Online zeta-potential measurements for optimization of emulsion breaker dosage in ethylene plants

Abstract

A method for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in production of ethylene that includes online monitoring of zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in a quench water tower and/or a quench water loop. In response to the online monitoring of zeta potential, the method changes the amount of demulsifier being added to the hydrocarbon/water emulsion such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking the emulsion.

Claims

1. A method for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in production of ethylene, the method comprising: adding a demulsifier to a hydrocarbon/water emulsion; online monitoring of zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion; and in response to the online monitoring of zeta potential, changing the amount of demulsifier being added to the hydrocarbon/water emulsion such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking the emulsion; wherein the emulsion comprises a dispersed oil phase and the continuous aqueous phase; wherein the demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamine, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate benzyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride salt, methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of demulsifier is changed so that the zeta potential of the emulsion is within a range of −30 to +30 mV.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of demulsifier is changed so that the zeta potential of the emulsion is within a range of −5 to +5 mV.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring of one or more physicochemical parameters of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydrocarbon/water emulsion is in a quench water tower and/or a quench water loop in use for ethylene production.

6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: in response to the monitoring of the one or more physicochemical parameters and the online monitoring of zeta potential, changing the amount of demulsifier being added to the hydrocarbon/water emulsion such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking the emulsion.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamine, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate benzyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride salt, methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternized alkanolamine ester, a polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol triblock copolymer derivative of an amine, a polyamine, an alkoxylated or polyalkoxylated derivatives of an amine, a polyethylene imine, a polycyanoguanidine and a polyaluminum chloride silicate.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the demulsifier comprises a cationic demulsifier.

10. A method for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in production of ethylene, the method comprising: adding a first demulsifier to a hydrocarbon/water emulsion in a quench water tower and/or a quench water loop in use for ethylene production; online monitoring of zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in the quench water tower and/or quench water loop; and in response to the online monitoring of zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion, changing the amount of the first demulsifier being added to the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in the quench water tower and/or quench water loop; flowing effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop to a quench water settler; online monitoring of zeta potential of the effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop; adding a second demulsifier to the effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop; online monitoring of zeta potential of the effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop; and in response to the online monitoring of zeta potential of the effluent, changing the amount of the second demulsifier being added to the effluent from the quench water tower and/or quench water loop; wherein the first demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamine, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate benzyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride salt, methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the amount of the first demulsifier and the second demulsifier are changed so that the zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in the quench water tower and/or quench water loop and the zeta potential of the effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop are within a range of −30 to +30 mV.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the amount of the first demulsifier and the second demulsifier are changed so that the zeta potential of the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop and the zeta potential of the effluent from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop are within a range of −5 to +5 mV.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamine, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate benzyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride salt, methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the first demulsifier is added at a point in the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop such that the demulsifier is effective in breaking the hydrocarbon/water emulsion in the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the second demulsifier is added to the effluent from the quench water tower and/or quench water loop in the quench water settler.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein the second demulsifier comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyalkylenepolyamine, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate benzyl chloride salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl sulfate salt, dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride salt, methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the first demulsifier and second demulsifier comprises a cationic demulsifier.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the first demulsifier and second demulsifier are different.

19. The method of claim 10, wherein the first demulsifier and second demulsifier are same.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a more complete understanding, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a plot of offline measurements of zeta potential of a process water sample from an ethylene plant versus the amount of cationic emulsion breaker added to the process water sample;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a system for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a method that may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a system for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention;

(6) FIG. 5 shows a method that may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a system for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention; and

(8) FIG. 7 shows a method that may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(9) Embodiments of the invention include online monitoring of the zeta potential of an emulsion within or downstream a quench water tower of an ethylene plant and using the information gathered from such monitoring to keep the emulsion breaker dosing rate in a range that is most effective in breaking the emulsion. The online monitoring of zeta potential may be performed, for example, by a ZetaSizer WT, which is an online unit commercially available from Malvern Instruments Worldwide. The non-limiting data provided in the Examples and in FIG. 1 illustrates the feasibility of the processes of the present invention.

(10) Quench water can include dissolved and emulsified hydrocarbon compounds (oils), as well as heavy tar-like polymers and coke particulate matter. The hydrocarbon oils can include hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and low molecular weight polymers. These materials form stable oil/water emulsions when the cracked gas stream is intimately mixed with the quench water. More specifically, quench water can include traces of styrene, and oligomers of styrene that originate from the long residence time due to water recycle in the quench tower loop. The resulting emulsions can include about 100 to 10,000 parts hydrocarbon compounds per million parts emulsion. The stability of the emulsion can be due to a mutual affinity between the unsaturated hydrocarbon components in the dispersed oil phase and the continuous aqueous phase. Thus, the emulsion will resist efforts to separate it sharply into its various phases.

(11) To improve the hydrocarbon/water separation in the quench water or quench water settler and to bring about cleaner process water within the dilution steam system, an emulsion breaker may be applied, for example, at the feed of the quench water settler or bottom of the quench water tower (or other points within the quench water tower loop). Optimal water/hydrocarbon separation in a quench water tower loop usually demands dosing of the emulsion in the quench water tower loop within a narrow window of dosing rates.

(12) Embodiments of the invention are directed to providing the optimal amount of emulsion breaker (e.g. cationic emulsion breakers) by using online zeta potential measurements to optimize the gasoline/water separation and therefore increase the dilution steam system/dilution steam generator run length. In embodiments of the invention a zeta-potential range of −30 mV and +40 mV is optimal for emulsion breaking. In embodiments of the invention a zeta-potential range of −30 mV and +30 mV is optimal for emulsion breaking, with −10 mV to +10 my being preferred, −5 mV to +5 mV being more preferred, and around 0 being most preferred.

(13) FIG. 2 shows system 20 for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 3 shows 30 method, which may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. Method 30 may be implemented using system 20. System 20 includes quench water tower 200, treating unit 201, online zeta potential monitor 202, and controller 207. Cracked gas 206 flows from a steam cracking furnace into the bottom of quench water tower 200. Concurrently, quench water 203 is sprayed into the top of quench water tower 200. Contact between cracked gas 206, condensed dilution steam, and quench water 203 forms emulsion 204 in quench water tower 200.

(14) Treating unit 201 treats emulsion 204 in quench water tower 200 with demulsifier 205 (emulsion breaker). Thus, treating unit 201 may be used to implement an aspect of method 30, namely, adding demulsifier 205 to emulsion 204 in quench water tower 200 and/or a quench water loop in use for ethylene production, as shown at block 300 of FIG. 3. In embodiments of the invention, demulsifier 205 is added at a point in quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop such that demulsifier 205 is most effective in breaking emulsion 204. Depending on the design of quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop, the point of addition of demulsifier 205 may vary. Tests may be carried out to determine what point of addition of demulsifier 205 to quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop is most effective in breaking emulsion 204. Online zeta potential monitor 202 can be configured to automatically make measurements of emulsion 204 in quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop while emulsion 204 is flowing through quench water tower 200 and/or the water quench loop. For example, in embodiments of the invention, a measurement of zeta potential of emulsion 204 may be made periodically, where the period is in the range of 30 seconds to 20 minutes (e.g. the period may be 30 seconds, 1 min., 2 mins., 3 mins., 4 mins., 5 mins., 6 mins., 7 mins., 8 mins., 9 mins., 10 mins., 11 mins., 12 mins., 13 mins., 14 mins., 15 mins., 16 mins., 17 mins., 18 mins., 19 mins., or 20 mins). In this way, for method 30, online zeta potential monitor 202 provides online monitoring of zeta potential of emulsion 204 in quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop, as shown at block 301 (FIG. 3). It should be noted that online zeta potential monitor 202 can be online such that it is adapted to directly measure the zeta potential of emulsion 404 while emulsion 404 is circulating in the quench water tower loop, at whatever frequency desired. Online zeta potential monitor 202 may be disposed in the process such that online zeta potential monitor 202 is in direct contact with emulsion 204. For example, online zeta potential monitor 202 may be configured such that emulsion 204 flows through a portion of online zeta potential monitor 202 and that portion captures an aliquot from emulsion 204; and online zeta potential monitor 202 measures the zeta potential of the aliquot. Online monitoring described herein is opposed to offline monitoring of zeta potential that may involve, for example, taking samples from the quench water tower and/or the quench water loop to a laboratory for analysis.

(15) FIG. 2 shows online zeta potential monitor 202 downstream of treating unit 201, according to the flow of emulsion 204. Thus, online zeta potential monitor 202 is in a reactive configuration in relation to the treating unit 201. In other words, after treating unit 201 treats emulsion 204, online zeta potential monitor 202 analyzes that treated emulsion and it is determined whether the zeta potential is in the desired range, and, if not, treating unit 201 makes an adjustment to the dosing rate so that the zeta potential of emulsion 204 falls within a desired range. Alternatively or additionally, in embodiments of the invention, one or more online zeta potential monitors may be upstream of treating unit 201, according to the flow of emulsion 204. Thus, the one or more online zeta potential monitors would be in a predictive configuration in relation to treating unit 201. In other words, before treating unit 201 treats emulsion 204, the one or more online zeta potential monitors analyzes the untreated emulsion and it is determined whether the zeta potential is in the desired range, and, if not, treating unit 201 treats emulsion 204 at a particular dosing rate so that the zeta potential of the emulsion falls within a desired range. Measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 204 are used to change the amount of demulsifier 205 being added to emulsion 204 such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking emulsion 204. For example, in embodiments of the invention, after online zeta potential monitor 202 automatically makes the measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 204, the measurements are sent to a processor of a computer (e.g. processor or controller 207) that analyzes whether the dosing rate of demulsifier 205 is optimal, at block 302 (FIG. 3). Specifically, controller 207 may determine whether the zeta potential is within a desired range (e.g. a range in which emulsion 204 is least stable and in which demulsifier 205 is most effective in breaking emulsion 204). If the zeta potential is within the desired range, block 303 provides that nothing is done. If the zeta potential is not within the desired range, at block 304, controller 207 instructs treating unit 201 to change the dosing rate to put the zeta potential of emulsion 204 in the desired range and thereby achieve an effective dosing rate for breaking emulsion 204. Block 305 provides that quench water tower effluent 208 and/or quench water loop effluent is routed to a quench water settler.

(16) In embodiments of the invention, by changes in the dosing rate of the demulsifier, the zeta potential of the emulsion is adjusted to be within an optimal range of −30 to +30 mV, zeta potentials there between (e.g. −29 mV, −28 mV, −27 mV, −26 mV, −25 mV, −24 mV, −23 mV, −22 mV, −21 mV, −20 mV, −19 mV, −18 mV, −17 mV, −16 mV, −15 mV, −14 mV, −13 mV, −12 mV, −11 mV, −10 mV, −9 mV, −8 mV, −7 mV, −6 mV, −5 mV, −4 mV, −3 mV, −2 mV, −1 mV, 0 mV, 1 mV, 2 mV, 3 mV, 4 mV, 5 mV, 6 mV, 7 mV, 8 mV, 9 mV, 10 mV, 11 mV, 12 mV, 13 mV, 14 mV, 15 mV, 16 mV, 17 mV, 18 mV, 19 mV, 20 mV, 21 mV, 22 mV, 23 mV, 24 mV, 25 mV, 26 mV, 27 mV, 28 mV, 29 mV, 30 mV), and combinations thereof, but preferably within a range of −5 to +5 mV. Controller 207 may be a part of online zeta potential monitor 202, treating unit 201, or separate from both online zeta potential monitor 202 and treating unit 201 (e.g. controller 207 may be a process control system for the ethylene plant). Method 30, or aspects thereof, may be repeated as often as required and at whatever interval is desired.

(17) FIG. 4 shows system 40 for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 5 shows method 50, which may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. Method 50 may be implemented using system 40. System 40 includes quench water tower 400, treating unit 401, online zeta potential monitor 402, controller 407, and physicochemical monitor 409. Cracked gas 406 flows from a steam cracking furnace into the bottom of quench water tower 400. Concurrently, quench water 403 is sprayed into the top of quench water tower 400. Contact between cracked gas 406, condensed dilution steam, and quench water 403 forms emulsion 404 in quench water tower 400.

(18) Treating unit 401 treats emulsion 404 in quench water tower 400 with demulsifier 405. Thus, treating unit 401 may be used to implement an aspect of method 50, namely adding demulsifier 405 to emulsion 404 in quench water tower 400, as shown at block 500 of FIG. 5. In embodiments of the invention, demulsifier 405 is added at a point in quench water tower 400 and/or a quench water loop such that demulsifier 405 is most effective in breaking emulsion 404. Depending on the design of quench water tower 400 and/or the quench water loop, the point of addition of demulsifier 405 may vary. Tests may be carried out to determine what point of addition of demulsifier 405 to quench water tower 400 and/or the quench water loop is most effective in breaking emulsion 404. Online zeta potential monitor 402 is similar to online zeta potential monitor 202, and thus, zeta potential monitor 402 can automatically make zeta potential measurements of emulsion 404 in quench water tower 400 (block 501, FIG. 5) and/or the quench water loop, in a manner described above in relation to online zeta potential monitor 202 and quench water tower 200 and/or the quench water loop. Method 50 may also include, at block 502, online monitoring of one or more physicochemical parameters, by online physicochemical monitor 409, of cracked gas 406 flowing into quench water tower 400 and/or a quench water loop.

(19) Measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 404 are used to change the amount of demulsifier 405 being added to emulsion 404 such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking emulsion 404. For example, in embodiments of the invention, after online zeta potential monitor 402 automatically makes the measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 404, the measurements are sent to a processor of a computer (e.g. processor or controller 407) that analyzes whether the dosing rate of demulsifier 405 is optimal, at block 503 (FIG. 5). Specifically, controller 407 may determine whether the zeta potential is within a desired range (e.g. a range in which emulsion 404 is least stable and in which demulsifier 405 is most effective in breaking emulsion 404). If the zeta potential is within the desired range, block 504 provides that nothing is done. If the zeta potential is not within the desired range, at block 505, controller 407 instructs treating unit 401 to change the dosing rate to put the zeta potential of emulsion 404 in the desired range and thereby achieve an effective dosing rate for breaking emulsion 404.

(20) Measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters of cracked gas 406 flowing into the quench water tower may be used to change the amount of demulsifier 405 being added to emulsion 404 such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking the emulsion 404. In embodiments of the invention, after the measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters of emulsion 404 by physicochemical monitor 409, at block 505, the measurements are sent to a processor of a computer (e.g. processor or controller 407) that analyzes whether the dosing rate of demulsifier 405 needs to be changed (block 506). If the physicochemical measurements do not require any changes to the dosage rate of demulsifier 405, then block 507 provides that nothing is done. If the physicochemical measurements are not within the desired range, at block 508, controller 407 may instruct treating unit 401 to change the dosing rate of demulsifier 405. For example, based on measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters such as boiling point, critical point, surface tension, vapor pressure, density, viscosity etc., controller 407 may instruct treating unit 401 to change the amount of demulsifier 405 being added to emulsion 404. Such instruction may involve changing the desired range of zeta potential based on the measured physicochemical parameters. Measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters of cracked gas 406 may be online or offline measurements.

(21) In embodiments of the invention, controller 407 may perform the steps involved at block 503 and block 506 concurrently to determine what changes may be made to the dosing rate of demulsifier 405. In other words, the online measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 404 together with the physicochemical measurements of cracked gas 406 may be taken into account to determine if any changes should be made to the dosing rate of demulsifier 405.

(22) It should be noted that FIG. 4 shows physicochemical monitor 409 is upstream of treating unit 401, since physicochemical monitor 409 monitors the physicochemical parameters of cracked gas 406. Thus, physicochemical monitor 409 is in a predictive configuration in relation to treating unit 401. In other words, physicochemical monitor 409 analyzes cracked gas 406 and it is determined whether to change the amount of demulsifier 405 being added to emulsion 404, and, if so, treating unit 401 makes an adjustment to the dosing rate of demulsifier 405 (e.g. by changing the desired zeta potential range, which in turn may cause a change in the amount of demulsifier added).

(23) In embodiments of the invention, based on measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters, the amount of demulsifier added to emulsion 404 is changed so that the zeta potential of the emulsion is within a range of −30 to +30 mV. More preferably, based on measurements of one or more physicochemical parameters, the amount of demulsifier added to emulsion 404 is changed so that the zeta potential of the emulsion is within a range of −5 to +5 mV, or more preferably about 0 mV. Block 509 provides that quench water tower effluent 408 is routed to a quench water settler. Alternatively, the quench water settler is integrated in 400 quench water tower, and the quench water tower effluent 408 is routed to a process water stripper (PWS). Method 50, or aspects thereof, may be repeated as often as required and at whatever interval is desired.

(24) FIG. 6 shows system 60 for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 7 shows method 70 that may be used for treating an emulsion emanating from a quenching process in the production of ethylene, according to embodiments of the invention. Method 70 may be implemented using system 60. System 60 includes quench water tower 600, treating unit 601, online zeta potential monitor 602, controller 607, online zeta potential monitor 608, quench water settler 610, and treating unit 611. Cracked gas 606 flows from a steam cracking furnace into the bottom of quench water tower 600. Concurrently, quench water 603 is sprayed into the top of quench water tower 600. Contact between cracked gas 606, condensed dilution steam, and quench water 603 forms emulsion 604 in quench water tower 600.

(25) Treating unit 601 treats emulsion 604 in quench water tower 600 with demulsifier 605. Thus, treating unit 601 may be used to implement an aspect of method 70, namely adding demulsifier 605 to emulsion 604 in quench water tower 600 and/or a quench water loop, as shown at block 700 of FIG. 7. In embodiments of the invention, demulsifier 605 is added at a point in quench water tower 600 and/or the quench water loop such that demulsifier 605 is most effective in breaking emulsion 604. Depending on the design of quench water tower 600 and/or the quench water loop, the point of addition of demulsifier 605 may vary. For example, the point of addition of demulsifier 605 could be at the top half, bottom half, or center of quench water tower 600 and/or the quench water loop. Tests may be carried out to determine what point of addition of demulsifier 605 to quench water tower 600 and/or quench water loop is most effective in breaking emulsion 604. Online zeta potential monitor 602 is similar to online zeta potential monitor 202, and thus, online zeta potential monitor 602 can automatically make zeta potential measurements of emulsion 604 in quench water tower 600 and/or the quench water loop (block 701), in a manner described above in relation to online zeta potential monitor 202 and quench water tower 200.

(26) Online zeta potential monitor 608 is similar to online zeta potential monitor 602. However, online zeta potential monitor 608 automatically makes zeta potential measurements of quench water tower effluent 609.

(27) FIG. 6 shows online zeta potential monitor 602 is in a reactive configuration in relation to the treating unit 601. However, alternatively or additionally, in embodiments of the invention, one or more online zeta potential monitors may be upstream of treating unit 601, in a predictive configuration in relation to the treating unit 601. Further, FIG. 6 shows online zeta potential monitor 608 is in a predictive configuration in relation to the treating unit 601. However, alternatively or additionally, in embodiments of the invention, one or more online zeta potential monitors may be downstream of treating unit 601, in a reactive configuration in relation to the treating unit 601.

(28) Measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 604 are used to change the amount of demulsifier 605 being added to emulsion 604 such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking emulsion 604. For example, in embodiments of the invention, after online zeta potential monitor 602 automatically makes the measurements of the zeta potential of emulsion 604, the measurements are sent to a processor of a computer (e.g. processor or controller 607) that analyzes whether the dosing rate of demulsifier 205 is optimal, at block 703. Specifically, controller 607 may determine whether the zeta potential is within a desired range (e.g. a range in which emulsion 604 is least stable and in which demulsifier 605 is most effective in breaking emulsion 604). If the zeta potential is within the desired range, block 704 provides that nothing is done. If the zeta potential is not within the desired range, at block 705, controller 607 instructs treating unit 601 to change the dosing rate of demulsifier 605 to put the zeta potential of emulsion 604 in the desired range and thereby achieve an effective dosing rate for breaking emulsion 604.

(29) Measurements of the zeta potential of quench water tower effluent 609 are used to change the amount of demulsifier 612 being added to emulsion 613 such that the amount of demulsifier is effective in breaking emulsion 613. For example, in embodiments of the invention, measurements of the zeta potential of quench water effluent 614 are automatically made by online zeta potential monitor 608 (block 702). Treating unit 611 treats emulsion 613 in quench water settler 610 with demulsifier 612. Thus, treating unit 611 may be used to implement an aspect of method 70, namely adding demulsifier 612 to emulsion 613, of quench water tower effluent 609, in quench water settler 610, as shown at block 706 of FIG. 7.

(30) The measurements of zeta potential performed at block 702 are sent to a processor of a computer (e.g. processor or controller 607) that analyzes whether the dosing rate of demulsifier 612 is optimal (block 707). Specifically, controller 607 may determine whether the zeta potential is within a desired range (e.g. a range in which demulsifier 612 will be effective in breaking emulsion 613, since zeta potential monitor 608 is in a predictive orientation). If the zeta potential is within the desired range, block 708 provides that nothing is done. If the zeta potential is not within the desired range, at block 709, controller 607 instructs treating unit 601 to change the dosing rate to put the zeta potential of emulsion 613 in the desired range and thereby achieve an effective dosing rate for breaking emulsion 613. It should be noted that in embodiments of the invention, demulsifier 612 may be added to quench water effluent 609 after it has been monitored by online zeta potential monitor 608 but before it is fed to quench water settler 610. Method 70, or aspects thereof, may be repeated as often as required and at whatever interval is desired.

(31) Although embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to blocks of FIGS. 3, 5, and 7, it should be appreciated that operation of the present invention is not limited to the particular blocks and/or the particular order of the blocks illustrated in FIGS. 3, 5, and 7. Accordingly, embodiments of the invention may provide functionality as described herein using various steps in a sequence different than that of FIGS. 3, 5, and 7. The present invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters, which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results.

EXAMPLE 1

Zeta Potential Measurements of Process Water at an Ethylene Production Plant

(32) To illustrate the relationship of zeta-potential to emulsion breaker dosing rates, tests were carried out on a process water sample from a quench water tower loop of an ethylene plant. The zeta potential measurements were offline measurements. Table 1 presents the distribution within the organics in the water. The recovery was calculated using an internal standard. The total organics in the process water was about 1900 ppm (0.19 wt. %). A high molecular cationic emulsion breaker (polyDADMAC, Nalco Chemical Company, U.S.A.) was added at different concentrations to the process water sample. Then, the zeta potentials of the process water at the different concentrations of emulsion breaker were measured. FIG. 1 shows the results of these tests. FIG. 1 is a plot of the zeta potential of the process water versus the amount of cationic emulsion breaker added to the process water.

(33) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 % in dispersed RI Name organic phase 930 Cyclopentadiene 0.50 1624 Benzene 20 2260 Toluene 12 2636 Unknown 0.18 2808 Et-Benzene 2.5 2852 m/p-Xylene 3.9 2940 Styrene 22 2984 o-Xylene 5.9 3260 2-Propenyl-Benzene 0.42 3316 n-Prop-Benzene <0.01 3348 1-Et-(3 and 4)-Me-Benzene 1.1 3388 1,3,5-TriMe-Benzene 0.40 3420 Phenol 3.1 3444 a-Me-Styrene 0.85 3508 Ethenyl-Me-Benzene 5.3 3520 1,2,4-TriMe-Benzene <0.01 3602 Indane <0.01 3652 1,2,3-TriMe-Benzene; Bleed <0.01 3656 1,2,3-TriMe-Benzene 0.89 3760 Indene 6.9 3766 C.sub.4-Benzene (triple bond) isomers 0.10 3938 Tetrahydro-DCPD 0.50 4162 Me-DihydroDCPD isomers 0.63 4202 Me-tetrahydro-DCPD 0.18 Total 88

(34) As the results in FIG. 1 show, the initial zeta potential of the process water is very negative, about −90 mV. But when 0.5 and 1 ppm of emulsion breaker is added, the zeta potential increases to about 0 mV, which is optimal for emulsion breaking. When the amount of emulsion breaker is increased to 2 ppm, the zeta potential increases to 40 mV, which is relatively high. This relatively high zeta potential indicates that the emulsion is stable again. In practice, the emulsion breaker used in this test is regularly used to dose process water in quench water tower loops at 3 to 4 ppm. Thus, the test illustrates that overdosing with emulsion breakers often occurs in practice. The test further shows that making online zeta potential measurements is a valuable source of information about the state of hydrocarbon/water emulsion and how an emulsion breaker dosing rate may be implemented to break the emulsion. Viewing the graph of FIG. 1, an optimal range for zeta potential may be −30 mV and +30 mV.