is 40° C., the following results are obtained for the temperature of shielding exposed to ambient air, and for the internal filter canisters in wet and dry storage, and for ISM vessels in dry storage: [0215] Solids Removal Filter [0216] Shielding temperature exposed to ambient conditions 41.75° C. [0217] Canister centerline temperature dry storage not more than 63.8° C. [0218] Canister centerline temperature wet storage not more than 47.3° C. [0219] Ultra Filter [0220] Shielding temperature exposed to ambient conditions 52.4° C. [0221] Canister centerline temperature dry storage not more than 106.3° C. [0222] Canister centerline temperature wet storage not more than 87.4° C. [0223] ISM [0224] Shielding temperature exposed to ambient conditions 40.22° C. [0225] ISM bed centerline temperature not more than 43° C.

[0226] When spent filters and ISM vessels are stored in the sun, there is potential for additional heating of external surfaces due to solar radiation. Heating by solar radiation was not included in the above calculations. The precise amount of heating from solar radiation is difficult to assess because it is highly dependent on weather conditions. When incident solar radiation is 700 watts per m.sup.2, and there is a moderate wind of 5 m/s, plate metal can heat to 19° C. above ambient temperature. When the wind is 1 m/s, plate metal may heat to 37° C. above ambient air temperature. Similar increases in canister centerline temperature can be expected since the internal heating must now dissipate through the shielding that is solar heated as well as being heated from inside. These temperatures will not compromise the containment boundary provided by the filter canisters or the ISM vessel. The heat from all the Sr-90 stored in the process when water is flowing at 208 L/min will raise the temperature of the water by 0.019° C. When flow is interrupted, the UF canisters heat at 13° C./day and SRF canisters heat at a rate of 0.89° C./day.

[0227] Leak Prevention/Environmental Considerations/Safety

[0228] The system is designed to prevent leaks, damage to the environment, and injury to on-site operators.

[0229] In an embodiment, the system design includes a local control room and communication for remote operations during normal run time and interconnections between MPS units that are integrated into the control system allowing all system operations to be performed by the central control station. Further this allows immediate response to conditions with pump shutdown or failure guaranteeing unit isolation as needed to satisfy leak and radiological protection requirements.

[0230] Additional considerations for the pilot embodiment can be made to reduce the radioactive operator dose by installing shield, maintenance frequency reduction, radiation monitoring, and installation of the remote operation.

[0231] The design prevents the radioactive material from leaking to the environment; however, should any radioactive material be released from the train, the dam installation, leak detector installation, and piping installed outside the building, etc. has been designed to prevent any leaked radioactive material from defusing, to include leak protection of the joints etc. All process lines between skids consist of hoses with secondary containment for the prevention of spills to the environment. All filter vessels are provided with adequate shielding.

[0232] Check valves are used through the system to prevent flow from flowing backwards. Many of the valves are motor operated to allow for quick shutoff or open as necessary to prevent leaks or reduce pressure. All pressure gauges in the system display locally and most display in the control room as well for careful monitoring of system pressure. Pressure relief valves are located in each skid to automatically release pressure when the system pressure exceeds a predetermined value. The motor operated valves are designed to fail as-is, open, or closed depending on their location in the system to minimize damage and environmental hazards in the event of failure. Redundant valves are used throughout the system to provide additional control and increase the factor of safety of the system, again reducing the possibility of leakage to the environment in the event of a failure. Instrument interlocks are used to prevent operators and/or machinery from being harmed in the event of a leak or other failure.

[0233] In an embodiment, process equipment and piping can be arranged to mitigate risk of damage due to incidental contact during these operations and guard rails and/or structures shall be provided if indicated. Additionally, seismic resistance is consistent with the full scale MPS system.

[0234] Further, the design prevents the retention of flammable gas if such retention is a matter of concern. Hydrogen control is a concern from an explosion hazard; therefore, a hydrogen venting capability is provided. The approach to controlling hydrogen in the MPS is based on dilution to prevent a hydrogen concentration in air from exceeding a lower flammability limit (LFL). When connected to the process system the filters will have vent line with inert gas purge capability to safely vent hydrogen out of the ISO container. For filters in storage calculations and testing of filter characteristics needed to demonstrate that passive venting of the filters will effectively control hydrogen have not been completed. Active venting by forced air circulation similar to the vacuum pumping initially used on the cesium ISM vessels may be required until effectiveness of passive venting is demonstrated.

[0235] In an embodiment, the instrumentation and control systems are designed to provide for fully automatic normal operations of the system through the use of fully redundant fault tolerant programmable logic controllers (PLC); any off-normal operations are not automatically controlled, however the system implements a “graceful” shut down with provision for manual intervention at any point in the process cycle. The system design includes a local control room and communication for remote operations during normal run time and interconnections between MPS units that are integrated into the control system allowing all system operations to be performed by the central control station. Further this allows immediate response to conditions with pump shutdown or failure guaranteeing unit isolation as needed to satisfy leak and radiological protection requirements.

[0236] Stacking

[0237] In some embodiments skids may be stacked on top of other skids to reduce system footprint. The depicted configurations, FIGS. 26A-26D are example embodiments using twenty-foot standard intermodal shipping containers. Hatching within the depicted figures indicates containers that are in contact with the ground. Example stacking embodiments as shown depict containers stacked two-high. Additional stacking configurations, not shown, are possible, including stacking of three or more skids high. Other skid sizes may be used. Additionally, configurations involving two or more differently sized skids are possible, for instance: a forty-foot intermodal container stacked on top of two twenty-foot intermodal containers. In some embodiments, additional structural supports, coupling mechanisms, and/or access points are included in anticipation of various stacking configurations.

[0238] Elevated access platforms may be installed to allow disconnect of filters and ISM vessels for replacements, hydrogen venting, sampling, access to the control room, and placement of interconnecting hoses. Crane access may be required for routine operational replacement of solids removal filters, ultra-filters, and ISM vessels. Alternatively, openings in the sidewalls, roofs, and/or floors of the skids, with or without doors, may be provided to afford access to filters and ISM vessels for the purpose of routine operational replacement.

[0239] FIG. 27 depicts an example embodiment wherein a Control and Solids Feed skid 140 is stacked on top of a Feed/Blend skid 130 and a Solids Removal Filter skid 120. In the depicted embodiment, the feed side of the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 may be situated atop the Feed/Blend skid 130 wherein the solids may be fed via gravity through the floor of the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 directly into the Feed/Blend skid 130. The control side of the Control and Solids Feed skid 140 may be situated above the Solids Removal Filter skid 120. The Solids Removal Filter skid 120 may be situated to allow easy access to the filters from the top of the skid. The control room may be accessible to personnel by ladder or stairs (not shown).

Additional Embodiments

[0240] FIG. 28 shows a skid 160 (first container), a skid 170 (second container), a skid 180 (third container), a skid 190 (fourth container), and a skid 195 (fifth container), which are operably connected together. The skids 160, 170, 180, 190, 195 can include various different modules that perform different forms of wastewater remediation. For example, each of the skids 160, 170, 180, 190, 195 can include any one of the Control module, the Solids Feed module, the Feed/Blend module, the Solids Removal Filter module, the Ultra Filter module, and/or Ion Specific Media (ISM) 100 module. The modules can be connected together in parallel and/or in series in order to perform all of the remediation requirements for any given site.

[0241] P1. A mobile nuclear waste processing system, the system comprising: a first intermodal shipping container including a main enclosure, an inlet leading into the main enclosure, and an outlet leading out of the main enclosure; a solids removal module disposed within the main enclosure, the solids removal module including a filter configured to receive a flow of fluid and remove at least some solids from the fluid; a first conduit extending through the inlet of the main enclosure and configured to direct the fluid from a fluid supply tank to the solids removal module; a second conduit extending through the outlet of the main enclosure and configured to direct the fluid from the solids removal module out of the main enclosure; and a control system configured to monitor flow of the fluid through solids removal module.

[0242] P2. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the control system is housed in a second intermodal shipping container.

[0243] P3. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, further comprising an ion specific media module including an ion specific media vessel, the ion specific media module positioned downstream of the solids removal module and configured to receive fluid from the solids removal module.

[0244] P4. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P3, wherein the ion specific media module is housed in a second intermodal shipping container, and wherein the second conduit extends out of the first intermodal shipping container to direct fluid outside of the first intermodal shipping container and into the second intermodal shipping container.

[0245] P5. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P3, wherein the first intermodal shipping container includes a secondary enclosure, and wherein the ion specific media module is housed in the second enclosure.

[0246] P6. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, further comprising a feed blend module positioned upstream of the solids removal module, the feed blend module including a feed blend tank configured to receive the fluid and at least one of powdered sorbent and an ion exchange material capable of sorbing at least some contaminants from the fluid.

[0247] P7. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P6, wherein the feed blend module is housed in a second intermodal shipping container, and wherein the second conduit extends out of the first intermodal shipping container to direct fluid outside of the first intermodal shipping container and into the second intermodal shipping container.

[0248] P8. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P6, wherein the first intermodal shipping container includes a secondary enclosure, and wherein the feed blend module is housed in the second enclosure.

[0249] P9. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, further comprising a second intermodal shipping container operatively connected to the first intermodal shipping container, the second intermodal shipping container including at least a portion of a wastewater treatment system.

[0250] P10. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes a pump configured to pump the fluid through at least one of the first conduit and the second conduit.

[0251] P11. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes at least one of a drain, piping, and a fluid control valve.

[0252] P12. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes a ventilation system.

[0253] P13. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes a climate control system for monitoring or regulating the climate inside of the first intermodal shipping container.

[0254] P14. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes an access platform.

[0255] P15. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P1, wherein the first intermodal shipping container further includes wheels.

[0256] P16. A mobile nuclear waste processing system for removing contaminants from a flow of fluid, the fluid including at least some solid particles, the system comprising: a first mobile container defining a first enclosure; a first filter disposed within the first enclosure of the first mobile container, the first filter configured to receive a flow of fluid and remove at least some solids from the fluid; a second mobile container defining a second enclosure; a second filter disposed within the second enclosure of the second mobile container, the second filter configured to receive the flow of fluid exiting the first filter and remove at least some solids from the fluid, the second filter providing finer filtration than the first filter; a conduit extending between the first mobile container and the second mobile container to transfer fluid from the first mobile container to the second mobile container, the conduit directing the flow of fluid exiting the first filter towards the second filter; and a control system configured to monitor flow of the fluid through the first and second filters.

[0257] P17. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, wherein the first mobile container and the second mobile container are selectively disengagable from one another.

[0258] P18. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, wherein at least one of the first mobile container and the second mobile container is a custom designed enclosure.

[0259] P19. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, wherein at least one of the first mobile container and the second mobile container includes an integral transport power source and wheels to allow the mobile container to be self-transportable.

[0260] P20. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, further comprising a third mobile container, wherein the first, second, and third mobile containers are each selectively couplable to the others of the first, second, and third mobile containers.

[0261] P21. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P20, wherein the first, second, and third mobile containers are arrangeable into different configurations relative to one another to operate the mobile nuclear waste processing system according to different operational configurations.

[0262] P22. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, further comprising a third mobile container defining a third enclosure and an ion specific media system disposed within the third enclosure, the ion specific media system including an ion specific media vessel.

[0263] P23. The mobile nuclear waste processing system of paragraph P16, further comprising a feed blend system positioned upstream of the first filter, the feed blend system including a feed blend tank configured to receive the flow of fluid and at least one of powdered sorbent and an ion exchange material capable of sorbing at least some contaminants from the fluid.

[0264] For the sake of convenience, the operations are described as various interconnected functional blocks or distinct software modules. This is not necessary, however, and there may be cases where these functional blocks or modules are equivalently aggregated into a single logic device, program or operation with unclear boundaries. In any event, the functional blocks and software modules or described features can be implemented by themselves, or in combination with other operations in either hardware or software.

[0265] Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention in a preferred embodiment thereof, it should be apparent that the invention may be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. Claim is made to all modifications and variation coming within the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0266] The entire content of each document listed below is incorporated by reference into this document (the documents below are collectively referred to as the “incorporated documents”).

[0267] Priority patent documents incorporated by reference: [0268] U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2020/0002209 (application Ser. No. 16/534,764), titled “Mobile Processing System for Hazardous and Radioactive Isotope Removal,” filed on 7 Aug. 2019, published on 2 Jan. 2020. [0269] U.S. Pat. No. 10,689,281 (application Ser. No. 15/950,519), titled “Mobile Processing System for Hazardous and Radioactive Isotope Removal,” filed on 11 Apr. 2018, issued on 23 Jun. 2020. [0270] U.S. Pat. No. 9,981,868 (application Ser. No. 14/748,535), titled “Mobile Processing System for Hazardous and Radioactive Isotope Removal,” filed on 24 Jun. 2015, issued on 29 May 2018. [0271] U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/016,517, titled “Mobile Processing System for Hazardous and Radioactive Isotope Removal,” filed on 24 Jun. 2014.

[0272] Additional documents incorporated by reference: [0273] U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/152,521, titled “Helical Screw Ion Exchange and Desiccation Unit for Nuclear Water Treatment Systems,” filed on 24 Apr. 2015. [0274] U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2013/0336870 (application Ser. No. 13/863,206), titled “Advanced Tritium System for Separation of Tritium from Radioactive Wastes and Reactor Water in Light Water Systems,” filed on 15 Apr. 2013, published on 19 Dec. 2013. [0275] U.S. Pat. No. 9,714,457 (application Ser. No. 13/850,890), titled “Submersible Filters for Use in Separating Radioactive Isotopes from Radioactive Waste Materials,” filed on 26 Mar. 2013, issued on 25 Jul. 2017. [0276] U.S. Pat. No. 9,365,911 (application Ser. No. 13/850,908), titled “Selective Regeneration of Isotope-Specific Media Resins in Systems for Separation of Radioactive Isotopes from Liquid Waste Materials,” filed on 26 Mar. 2013, issued on 14 Jun. 2016. [0277] U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/615,516, titled “Electro-Coagulation of Fine-Scale Isotope-Specific Media in Separating Selected Radioactive Isotopes from Radioactive Waste Materials, Selective Regeneration of Ion Exchange Column Resins Using Selective Elution and Isotope-Specific Media, and Submersible Filters for Use in Separating Radioactive Isotopes from Waste Materials,” filed on 26 Mar. 2012. [0278] U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0243834 (application Ser. No. 13/079,331), titled “Advanced Tritium System and Advanced Permeation System for Separation of Tritium from Radioactive Wastes and Reactor Water,” filed on 4 Apr. 2011, published on 6 Oct. 2011. [0279] U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0224474 (application Ser. No. 13/036,809), titled “Advanced Microwave System for Treating Radioactive Waste,” filed on 28 Feb. 2011, published on 15 Sep. 2011. [0280] U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0224473 (application Ser. No. 12/985,862), titled “Microwave-Enhanced System for Pyrolysis and Vitrification of Radioactive Waste,” filed on 6 Jan. 2011, published on 15 Sep. 2011. [0281] U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/320,515, titled “Advanced Permeation System for Separating Tritium from Nuclear Vapors and Wastewaters,” filed on 2 Apr. 2010.