PLASMA TREATMENT

Abstract

A plasma treatment apparatus, comprising a housing defining a void (13); a source of ionised gas plasma (14) in communication with the void; and agitation apparatus (12) arranged to agitate contents of the void. The plasma can typically be generated at ambient pressure from the ambient air in the void. The apparatus can be used, in particular, for the treatment of materials comprising many small components, such as seeds, granular material, plastic beads and the like.

Claims

1. A plasma treatment apparatus, comprising: a housing defining a void; a source of ionised gas plasma in communication with the void; and agitation apparatus arranged to agitate contents of the void.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, in which the agitation apparatus comprises part of the housing comprising walls comprising at least one rotating wall.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, in which the source of ionised gas plasma is within the void.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, in which each rotating wall is arranged for rotation around the source.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, comprising drive means arranged to rotate each rotating wall around the source.

6. The apparatus of claim 4, in which the walls comprise at least one fixed wall which is fixed relative to the source.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, provided with a power conduit for transmitting electric power to the source from outside of the void, comprising an electrical connection passing through a fixed wall.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a power supply for the source, in electrical communication with the source.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, in which the agitation apparatus comprises at least one baffle arranged for movement, typically rotational, within the void.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, provided with a gas conduit through which a gas can be introduced into the void and optionally a gas exhaust conduit through which the gas can be exhausted from the void.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, provided with a source of visible or ultra-violet radiation, arranged so as to provide the visible or ultra-violet radiation within the void.

12. The apparatus of any of claim 1, in which the source is outside the void and there is provided a conduit for the ionised gas plasma or for reactive species generated by the ionised gas plasma from the source to the void.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a source of water in communication with the void.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, in which the source of water is a source of plasma activated water.

15. A method of treating a material, comprising placing the material within the void of an apparatus in accordance with claim 1, and then causing the source of ionised gas plasma to produce ionised gas plasma whilst also causing the agitation apparatus to agitate the material.

16. The method of claim 15, in which the ionised gas plasma generates reactive species which accumulate in the void.

17. The method of claim 15, in which the material comprises seeds, granular material, plastic beads, biomass, wastewater, milk, or water or other material contaminated by pollutants.

18. The method of claim 15, in which the material comprises seeds and the method results in the disinfection and/or cleaning of the seeds.

19. The method of claim 18, in which the material comprises seeds and the method results in the promotion of germination of the seeds.

20. The method of claim 19, in which both the disinfection and/or cleaning of the seeds and the promotion of germination of the seeds occurs over the same period within which the seeds are not removed from the void.

21. The method of claim 18, in which the method results in the killing of viruses, bacteria, fungus or fungal spores on the seeds.

22. The method of claim 15, comprising introducing a gas into the void through a gas conduit, and optionally exhausting the gas through the gas exhaust conduit.

23. The method of any of claim 16, in which the reactive species comprise at least one of ozone, Nitric Oxide (NO), Hydrogen Peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), Hydroxyl radicals (OH), Hydron ions (H.sup.+), Nitrate ions (NO.sub.3.sup.−), Nitrite ions (NO.sub.2.sup.−) and Oxygen atoms (O).

24. The method of any of claim 15, in which the apparatus comprises a source of water in communication with the void and in which the method comprises adding water to the void so as to generate plasma activated water within the void.

Description

[0039] There now follows, by way of example only, description of embodiments of the invention described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0040] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention;

[0041] FIG. 2 shows a part-sectional perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0042] FIG. 3 shows an elevation of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0043] FIG. 4 shows a plan view of the electrodes of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0044] FIG. 5 shows a side-view cross-section of the electrodes of FIG. 4;

[0045] FIG. 6 shows a graph demonstrating the fungus-killing properties of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

[0046] FIG. 7 shows a graph demonstrating the effect that the apparatus of FIG. 1 has on the germination of seeds;

[0047] FIGS. 8 to 12 show alternative embodiments of the electrodes of the apparatus of FIG. 1; and

[0048] FIG. 13 shows schematically an apparatus in accordance with a seventh aspect of the invention.

[0049] FIGS. 1 to 5 of the accompanying drawings show an apparatus 1 of the form of a reactor in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 1 comprises a base 10 on which are mounted two fixed disc-shaped end walls 11 at opposing ends of the apparatus.

[0050] Separating the end walls 11 there is a rotatable cylindrical wall 12. This can rotate about the axis of the cylinder it forms relative to the fixed end walls 11. Whilst in this embodiment a single cylindrical rotating wall 12 is provided, there need not be a single rotating wall, nor need it be cylindrical—for example, any prismoidal shape could be used, such as a hexagon made up of six walls, one for each face.

[0051] The fixed end walls 11 and the rotatable cylindrical wall 12 define a void 13. Within this void is provided a source of ionised gas plasma 14. The source 14 is mounted on the fixed end walls 11 so that the rotatable wall 12 is free to rotate around it.

[0052] The source 14 comprises two sets of electrodes 15. One set of electrodes 15 is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings. Each set of electrodes 15 comprises a pair of electrodes 5 being connected to an output stage of a power supply 8 through electrical connections 16 through one fixed wall 11. Each electrode 5 comprises a central conducting wire 7, surrounded by a dielectric tube 6. The wire 7 is typically metallic, but could comprise graphite, stainless steel, copper, a conductive liquid or water, or any other suitable conductor; the dielectric is typically borosilicate glass, but could comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or other plastics, ceramics, alumina, Macor® or other machineable glass-ceramic mixtures, reinforced glass fibre or quartz, or any other suitable dielectric.

[0053] The two electrodes 5 are provided so their lengths are parallel to a common plane. However, the electrodes 5 are skew to each other, in that they are non-parallel but do not intersect, being spaced apart from each other vertically; in plan view (as shown in FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings) they form an X-shape, with only a small gap (1 mm) where they cross.

[0054] The power supply 8 is arranged to provide a voltage between the two electrodes 5. Typically, the voltage will be a sinusoidal excitation wave of around 20 kilovolts (kV) peak to peak at a frequency of around 30 kHz. The signal can be modulated to comprise pulses having a 5% duty cycle (so each cycle would comprise 5% of the cycle with the voltage comprising a 20 kV sinusoidal signal and the other 95% essentially at zero voltage).

[0055] When this voltage is applied between the electrodes, an ionised gas plasma 9 is formed in the region where the electrodes 5 cross, from the ambient air at the local temperature and pressure. This ionised gas plasma 9 then generates reactive species from air such as Nitric Oxide (NO), Ozone (O.sub.3), Hydrogen Peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2), Hydroxyl radicals (OH), Hydron ions (H.sup.+), Nitrate ions (NO.sub.3.sup.−), Nitrite ions (NO.sub.2.sup.−) and Oxygen atoms (O). The ionised gas plasma can also generate ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These reactive species 9 diffuse throughout the void 13.

[0056] An electric motor 20 is provided which is arranged to rotate the rotatable wall 12 about its axis by means of drive belt 21. As such, the rotating walls provide an agitation apparatus for the contents of the void 13.

[0057] A gas inlet 22 is provided in one fixed wall 11 and a gas outlet 23 is provided in the other fixed wall 11. As such, gas, such as humidified air, can be introduced at one end of the void 13, passed over material in the void, and exhausted at the other end.

[0058] As such, in use, the reactive species are generated by the plasma generated by the source 14. These diffuse throughout the void. Material—particular material made up of many small parts, or liquid—will be tumbled through the reactive species in order to react with those reactive species. This tumbling effect can be increased by the use of linear or helical baffles on the inner wall of the rotatable wall 12.

[0059] This is useful, in particular, for the treatment of materials comprising many small components, such as seeds, granular material, plastic beads and the like. The material could otherwise comprise biomass, waste water, milk (for sterilisation thereof), or water or other material contaminated by pollutants.

[0060] In the particular example of seeds, we have found that this can have an effect of killing fungal infections of seeds. FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings show the effect of the use of the apparatus 1 on parsnip seeds (Pastinaca sativa). The seeds had been contaminated with Itersonilia. The seeds were placed in the reactor, and the apparatus activated for between zero and ten hours as shown in the graph in FIG. 6. One hundred of the seeds from each treatment time were then placed on agar with chloramphenicol and monitored for fungal growth after three days.

[0061] FIG. 6 shows the percentage of seeds that were growth free after that time. It can be seen that increasing use of the apparatus increases the percentage of seeds that were free of fungal infection, and so indicates that the apparatus can be useful for killing this fungus on seeds. The error bars show the variability between the three times the experiment was run.

[0062] FIG. 7 of the accompanying drawings shows the effect that the reactor has on germination rates. The same experiment as for FIG. 6 was carried out and one hundred seeds per treatment placed on damp filter paper in petri dishes. The dishes were wrapped in parafilm and incubated at constant 24° C. incubator with constant light. FIG. 7 shows the percentage of seeds that had germinated (rupture of the testa and emergence of radicle) after 21 days.

[0063] As can be seen in FIG. 7, there was no substantial decrease in germination rate, and indeed an increase in germination rate for exposure times of over six hours.

[0064] Alternative embodiments of the electrodes are shown in FIGS. 8 to 15 of the accompanying drawings. These could generally be used in place of the electrodes 15 shown above. The dielectric and electrode material can be as suggested above with respect to the first embodiment.

[0065] In the second embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 8, a dielectric plate 26 is used mounted within the void 13. On the upper surface of the dielectric plate are mounted two encapsulated parallel electrodes 25; wires 34 lead to a power supply (not shown) for the application of the voltage. The electrodes 25 are backed by resin insulation 33.

[0066] In this embodiment, application of the voltage will cause ionised gas plasma to be formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric plate 26, above the well 23. Reactive species generated in the plasma will then diffuse outwards into the void 13.

[0067] In the third embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 9 of the accompanying drawings, the reference numerals have been raised by 20 with respect to the second embodiment. In this embodiment, there are two electrodes 45 each comprising a central metallic rod 47 (with wires 54 to connect to the unshown power supply) surrounded by dielectric 46. The ends of the electrodes 45 are adjacent; on application of a voltage between the electrodes 45, plasma 49 will form between the ends of the electrodes 45 and reactive species generated in the plasma diffuse outwards into the void 13.

[0068] In the fourth embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 10 of the accompanying drawings, the reference numerals have been raised by 40 with respect to the second embodiment. In this embodiment, there is a single electrode 63 (with wire 74 to connect to the unshown power supply) terminated by a dielectric plate 26. A further electrode is provided elsewhere in the void 13. On application of a voltage between the electrodes, plasma 69 will form underneath the dielectric plate 26 beneath the electrode 63 and reactive species generated in the plasma diffuse outwards into the void 13.

[0069] In the fifth embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 11 of the accompanying drawings, the reference numerals have been raised by 60 with respect to the second embodiment. In this embodiment, a well 82 contains an aqueous solvent 91 and as its bottom face has a porous membrane 96. Electrodes 85 are placed underneath, with their ends uppermost. Each electrode 85 comprises a central metallic (etc) rod 87 surrounded by a dielectric crucible. Air is passed upwards around the electrodes through the porous membrane to form bubbles 97 in the aqueous solvent.

[0070] In order to form a plasma 89 adjacent to the ends of the electrodes 85 and the porous membrane 96, the aqueous solvent can be used as another electrode as in the fifth embodiment (so that a wire would be placed in the conductive aqueous solvent 91) or the porous membrane could be conductive and used an electrode. Applying a voltage between either the membrane 96 or the aqueous solvent 91 on the one hand and the electrodes 85 on the other will cause a plasma to be formed adjacent to the underside of the porous membrane 96 and swept up with airflow 98 to form the bubbles 97. The content of the bubbles 97, including reactive species generated in the ionised gas plasma, will then dissolve in the aqueous solvent 91 to form plasma activated water, and/or will evolve out of the water into the void 13.

[0071] In the sixth embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 12 of the accompanying drawings, the reference numerals have been raised by 80 with respect to the second embodiment. In this embodiment, a dielectric sheet 106 separates two sets of electrodes 105a, 105b; a single planar electrode 105a on the top side of the dielectric sheet and a plurality of patch or elongate electrodes 105b on the bottom side. On application of a voltage between the electrodes 105a, 105b, plasma 109 will form around the electrodes 105b on the bottom side of the dielectric plate 106, and reactive species generated in the plasma diffuse outwards into the void.

[0072] In the seventh apparatus of the invention shown in FIG. 13 of the accompanying drawings, a void 150 is depicted which has an agitator 152 such as a vibrator, shaker or the like associated with it. The void can contain a material such as seeds or other particulate material to be treated.

[0073] A plasma generator 154 is connected to the void 150 through a conduit 156 (such as a pipe). As such, the plasma generator 154 generates ionised gas plasma from the surrounding air and passes that plasma, or more likely reactive species formed from the action of the ionised gas plasma in the air, through conduit 156 into the void in order to treat the material.

[0074] The apparatus further comprises a source 158 of plasma activated water (PAW). This can either be simple water, which is then passed into the void to be acted upon by reactive species there, or it can contain water that has already had such reactive species dissolved therein (for example, by the use of another source of ionised gas plasma).

[0075] An air sampling unit 160 is provided to determine the concentration of at least one reactive species within the void 150; the sampled air can be returned to the void 150 or vented elsewhere. The sampling unit 160 can then control a power supply unit (PSU) 112 for the plasma source 154 to control how much plasma and so home much of the reactive species is produced. This can form a system of closed-loop control.