CEILING SYSTEM WITH AIR MOVEMENT

Abstract

A ceiling system is provided that has a ceiling structure suspended within a space of a building thereby dividing the space into an occupied space below the ceiling structure and a plenum space above the ceiling structure; a panel structure supported by the ceiling structure and having an opening; a pressurized air passageway aligned with the opening, the pressurized air passageway having an outlet; and an inductive air passageway adjacent the pressurized air passageway, the inductive air passageway having an inlet and an outlet. The pressurized air passageway and the inductive air passageway are configured such that pressurized air passing through the outlet of the pressurized air passageway induces an induced air flow out of the outlet of the inductive air passageway.

Claims

1. A ceiling system suspended within a building space, the ceiling system comprising: an air moving system comprising a body having an outer surface and an inner surface, the inner surface defining a pressurized air passageway having an inlet that receives pressurized air and at least one outlet through which the pressurized air exits the pressurized air passageway; at least one panel coupled to and extending from the outer surface of the body of the air moving system, the at least one panel separating the building space into an occupied space and a plenum space; wherein the inlet of the pressurized air passageway faces the plenum space and the at least one outlet of the pressurized air passageway faces the occupied space such that the pressurized air flows through the pressurized air passageway and flows through the at least one outlet of the pressurized air passageway into the occupied space.

2. The ceiling system according to claim 1 further comprising at least one bracket extending from the outer surface of the body of the air moving system, and wherein the at least one panel is coupled to the air moving system via engagement with the at least one bracket.

3. The ceiling system according to claim 2 wherein the at least one bracket comprises first and second arms extending from the outer surface of the body of the air moving system in a spaced apart manner so that a nesting cavity is defined between the first and second arms, and wherein an edge portion of the at least one panel is disposed within the nesting cavity to couple the at least one panel to the air moving system.

4. The ceiling system according to claim 2 wherein the outer surface of the body of the air moving system comprises a first portion located on a first side of a vertical plane and a second portion located on a second side of a vertical plane, and wherein the at least one bracket comprises a first bracket extending from the first portion of the outer surface of the body and a second bracket extending from the second portion of the outer surface of the body, and wherein the at least one panel comprises a first panel coupled to the air moving system via engagement with the first bracket and a second panel coupled to the air moving system via engagement with the second bracket.

5. The ceiling system according to claim 4 wherein the first panel extends from the body of the air moving system in a first direction and the second panel extends from the body of the air moving system in a second direction that is opposite the first direction.

6. The ceiling system according to claim 1 further comprising an inductive air passageway located below the pressurized air passageway, the inductive air passageway comprising an inlet that draws air from the occupied space into the inductive air passageway and at least one outlet that releases the air from the inductive air passageway back into the occupied space.

7. The ceiling system according to claim 6 wherein the at least one outlet of the inductive air passageway is located adjacent to the at least one outlet of the pressurized air passageway so that the pressurized air passing through the at least one outlet of the pressurized air passageway induces an inductive air flow through the inductive air passageway.

8. The ceiling system according to claim 6 further comprising at least two air diverters positioned adjacent to and below a lower surface of the body to define the inductive air passageway adjacent to the pressurized air passageway.

9. The ceiling system according to claim 1 wherein the body of the air moving system comprises an upper portion located within the plenum space and a lower portion positioned in the occupied space.

10. The ceiling system according to claim 1 wherein the at least one panel comprises a first panel extending from a first side of the outer surface of the body of the air moving system in a first direction and a second panel extending from a second side of the outer surface of the body of the air moving system in a second direction that is opposite the first direction, and wherein the body is located between the first and second panels.

11. A ceiling system suspended within a building space, the ceiling system comprising: a plurality of ceiling panels dividing the building space into an occupied space below the ceiling panels and a plenum space above the ceiling panels, each of the plurality of ceiling panels having an exposed surface that faces the occupied space; and an air moving system comprising: a pressurized air passageway defined by a body that is coupled to the exposed surface of one of the plurality of ceiling panels, the pressurized air passageway having an inlet through which pressurized air is introduced into the pressurized air passageway and an outlet through which the pressurized air exits the pressurized air passageway into the occupied space; and an inductive air passageway having an outlet positioned adjacent to the outlet of the pressurized air passageway so that the pressurized air passing through the outlet of the pressurized air passageway induces an induced airflow through the inductive air passageway.

12. The ceiling system according to claim 11 wherein the pressurized air passing through the outlet of the pressurized air passageway and the induced airflow out of the outlet of the inductive air passageway mixes and is distributed into the occupied space.

13. The ceiling system according to claim 11 wherein the body is mounted directly to the exposed surface of the one of the plurality of ceiling panels.

14. The ceiling system according to claim 11 wherein the body is suspended below the one of the plurality of ceiling panels by one or more supports, and wherein the pressurized air flows through the one or more supports and into the inlet of the pressurized air passageway.

15. The ceiling system according to claim 11 further comprising one or more air diverters positioned adjacent to an outer surface of the body such that the inductive air passageway is defined between the outer surface of the body and an inner surface of the one or more air diverters.

16. The ceiling system according to claim 11 wherein the pressurized air is generated by an air mover located within the plenum space and fed into the pressurized air passageway.

17. The ceiling system according to claim 11 wherein the inductive air passageway has an inlet located below the plurality of ceiling panels so that air from the occupied space flows through the inductive air passageway.

18. A ceiling system suspended within a building space, the ceiling system comprising: a radiant ceiling comprising a plurality of conduits configured to carry a fluid to heat or cool the radiant ceiling; a plurality of ceiling panels suspended below the radiant ceiling so that the building space is divided into a plenum space between the plurality of ceiling panels and a lower surface of the radiant ceiling and an occupied space below the plurality of ceiling panels; an air moving system configured to move air across the lower surface of the radiant ceiling, the air moving system comprising an air mover that is mounted to one of the plurality of ceiling panels, wherein the air mover is configured to draw air from the plenum space over the lower surface of the radiant ceiling and project the air downwardly into the occupied space.

19. The ceiling system according to claim 18 wherein the air mover is an inductive air mover.

20. The ceiling system according to claim 18 wherein the air mover is mounted within an opening in the one of the plurality of ceiling panels.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0059] FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an occupied space, ceiling system, and plenum space;

[0060] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a ceiling system having an air mover hanging below a suspended ceiling;

[0061] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an example of a ceiling panel in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;

[0062] FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of an example of a ceiling panel in accordance with the embodiment shown in FIG. 2;

[0063] FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of an annular induction air mover;

[0064] FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of the annular induction air mover of FIG. 5;

[0065] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a ceiling system having a rectangular air mover;

[0066] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a canopy ceiling system in which an air mover is an integral part of the ceiling system;

[0067] FIG. 9 is a partial sectional view of the canopy ceiling system of FIG. 8;

[0068] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a baffle type ceiling system in which an air mover is an integral part of the ceiling system;

[0069] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an angled canopy ceiling system in which an air mover is an integral part of the ceiling system;

[0070] FIG. 12 is an enlarged view of the ceiling system of FIG. 11;

[0071] FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the ceiling system of FIGS. 11 and 12;

[0072] FIG. 14 is a partial sectional view of a baffle type ceiling system in which an air mover is an integral part of the ceiling system;

[0073] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an oscillating induction air mover mounted to a ceiling panel;

[0074] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the ceiling panel of FIG. 15;

[0075] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an induction air mover positioned above a ceiling panel that includes a thermal mass;

[0076] FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an induction air mover attached to a ceiling panel that includes a thermal mass; and

[0077] FIG. 19 is a side view of ceiling system having an air mover that moves air across a radiant surface.

[0078] All drawings are schematic and not necessarily to scale. Parts given a reference numerical designation in one figure may be considered to be the same parts where they appear in other figures without a numerical designation for brevity unless specifically labeled with a different part number and described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0079] The following description of the preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses.

[0080] In the description of embodiments disclosed herein, any reference to direction or orientation is merely intended for convenience of description and is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the present invention. Relative terms such as “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,”, “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivative thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawing under discussion. These relative terms are for convenience of description only and do not require that the apparatus be constructed or operated in a particular orientation. Terms such as “attached,” “connected,” “coupled,” “interconnected,” and similar refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise. The term “fixed” refers to two structures that cannot be separated without damaging one of the structures. The term “filled” refers to a state that includes completely filled or partially filled.

[0081] As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls.

[0082] The term “opening” as used in this application can refer to any passageway through which air can travel.

[0083] As explained above, occupant comfort and operating efficiency can be improved by implementing systems and methods according to embodiments of the invention. Particular embodiments use inductive airflow incorporated into a ceiling panel to achieve these benefits.

[0084] Many types of ceiling systems and methods for mounting ceiling panels have been used. One type of system uses a suspended metal support grid including an array of orthogonally intersecting grid support members. An array of grid openings are formed between the grid support members. These openings are filled by the ceiling panels. Ceiling panels are mounted to and supported by the support grid using numerous approaches. Other types of ceiling systems can use ceiling panels, such as plank ceiling systems, canopy type ceiling systems and baffle type ceiling systems.

[0085] A building panel can be part of a building system such as a ceiling or wall. In particular embodiments, the building panel is part of a ceiling system which separates an occupied space from a plenum space. The occupied space is space below the ceiling system such as office space or the like. The plenum space is space above the ceiling system in which mechanical, electrical and other building systems and equipment can be housed. In some situations, the plenum space is simply an open space above the ceiling system and below the upper structure of the building space.

[0086] FIG. 1 shows an example of one type of suspended ceiling system. In this example, an occupied space 10 such as, for example, office space is shown below a ceiling system 20 that extends to and contacts all four walls of the office space. Above ceiling system 20 and below structural slab 60 is a plenum space 30 that can house building systems such as ductwork, wiring, water piping and fire sprinkler piping. Ceiling system 20 includes a plurality of panels 40 supported by a suspended grid structure 50. Other types of suspended ceiling systems will be described below.

[0087] FIG. 2 shows an example of a ceiling system 100 that separates a building space into an occupied space 10 and a plenum space 30. Plenum space 30 is above ceiling system 100 and below structural slab 60. Ceiling system 100 has a plurality of ceiling panels 200 that, in this example, are acoustic ceiling panels. An air moving system 300 is shown in this example as integrated into a group of four ceiling panels 200. In other examples, such as the example shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, air moving system 300 is integrated into a single ceiling panel 200. While the example shown in FIG. 2 is a round air moving system, other shapes can also be used. For example, FIG. 7 shows an example of a square air moving system 500. In FIG. 7, air moving system 500 is shown as integrated into a group of four ceiling panels 200. In other examples, air moving system 500 is integrated into a single ceiling panel 200.

[0088] As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, air moving system 300 has a body 310 that defines a pressurized air passageway 320. Pressurized air exits pressurized air passageway 320 through an opening 322 along the bottom of body 310. In FIG. 3, body 310 is mounted directly to ceiling panel 200, whereas in FIG. 4, body 310 is mounted to ceiling panel 200 by way of one or more supports 330. Supports 330 can be hollow to provide a conduit for the pressurized air from an air source above ceiling panel 200 to pressurized air passageway 320. The air source can be a fan located in plenum space 30 or a remotely located fan that pushes air through ductwork that is located in plenum space 30.

[0089] FIGS. 5 and 6 show an example of an embodiment of the invention that induces airflow by the use of a venturi. In such embodiments, pressurized air is fed into a venturi to increase the air flow velocity and then exhausted adjacent to one or more inductive air passageways such that the exhausted pressurized air induces air flow through the inductive air passageways. An air moving system 400 has a pressurized air passageway 420 inside a body 410. Pressurized air passageway 420 is fed pressurized air from a remote fan or other air mover that can be located in the plenum space, or located outside of the plenum space and pushes air through ductwork that is located in the plenum space. In this example, the pressurized air can be routed through one or more supports 445. In this example, two air diverters 430 are positioned adjacent to body 410 to create inductive air passageways 440. Other examples can have one or more than two inductive air passageways. As the pressurized air flows out of an outlet 470 of pressurized air passageway 420 (represented by arrow B), low pressure regions are created at outlets 450 of inductive air passageways 440. These low pressure regions result in air being drawn (represented by arrows A) into inductive air passageways 440 and expelled from outlet 460. The pressurized air flowing from outlet 470 and the induced airflow from outlets 450 mixes and is distributed into the occupied space. Such an induced airflow system can provide increased airflow economically and less obtrusively than a conventional fan. In addition, when the induced airflow is drawn from the occupied space, as in this example, increased circulation is achieved with a reduced fan requirement. This increased circulation provides additional efficiency by mixing the pressurized air, which may be heated or cooled, with the air that is in the occupied space.

[0090] Other examples of the invention draw the induced airflow from an area outside of the occupied space, such as, for example, the plenum space. FIGS. 8 and 9 show such an example. In FIG. 8, a canopy type ceiling system 100 is shown. In such a canopy type ceiling system, one or more ceiling panels 210 are suspended in a building space to divide the building space into an occupied space 10 and a plenum space 30. Plenum space 30 is located between ceiling system 100 and structural slab 60. Canopy type ceiling systems usually do not extend all the way to the walls of the occupied space, but instead are positioned away from the walls so as to create gaps. Similarly, ceiling panels 210 in a canopy type ceiling system are usually spaced apart such that they do not contact each other. However, in some canopy type ceiling systems, multiple panels can contact each other to form one or more canopies.

[0091] Evaporative cooling can be included in any of the embodiments of the invention. An example of such evaporative cooling includes introducing water into the pressurized air passageway or the inductive air passageway. This can be done by, for example, wetting a surface (such as a porous surface or a wick) in one of the passageways or spraying water into one of the air streams.

[0092] In the system shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, an air moving system 600 is located in an opening 211 in ceiling panel 210. Similar to the system shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, air moving system 600 has a pressurized air passageway inside a body 610. The pressurized air passageway is fed pressurized air from a remote fan or other air mover that can be located in plenum space 30, or located outside of plenum space 30 and pushes air through ductwork that is located in plenum space 30. In this example, the pressurized air can be routed through one or more supports (not shown). In this example, two air diverters 630 are positioned adjacent to body 610 to create an inductive air passageway on either side of body 610. Other examples can have one or more than two inductive air passageways. As the pressurized air flows out of the outlet at the bottom of the pressurized air passageway, low pressure regions are created at the outlets of the inductive air passageways. These low pressure regions result in air being drawn into the inductive air passageways and expelled from outlet of body 610. The pressurized air flowing from the outlet of body 610 and the induced airflow from the outlets of the inductive air passageways mixes and is distributed into the occupied space. In this example, the induced airflow is drawn from plenum space 30. This arrangement draws the air that can stagnate above a canopy type (or other type) ceiling and circulates it into the occupied space.

[0093] In some embodiments of the invention, the ceiling panel is an acoustic panel. The acoustic panel can be made from a range of fibers, porous materials including mineral fiber, wood wool, fiberglass, rock wool, sintered metals, foamed polymeric materials, and perforated metals, for example.

[0094] While the air diverters in the examples shown above are curved, linear air diverters can also be used (as seen in the example shown in FIGS. 11-13). The air diverters and the body of the air moving system can be made, for example, from metal or polymeric materials.

[0095] As stated above, the fan or other air mover can be mounted on the ceiling panel or can be remotely located. Locating the fan and motor remotely from the occupied space and/or the plenum space has the advantages of removing a source of heat and noise from the occupied space. Also, a single (or multiple) remotely located fan can provide pressurized air to multiple air moving systems.

[0096] Another form of suspended ceiling that can be improved by embodiments of the invention is the baffle type ceiling. FIG. 10 shows a baffle type ceiling system 300 having a plurality of vertically oriented baffles 220 that separate a building space into an occupied space 10 and a plenum space 30. Plenum space 30 is located between baffles 220 and a structural slab 60. An air moving system 700 is incorporated into particular ones of baffles 220 to create an unobtrusive and efficient air moving system. Air moving system 700 can be similar to air moving system 600 shown in FIG. 9, but split into two semi-circles that are attached to either side of one of the baffles 220. While a semi-circular shape is shown in the figures, other shapes such as, for example, diamond, square, rectangular, triangle, oval, compound curve, or other shape can also be used. The pressurized air can be fed to air moving system 700 by way of a conduit that runs inside baffle 220 and is therefore hidden from view, or it can be fed by way of a conduit that is a separate support for air moving system 700. The fan or air mover that supplies the pressurized air to air moving system 700 can be located inside baffle 220, on top of baffle 220, in the plenum space, or remotely from the building space.

[0097] FIGS. 11-13 show an example of another type of ceiling system that can be improved by embodiments of the invention. FIG. 11 shows a canopy type ceiling system that has panels 230 extending in the shape of wings from a central spine. Panels 230 separate a building space into an occupied space 10 and a plenum space 30. Plenum space 30 is located between panels 230 and a structural slab 60. This system has an air moving system 800 that acts as the spine to which panels 230 are attached. Some embodiments have only one panel 230 extending from each side of the spine, whereas other embodiments have multiple panels 232 extending from each side.

[0098] FIGS. 12 and 13 show air moving system 800 in more detail. Similarly to the other examples discussed, air moving system 800 has a pressurized air passageway 820 inside a body 810. Pressurized air passageway 820 is fed pressurized air from a remote fan or other air mover that can be located in the plenum space, or located outside of the plenum space and pushes air through ductwork that is located in the plenum space. In this example, the pressurized air can be routed through one or more supports (not shown). In this example, two air diverters 830 are positioned adjacent to body 810 to create inductive air passageways 840. Other examples can have one or more than two inductive air passageways. As the pressurized air flows out of outlets 870 of pressurized air passageway 820 (represented by arrows B), low pressure regions are created at outlets of inductive air passageways 840. These low pressure regions result in air being drawn (represented by arrows A) into inductive air passageways 840 and expelled from outlets 860. The pressurized air flowing from outlets 870 and the induced airflow from the inductive air passageway outlets mixes and is distributed into the occupied space. Such an induced airflow system can provide increased airflow economically and less obtrusively than a conventional fan. In addition, when the induced airflow is drawn from the occupied space, as in this example, increased circulation is achieved with a reduced fan requirement. This increased circulation provides additional efficiency by mixing the pressurized air, which may be heated or cooled, with the air that is in the occupied space.

[0099] In this example, air moving system 800 acts as the structural support for panels 232. As shown in FIG. 13, body 810 includes brackets 812 to which panels 232 are attached. Other connection methods and shapes can also be used.

[0100] FIG. 14 shows an example of another type of ceiling system that can be improved by embodiments of the invention. FIG. 14 shows a baffle type ceiling system (similar to that shown in FIG. 10) that has a plurality of panels 240 extending vertically. Panels 240 separate a building space into an occupied space and a plenum space 30. Plenum space 30 is located between panels 240 and a structural slab 60. In this example, an air moving system 900 is attached to a bottom edge of one or more panels 240. Similarly to the other examples discussed, air moving system 900 has a pressurized air passageway inside a body. The pressurized air passageway is fed pressurized air from a remote fan or other air mover that can be located in the plenum space, or located outside of the plenum space and pushes air through ductwork that is located in the plenum space. In this example, the pressurized air can be routed through one or more supports (not shown). In this example, two air diverters are positioned adjacent to the body to create inductive air passageways. Other examples can have one or more than two inductive air passageways. As the pressurized air flows out of outlets of the pressurized air passageway, low pressure regions are created at outlets of the inductive air passageways. These low pressure regions result in air being drawn into the inductive air passageways and expelled from outlets of the inductive air passageways. The pressurized air flowing from the outlet of the pressurized air passageway and the induced airflow from the inductive air passageway outlets mixes and is distributed into the occupied space. Such an induced airflow system can provide increased airflow economically and less obtrusively than a conventional fan.

[0101] In this example, the induced airflow will tend to be drawn from the space between baffles 240. Although, some air induced air flow may be drawn from the occupied space. The composition of the induced airflow depends on the relative temperatures of the occupied space and the plenum space, the velocity of the air exiting air moving system 900, and the shape and size of the air diverters. The pressurized air can be fed to the pressurized air passageway by way of a conduit running in a baffle 240 or a conduit running between two baffles 240 that are attached to each other (as shown in FIG. 14). The number of air moving systems 900 used in a particular occupied space can be one or more. An air moving system 900 can be attached to every baffle, or can be attached to only certain baffles. Air moving system 900 can extend completely below the baffle, as shown in FIG. 14, or the baffle to which air moving system 900 is attached can be shortened so that the bottom of air moving system 900 is even with the bottoms of the baffles that do not have an air moving system. The position of air moving system 900 relative to the bottom of adjacent baffles will also influence from where the induced airflow will be drawn. All other things being equal, the more elevated the bottom of air moving system 900 is relative to the bottom of adjacent baffles, the more the induced air will be drawn from the plenum space.

[0102] FIGS. 15 and 16 show an example of an air moving system 1200 that has an optionally oscillating induction fan 1240 mounted to a ceiling panel. Induction fan 1240 has a motor 1242 and is attached to the ceiling panel by way of a mount 1244. In particular embodiments, mount 1244 and/or motor 1242 cause induction fan 1240 to oscillate so that the air moved by air moving system 1200 passes though opening 1220 in the ceiling panel at different angles and therefore creates a simulation of a natural breeze on the occupants below. This arrangement draws an inductive airflow from the space above the ceiling panel (the plenum space) and mixes it with pressurized air. The pressurized air can be drawn from the plenum space or from a space outside of the plenum space. The pressurized air can be heated or cooled. The benefits discussed above from using induced airflow also apply to this embodiment.

[0103] FIGS. 17 and 18 show an example of an air moving system 110 that has a fan that moves air over a phase change material to induce more thermal transfer to and/or from the phase change material. In this example, an induction fan 1140 has a motor 1142, and an outlet 1146 at its lower edge. A phase change material 1120 is attached to the upper side of a ceiling panel. Fan 1140 moves air over phase change material 1120 to promote increased thermal transfer. The ceiling panel can be any type of ceiling panel such as, for example, a canopy type, a cloud type, a drop in panel in a grid system, or other type of ceiling panel.

[0104] FIG. 17 shows an example where fan 1140 is separate from the ceiling panel whereas FIG. 18 shows an example where fan 1140 is attached to the ceiling panel by a mount 1144. In both examples, a space exists between outlet 1146 of fan 1140 and phase change material 1120.

[0105] Phase change material 1120 can be a material that changes from a solid to a liquid as it absorbs heat or a material that changes from a liquid to a gas as it absorbs heat. An example of an appropriate phase change material is a salt hydrate phase change material composed of water mixed with calcium chloride and a nucleating agent. Any appropriate phase change material can be used.

[0106] FIG. 19 shows an example of an air moving system 1300 that is used with a radiant surface to promote thermal transfer to/from the radiant surface. In this example, radiant surface 70 has a plurality of conduits 74 that are embedded in the structure behind radiant surface 70. Conduits 74 can carry a liquid or a gas through the structure to heat or cool radiant surface 70. As stated above, a problem with radiant surfaces is that air flow is needed to transfer heat to/from the radiant surface. The embodiment shown in FIG. 19 provides air moving system 1300 to move air across radiant surface 70. Air moving system 1300 includes an air mover 1320 that is mounted in a ceiling panel 1310 (in this example, a canopy type panel). Air moving system 1300 draws air from plenum space 30 over radiant surface 70 and projects it down into occupied space 10 (represented by arrows C). In this example, air mover 1320 is an inductive air mover. Examples such as this provide increased thermal transfer to/from the radiant surface in an unobtrusive system that has no visible moving parts.

[0107] While the foregoing description and drawings represent exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it will be understood that various additions, modifications and substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope and range of equivalents of the accompanying claims. In particular, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other forms, structures, arrangements, proportions, sizes, and with other elements, materials, and components, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. In addition, numerous variations in the methods/processes described herein may be made within the scope of the present disclosure. One skilled in the art will further appreciate that the embodiments may be used with many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, sizes, materials, and components and otherwise, used in the practice of the disclosure, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles described herein. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the disclosure, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents. In addition, all combinations of any and all of the features described in the disclosure, in any combination, are part of the invention.